MiCOM IEDs For Process Bus

MiCOM IEDs For Process Bus Applications
April 2009
GRID
Experts Training 2012 Stafford, United Kingdom
Scope
Digital Substations & Process Bus Overview
Page 3
MiCOM IEDs for Process Bus
Page 21
Px4x -9-2LE Interface Features
Page 31
Process Bus Architectures
Page 47
Testing, Conclusion
Page 60
Reference Digital SS Architecture across Grid

Grid Control Rooms SG APPS Other substations CMS
Digital SS Components
Integrated Substation Automation System with 1. Substation Control System (SCS) 2. Condition Monitoring System (CMS) 3. Smart Grid Applications (SG APPS Cyber, Intrusion, Wide Area Management) 4. Substation Phasor Data Concentrator
WAN
SCS HMI
SG APPS
PDC
Proxy Switches Multiple Ethernet IEC61850.8-1 Station Bus C37.118 Phasor Data
sPDC
WACU
BCU Multiple Ethernet IEC61850.9-2 & IEC61850.8-1 Process Bus
Prot. Px40
AMU
DMU
CMU
DRUs
Primary Eqpt with embedded sensors for Condition Monitoring
Several IEDs 1. Protection / Measurement with 9-2 interface 2. Bay Controller Unit (BCU) 3. Condition Monitoring Unit (CMU) 4. Switches & Telecom 5. Proxy Server 6. Merging Units (AMU, DMU, NMU for NCIT) 7. Wide Area Control Unit (WACU) 8. Power Quality /Disturbance Record Unit (DRU) 9. Energy Meters
Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 3
IEC 61850 Process Bus

Process Bus Elements
Ethernet Network, 100 Mb/s IEC 61850-9-2 LE for Sampled Values SV
Current measurement (CT) Voltage measurement (VT)
IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE Service

Status position of Circuit Breaker / Switches (CB) Trip signals from protections to CBs (Trip) Commands from Control Systems (Open/Close) Others (monitoring status reports, health, settings)
Time synchronisation
Microsec accuracy required

Logical View Of SA
Station Level
7 9
Technical Services
61850-8-1 1
Bay Level
Protection
Function A
Function B
6 3
Control
1 8
Bay Level
Protection
6 3
Control
4
HV Equipment
61850-9-2 61850-8-1
4
HV Equipment
IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

Sampled Value Transmission
Unidirectional link (MU to IED) Physical layer : Optic fibre (copper optional) Data Link layer : Ethernet 100 Mbit/s
Application Layer : IEC 61850-9-2 Light Edition guideline to aid implementation and interoperability
Sampling rate : 80 or 256 samples per cycle Neutral current and/or voltage may be measured, or derived Sampled values are multicast on the LAN Defines Logical Device MU Synchronising of sampling

IEC 61850-9-2LE Sampled Values
Each SV message carries 4 voltages + 4 currents Primary values, quality info Current : 1mA to 2.14 MA, Voltage : 10mV to 21.4 MV
(I1a, I1b, I1c, I1n, V1a, V1b, V1c, V1n)
4V; 4I 4V; 4I MU-L1 MU-L2
Protection Bay 1
Protection Bay 2
(I2a, I2b, I2c, I2n, V2a, V2b, V2c, V2n)

-9-2LE Sampled Value Frame
Ia x 1000 32 bit Int
Ia Quality 32 bits
Ib x 1000 Ib Quality 32 bit Int 32 bits
Ic x 1000 32 bit Int
Ic Quality 32 bits
In x 1000 In Quality 32 bit Int 32 bits
Va x 1000 Va Quality Vb x 1000 Vb Quality Vc x 1000 Vc Quality Vn x 1000 Vn Quality 32 bit Int 32 bits 32 bit Int 32 bits 32 bit Int 32 bits 32 bit Int 32 bits
SV frames are multicast MAC Address range: 01-0C-CD-04-00-00 to 01-0C-CD-04-1F-FF input on Merging Units Note the frame overhead : 24 bytes of raw data (per 3-phase voltage and current) in about 125 byte Ethernet frame
HQ_IEC 61850 Process Bus_06/2011

Merging Unit Typical Naming
AMU : Analogue Merging Unit
Interface with conventional instrument transformers
DMU : Digital Merging Unit

Interface with CB / isolators / earth switches
CMU : Condition Monitoring Merging Unit

DMU with condition monitoring features
NMU : Numerical Merging Unit

Interface with digital instrument transformers

Conventional Bay Protection & Control Example
Main 1, Main 2, BCU Individual CT cores per IED Independent tripping paths for Main 1 and Main 2 typically
Status & Trips
CB

Digital Bay Protection & Control Example
Main 1, Main 2, BCU AMU, DMU Ethernet links and switches Time synch eqpt
AMU #1
AMU #2
AMU #3
DMU#1
DMU#2
Process Bus (conceptual)
-8-1 PRP
-8-1 PRP
-9-2LE
-9-2LE
-9-2LE

AMU - Sampling Synchronisation
Sampling across multiple analogue MUs may need to be synchronised
Protection functions/algorithms require all input quantities to be supplied in real time Relay inputs may be from multiple MUs o Substation layout o Customer specifications Similar to synchrophasor measurements Eg: Distance Protection (Voltage & Current) Both voltage & current could be supplied by one MU synchronisation integral to the MU Voltage from MU1 and current from MU2 - synchronisation requires common time reference input to MUs

1 ms delay
V0 2.5 ms delay
V-18
I-36
I-81
SV frames from different MU may have uneven delays Relay measurements will be incorrect unless the SV frames are time-aligned

Techniques
1 PPS input on Merging Units Merging Units with capability for IEEE 1588 synchronisation
Sampled Value frames carry synchronisation info

Time tags (count) relative to the start of the sec Identifier for sync source Global, Local or No Sync
Sample Count
0 3999 at 50 Hz 0 4799 at 60 Hz Counter resets every sec when a time sync signal is received
Indicates if the SV frame is synchronised

Relay - Sampled Values Alignment
Time alignment of SV frames is necessary, and ensures correct operation of protection functions dependent on multiple MUs The number of MUs may change depending on site requirements and customer preferences Delays arise from Merging Units, due to their processing Network, depending on its configuration and switches Delays have a direct impact on the operating time of the scheme Time tags (count) relative to the start of the sec Identifier for sync source Global, Local or No Sync

Sampling Synchronisation Accuracy
Time source accuracy +/- 1s Sampling across multiple MUs synchronised to within +/- 4s MU should be capable of compensating network delays > 2s
MiCOM P594

1 Pulse Per Sec (1PPS) Signal
Transmitted by fibre as medium Rise and fall time < 20ns Clock source : Typically based on GPS Global 1PPS: 1PPS source is synced to GPS, pulse width between 5s and 500 ms Local 1PPS : 1PPS source running on internal clock, pulse width between 0.9s and 1.1s
1PPS
P594
Merging Unit

Sync Flags in SV Frame
Carried by the field smpSync Global 1PPS: Ideal, no impact on protection functions Local 1PPS : Some protections may have to be blocked eg: Feeder differential No Sync : No 1PPS at AMU, running on AMU internal clock. o Protections dependent on multiple MUs for data may be blocked, eg: distance protection with two CT inputs) o MU said to be in Holdover Mode
-9-2LE SAV
Merging Unit

IEEE 1588 Basics

It is a high precision time synchronization (<1us) for synchronising real-time clocks on an Ethernet LAN Also called PTP Precision Time Protocol Current standard : IEEE 1588 version 2 No need for separate cabling (IRIG-B, 1PPS) Fault tolerance using Redundant Clocks
Scope
Page 3
Page 21
Page 31
Page 47
Testing, Conclusion
Page 60
MiCOM Px4x Process Bus Applications

Now ready !
Range of IEDs with IEC 61850-9-2LE interface Covers major transmission applications distance, current differential, transformer, backup / circuit breaker IED and busbar protection Full IEC 61850 Process Bus integration in combination with existing IEC 61850-8-1 interface Tried and tested protection functionality
IEC 61850-9-2LE Sampled Values 80 samples / cycle

Relay Types Available
MiCOM Alstom
P446
MiCOM Alstom
Distance protection, with integral teleprotection and one / two breaker reclosing Line differential for 2 or 3 terminal lines, with distance and one / two breaker reclosing Transformer differential for up to 5 ends, with advanced loss-of-life thermal monitoring Numerical busbar protection
P546
MiCOM Alstom
P645
MiCOM Alstom
P746
MiCOM Alstom
P841
Transmission line terminal IED, for backup, reclose and breaker fail management

Process Bus Interface
Interface for -8-1 GOOSE and Station Bus Interface for -9-2LE Sampled Values

Interfacing SV to Px4x
Point to point connections Feasible when all the SV required by a relay are available from a single MU Simple network, minimum delay, minimal engineering effort
-9-2LE

Interfacing SV to Px4x Transformer Protection
HV Current - 1 TV Current - 2
HV+LV+TV
TV Current - 1
Point to point connection not possible
LV Current
HV Current 2
P645

Networked connections
Required if the SV required by a relay are from multiple MU, eg: transformer IED, busbar IED Ethernet switch(es) involved, possibility of additional delays and sample jitter; substation-hardened switches required, similar to Station Bus applications.
-9-2LE

Networked connections - redundancy
If required, network redundancy for SV may be achieved by external devices such as a RedBox. The GOOSE / Station Bus interface does provide network redundancy (proprietary SHP, DHP; open : RSTP, PRP)
LAN A
LAN B

-9-2LE Interface Features: LN Assignment
Upto 8 Logical Nodes available for flexible assignment of Sampled Values Number of MUs may vary depending on substation layout and customer preferences Analogue input groups as in conventional relay
P446 Configuration

Interfacing SV to IED Eg: Transformer Protection
Logical Node HV Current 1 Logical Node TV Current 2
HV+LV+TV
Logical Node TV Current 1 Logical Node LV Current
Logical Node HV Current 2
P645
Scope
Page 3
Page 21
Page 31
Page 47
Testing, Conclusion
Page 60

Processing SV Eg. P446
IA, IB, IC VA, VB, VC
Analog Inputs
CT / VT Input Module
IA (n), IB (n), IC(n) VA(n), VB(n), VC(n) 48 samples / cycle
Relay CPU/ Co-processor
Px4x with analog inputs
IA, IB, IC VA, VB, VC
Analog Inputs
IEC 61850 Merging Unit
IA (k), IB (k), IC(k) VA(k), VB(K), VC(k)
80 samples / cycle
-9-2LE Interface Board
IA (n), IB (n), IC(n) VA(n), VB(n), VC(n) 48 samples / cycle
Relay CPU/ Co-processor
Px4x with -9-2LE board
The Px4x -9-2LE interface conditions the SV to enable reuse of tried and tested protection algorithms

-9-2LE Interface Features: SV Synchronisation
Setting for global/local synch for SV received
Adapt relay to functional requirements of the protection scheme Common setting for all functions enables in the relay Eg: P446 receiving SV from AMU1 (voltage) and AMU2 (current) Case 1: Both AMU1 and AMU2 have common source of time sync, Local Sync setting is sufficient Case 2: Time sync sources for AMU1 and AMU2 are different, Global Sync setting is required AMU 1
ESW
AMU : Analogue Merging Unit ESW : Ethernet switch
AMU 2

-9-2LE Interface Features: SV Alignment
Time alignment of SV frames is necessary, and ensures correct operation of protection functions dependent on multiple MUs The number of MUs may change depending on site requirements and customer preferences Delays arise from Merging Units, due to processing Network, depending on its configuration and switches SV alignment by MU Delay setting
ESW AMU 3
AMU 1
AMU 2
AMU : Analogue Merging Unit ESW : Ethernet switch


-9-2LE Interface Features: SV Alignment
Case 1: Relay with 1 MU MU Delay: Relay setting, indicates worst case relative delay expected in receiving SV from all MUs linked to the relay
Case 2: Relay with 2 MU
In this case, no delay between SV frames from MU#1 and MU#2
Case 3: Relay with 2 MU
In this case, there is a 1ms delay between SV frames from MU#1 and MU#2

-9-2LE Interface Features
Security against loss of SV
Setting for SV Loss Rate Loss rate evaluated per LN Related protection functions blocked if Loss Rate exceeds the set value
SV communication network statistics to facilitate commissioning, network monitoring and troubleshooting

LNx Loss Rate Sec (x: 1.8) LNx Frame Loss Cuml (x: 1.8) LNx Error Sec (x: 1..8)

-9-2LE Interface Features : Test Mode
IEC 61850-9-2LE test mode aware
Facilitates testing and commissioning Common setting for all Logical Nodes Test Blocked: All SV with an IEC 61850 Test flag are
treated as invalid. The IED blocks relevant protection functions and issues a 9-2 Sample Alarm. Test Ignored: All SV received with an IEC 61850 Test flag are treated as good, protection functions remain active. Test Only: All SV with an IEC 61850 Test flag are treated as good. Any channel data received without the Test flag are treated as invalid. The IED blocks relevant protection functions and issues a 9-2 Sample Alarm.

Enhanced GOOSE Capability
The -9-2LE relay models have more configurable GOOSE inputs / outputs comparable to standard relays
Facilitates full Process Bus implementation
Standard Px4x
Px4x with -9-2LE

MiCOM P446 v72
Distance protection with -9-2LE interface Configurable for single or double current (three-phase) inputs, thus covering P443 and P445 applications Enhanced -8-1 GOOSE count compared to P446 with analogue inputs, facilitates full Process Bus implementation Channel-aided schemes with standard distance relays at remote end no need to retrofit -9-2LE at both line ends

MiCOM P841 v72
Line terminal IED with -9-2LE interface Autoreclosing and circuit breaker failure for one or two breakers Configurable for single or double (threephase) current inputs, covering P841A and P841B applications For backup overcurrent / earth fault applications where -9-2LE interface is called for Enhanced -8-1 GOOSE count compared to P841 with analogue inputs, facilitates full Process Bus implementation
BUS B BUS A
LD1
B
LD2

MiCOM P546 v72
Current differential protection with -9-2LE interface Functionally equivalent to P546 v57 (with CT/VT inputs) Configurable for single or double (three-phase) current inputs, covering majority of P543, P544 and P545 applications Application requires GPS synchronisation (1PPS) on all relays in the current differential scheme Enhanced -8-1 GOOSE count compared to P546 with analoge inputs, facilitates full Process Bus implementation

MiCOM P546 v72
Current differential schemes in mixed mode combining -9-2LE relays and those with analogue inputs

MiCOM P645 v11
Transformer protection with -9-2LE interface Functionally equivalent to P645 v03 (with analogue inputs) Configurable for upto five sets of (three-phase) current inputs, covering P642 (two-winding) and P643 (three-winding) applications Enhanced -8-1 GOOSE count compared to P645 with analogue inputs
-9-2LE -8-1

MiCOM P746 v11
Centralised busbar protection with -9-2LE interface Functionally equivalent to P746 v03 Note: Three-box mode is not available in the -9-2LE relay Enhanced -8-1 GOOSE count compared to P746 with analogue inputs, facilitates full Process Bus implementation

Common (platform) features
Interoperable : Implementation of SV interface as per IEC 61850-92LE Guideline for 80 samples/cycle All the -9-2LE relays are built on the latest M-hardware (XCPU3) Ease of Configuration: -9-2LE parameters are part of the relay setting (.set) file Cybersecurity: Features as per current MiCOM implementation Redundancy: Option for -8-1 GOOSE , Parallel Redundancy Protocol implementation

Cortec/Ordering
All -9-2LE relays are on M hardware only Option for -9-2LE in CORTEC for P446, P546, P645, P746, P841
IEC 61850-8-1 port / protocol options are the same for relays analogue inputs or -9-2LE inputs Important: P594 is mandatory for ALL P546 relays in a current diff scheme P594 version D
Scope
Page 3
Page 21
Page 31
Page 47
Testing, Conclusion
Page 60

Conventional Bay Protection & Control Example
Main 1, Main 2, BCU Individual CT cores per IED Independent tripping paths for Main 1 and Main 2 typically
Status & Trips
CB

Digital Bay - Typical
Main 1, Main 2, BCU AMU, DMU Ethernet links and switches Time synch eqpt
AMU #1
AMU #2
AMU #3
DMU#1
DMU#2
Process Bus (conceptual)
-8-1 PRP
-8-1 PRP
-9-2LE
-9-2LE
-9-2LE

Digital Bay Detailed Architecture
Merging Units - AMU, DMU Time synch by 1PPS Redundancy for binary I/O
A
P594
B C
H xxx H xxx
A B C D E
E
CB
MiCOM IEDs for Process Bus Applications Possible migration strategy

A B
Main 1 Main 2 BCU
C
I/O Card -9-2LE
-9-2LE
I/O Card
I/O Card
-9-2LE
P594
B C
Retain all existing DC wiring Change only CT / VT interface
AMU #1
AMU #2
AMU #3
-9-2LE
-9-2LE
-9-2LE
Physical Wiring
CB
Process Bus Architectures Additional Info

SGCC China

National Grid UK - Under Discussion
Concerns - Reliability of Sampling Sync - Inter-bay Process Bus

Extracts from recent Big Red paper*
Five typical Process Bus architectures compared in relation to multiple criteria Criteria chosen Reliability and availability Cost : Initial investment + maintenance cost Performance: Average network load, worst case transmission delay
* A Quantitative Evaluation of IEC61850 Process Bus Architectures Jean-Charles Tournier & Thomas Werner, ABB Corporate Research

Fibre links
Copper links
Main 1, Main 2, BCU AMU x 1, DMU x 1 Switch x 1
Main 1, Main 2, BCU AMU x 2, DMU x 2 Switch x 2 PRP on all IEDs

Fibre links
Copper links
Main 1, Main 2, BCU AMU x 2, DMU x 2 Ring with RSTP on all IEDs Alt. Ring with HSR on all IEDs
Main 1 with BCU, Main 2 with BCU AMU x 2, DMU x 2 Ring with RSTP on all IEDs Alt. Ring with HSR on all IEDs

Main 1 with BCU per bay Main 2 with BCU in common IED AMU x 1, DMU x 2 RB: HSR Red Box QB : HSR Quad Box


Notes: Only component costs considered; engineering, testing and commissioning may have significant impact. Project specifications (eg: number of MUs per bay, protection operating time) may become the deciding factor for architecture Primary plant technology may lead to alternative conclusions
Scope
Page 3
Page 21
Page 31
Page 47
Testing, Conclusion
Page 60

IED Testing
Testing of -9-2LE relays require test kits with capability for
Send / receive GOOSE Generate SV one or more logical nodes Display Sampled values Time synchronisation
GOOSE and SV IED
Conventional
PC Ethernet Switch Ethernet GOOSE and SV IED (SV Interface) Trip Trip
IEC 61850 Test Kit
Testing may also call for Ethernet switches, Time sync source
Set-up for comparing performance of IEDs - Standard vs -9-2LE

Customer Benefits
Eliminate or reduce significantly the use of copper in secondary circuits Fibre optic replaces copper Enhances operator safety Eliminates EMI on secondary cabling Delinks data acquisition (currents, voltages) from signal processing / algorithms Potential for reduced shut-downs for refurbishment Relays (algorithms) may be upgraded independent of acquisition Easier integration of sensors into smart grid solutions
http://www.alstom.com/grid/sas/
GRID

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MiCOM IEDs For Process Bus Applications

Experts Training 2012 Stafford, United Kingdom

Digital Substations & Process Bus Overview

Px4x -9-2LE Interface Features

Process Bus Architectures

Reference Digital SS Architecture across Grid

BCU Multiple Ethernet IEC61850.9-2 & IEC61850.8-1 Process Bus

Primary Eqpt with embedded sensors for Condition Monitoring

Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 3

IEC 61850 Process Bus

IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE Service

IEC 61850 Process Bus

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

4V; 4I 4V; 4I MU-L1 MU-L2

(I2a, I2b, I2c, I2n, V2a, V2b, V2c, V2n)

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

Ia x 1000 32 bit Int

Ib x 1000 Ib Quality 32 bit Int 32 bits

Ic x 1000 32 bit Int

In x 1000 In Quality 32 bit Int 32 bits

HQ_IEC 61850 Process Bus_06/2011

IEC 61850 Process Bus

DMU : Digital Merging Unit

CMU : Condition Monitoring Merging Unit

NMU : Numerical Merging Unit

IEC 61850 Process Bus

Status & Trips

Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 10

IEC 61850 Process Bus

Process Bus (conceptual)

Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 11

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

Sampled Value frames carry synchronisation info

Indicates if the SV frame is synchronised

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

Presentation title - 01/01/2010 - P 15

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

IEEE 1588 Basics

Digital Substations & Process Bus Overview