Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Catholic
Word Book
Our text is not intended to provide the last word on any topic, but simply an
elementary explanation, a starting point for further investigation.
General Editor
Father Juan-Diego Brunetta, O.P.
Director of the Catholic Information Service
Knights of Columbus Supreme Council
Copyright © 2007 by Knights of Columbus Supreme Council. All rights reserved.
The text of this booklet is reprinted with permission from Catholic Almanac 2008
© 2007 Our Sunday Visitor, Huntington, IN 46750.
www.kofc.org/cis
cis@kofc.org
203-752.4267
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Akathist Hymn: The most profound and Alms: An act, gift or service of compassion,
famous expression of Marian devotion in motivated by love of God and neighbor,
churches of the Byzantine Rite. It consists for the help of persons in need; an
of 24 sections, 12 of which relate to the obligation of charity, which is measurable
Gospel of the Infancy and 12 to the by the ability of one person to give
mysteries of the Incarnation and the assistance and by the degree of another’s
virginal motherhood of Mary. In liturgical need. Almsgiving, along with prayer and
usage, it is sung in part in Byzantine fasting, is regarded as a work of penance as
churches on the first four Saturdays of Lent well as an exercise of charity. (See Mercy,
and in toto on the fifth Saturday; it is also Works of.)
recited in private devotion. It is of
Alpha and Omega: The first and last letters
unknown origin prior to 626, when its
of the Greek alphabet, used to symbolize
popularity increased as a hymn of
the eternity of God (Rv 1:8) and the
thanksgiving after the successful defense
divinity and eternity of Christ, the
and liberation of Constantinople, which
beginning and end of all things (Rv 21:6;
had been under siege by Persians and
22:13). Use of the letters as a monogram of
Avars. Akathist means “without sitting,” Christ originated in the fourth century or
indicating that the hymn is recited or sung earlier.
while standing. Pope John Paul, in a
decree dated May 25, 1991, granted a Amen: A Hebrew word meaning truly, it is
plenary indulgence to the faithful of any true. In the Gospels, Christ used the word
rite who recite the hymn in a church or to add a note of authority to his
oratory, as a family, in a religious statements. In other New Testament
community or in a pious association — in writings, as in Hebrew usage, it was the
conjunction with the usual conditions of concluding word to doxologies. As the
freedom from attachment to sin, reception concluding word of prayers, it expresses
of the sacraments of penance and the assent to and acceptance of God’s will.
Eucharist, and prayers for the intention of
the pope (e.g., an Our Father, the Apostles’ Anamnesis: A prayer recalling the saving
Creed and an aspiration). A partial mysteries of the death and resurrection of
indulgence can be gained for recitation of Jesus, following the consecration at Mass
the hymn in other circumstances. in the Latin Rite.
Alleluia: An exclamation of joy derived Anaphora: A Greek term for the Canon or
from Hebrew, “All hail to him who is, Eucharistic Prayer of the Mass.
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Anathema: A Greek word with the root banished from heaven to hell. They can
meaning of cursed or separated and the tempt persons to commit sin.
adapted meaning of excommunication,
used in church documents, especially the Angelus: A devotion which commemorates
canons of ecumenical councils, for the the Incarnation of Christ. It consists of
condemnation of heretical doctrines and of three versicles, three Hail Marys and a
practices opposed to proper discipline. special prayer, and recalls the
announcement to Mary by the Archangel
Anchorite: A kind of hermit living in Gabriel that she was chosen to be the
complete isolation and devoting himself Mother of Christ, her acceptance of the
exclusively to exercises of religion and divine will, and the Incarnation (Lk 1:26
severe penance according to a rule and way 38). The Angelus is recited in the
of life of his own devising. In early morning, at noon and in the evening. The
Christian times, anchorites were the practice of reciting the Hail Mary in honor
forerunners of the monastic life. The of the Incarnation was introduced by the
closest contemporary approach to the life Franciscans in 1263. The Regina Caeli,
of an anchorite is that of Carthusian and commemorating the joy of Mary at
Camaldolese hermits. Christ’s Resurrection, replaces the Angelus
during the Easter season.
Angels: Purely spiritual beings with
Anger (Wrath): Passionate displeasure
intelligence and free will whose name
arising from some kind of offense suffered
indicates their mission as servants and
at the hands of another person, frustration
messengers of God. They were created
or other cause, combined with a tendency
before the creation of the visible universe.
to strike back at the cause of the
Good angels enjoy the perfect good of the displeasure; a violation of the Fifth
beatific vision. They can intercede for Commandment and one of the capital sins
persons. The doctrine of guardian angels, if the displeasure is out of proportion to
although not explicitly defined as a matter the cause and/or if the retaliation is unjust.
of faith, is rooted in long standing
tradition. No authoritative declaration has Anglican Orders: Holy orders conferred
ever been issued regarding choirs or according to the rite of the Anglican
various categories of angels: seraphim, Church, which Leo XIII declared null and
cherubim, thrones, dominations, void in the bull Apostolicae Curae, Sept. 13,
principalities, powers, virtues, archangels 1896. The orders were declared null
and angels. Archangels commemorated in because they were conferred according to a
the liturgy are: Michael, leader of the rite that was substantially defective in
angelic host and protector of the form and intent, and because of a break in
synagogue; Raphael, guide of Tobiah and apostolic succession that occurred when
healer of his father; Gabriel, angel of the Matthew Parker became head of the
Incarnation. Fallen angels, the chief of Anglican hierarchy in 1559. In making his
whom is called the Devil or Satan, rejected declaration, Pope Leo cited earlier
the love of God and were therefore arguments against validity made by Julius
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III in 1553 and 1554 and by Paul IV in Antichrist: The “deceitful one,” the
1555. He also noted related directives “antichrist” (2 Jn 7), adversary of Christ
requiring absolute ordination, according and the kingdom of God, especially in the
to the Catholic ritual, of convert ministers end time before the second coming of
who had been ordained according to the Christ. The term is also used in reference
Anglican Ordinal. to anti Christian persons and forces in the
world.
Anglican Use Parishes: In line with
Vatican-approved developments since Antiphon: (1) A short verse or text,
1980, several Anglican use parishes have generally from Scripture, recited in the
been established in the United States with Liturgy of the Hours before and after
the right to continue using some elements psalms and canticles. (2) Any verse sung or
of Anglican usage in their liturgical recited by one part of a choir or
celebrations. A Vatican document dated congregation in response to the other part,
Mar. 31, 1981, said: “In June, 1980, the as in antiphonal or alternate chanting.
Holy See, through the Congregation for
the Doctrine of the Faith, agreed to the Anti-Semitism: A prejudice against Jews,
request presented by the bishops of the and often accompanied by persecution.
The prejudice has existed historically from
United States of America in behalf of some
the time of the ancient Persian Empire and
clergy and laity formerly or actually
survives even to the present day. It has
belonging to the Episcopal (Anglican)
been condemned consistently by the
Church for full communion with the
Church as being in opposition to scriptural
Catholic Church. The Holy See’s response principles and Christian charity.
to the initiative of these Episcopalians
includes the possibility of a ‘pastoral Apologetics: The science and art of
provision’ which will provide, for those developing and presenting the case for the
who desire it, a common identity reasonableness of the Christian faith, by a
reflecting certain elements of their own wide variety of means including facts of
heritage.” experience, history, science, philosophy.
The constant objective of apologetics, as
Animals: Creatures of God, they are well as of the total process of pre
entrusted to human stewardship for evangelization, is preparation for response
appropriate care, use for human needs, as to God in faith; its ways and means,
pets, for reasonable experimentation for however, are subject to change in
the good of people. They should not be accordance with the various needs of
subject to cruel treatment. people and different sets of circumstances.
Aspergillum: A vessel or device used for Attributes of God: Perfections of God. God
sprinkling holy water. The ordinary type is possesses — and is — all the perfections of
a metallic rod with a bulbous tip which being, without limitation. Because he is
absorbs the water and discharges it at the infinite, all of these perfections are one,
motion of the user’s hand. perfectly united in him. Because of the
limited power of human intelligence,
Aspersory: A portable metallic vessel, divine perfections — such as omnipotence,
similar to a pail, for carrying holy water. truth, love, etc. — are viewed separately,
as distinct characteristics, even though
Aspiration (Ejaculation): Short exclamatory
they are not actually distinct in God.
prayer; e.g., My Jesus, mercy.
Authority, Ecclesiastical: The authority
Atheism: Denial of the existence of God,
finding expression in a system of thought exercised by the Church, and particularly
(speculative atheism) or a manner of acting by the pope and the bishops; it is
(practical atheism) as though there were no delegated by Jesus Christ to St. Peter. This
God. The Second Vatican Council, in its authority extends to all those matters
Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the entrusted to the Apostles by Christ,
Modern World (Gaudium et Spes, Nos. 19 including teaching of the Faith, the
to 21), noted that a profession of atheism liturgy and sacraments, moral guidance,
may represent an explicit denial of God, and the administration of discipline.
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Avarice (Covetousness): A disorderly and righteousness, and descriptive of the
unreasonable attachment to and desire for qualities of Christian perfection — are
material things; called a capital sin because those recounted in Mt 5:3 12 and Lk 6:20
it involves preoccupation with material 23. The Beatitudes are of central
things to the neglect of spiritual goods and importance in the teaching of Jesus.
obligations of justice and charity.
Benedictus: The canticle or hymn of
Ave Maria: See Hail Mary. Zechariah at the circumcision of St. John
the Baptist (Lk 1:68 79). It is an
expression of praise and thanks to God for
B sending John as a precursor of the Messiah.
Baldacchino: A canopy over an altar. The Benedictus is recited in the Liturgy of
the Hours as part of the Morning Prayer.
Baptism: See Sacraments.
Biglietto: A papal document of notification
Beatification: A preliminary step toward of appointment to the cardinalate.
canonization of a saint. It begins with an
investigation of the candidate’s life, Biretta: A stiff, square hat with three
writings and heroic practice of virtue, and, ridges on top worn by clerics in church and
except in the case of martyrs, the on other occasions.
certification of one miracle worked by God
through his or her intercession. If the Blasphemy: Any internal or external
findings of the investigation so indicate, expression of hatred, reproach, insult,
the pope decrees that the Servant of God defiance or contempt with respect to God
may be called Blessed and may be honored and the use of his name, principally, and to
locally or in a limited way in the liturgy. the Church, saints and sacred things,
Additional procedures lead to canonization secondarily; a serious sin, directly opposed
(see separate entry). to the second commandment. Blasphemy
against the Spirit is the deliberate refusal
Beatific Vision: The intuitive, immediate to accept divine mercy, rejection of
and direct vision and experience of God forgiveness of sins and of the promise of
enjoyed in the light of glory by all the salvation. The sin that is unforgivable
blessed in heaven. The vision is a because a person refuses to seek or accept
supernatural mystery. forgiveness.
Beatitude: A literary form of the Old and Blessing: Invocation of God’s favor, by
New Testaments in which blessings are official ministers of the Church or by
promised to persons for various reasons. private individuals. Blessings are
Beatitudes are mentioned 26 times in the recounted in the Old and New
Psalms, and in other books of the Old Testaments, and are common in the
Testament. The best known Beatitudes — Christian tradition. Many types of
identifying blessedness with participation blessings are listed in the Book of
in the kingdom of God and his Blessings of the Roman Ritual. Private
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blessings, as well as those of an official Burse, Financial: A special fund main-
kind, are efficacious. Blessings are tained by a diocese, religious institute, or
imparted with the Sign of the Cross and private foundation usually endowed by a
appropriate prayer. private benefactor; it often has the purpose
of making possible the education of
Bride of Christ: A metaphorical title that candidates for the priesthood.
denotes the intimate union that Christ
enjoys with his Church; the title is men-
tioned specifically in the NT (2 Cor 11:2). C
Calumny (Slander): Harming the name and
Brief, Apostolic: A papal letter, less formal good reputation of a person by lies; a
than a bull, signed for the pope by a violation of obligations of justice and
secretary and impressed with the seal of truth. Restitution is due for calumny.
the Fisherman’s Ring. Simple apostolic
Calvary: A knoll about 15 feet high just
letters of this kind are issued for
beatifications and with respect to other outside the western wall of Jerusalem
matters. where Christ was crucified, so called from
the Latin calvaria (skull) which described
its shape.
Bull, Apostolic: Apostolic letter, a solemn
form of papal document, beginning with
Canon: A Greek word meaning rule, norm,
the name and title of the pope (e.g., John
standard, measure. (1) The word
Paul II, Servant of the Servants of God),
designates the Canon of Sacred Scripture,
dealing with an important subject, sealed which is the list of books recognized by the
with a bulla or red ink imprint of the Church as inspired by the Holy Spirit. (2)
device on the bulla. Bulls are issued to The term also designates the canons
confer the titles of bishops and cardinals, (Eucharistic Prayers, anaphoras) of the
to promulgate canonizations, to proclaim Mass, the core of the eucharistic liturgy. (3)
Holy Years and for other purposes. A Certain dignitaries of the Church have the
collection of bulls is called a bullarium. title of Canon, and some religious are
known as Canons. (See Bible.)
Burial, Ecclesiastical: Interment with
ecclesiastical rites, a right of the Christian Canonization: An infallible declaration by
faithful. The Church recommends burial of the pope that a person, who died as a
the bodies of the dead, but cremation is martyr and/or practiced Christian virtue to
permissible if it does not involve reasons a heroic degree, is now in heaven and is
against church teaching. Ecclesiastical worthy of honor and imitation by all the
burial is in order for catechumens; for faithful. Such a declaration is preceded by
unbaptized children whose parents the process of beatification and another
intended to have them baptized before detailed investigation concerning the
death; and even, in the absence of their own person’s reputation for holiness, writings,
ministers, for baptized non Catholics unless and (except in the case of martyrs) a
it would be considered against their will. miracle ascribed to his or her intercession
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after death. The pope can dispense from Canticle: A scriptural chant or prayer
some of the formalities ordinarily required differing from the psalms. Three of the
in canonization procedures (equivalent canticles prescribed for use in the Liturgy
canonization), as Pope John XXIII did in of the Hours are: the Magnificat, the
the canonization of St. Gregory Barbarigo Canticle of Mary (Lk 1:46 55); the
on May 26, 1960. A saint is worthy of Benedictus, the Canticle of Zechariah (Lk
honor in liturgical worship throughout the 1:68 79); and the Nunc Dimittis, the
universal Church. From its earliest years Canticle of Simeon (Lk 2:29 32).
the Church has venerated saints. Public
Capital Punishment: Punishment for crime
official honor always required the approval
by means of the death penalty. The
of the bishop of the place. Martyrs were
political community, which has authority
the first to be honored. St. Martin of Tours, to provide for the common good, has the
who died in 397, was an early non martyr right to defend itself and its members
venerated as a saint. The earliest against unjust aggression and may in
canonization by a pope with positive extreme cases punish with the death
documentation was that of St. Ulrich penalty persons found guilty before the
(Uldaric) of Augsburg by John XV in 993. law of serious crimes against individuals
Alexander III reserved the process of and a just social order. Such punishment is
canonization to the Holy See in 1171. In essentially vindictive. Its value as a crime
1588 Sixtus V established the Sacred deterrent is a matter of perennial debate.
Congregation of Rites for the principal The prudential judgment as to whether or
purpose of handling causes for not there should be capital punishment
beatification and canonization: this belongs to the civic community. The U.S.
function is now the work of the Supreme Court, in a series of decisions
Congregation for the Causes of Saints. The dating from June 29, 1972, ruled against
official listing of saints and blessed is the constitutionality of statutes on capital
contained in the Roman Martyrology punishment except in specific cases and
(revised, updated, and published in 2002 with appropriate consideration, with
by the Congregation for Divine Worship respect to sentence, of mitigating
circumstances of the crime. Pope John
and the Discipline of the Sacraments) and
Paul II, in his encyclical letter Evangelium
related decrees issued after its last
Vitae (“The Gospel of Life”), wrote: “There
publication. Butler’s unofficial Lives of the is a growing tendency, both in the Church
Saints (1956 and recently updated) and in civil society, to demand that it
contains 2,565 entries. The Church (capital punishment) be applied in a very
regards all persons in heaven as saints, not limited way or even that it be abolished
just those who have been officially completely.” Quoting the Catechism of the
canonized. (See Beatification, Saints, Catholic Church, the pope wrote: “‘If
Canonizations by Leo XIII and His bloodless means are sufficient to defend
Successors.) human lives against an aggressor and to
protect public order and the safety of
Canon Law: See under Canon Law. persons, public authority must limit itself
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to such means, because they better Catechism of the Catholic Church, published
correspond to the concrete conditions of Oct. 11, 1992, consists of four principal
the common good and are more in sections: the profession of faith, (the
conformity to the dignity of the human Creed), the sacraments of faith, the life of
person.’” faith (the Commandments) and the prayer
of the believer (the Lord’s Prayer). The
Capital Sins: Sins which give rise to other 16th century Council of Trent mandated
sins: pride, avarice, lust, wrath (anger), publication of the Roman Catechism.
gluttony, envy, sloth. Catechisms such as these two are useful
sources for other catechisms serving
Cardinal Virtues: The four principal moral
virtues are prudence, justice, temperance particular needs of the faithful and persons
and fortitude. seeking admission to the Catholic Church.
Fruits of the Mass: The spiritual and Gifts of the Holy Spirit: Supernatural habits
temporal blessings that result from the disposing a person to respond promptly to
celebration of the Holy Sacrifice of the the inspiration of grace; promised by
Mass. The general fruits are shared by all Christ and communicated through the
the faithful, living and departed, while the Holy Spirit, especially in the sacrament of
special fruits are applied to the priest who confirmation. They are: wisdom,
celebrates it, to those for whose intention understanding, counsel, knowledge,
it is offered, and to all those who fortitude, piety, and fear of the Lord.
participate in its celebration.
Glorified Body: The definitive state of
Fundamental Option: The orientation of
humanity in eternity. The risen Christ calls
one’s life either to God by obedience or humanity to the glory of his resurrection;
this is a theological premise that
against Him through disobedience.
presupposes that, like Christ, all of his
Catholic Tradition acknowledges that one
brothers and sisters will be transformed
free and deliberate act with knowledge
physically.
renders one at odds with God. A prevalent
and vague moral theory today asserts that Gluttony: An unreasonable appetite for
one act cannot change one’s option to God food and drink; one of the seven capital
— no matter how grave — unless the sins.
action comes from the person’s “center.”
Pope John Paul II cautioned against this God: The infinitely perfect Supreme Being,
ambiguous position in the encyclical uncaused and absolutely self sufficient,
Veritatis Splendor (1993). eternal, the Creator and final end of all
things. The one God subsists in three
G equal Persons, the Father and the Son and
the Holy Spirit. God, although
Gehenna: Greek form of a Jewish name, transcendent and distinct from the
Gehinnom, for a valley near Jerusalem, the universe, is present and active in the world
site of Moloch worship; used as a synonym in realization of his plan for the salvation
for hell. of human beings, principally through
Revelation, the operations of the Holy
Genuflection: Bending of the knee, a Spirit, the life and ministry of Christ, and
natural sign of adoration or reverence, as the continuation of Christ’s ministry in the
when persons genuflect with the right Church. The existence of God is an article
knee in passing before the tabernacle to of faith, clearly communicated in divine
acknowledge the Eucharistic presence of Revelation. Even without this Revelation,
Christ. however, the Church teaches, in a
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declaration by the First Vatican Council, works. Sanctifying grace is lost by the
that human beings can acquire certain commission of serious sin. Each sacrament
knowledge of the existence of God and confers sanctifying grace for the special
some of his attributes. This can be done on purpose of the sacrament; in this context,
the bases of principles of reason and grace is called sacramental grace. (2) Actual
reflection on human experience. Non grace is a supernatural help of God which
revealed arguments or demonstrations for enlightens and strengthens a person to do
the existence of God have been developed good and to avoid evil. It is not a
from the principle of causality; the permanent quality, like sanctifying grace.
contingency of human beings and the It is necessary for the performance of
universe; the existence of design, change supernatural acts. It can be resisted and
and movement in the universe; human refused. Persons in the state of serious sin
awareness of moral responsibility; are given actual grace to lead them to
widespread human testimony to the repentance.
existence of God.
Grace at Meals: Prayers said before meals,
Goods of Marriage: Three blessings — asking a blessing of God, and after meals,
children, faithful companionship, and giving thanks to God. In addition to
permanence — that were first enumerated traditional prayers for these purposes,
by St. Augustine in a work on marriage. many variations suitable for different
occasions are possible, at personal option.
Grace: A free gift of God to persons (and
angels), grace is a created sharing or Guilt: The condition of an individual who
participation in the life of God. It is given has committed some moral wrong and is
to persons through the merits of Christ liable to receive punishment.
and is communicated by the Holy Spirit.
It is necessary for salvation. The principal
means of grace are the sacraments H
(especially the Eucharist), prayer and good Habit: (1) A disposition to do things easily,
works. (1) Sanctifying or habitual grace given with grace (and therefore
makes persons holy and pleasing to God, supernatural) and/or acquired by
adopted children of God, members of repetition of similar acts. (2) The garb
Christ, temples of the Holy Spirit, heirs of worn by Religious.
heaven capable of supernaturally
meritorious acts. With grace, God gives Hagiography: Writings or documents
persons the supernatural virtues and gifts about saints and other holy persons.
of the Holy Spirit. The sacraments of
baptism and penance were instituted to Hail Mary: A prayer addressed to the
give grace to those who do not have it; the Blessed Virgin Mary; also called the Ave
other sacraments, to increase it in those Maria (Latin equivalent of Hail Mary) and
already in the state of grace. The means for the Angelic Salutation. In three parts, it
growth in holiness, or the increase of grace, consists of the words addressed to Mary by
are prayer, the sacraments, and good the Archangel Gabriel on the occasion of
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the Annunciation, in the Infancy Heresies from the beginning of the Church
Narrative (Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord to the 13th century are described in Dates
is with you, blessed are you among women; Lk and Events in Church History.
1:28); the words addressed to Mary by her
cousin Elizabeth on the occasion of the Hermeneutics: See under the section
Visitation (Blessed is the fruit of your womb; Interpretation of the Bible.
Lk 1-42); a concluding petition (Holy
Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners now Hermit: See Anchorite.
and at the hour of our death. Amen.). The first
two salutations were joined in Eastern rite Heroic Act of Charity: The completely
formulas by the sixth century, and were unselfish offering to God of one’s good
similarly used at Rome in the seventh works and merits for the benefit of the
century. Insertion of the name of Jesus at souls in purgatory rather than for oneself.
the conclusion of the salutations was Thus a person may offer to God for the
probably made by Urban IV about 1262. souls in purgatory all the good works he
The present form of the petition was performs during life, all the indulgences
incorporated into the breviary in 1514. he gains, and all the prayers and
indulgences that will be offered for him
Heaven: The state of those who, having after his death. The act is revocable at will,
achieved salvation, are in glory with God and is not a vow. Its actual ratification
and enjoy the beatific vision. The phrase, depends on the will of God.
kingdom of heaven, refers to the order or
kingdom of God, grace, salvation. Heroic Virtue: The exemplary practice of
the four cardinal virtues and three
Hell: The state of persons who die in theological virtues; such virtue is sought
mortal sin, in a condition of self alienation in persons considered for sainthood.
from God which will last forever.
Heterodoxy: False doctrine teaching or
Heresy: The obstinate post baptismal belief; a departure from truth.
denial or doubt by a Catholic of any truth
which must be believed as a matter of Hierarchy: The hierarchy of order who
divine and Catholic faith (Canon 751, of carry out the sacramental, teaching, and
the Code of Canon Law). Formal heresy pastoral ministry of the Church; the
involves deliberate resistance to the hierarchy consists of the pope, bishops,
authority of God who communicates priests, and deacons; the pope and the
revelation through Scripture and tradition bishops give pastoral governance to the
and the teaching authority of the Church. faithful.
Heretics automatically incur the penalty of
excommunication (Canon 1364 of the Holy Father: A title used for the pope; it is
Code of Canon Law). Heresies have been a shortened translation of the Latin title
significant not only as disruptions of unity Beatissimus Pater, “Most Blessed Father”
of faith but also as occasions for the and refers to his position as the spiritual
clarification and development of doctrine. father of all the Christian faithful.
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Holy See: (1) The diocese of the pope, Feb. 22, 1300, and the first three Holy
Rome. (2) The pope himself and/or the Years were observed in 1300, 1350 and
various officials and bodies of the Church’s 1390. Subsequent ones were celebrated at
central administration at Vatican City — 25 year intervals except in 1800 and 1850
the Roman Curia — which act in the when, respectively, the French invasion of
name and by authority of the pope. Italy and political turmoil made
observance impossible. Pope Paul II (1464
Holy Spirit: God the Holy Spirit, third 1471) set the 25 year timetable. In 1500,
Person of the Holy Trinity, who proceeds Pope Alexander VI prescribed the start
from the Father and the Son and with and finish ceremonies — the opening and
whom he is equal in every respect; inspirer closing of the Holy Doors in the major
of the prophets and writers of sacred basilicas on successive Christmas Eves. All
Scripture; promised by Christ to the but a few of the earlier Holy Years were
Apostles as their advocate and classified as ordinary. Several — like those
strengthener; appeared in the form of a of 1933 and 1983 84 to commemorate the
dove at the baptism of Christ and as 1900th and 1950th anniversaries of the
tongues of fire at his descent upon the death and resurrection of Christ — were in
Apostles; soul of the Church and
the extraordinary category. Pope John Paul
guarantor, by his abiding presence and
designated Jubilee Year 2000 to be a Holy
action, of truth in doctrine; communicator
Year ending the second and beginning the
of grace to human beings, for which reason
third millennium of Christianity.
he is called the sanctifier.
Homosexuality: The condition of a person
Holy Water: Water blessed by the Church
and used as a sacramental, a practice which whose sexual orientation is toward persons
originated in apostolic times. of the same rather than the opposite sex.
The condition is not sinful in itself.
Holy Year: A year during which the pope Homosexual acts are seriously sinful in
grants the plenary Jubilee Indulgence to themselves; subjective responsibility for
the faithful who fulfill certain conditions. such acts, however, may be conditioned
For those who make a pilgrimage to Rome and diminished by compulsion and related
during the year, the conditions are factors.
reception of the sacraments of penance and
the Eucharist, visits and prayer for the Hope: The theological virtue by which a
intention of the pope in the basilicas of St. person firmly trusts in God for the means
Peter, St. John Lateran, St. Paul and St. and attainment salvation.
Mary Major. For those who do not make a
pilgrimage to Rome, the conditions are Hosanna: A Hebrew word, meaning O
reception of the sacraments and prayer for Lord, save, we pray.
the pope during a visit or community
celebration in a church designated by the Host, The Sacred: The bread under whose
bishop of the locality. Pope Boniface VIII appearances Christ is and remains present
formally proclaimed the first Holy Year on in a unique manner after the consecration
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which takes place during Mass. (See IHS: In Greek, the first three letters of the
Transubstantiation.) name of Jesus — Iota, Eta, Sigma.
Human Dignity: The inherent worth of all Immaculate Conception: The doctrine that
human persons as they are made in God’s affirms that “the Blessed Virgin Mary was
image and likeness and they alone — of all preserved, in the first instant of her
God’s creatures on earth — have an conception, by a singular grace and
immortal soul. privilege of God omnipotent and because
of the merits of Jesus Christ the Savior of
the human race, free from all stain of
Humanism: A world view centered on
Original Sin,” as stated by Pope Pius IX in
man. Types of humanism which exclude
his declaration of the dogma, Dec. 8,
the supernatural are related to secularism. 1854. Thus, Mary was conceived in the
state of perfect justice, free from Original
Humility: A virtue which induces a person Sin and its consequences, in virtue of the
to evaluate himself or herself at his or her redemption achieved by Christ on the
true worth, to recognize his or her cross.
dependence on God, and to give glory to
God for the good he or she has and can do. Immortality: The survival and continuing
existence of the human soul after death.
Hyperdulia: The special veneration
accorded the Blessed Virgin Mary because Imprimatur: See Censorship of Books.
of her unique role in the mystery of
Redemption, her exceptional gifts of grace Impurity: Unlawful indulgence in sexual
from God, and her pre eminence among pleasure. (See Chastity.)
the saints. Hyperdulia is not adoration;
only God is adored. Imputability: A canonical term for the
moral responsibility of a person for an act
Hypostatic Union: The union of the human
that he or she has performed.
and divine natures in the one divine
Incardination: The affiliation of a priest to
Person of Christ. his diocese. Every secular priest must
belong to a certain diocese. Similarly, every
I priest of a religious community must
belong to some jurisdiction of his
Icons: Byzantine style paintings or community; this affiliation, however, is
representations of Christ, the Blessed not called incardination.
Virgin and other saints, venerated in the
Eastern Churches where they take the Incarnation: (1) The coming into flesh or
place of statues. taking of human nature by the Second
Person of the Trinity. He became human as
Idolatry: Worship of any but the true God; the Son of Mary, being miraculously
a violation of the First Commandment. conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit,
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without ceasing to be divine. His divine Gospel message, the Church does not
Person hypostatically unites his divine and intend to destroy or to abolish what is
human natures. (2) The supernatural good and beautiful. In fact, she recognizes
mystery coextensive with Christ from the many cultural values and, through the
moment of his human conception and power of the Gospel, purifies and takes
continuing through his life on earth; his into Christian worship certain elements of
sufferings and death; his resurrection from a people’s customs.”
the dead and ascension to glory with the
Father; his sending, with the Father, of the Index of Prohibited Books: A list of books
Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and the which Catholics were formerly forbidden
Church; and his unending mediation with to read, possess or sell, under penalty of
the Father for the salvation of human excommunication. The books were banned
beings. by the Holy See after publication because
their treatment of matters of faith and
Incense: A granulated substance which, morals and related subjects were judged to
when burnt, emits an aromatic smoke. It be erroneous or serious occasions of
symbolizes the zeal with which the faithful doctrinal error. Some books were listed in
should be consumed, the good odor of the Index by name; others were covered
Christian virtue, the ascent of prayer to under general norms. The Congregation
God. An incense boat is a small vessel used for the Doctrine of the Faith declared June
to hold incense which is to be placed in the 14, 1966, that the Index and its related
censer. penalties of excommunication no longer
had the force of law in the Church. Persons
Incest: Sexual intercourse with relatives by are still obliged, however, to take normal
blood or marriage; a sin of impurity and precautions against occasions of doctrinal
also a grave violation of the natural error.
reverence due to relatives. Other sins of
impurity desire, etc., concerning relatives Indifferentism: A theory that any one
have the nature of incest. religion is as true and good — or false —
as any other religion, and that it makes no
Inculturation: The correct and entirely difference, objectively, what religion one
appropriate adaptation of the Catholic professes, if any. The theory is completely
liturgy and institutions to the culture, subjective, finding its justification entirely
language, and customs of an indigenous or in personal choice without reference to or
local people among whom the Gospel is respect for objective validity. It is also self
first proclaimed. Pope John Paul II Feb. contradictory, since it regards as equally
15, 1982, at a meeting in Lagos with the acceptable — or unacceptable — the
bishops of Nigeria proclaimed: “An beliefs of all religions, which in fact are not
important aspect of your own evangelizing only not all the same but are in some cases
role is the whole dimension of the opposed to each other.
inculturation of the Gospel into the lives
of your people. The Church truly respects Indulgence: According to The Doctrine
the culture of each people. In offering the and Practice of Indulgences, an apostolic
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constitution issued by Paul VI Jan. 1, that the doctrine is to be believed by all
1967, an indulgence is the remission the faithful; and 3) the inability of the
before God of the temporal punishment college of bishops to err when speaking in
due for sins already forgiven as far as their union with the pope in matters of faith and
guilt is concerned, which a follower of morals, agreeing that a doctrine must be
Christ — with the proper dispositions and held by the universal Church, and the
under certain determined conditions — doctrine is promulgated by the Pontiff.
acquires through the intervention of the
Church. An indulgence is partial or Infused Virtues: The theological virtues of
plenary, depending on whether it does faith, hope, and charity; principles or
away with either part or all of the temporal capabilities of supernatural action, they are
punishment due for sin. Both types of given with sanctifying grace by God rather
indulgences can always be applied to the than acquired by repeated acts of a person.
dead by way of suffrage; the actual They can be increased by practice; they are
disposition of indulgences applied to the lost by contrary acts. Natural acquired
dead rests with God. Only one plenary moral virtues, like the cardinal virtues of
indulgence can be gained in a single day. prudence, justice, temperance, and
The Apostolic Penitentiary issued a decree fortitude, can be considered infused in a
Dec. 14, 1985, granting diocesan bishops person whose state of grace gives them
the right to impart — three times a year supernatural orientation.
on solemn feasts of their choice — the
papal blessing with a plenary indulgence Inquisition: A tribunal for dealing with
to those who cannot be physically present heretics, authorized by Gregory IX in
but who follow the sacred rites at which 1231 to search them out, hear and judge
the blessing is imparted by radio or them, sentence them to various forms of
television transmission. In July, 1986, punishment, and in some cases to hand
publication was announced of a new and them over to civil authorities for
simplified Enchiridion Indulgentiarum, in punishment. The Inquisition was a
accord with provisions of the revised Code creature of its time when crimes against
of Canon Law. A revised manual was issued faith, which threatened the good of the
by the Holy See on Sept. 17, 2000. Christian community, were regarded also
as crimes against the state, and when
Indult: A favor or privilege granted by heretical doctrines of such extremists as
competent ecclesiastical authority, giving the Cathari and Albigensians threatened
permission to do something not allowed the very fabric of society. The institution,
by the common law of the Church. which was responsible for many excesses,
was most active in the second half of the
Infallibility: 1) The inability of the Church 13th century.
to err in its teaching, in that she preserves
and teaches the deposit of truth as revealed Inquisition, Spanish: An institution
by Christ; 2) The inability of the Roman peculiar to Spain and the colonies in
Pontiff to err when he teaches ex cathedra in Spanish America. In 1478, at the urging of
matters of faith or morals, and indicates King Ferdinand, Pope Sixtus IV approved
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the establishment of the Inquisition for Intercommunion, Eucharistic Sharing: The
trying charges of heresy brought against common celebration and reception of the
Jewish (Marranos) and Moorish (Moriscos) Eucharist by members of different
converts. It acquired jurisdiction over Christian churches; a pivotal issue in
other cases as well, however, and fell into ecumenical theory and practice. Catholic
disrepute because of irregularities in its participation and intercommunion in the
functions, cruelty in its sentences, and the Eucharistic liturgy of another church
manner in which it served the interests of without a valid priesthood and with a
the Spanish crown more than the accused variant Eucharistic belief is out of order.
persons and the good of the Church. Under certain conditions, other Christians
Protests by the Holy See failed to curb may receive the Eucharist in the Catholic
excesses of the Inquisition, which lingered Church. (See additional Intercommunion
in Spanish history until early in the 19th entry). Intercommunion is acceptable to
century. some Protestant churches and
unacceptable to others.
I N R I: The first letters of words in the
Latin inscription atop the cross on which Interdict: A censure imposed on persons for
Christ was crucified: (I)esus (N)azaraenus, certain violations of church law.
(R)ex (I)udaeorum — Jesus of Nazareth,
Interdicted persons may not take part in
King of the Jews.
certain liturgical services, administer or
receive certain sacraments.
Insemination, Artificial: The implanting of
human semen by some means other than
Intinction: A method of administering
consummation of natural marital
Holy Communion under the dual
intercourse. In view of the principle that
procreation should result only from appearances of bread and wine, in which
marital intercourse, donor insemination is the consecrated host is dipped in the
not permissible. consecrated wine before being given to the
communicant. The administering of Holy
In Sin: The condition of a person called Communion in this manner, which has
spiritually dead because he or she does not been traditional in Eastern Rite liturgies,
possess sanctifying grace, the principle of was authorized in the Roman Rite for
supernatural life, action and merit. Such various occasions by the Constitution on
grace can be regained through repentance. the Sacred Liturgy promulgated by the
Second Vatican Council.
Instruction: A document containing
doctrinal explanations, directive norms, Irenicism: Peace seeking, conciliation, as
rules, recommendations, admonitions, opposed to polemics; an important
issued by the pope, a department of the element in ecumenism, provided it
Roman Curia or other competent furthers pursuit of the Christian unity
authority in the Church. To the extent that willed by Christ without degenerating
they so prescribe, instructions have the into a peace at any price disregard for
force of law. religious truth.
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Irregularity: A permanent impediment to only by persons with the power of orders.
the lawful reception or exercise of holy (1) Ordinary jurisdiction is attached to
orders. The Church instituted ecclesiastical offices by law; the
irregularities — which include apostasy, officeholders, called Ordinaries, have
heresy, homicide, attempted suicide — authority over those who are subject to
out of reverence for the dignity of the them. (2) Delegated jurisdiction is that
sacraments. which is granted to persons rather than
attached to offices. Its extent depends on
the terms of the delegation.
J
Jehovah: The English equivalent of the Justice: One of the four cardinal virtues by
Hebrew Adonai (“my Lord”) used out of which a person gives to others what is due
fear and reverence for the Holy Name of to them as a matter of right. (See Cardinal
Yahweh. Jehovah uses the consonants Virtues.)
YHWH and the vowels of Adonai (a, o, a).
Scholars today maintain that Jehovah is a Justification: The act by which God makes
false derivation. a person just, and the consequent change
in the spiritual status of a person, from sin
Jesus: The name of Jesus, meaning “God to grace; the remission of sin and the
saves,” expressing the identity and mission infusion of sanctifying grace through the
of the second Person of the Trinity become merits of Christ and the action of the Holy
man; derived from the Aramaic and Spirit.
Hebrew Yeshua and Joshua, meaning
Yahweh is salvation.
K
Jesus Prayer: A prayer of Eastern origin, Kenosis: A term from the Greek for
dating back to the fifth century: “Lord Jesus “emptying” that denotes Christ’s
Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me (a emptying of Himself in his free
sinner).” renunciation of his right to divine status,
by reason of the Incarnation, particularly
Judgment: (1) Last or final judgment: Final as celebrated in the kenotic hymn (Phil
judgment by Christ, at the end of the 2:6-11), where it is said that Christ
world and the general resurrection. (2) “emptied himself,” taking the form of a
Particular judgment: The judgment that slave, born in the likeness of man totally
takes place immediately after a person’s integrated with his divinity.
death, followed by entrance into heaven,
hell or purgatory. Kerygma: Proclaiming the word of God, in
the manner of the Apostles, as here and
Jurisdiction: Right, power, authority to now effective for salvation. This method of
rule. Jurisdiction in the Church is of preaching or instruction, centered on
divine institution; has pastoral service for Christ and geared to the facts and themes
its purpose; includes legislative, judicial of salvation history, is designed to dispose
and executive authority; can be exercised people to faith in Christ and/or to intensify
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the experience and practice of that faith in faithful themselves (Rom 15:26; 2 Cor
those who have it. 6:14).
Mass for the People: On Sundays and Mercy, Divine: The love and goodness of
certain feasts throughout the year pastors God, manifested particularly in a time of
are required to offer Mass for the faithful need.
entrusted to their care. If they cannot offer
the Mass on these days, they must do so at Mercy, Works of: Works of corporal or
a later date or provide that another priest spiritual assistance, motivated by love of
offer the Mass. God and neighbor, to persons in need. (1)
Corporal works: feeding the hungry,
Materialism: Theory that holds that matter giving drink to the thirsty, clothing the
is the only reality, and everything in naked, visiting the imprisoned, sheltering
existence is merely a manifestation of the homeless, visiting the sick, burying
matter; there is no such thing as spirit, and the dead. (2) Spiritual works: counseling
the supernatural does not exist. the doubtful, instructing the ignorant,
Materialism is incompatible with admonishing sinners, comforting the
Christian doctrine. afflicted, forgiving offenses, bearing
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wrongs patiently, praying for the living explained by the ordinary operation of
and the dead. laws of nature and which, therefore, are
attributed to the direct action of God.
Merit: In religion, the right to a They make known, in an unusual way, the
supernatural reward for good works freely concern and intervention of God in human
done for a supernatural motive by a person affairs for the salvation of men.
in the state of and with the assistance of
grace. The right to such reward is from Mission: (1) Strictly, it means being sent to
God, who binds himself to give it. perform a certain work, such as the
Accordingly, good works, as described mission of Christ to redeem mankind, the
above, are meritorious for salvation. mission of the Apostles and the Church
and its members to perpetuate the
Metanoia: A term from the Greek metanoein prophetic, priestly and royal mission of
(“to change one’s mind, repent, be Christ. (2) A place where: the Gospel has
converted”) that is used in the NT for not been proclaimed; the Church has not
conversion. It entails the repentance of sin been firmly established; the Church,
and the subsequent turning toward the although established, is weak. (3) An
Lord. Metanoia is fundamental to the ecclesiastical territory with the simplest
Christian life and is necessary for spiritual kind of canonical organization, under the
growth. jurisdiction of the Congregation for the
Evangelization of Peoples. (4) A church or
Metaphysics: The branch of philosophy chapel without a resident priest. (5) A
(from the Greek meta — after + physika — special course of sermons and spiritual
physics) dealing with first things, exercises conducted in parishes for the
including the nature of being (ontology), purpose of renewing and deepening the
the origin and structure of the world spiritual life of the faithful and for the
(cosmology), and the study of the reality conversion of lapsed Catholics.
and attributes of God (natural theology).
Metaphysics has long been examined by Modernism: The “synthesis of all heresies,”
Catholic philosophers, most especially in which appeared near the beginning of the
the writings of St. Augustine and St. 20th century. It undermines the objective
Thomas Aquinas. validity of religious beliefs and practices
which, it contends, are products of the
Millennium: A thousand year reign of subconscious developed by mankind under
Christ and the just upon earth before the the stimulus of a religious sense. It holds
end of the world. This belief of the that the existence of a personal God cannot
Millenarians, Chiliasts, and some sects of be demonstrated, the Bible is not inspired,
modern times is based on an erroneous Christ is not divine, nor did he establish
interpretation of Rv 20. the Church or institute the sacraments. A
special danger lies in modernism, which is
Miracles: Observable events or effects in still influential, because it uses Catholic
the physical or moral order of things, with terms with perverted meanings. St. Pius X
reference to salvation, which cannot be condemned 65 propositions of modernism
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in 1907 in the decree Lamentabili and God, Precepts of the Church, Conscience,
issued the encyclical Pascendi to explain Law.)
and analyze its errors.
Mortification: Acts of self discipline,
Monastery: The dwelling place, as well as including prayer, hardship, austerities and
the community thereof, of monks penances undertaken for the sake of
belonging to the Benedictine and progress in virtue.
Benedictine related orders like the
Cistercians and Carthusians; also, the Motu Proprio: A Latin phrase designating a
Augustinians and Canons Regular. document issued by a pope on his own
Distinctive of monasteries are: their initiative. Documents of this kind often
separation from the world; the enclosure or concern administrative matters.
cloister; the permanence or stability of
attachment characteristic of their Mystagogy: Experience of the mystery of
members; autonomous government in Christ, especially through participation in
accordance with a monastic rule, like that the liturgy and the sacraments.
of St. Benedict in the West or of St. Basil
in the East; the special dedication of its Mysteries of Faith: Supernatural truths
members to the community celebration of whose existence cannot be known without
the liturgy as well as to work that is revelation by God and whose intrinsic
suitable to the surrounding area and the truth, while not contrary to reason, can
needs of its people. Monastic superiors of never be wholly understood even after
men have such titles as abbot and prior; of revelation. These mysteries are above
women, abbess and prioress. In most reason, not against reason. Among them
essentials, an abbey is the same as a are the divine mysteries of the Trinity,
monastery. Incarnation and Eucharist. Some mysteries
— e.g., concerning God’s attributes —
Monk: A member of a monastic order — can be known by reason without
e.g., the Benedictines, the Benedictine revelation, although they cannot be fully
related Cistercians and Carthusians, and understood.
the Basilians, who bind themselves by
religious profession to stable attachment
to a monastery, the contemplative life and N
the work of their community. In popular Natural Law: See Law.
use, the title is wrongly applied to many
men religious who really are not monks. Natural Theology: The field of knowledge
that relies upon human reason and the
Monotheism: Belief in and worship of one observation of nature, instead of
God. revelation, to determine the existence and
attributes of God.
Morality: Conformity or difformity of
behavior to standards of right conduct. (See Necromancy: Supposed communication
Moral Obligations, Commandments of with the dead; a form of divination.
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Neo-Scholasticism: A movement begun in Novice: A man or woman preparing, in a
the late 19th century that had as its aim formal period of trial and formation called
the restoration of Scholasticism for use in a novitiate, for membership in an institute
contemporary philosophy and theology. of consecrated life. The novitiate lasts a
Great emphasis was placed upon the minimum of 12 and a maximum of 24
writings of such Scholastic masters as months; at its conclusion, the novice
Peter Lombard, St. Albert the Great, St. professes temporary promises or vows of
Anselm, St. Bonaventure, Bl. John Duns poverty, chastity and obedience. Norms
Scotus, and especially St. Thomas require that certain periods of time be
Aquinas. The movement began at the spent in the house of novitiate; periods of
Catholic University of Louvain, in apostolic work are also required, to
Belgium, and then found its way into acquaint the novice with the apostolate(s)
theological centers in Italy, France, and of the institute. A novice is not bound by
Germany. Particular attention was given the obligations of the professed members
to the philosophical and theological works of the institute, is free to leave at any time,
of St. Thomas Aquinas, from which arose a and may be discharged at the discretion of
particular school of neo-Thomism; the competent superiors. The superior of a
movement was strongly reinforced by novice is a master of novices or director of
Pope Leo XIII who issued the encyclical formation.
Aeterni Patris (1879) mandating that
Scholasticism, in particular Thomism, be Nun: (1) Strictly, a member of a religious
the foundation for all Catholic philosophy order of women with solemn vows
and theology taught in Catholic (moniales). (2) In general, all women
seminaries, universities, and colleges. Neo- religious, even those in simple vows who
Scholasticism was responsible for a true are more properly called sisters.
intellectual renaissance in 20th-century
Catholic philosophy and theology. Among Nunc Dimittis: The canticle or hymn of
its foremost modern leaders were Jacques Simeon at the sight of Jesus at the Temple
Maritain, Étienne Gilson, M. D. Chenu, on the occasion of his presentation (Lk
Henri de Lubac, and Paul Claudel. 2:29 32). It is an expression of joy and
thanksgiving for the blessing of having
Nihil Obstat: See Censorship of Books. lived to see the Messiah. It is prescribed for
use in the Night Prayer of the Liturgy of
Non Expedit: A Latin expression. It is not the Hours.
expedient (fitting, proper), used to state a
prohibition or refusal of permission.
O
Novena: A term designating public or Oath: Calling upon God to witness the
private devotional practices over a period truth of a statement. Violating an oath,
of nine consecutive days; or, by extension, e.g., by perjury in court, or taking an oath
over a period of nine weeks, in which one without sufficient reason, is a violation of
day a week is set aside for the devotions. the honor due to God.
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Obedience: Submission to one in authority. condemned in 1861 by Pope Pius IX. (See
General obligations of obedience fall under also Ontology.)
the Fourth Commandment. The vow of
obedience professed by religious is one of Ontology: A branch of metaphysics that
the evangelical counsels. studies the nature and relations of
existence.
Obsession, Diabolical: The extraordinary
state of one who is seriously molested by Oratory: A chapel.
evil spirits in an external manner.
Obsession is more than just temptation. Ordinariate: An ecclesiastical jurisdiction
for special purposes and people. Examples
Occasion of Sin: A person, place, or thing are military ordinariates for armed services
that is a temptation to sin. An occasion personnel (in accord with provisions of the
may be either a situation that always leads apostolic constitution Spirituali militum
to sin or one that usually leads to sin. curae, Apr. 21, 1986) and Eastern Rite
ordinariates in places where Eastern Rite
Octave: A period of eight days given over dioceses do not exist.
to the celebration of a major feast such as
Ordination: The consecration of sacred
Easter.
ministers for divine worship and the
Oils, Holy: The oils blessed by a bishop at
service of people in things pertaining to
God. The power of ordination comes from
the Chrism Mass on Holy Thursday or
Christ and the Church, and must be
another suitable day, or by a priest under
conferred by a minister capable of
certain conditions. (1) The oil of
communicating it.
catechumens (olive or vegetable oil), used
at baptism; also, poured with chrism into Organ Transplants: The transplanting of
the baptismal water blessed in Easter Vigil organs from one person to another is
ceremonies. (2) Oil of the sick (olive or permissible provided it is done with the
vegetable oil) used in anointing the sick. consent of the concerned parties and does
(3) Chrism (olive or vegetable oil mixed not result in the death or essential
with balm), which is ordinarily mutilation of the donor. Advances in
consecrated by a bishop, for use at methods and technology have increased
baptism, in confirmation, at the the range of transplant possibilities in
ordination of a priest and bishop, in the recent years.
dedication of churches and altars.
Original Sin: The sin of Adam (Gn 2:8
Ontologism: A philosophical theory (the 3:24), personal to him and passed on to all
name is taken from the Greek for being persons as a state of privation of grace.
and study) that posits that knowledge of Despite this privation and the related
God is immediate and intuitive; it wounding of human nature and
stipulates further that all other human weakening of natural powers, original sin
knowledge is dependent upon this. It was leaves unchanged all that man himself is
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by nature. The scriptural basis of the
doctrine was stated by St. Paul in 1 Cor P
15:21ff., and Rom 5:12 21. Original sin is Paganism: A term referring to non
remitted by baptism and incorporation in revealed religions, i.e., religions other than
Christ, through whom grace is given to Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.
persons. Pope John Paul II, while
Palms: Blessed palms are a sacramental.
describing original sin during a general
They are blessed and distributed on the
audience Oct. 1, 1986, called it “the
Sunday of the Passion in commemoration
absence of sanctifying grace in nature
of the triumphant entrance of Christ into
which has been diverted from its
Jerusalem. Ashes of the burnt palms are
supernatural end.”
used on Ash Wednesday.
O Salutaris Hostia: The first three Latin
Pange Lingua: First Latin words, Sing, my
words, O Saving Victim, of a Benediction tongue, of a hymn in honor of the Holy
hymn. Eucharist, used particularly on Holy
Thursday and in Eucharistic processions.
Ostpolitik: Policy adopted by Pope Paul VI
in an attempt to improve the situation of Pantheism: Theory that all things are part
Eastern European Catholics through of God, divine, in the sense that God
diplomatic negotiations with their realizes himself as the ultimate reality of
governments. matter or spirit through being and/or
becoming all things that have been, are,
Oxford Movement: A movement in the and will be. The theory leads to hopeless
Church of England from 1833 to about confusion of the Creator and the created
1845 which had for its objective a realm of being, identifies evil with good,
threefold defense of the Church as a divine and involves many inherent
institution, the apostolic succession of its contradictions.
bishops, and the Book of Common Prayer as
the rule of faith. The movement took its Papal Election: The pope is elected by the
name from Oxford University and College of Cardinals during a secret
involved a number of intellectuals who conclave which begins no sooner than 15
authored a series of influential Tracts for days and no later than 20 days after the
Our Times. Some of its leading figures — death of his predecessor. Cardinals under
e.g., F. W. Faber, John Henry Newman the age of 80, totaling no more than 120,
and Henry Edward Manning — became are eligible to take part in the election by
converts to the Catholic Church. In the secret ballot. Election is by a two thirds
Church of England, the movement vote of participating cardinals. New
affected the liturgy, historical and legislation regarding papal elections and
theological scholarship, the status of the church government during a vacancy of
ministry, and other areas of ecclesiastical the Holy See was promulgated by Pope
life. John Paul Feb. 23, 1996, in the apostolic
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constitution Universi Dominici Gregis Paschal Precept: Church law requiring
(“Shepherd of the Lord’s Whole Flock”). reception of the Eucharist in the Easter
season (See separate entry) unless, for a just
Paraclete: A title of the Holy Spirit cause, once a year reception takes place at
meaning, in Greek, Advocate, Consoler. another time.
Parental Duties: All duties related to the Passion of Christ: Sufferings of Christ,
obligation of parents to provide for the recorded in the four Gospels.
welfare of their children. These obligations
fall under the Fourth Commandment. Pastor: An ordained minister charged with
responsibility for the doctrinal,
Parish: A community of the faithful served
sacramental and related service of people
by a pastor charged with responsibility for
providing them with full pastoral service. committed to his care; e.g., a bishop for
Most parishes are territorial, embracing all the people in his diocese, a priest for the
of the faithful in a certain area of a diocese: people of his parish.
some are personal or national, for certain
classes of people, without strict regard for Pater Noster: The initial Latin words, Our
their places of residence. Father, of the Lord’s Prayer.
Parousia: The coming, or saving presence, Patriarch: (1) The leaders of the Israelite
of Christ which will mark the completion tribes and heads of prominent families
of salvation history and the coming to who appear in Genesis from Adam to
perfection of God’s kingdom at the end of Joseph. Among the most significant
the world. patriarchs of the Old Testament are
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; the patriarchal
Particular Church: A term used since narratives in Genesis associated with them
Vatican II that denotes certain divisions of constitute the prologue to Israel’s salvation
the Universal Church. Examples include history, and the period during which they
dioceses, vicariates, and prelatures. lived is known as the Age of the
Patriarchs. It is noted that the title of
Paschal Candle: A large candle, symbolic
patriarch that was used for David (Acts
of the risen Christ, blessed and lighted on
2:29) was simply one of honor. (2) The
the Easter Vigil and placed at the altar
until Pentecost. It is ornamented with five head of a branch of the Eastern Church,
large grains of incense, representing the corresponding to a province of the one-
wounds of Christ, inserted in the form of a time Roman Empire. There are five official
cross; the Greek letters Alpha and Omega, traditional patriarchal sees: Rome,
symbolizing Christ the beginning and end Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and
of all things, at the top and bottom of the Jerusalem. Presently, the autocephalous
shaft of the cross; and the figures of the churches of the Orthodox Church
current year of salvation in the quadrants comprise several of these traditional
formed by the cross. patriarchates.
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Peace, Sign of: A gesture of greeting — destruction. The best known campaigns of
e.g., a handshake — exchanged by the this type against the Christian Church
ministers and participants at Mass. were the Roman persecutions which
occurred intermittently from about 54 to
Pectoral Cross: A cross worn on a chain the promulgation of the Edict of Milan in
about the neck and over the breast by 313. More Catholics have been persecuted
bishops and abbots as a mark of their in the 20th century than in any other
office. period in history.
Penance or Penitence: (1) The spiritual Personal Prelature: See under Opus Dei.
change or conversion of mind and heart by
which a person turns away from sin, and Peter’s Pence: A collection made each year
all that it implies, toward God, through a among Catholics for the maintenance of
personal renewal under the influence of the the pope and his works of charity. It was
Holy Spirit. Penance involves sorrow and originally a tax of a penny on each house,
contrition for sin, together with other and was collected on St. Peter’s day,
internal and external acts of atonement. It whence the name. It originated in England
serves the purposes of reestablishing in in the 8th century.
one’s life the order of God’s love and
commandments, and of making Petition: One of the four purposes of
satisfaction to God for sin. (2) Penance is a prayer. In prayers of petition, persons ask
virtue disposing a person to turn to God in of God the blessings they and others need.
sorrow for sin and to carry out works of
amendment and atonement. (3) The Pharisees: Influential class among the
sacrament of penance and sacramental Jews, referred to in the Gospels, noted for
penance. their self-righteousness, legalism, strict
interpretation of the Law, acceptance of the
People of God: A name for the Church in traditions of the elders as well as the Law
the sense that it is comprised by a people of Moses, and beliefs regarding angels and
with Christ as its head, the Holy Spirit as spirits, the resurrection of the dead and
the condition of its unity, the law of love as judgment. Most of them were laymen, and
its rule, and the kingdom of God as its they were closely allied with the Scribes;
destiny. Although it is a scriptural term, it their opposite numbers were the
was given new emphasis by the Second Sadducees. The Pharisaic and rabbinical
Vatican Council’s Dogmatic Constitution traditions had a lasting influence on
on the Church (Lumen Gentium). Judaism following the destruction of
Jerusalem in A.D. 70.
Perjury: Taking a false oath, lying under
oath, a violation of the honor due to God. Pious Fund: Property and money originally
accumulated by the Jesuits to finance their
Persecution, Religious: A campaign waged missionary work in Lower California.
against a church or other religious body by When the Jesuits were expelled from the
persons and governments intent on its territory in 1767, the fund was
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appropriated by the Spanish Crown and could be gained for the souls in purgatory
used to support Dominican and Franciscan only in the chapel of Our Lady of the
missionary work in Upper and Lower Angels; by later concessions, it could be
California. In 1842 the Mexican gained also in other Franciscan and parish
government took over administration of churches. The indulgence (applicable to
the fund, incorporated most of the revenue the souls in purgatory) can be gained from
into the national treasury, and agreed to noon of Aug. 1 to midnight of Aug. 2,
pay the Church interest of six per cent a once each day. The conditions are, in
year on the capital so incorporated. From addition to freedom from attachment to
1848 to 1967 the fund was the subject of sin: reception of the sacraments of penance
lengthy negotiations between the U.S. and and the Eucharist on or near the day and a
Mexican governments because of the half; a visit to a parish church within the
latter’s failure to make payments as agreed. day and a half, during which the Our
A lump sum settlement was made in 1967 Father, the Creed and another prayer are
with payment by Mexico to the U.S. offered for the intentions of the pope.
government of more than $700,000, to be
turned over to the Archdiocese of San Positivism: The philosophy that teaches
Francisco. that the only reality is that which is
perceived by the senses; the only truth is
Polytheism: Belief in and worship of many that which is empirically verified. It
gods or divinities, especially prevalent in asserts that ideas about God, morality, or
pre Christian religions. anything else that cannot be scientifically
tested are to be rejected as unknowable.
Poor Box: Alms box; found in churches
from the earliest days of Christianity. Possession, Diabolical: The extraordinary
state of a person who is tormented from
Pope: A title from the Italian word papa within by evil spirits who exercise strong
(from Greek pappas, father) used for the influence over his powers of mind and
Bishop of Rome, the Vicar of Christ and body. (See also Exorcism.)
successor of St. Peter, who exercises
universal governance over the Church. Postulant: One of several names used to
designate a candidate for membership in a
Portiuncula: (1) Meaning little portion (of religious institute during the period before
land), the Portiuncula was the chapel of novitiate.
Our Lady of the Angels near Assisi, Italy,
which the Benedictines gave to St. Francis Poverty: (1) The quality or state of being
early in the 13th century. He repaired the poor, in actual destitution and need, or
chapel and made it the first church of the being poor in spirit. In the latter sense,
Franciscan Order. It is now enshrined in poverty means the state of mind and
the Basilica of St. Mary of the Angels in disposition of persons who regard material
Assisi. (2) The plenary Portiuncula things in proper perspective as gifts of God
Indulgence, or Pardon of Assisi, was for the support of life and its reasonable
authorized by Honorius III. Originally, it enrichment, and for the service of others in
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need. It means freedom from unreasonable Presence of God: A devotional practice of
attachment to material things as ends in increasing one’s awareness of the presence
themselves, even though they may be and action of God in daily life.
possessed in small or large measure. (2)
One of the evangelical counsels professed Presumption: A sin against hope, by which
as a public vow by members of an institute a person striving for salvation (1) either
of consecrated life. It involves the relies too much on his own capabilities or
voluntary renunciation of rights of (2) expects God to do things which he
ownership and of independent use and cannot do, in keeping with his divine
disposal of material goods; or, the right of attributes, or does not will to do,
independent use and disposal, but not of according to his divine plan. Presumption
the radical right of ownership. Religious is the opposite of despair.
institutes provide their members with
necessary and useful goods and services Preternatural Gifts: Exceptional gifts,
from common resources. The manner in beyond the exigencies and powers of
which goods are received and/or handled human nature, enjoyed by Adam in the
by religious is determined by poverty of state of original justice: immunity from
spirit and the rule and constitutions of suffering and death, superior knowledge,
their institute. integrity or perfect control of the passions.
These gifts were lost as the result of
Pragmatism: Theory that the truth of ideas,
original sin; their loss, however, implied
concepts and values depends on their utility
no impairment of the integrity of human
or capacity to serve a useful purpose rather
than on their conformity with objective nature.
standards; also called utilitarianism.
Pride: Unreasonable self esteem; one of the
Prayer: The raising of the mind and heart seven capital sins.
to God in adoration, thanksgiving,
reparation and petition. Prayer, which is Prie Dieu: A French phrase, meaning pray
always mental because it involves thought God, designating a kneeler or bench
and love of God, may be vocal, meditative, suitable for kneeling while at prayer.
private and personal, social, and official.
The official prayer of the Church as a Priesthood: (1) The common priesthood of
worshipping community is called the the non ordained faithful. In virtue of
liturgy. baptism and confirmation, the faithful are
a priestly people who participate in the
Precepts: Commands or orders given to priesthood of Christ through acts of
individuals or communities in particular worship, witness to the faith in daily life,
cases; they establish law for concerned and efforts to foster the growth of God’s
parties. Preceptive documents are issued kingdom. (2) The ordained priesthood, in
by the pope, departments of the Roman virtue of the sacrament of orders, of
Curia and other competent authority in bishops, priests and deacons, for service to
the Church. the common priesthood.
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Primary Option: The life choice of a person Pro Cathedral: A church used as a
for or against God which shapes the basic cathedral.
orientation of moral conduct. A primary
option for God does not preclude the Promoter of the Faith (Promotor fidei): An
possibility of serious sin. official of the Congregation for the Causes
of Saints, whose role in beatification and
Prior: A superior or an assistant to an abbot canonization procedures is to establish
in a monastery. beyond reasonable doubt the validity of
evidence regarding the holiness of
Privilege: A favor, an exemption from the prospective saints and miracles attributed
obligation of a law. Privileges of various to their intercession.
kinds, with respect to ecclesiastical laws,
are granted by the pope, departments of Prophecy: (1) The communication of
the Roman Curia and other competent divine revelation by inspired
authority in the Church. intermediaries, called prophets, between
God and his people. Old Testament
Probabiliorism: The moral system prophecy was unique in its origin and
asserting that the more probable opinion because of its ethical and religious content,
of a varied set of acceptable positions which included disclosure of the saving
regarding the binding character of a law will of Yahweh for the people, moral
censures and warnings of divine
should be accepted. If the reasons for being
punishment because of sin and violations
free from a law are more probably true, one
of the Law and Covenant, in the form of
is freed from the law’s obligations.
promises, admonitions, reproaches and
Probabiliorism, however, maintained that
threats. Although Moses and other earlier
if it was probable that the law did not figures are called prophets, the period of
bind, one still had to follow it unless it was prophecy is generally dated from the early
more probable that the law did not bind. years of the monarchy to about 100 years
after the Babylonian Exile. From that time
Probabilism: A moral system for use in on, the written Law and its interpreters
cases of conscience which involve the supplanted the prophets as guides of the
obligation of doubtful laws. There is a people. Old Testament prophets are cited
general principle that a doubtful law does in the New Testament, with awareness
not bind. Probabilism, therefore, teaches that God spoke through them and that
that it is permissible to follow an opinion some of their oracles were fulfilled in
favoring liberty, provided the opinion is Christ. John the Baptist is the outstanding
certainly and solidly probable. prophetic figure in the New Testament.
Probabilism may not be invoked when Christ never claimed the title of prophet
there is question of: a certain law or the for himself, although some people thought
certain obligation of a law; the certain he was one. There were prophets in the
right of another party; the validity of an early Church, and St. Paul mentioned the
action; something which is necessary for charism of prophecy in 1 Cor 14:1 5.
salvation. Prophecy disappeared after New
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Testament times. Revelation is classified as subject by the commission of mortal sin.
the prophetic book of the New Testament. Such punishment is remitted when mortal
(2) In contemporary non scriptural usage, sin is forgiven. (2) Temporal punishment is
the term is applied to the witness given by a consequence of venial sin and/or forgiven
persons to the relevance of their beliefs in mortal sin; it is not everlasting and may be
everyday life and action. remitted in this life by means of penance.
Temporal punishment unremitted during
Proportionalism: The moral theory that this life is remitted by suffering in
asserts that an action is judged on whether purgatory.
the evils resulting are proportionate to the
goods that result. If the evils outweigh the Purgatory: The state or condition of those
goods, the act is objectionable; if the who have died in the state of grace but
opposite is true, the act is permissible. with some attachment to sin, and are
Proportionalism differs from purified for a time before they are
consequentialism in that the former admitted to the glory and happiness of
admits that the inherent morality of the heaven. In this state and period of passive
act and the agent’s intention must also be suffering, they are purified of unrepented
considered. Proportionalism is rejected by venial sins, satisfy the demands of divine
critics as it does not offer an objective justice for temporal punishment due for
criterion for determining when evils are sins, and are thus converted to a state of
proportionate or disproportionate. It also worthiness of the beatific vision.
fails to consider the intrinsic nature of
human acts and does nothing to assist
Christians to grow in virtue. Q
Quadragesima: From the Latin for fortieth,
Province: (1) A territory comprising one the name given to the forty penitential
archdiocese called the metropolitan see days of Lent.
and one or more dioceses called suffragan
sees. The head of the archdiocese, an Quinquennial Report: A report on the
archbishop, has metropolitan rights and current state of a diocese that must be
responsibilities over the province. (2) A compiled and submitted by a bishop to the
division of a religious order under the Holy See every five years in anticipation of
jurisdiction of a provincial superior. the ad liminal visit.
Prudence: Practical wisdom and judgment Quinque Viae : From the Latin for the “five
regarding the choice and use of the best ways,” the five proofs for the existence of
ways and means of doing good; one of the God that were proposed by St. Thomas
four cardinal virtues. Aquinas in his Summa Theologiae (Part I,
question 2, article 3). The five ways are: 1)
Punishment Due for Sin: The punishment all the motion in the world points to an
which is a consequence of sin. It is of two unmoved Prime Mover; 2) the subordinate
kinds: (1) Eternal punishment is the agents in the world imply the First Agent;
punishment of hell, to which one becomes 3) there must be a Cause Who is not
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perishable and Whose existence is Recollection: Meditation, attitude of
underived; 4) the limited goodness in the concentration or awareness of spiritual
world must be a reflection of Unlimited matters and things pertaining to salvation
Goodness; 5) all things tend to become and the accomplishment of God’s will.
something, and that inclination must have
proceeded from some Rational Planner. Relativism: Theory which holds that all
truth, including religious truth, is relative,
i.e., not absolute, certain or unchanging; a
R product of agnosticism, indifferentism,
and an unwarranted extension of the
Racism: A theory which holds that any one
or several of the different races of the notion of truth in positive science.
human family are inherently superior or Relativism is based on the tenet that
certain knowledge of any and all truth is
inferior to any one or several of the others.
impossible. Therefore, no religion,
The teaching denies the essential unity of
philosophy or science can be said to possess
the human race, the equality and dignity the real truth; consequently, all religions,
of all persons because of their common philosophies and sciences may be
possession of the same human nature, and considered to have as much or as little of
the participation of all in the divine plan of truth as any of the others.
redemption. It is radically opposed to the
virtue of justice and the precept of love of Relics: The physical remains and effects of
neighbor. Differences of superiority and saints, which are considered worthy of
inferiority which do exist are the result of veneration inasmuch as they are
accidental factors operating in a wide representative of persons in glory with
variety of circumstances, and are in no way God. Catholic doctrine proscribes the view
due to essential defects in any one or that relics are not worthy of veneration. In
several of the branches of the one human line with norms laid down by the Council
race. The theory of racism, together with of Trent and subsequent enactments,
practices related to it, is incompatible with discipline concerning relics is subject to
Christian doctrine. control by the Congregations for the
Causes of Saints and for Divine Worship
and the Discipline of the Sacraments.
Rash Judgment: Attributing faults to
another without sufficient reason; a
Religion: The adoration and service of God
violation of the obligations of justice and as expressed in divine worship and in daily
charity. life. Religion is concerned with all of the
relations existing between God and
Rationalism: A theory which makes the human beings, and between humans
mind the measure and arbiter of all things, themselves because of the central
including religious truth. A product of the significance of God. Objectively
Enlightenment, it rejects the supernatural, considered, religion consists of a body of
divine revelation, and authoritative truth that is believed, a code of morality
teaching by any church. for the guidance of conduct, and a form of
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divine worship. Subjectively, it is a Restitution: An act of reparation for an
person’s total response, theoretically and injury done to another. The injury may be
practically, to the demands of faith; it is caused by taking and/or retaining what
living faith, personal engagement, self- belongs to another or by damaging either
commitment to God. Thus, by creed, code the property or reputation of another. The
and cult, a person orders and directs his or intention of making restitution, usually in
her life in reference to God and, through kind, is required as a condition for the
what the love and service of God implies, forgiveness of sins of injustice, even
to all people and all things. though actual restitution is not possible.
Reliquary: A vessel for the preservation and Ring: In the Church a ring is worn as part
exposition of a relic; sometimes made like of the insignia of bishops, abbots, et al.; by
a small monstrance. sisters to denote their consecration to God
and the Church. The wedding ring
Reparation: The making of amends to God symbolizes the love and union of husband
for sin committed; one of the four ends of and wife.
prayer and the purpose of penance.
Ritual: A book of prayers and ceremonies
Requiem: A Mass offered for the repose of used in the administration of the
the soul of one who has died in Christ. Its sacraments and other ceremonial
name is derived from the first word of the functions. In the Roman Rite, the
Gregorian (Latin) entrance chant (or standard book of this kind is the Roman
Introit) at Masses for the dead: Requiem Ritual.
aeternam dona eis, Domine (“Eternal rest
grant unto them, O Lord”). The revised Rogito: The official notarial act or
Rite for Funerals refers to the requiem as document testifying to the burial of a
the Mass of Christian Burial; however, it pope.
would not be uncommon to hear people
employ the former usage. Rosary: A form of mental and vocal prayer
centered on mysteries or events in the lives
Rescript: A written reply by an of Jesus and Mary. Its essential elements
ecclesiastical superior regarding a question are meditation on the mysteries and the
or request; its provisions bind concerned recitation of a number of decades of Hail
parties only. Papal dispensations are issued Marys, each beginning with the Lord’s
in the form of rescripts. Prayer. Introductory prayers may include
the Apostles’ Creed, an initial Our Father,
Reserved Censure: A sin or censure, three Hail Marys and a Glory be to the
absolution from which is reserved to Father; each decade is customarily
religious superiors, bishops, the pope, or concluded with a Glory be to the Father; at
confessors having special faculties. the end, it is customary to say the Hail,
Reservations are made because of the Holy Queen and a prayer from the liturgy
serious nature and social effects of certain for the feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary of
sins and censures. the Rosary. Traditionally, the Mysteries of
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the Rosary, which are the subject of of the paschal mystery. The pope asked
meditation, are: (1) Joyful — the that the Mysteries of Light be recited
Annunciation to Mary that she was to be especially on Thursday.
the Mother of Christ, her visit to
Elizabeth, the birth of Jesus, the
presentation of Jesus in the Temple, the S
finding of Jesus in the Temple. (2) Sabbath: The seventh day of the week,
Sorrowful — Christ’s agony in the Garden observed by Jews and Sabbatarians as the
of Gethsemani, scourging at the pillar, day for rest and religious observance.
crowning with thorns, carrying of the cross
to Calvary, and crucifixion. (3) Glorious — Sacrarium: A basin with a drain leading
the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ, directly into the ground; standard
the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the equipment of a sacristy.
Apostles, Mary’s Assumption into heaven
and her crowning as Queen of angels and Sacred Heart, Enthronement of the: An
men. acknowledgment of the sovereignty of
Jesus Christ over the Christian family,
The complete Rosary, called the expressed by the installation of an image or
Dominican Rosary, consists of 15 decades. picture of the Sacred Heart in a place of
In customary practice, only five decades are honor in the home, accompanied by an act
usually said at one time. Rosary beads are of consecration.
used to aid in counting the prayers without
distraction. The Rosary originated through Sacred Heart, Promises: Twelve promises
the coalescence of popular devotions to
to persons having devotion to the Sacred
Jesus and Mary from the 12th century
Heart of Jesus, which were communicated
onward. Its present form dates from about
by Christ to St. Margaret Mary Alacoque
the 15th century. Carthusians contributed
greatly toward its development; in a private revelation in 1675.
Dominicans have been its greatest
promoters. The fifteen mysteries were Sacrilege: Violation of and irreverence
standardized by Pope Pius V in 1569. toward a person, place or thing that is
sacred because of public dedication to
In 2002, Pope John Paul II added five new God; a sin against the virtue of religion.
mysteries dedicated to chapters from Jesus’ Personal sacrilege is violence of some kind
public life. Titled the Mysteries of Light, against a cleric or religious, or a violation
they are: Christ’s baptism in the Jordan of chastity with a cleric or religious. Local
River; Christ’s self-revelation at the sacrilege is the desecration of sacred places.
marriage of Cana; Christ’s announcement Real sacrilege is irreverence with respect to
of the kingdom of God with the invitation sacred things, such as the sacraments and
to conversion; Christ’s Transfiguration, sacred vessels.
when he revealed his glory to his Apostles;
and the institution of the Eucharist at the Sacristy: A utility room where vestments,
Last Supper as the sacramental expression church furnishings and sacred vessels are
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kept and where the clergy vest for sacred knowledge and understanding who
functions. deliberately reject this Church, cannot be
saved. The Catholic Church is the Church
Sadducees: The predominantly priestly founded by Christ. (See below, Salvation
party among the Jews in the time of outside the Church.)
Christ, noted for extreme conservatism,
acceptance only of the Law of Moses, and Salvation History: The facts and the record
rejection of the traditions of the elders. of God’s relations with human beings, in
Their opposite numbers were the the past, present and future, for the
Pharisees. purpose of leading them to live in
accordance with his will for the eventual
Saints, Cult of: The veneration, called attainment after death of salvation, or
dulia, of holy persons who have died and everlasting happiness with him in heaven.
are in glory with God in heaven; it The essentials of salvation history are:
includes honoring them and petitioning God’s love for all human beings and will
them for their intercession with God. for their salvation; his intervention and
Liturgical veneration is given only to action in the world to express this love and
saints officially recognized by the Church; bring about their salvation; the revelation
private veneration may be given to anyone he made of himself and the covenant he
thought to be in heaven. The veneration of established with the Israelites in the Old
saints is essentially different from the Testament; the perfecting of this
adoration given to God alone; by its very revelation and the new covenant of grace
nature, however, it terminates in the through Christ in the New Testament; the
worship of God. (See also Dulia and Latria.) continuing action-for-salvation carried on
in and through the Church; the
Salvation: The liberation of persons from communication of saving grace to people
sin and its effects, reconciliation with God through the merits of Christ and the
in and through Christ, the attainment of operations of the Holy Spirit in the here-
union with God forever in the glory of and-now circumstances of daily life and
heaven as the supreme purpose of life and with the cooperation of people themselves.
as the God given reward for fulfillment of
his will on earth. Salvation in process Salvation outside the Church: The Second
begins and continues in this life through Vatican Council covered this subject
union with Christ in faith professed and in summarily in the following manner:
action; its final term is union with God “Those also can attain to everlasting
and the whole community of the saved in salvation who through no fault of their
the ultimate perfection of God’s kingdom. own do not know the Gospel of Christ or
The Church teaches that: God wills the his Church, yet sincerely seek God and,
salvation of all men; men are saved in and moved by grace, strive by their deeds to do
through Christ; membership in the his will as it is known to them through the
Church established by Christ, known and dictates of conscience. Nor does divine
understood as the community of salvation, Providence deny the help necessary for
is necessary for salvation; men with this salvation to those who, without blame on
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their part, have not yet arrived at an Scapular Medal: A medallion with a
explicit knowledge of God, but who strive representation of the Sacred Heart on one
to live a good life, thanks to his grace. side and of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the
Whatever good or truth is found among other. Authorized by St. Pius X in 1910, it
them is looked upon by the Church as a may be worn or carried in place of a
preparation for the Gospel. She regards scapular by persons already invested with a
such qualities as given by him who scapular.
enlightens all men so that they may finally
have life” (Dogmatic Constitution on the Scapular Promise: According to a legend
Church, Lumen Gentium, No. 16). of the Carmelite Order, the Blessed Virgin
Mary appeared to St. Simon Stock in 1251
Sanctifying Grace: See Grace. at Cambridge, England, and declared that
wearers of the brown Carmelite Scapular
Satanism: Worship of the devil, a would be the beneficiaries of her special
blasphemous inversion of the order of intercession. The scapular tradition has
worship which is due to God alone. never been the subject of official decision
by the Church. Essentially, it expresses
Scandal: Conduct which is the occasion of belief in the intercession of Mary and the
sin to another person. efficacy of sacramentals in the context of
truly Christian life.
Scapular: (1) A part of the habit of some
religious orders like the Benedictines and Schism: Derived from a Greek word
Dominicans; a nearly shoulder wide strip meaning separation, the term designates
of cloth worn over the tunic and reaching formal and obstinate refusal by a baptized
almost to the feet in front and behind. Catholic, called a schismatic, to be in
Originally a kind of apron, it came to communion with the pope and the
symbolize the cross and yoke of Christ. (2) Church. The canonical penalty is
Scapulars worn by lay persons as a sign of excommunication. One of the most
association with religious orders and for disastrous schisms in history resulted in
devotional purposes are an adaptation of the definitive separation of the Church in
monastic scapulars. Approved by the the East from union with Rome about
Church as sacramentals, they consist of 1054.
two small squares of woolen cloth joined
by strings and are worn about the neck. Scholasticism: The term usually applied to
They are given for wearing in a ceremony the Catholic theology and philosophy
of investiture or enrollment. There are which developed in the Middle Ages. (See
nearly 20 scapulars for devotional use: the also Neo-Scholasticism.)
five principal ones are generally
understood to include those of Our Lady of Scribes: Hebrew intellectuals noted for
Mt. Carmel (the brown Carmelite their knowledge of the Law of Moses,
Scapular), the Holy Trinity, Our Lady of influential from the time of the Exile to
the Seven Dolors, the Passion, the about A.D. 70. Many of them were
Immaculate Conception. Pharisees. They were the antecedents of
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rabbis and their traditions, as well as those Seminary: A house of study and formation
of the Pharisees, had a lasting influence on for men, called seminarians, preparing for
Judaism following the destruction of the priesthood. Traditional seminaries date
Jerusalem in A.D. 70. from the Council of Trent in the middle of
the 16th century; before that time,
Scruple: A morbid, unreasonable fear and candidates for the priesthood were
anxiety that one’s actions are sinful when variously trained in monastic schools,
they are not, or more seriously sinful than universities under church auspices, and in
they actually are. Compulsive scrupulosity less formal ways.
is quite different from the transient
scrupulosity of persons of tender or highly Sermon on the Mount: A compilation of
sensitive conscience, or of persons with sayings of Our Lord in the form of an
faulty moral judgment. extended discourse in Matthew’s Gospel
(5:1 to 7:27) and, in a shorter discourse, in
Seal of Confession: The obligation of Luke (6:17 49). The passage in Matthew,
secrecy which must be observed regarding called the “Constitution of the New Law,”
knowledge of things learned in connection summarizes the living spirit of believers in
with the confession of sin in the sacrament Christ and members of the kingdom of
of penance. The seal covers matters whose God. Beginning with the Beatitudes and
including the Lord’s Prayer, it covers the
revelation would make the sacrament
perfect justice of the New Law, the
burdensome. Confessors are prohibited,
fulfillment of the Old Law in the New Law
under penalty of excommunication, from
of Christ, and the integrity of internal
making any direct revelation of
attitude and external conduct with respect
confessional matter; this prohibition to love of God and neighbor, justice,
holds, outside of confession, even with chastity, truth, trust and confidence in God.
respect to the person who made the
confession unless the person releases the Seven Last Words of Christ: The Seven Last
priest from the obligation. Persons other Words of Christ on the Cross were: (1)
than confessors are obliged to maintain “Father, forgive them; for they do not know what
secrecy, but not under penalty of they are doing.” (Lk 23:34); (2) To the
excommunication. General, non specific penitent thief: “I assure you: today you will be
discussion of confessional matter does not with me in Paradise.” (Lk 23:24); (3) To
violate the seal. Mary and his Apostle John: “Woman, behold
thy son! … Behold your mother.” (Jn 19:26);
Secularism: A school of thought, a spirit (4) “Eli Eli, lama sabacthani [“My God, my
and manner of action which ignores and/or God, why have you forsaken me?”] (Mt 27:46;
repudiates the validity or influence of cf. Mk 15:34); (5) “I thirst.” (Jn 19:28); (6)
supernatural religion with respect to “It is finished.” (Jn 19:30); (7) “Father, into
individual and social life. thy hands I commend my spirit.”(Lk 23:46).
See: Another name for diocese or Shrine, Crowned: A shrine approved by the
archdiocese. Holy See as a place of pilgrimage. The
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approval permits public devotion at the sacraments, a parish priest should be
shrine and implies that at least one miracle informed and arrangements made for him
has resulted from devotion at the shrine. to visit the person at home. Such
Among the best known crowned shrines visitations are common in pastoral
are those of the Virgin Mary at Lourdes practice, both for special needs and for
and Fátima. Shrines with statues crowned providing persons with regular
by Pope John Paul in 1985 in South opportunities for receiving the sacraments.
America were those of Our Lady of If a priest cannot make the visitation,
Coromoto, patroness of Venezuela, in arrangements can be made for a deacon or
Caracas, and Our Lady of Carmen of
Eucharistic minister to bring Holy
Paucartambo in Cuzco, Peru.
Communion to the homebound or
Shroud of Turin: A strip of brownish linen
bedridden person.
cloth, 14 feet, three inches in length and
three feet, seven inches in width, bearing Sign of the Cross: A sign, ceremonial
the front and back imprint of a human gesture or movement in the form of a cross
body. A tradition dating from the 7th by which a person confesses faith in the
century, which has not been verified Holy Trinity and Christ, and intercedes for
beyond doubt, claims that the shroud is the blessing of himself or herself, other
the fine linen in which the body of Christ persons and things. In Roman Rite
was wrapped for burial. The early history practice, a person making the sign touches
of the shroud is obscure. It was enshrined the fingers of the right hand to forehead,
at Lirey, France, in 1354 and was below the breast, left shoulder and right
transferred in 1578 to Turin, Italy, where shoulder while saying: “In the name of the
it has been kept in the cathedral down to Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.”
the present time. Scientific investigation, The sign is also made with the thumb on
which began in 1898, seems to indicate the forehead, the lips, and the breast. For
that the markings on the shroud are those the blessing of persons and objects, a large
of a human body. The shroud, for the first sign of the cross is made by movement of
time since 1933, was placed on public the right hand. In Eastern Rite practice,
view from Aug. 27 to Oct. 8, 1978, and the sign is made with the thumb and first
was seen by an estimated 3.3 million
two fingers of the right hand joined
people. Scientists conducted intensive
together and touching the forehead, below
studies of it thereafter, finally determining
that the material of the shroud dated from the breast, the right shoulder and the left
between 1260 and 1390. The shroud, shoulder; the formula generally used is the
which had been the possession of the doxology, “O Holy God, O Holy Strong One, O
House of Savoy, was willed to Pope John Immortal One.” The Eastern manner of
Paul II in 1983. making the sign was general until the first
half of the 13th century; by the 17th
Sick Calls: When a person is confined at century, Western practice involved the
home by illness or other cause and is whole right hand and the reversal of
unable to go to church for reception of the direction from shoulder to shoulder.
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Signs of the Times: Contemporary events, Adam, with consequences for all human
trends and features in culture and society, beings. (See separate entry.)
the needs and aspirations of people, all the
factors that form the context in and Sins against the Holy Spirit: Despair of
through which the Church has to carry on salvation, presumption of God’s mercy,
its saving mission. The Second Vatican impugning the known truths of faith,
Council spoke on numerous occasions envy at another’s spiritual good, obstinacy
about these signs and the relationship in sin, final impenitence. Those guilty of
between them and a kind of manifestation such sins stubbornly resist the influence of
of God’s will, positive or negative, and
grace and, as long as they do so, cannot be
about subjecting them to judgment and
forgiven.
action corresponding to the demands of
divine revelation through Scripture,
Sins, Occasions of: Circumstances (persons,
Christ, and the experience, tradition and
teaching authority of the Church. places, things, etc.) which easily lead to sin.
There is an obligation to avoid voluntary
Simony: The deliberate intention and act of proximate occasions of sin, and to take
selling and/or buying spiritual goods or precautions against the dangers of
material things so connected with the unavoidable occasions.
spiritual that they cannot be separated
therefrom; a violation of the virtue of Sins That Cry to Heaven for Vengeance:
religion, and a sacrilege, because it Willful murder, sins against nature,
wrongfully puts a material price on oppression of the poor, widows and
spiritual things, which cannot be either orphans, defrauding laborers of their
sold or bought. In church law, actual sale or wages.
purchase is subject to censure in some
cases. The term is derived from the name of Sister: Any woman religious, in popular
Simon Magus, who attempted to buy from speech; strictly, the title applies only to
Sts. Peter and John the power to confirm women religious belonging to institutes
people in the Holy Spirit (Acts 8:4 24). whose members never professed solemn
vows. Most of the institutes whose
Sin: (1) Actual sin is the free and deliberate
members are properly called Sisters were
violation of God’s law by thought, word or
established during and since the 19th
action. (a) Mortal sin — involving serious
matter, sufficient reflection and full century. Women religious with solemn
consent — results in the loss of sanctifying vows, or belonging to institutes whose
grace and alienation from God, and members formerly professed solemn vows,
renders a person incapable of performing are properly called nuns.
meritorious supernatural acts and subject
to everlasting punishment. (b) Venial sin Sisterhood: A generic term referring to the
— involving less serious matter, reflection whole institution of the life of women
and consent — does not have such serious religious in the Church, or to a particular
consequences. (2) Original sin is the sin of institute of women religious.
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Situation Ethics: A subjective, individualistic religion. Spiritualistic practices are noted
ethical theory which denies the binding for fakery.
force of ethical principles as universal laws
and preceptive norms of moral conduct, Stational Churches, Days: Churches,
and proposes that morality is determined especially in Rome, where the clergy and
only by situational conditions and lay people were accustomed to gather with
considerations and the intention of the their bishop on certain days for the
person. It has been criticized for ignoring celebration of the liturgy. The 25 early
the principles of objective ethics. (See also titular or parish churches of Rome, plus
Consequentialism and Proportionalism.) other churches, each had their turn as the
site of divine worship in practices which
Slander: Attributing to a person faults may have started in the third century. The
which he or she does not have; a violation observances were rather well developed
of the obligations of justice and charity, for toward the latter part of the 4th century,
which restitution is due. and by the fifth they included a Mass
concelebrated by the pope and attendant
Sloth (Acedia): One of the seven capital priests. On some occasions, the stational
sins; spiritual laziness, involving distaste liturgy was preceded by a procession from
and disgust for spiritual things; spiritual another church called a collecta. There were
boredom, which saps the vigor of spiritual 42 Roman stational churches in the 8th
life. Physical laziness is a counterpart of century, and 89 stational services were
spiritual sloth. scheduled annually in connection with the
liturgical seasons. Stational observances
Sorcery: A kind of black magic in which fell into disuse toward the end of the
evil is invoked by means of diabolical Middle Ages. Some revival was begun by
intervention; a violation of the virtue of John XXIII in 1959 and continued by
religion. Paul VI and John Paul II.
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