Exercis n

2
Three-Phase
Voltage-Source
Inverter
Induction-Motor
Drive
EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE
.
To understand
the operation of an induction-motor
drive using a three-phase
voltage-source
inverter.
.
To understand the concept of constant voltage-to-frequency
ratio'
DISCUSSION
lntroduction
The induction motor is used more and more today because its cost is low, and
itisruggedandeasytomaintain'However,thespeedofaninductionmotor
mainly depends on in" frequency
o{ the ac power source which supplies it'
Therefore, a variable-frequency
ac power source is required to control the speed
of an induction motor.
self-commutated
inverters are devices which convert dc power into ac power'
such inverters allow single-phase, two-phase,
and three-phase
ac power sources
with variable frequency"and
voltage to be obtained. Therefore,
sel{-commutated
inverters are well suited for induction-motor
drives'
The three-phase voltage-source
inverter induction-motor
drive
Figure 2-1 shows a three-phase voltage-source
inverter driving a three-phase
sq"uirrel-cage
induction *oiot. Such a drive is usually referred to as a three-phase
voltage-soirce
inverter induction-motor
drive. ln the drive of Figure 2-1' the
inr"ri"r uses 180'modulation,
but other types of modulation
such as the
l20"modulatiOn,programmed-waveformmodulation,andpulse-width
modulation, can be usedl Figure 2-2 shows the same induction-motor
drive using
the symbol representing a voltage-source
inverter
(VSl)'
Varying the dc power supply voltage allows the ac voltage at the inverter outputs,
and therefore the ac vonab6 apptiid to the induction motor, to be varied' Varying
the operating frequency of tne inverter varies the frequency of the ac voltage
applied to th; induction motor. When the frequency increases, the speed of the
induction motor increases and vice versa. Reversing the connections
ol any two
of the inverter outputs reverses the direction of rotation of the motor' ln practice'
however, the connections do not need to be physically reversed because the
INVERTER CONTROL UNIT can accomplish the same resuh by electronically
changing the phase sequence of the ac voftages at the outputs of the inverter'
2-1
Three-Phase
Voltage-Source
Inverter
Induction-Motor
Drive
'1.
I*
Figure2.1'Alhree.phasevoltage-sourceinverterinduction.molordrive.
DC
POWER
SUPPLY
\61
r#
/
I
6u,*.)
'
cr6
. rNqrcfi,ll
x?
r80
uoour.AfloN
ITWERTER
CONTROL
UNIT
Figwe 2-2.Simplllled dlagram o, the three-phase vohage-source
invefter inductlon-motor
drive
shown in Figuro 2-1.
Torque versus magnetic flux in an induction motor.
The torque developed in an induction motor is proportional.to the current induced
in the rotor and ihe magnetic flux in the motor. lt is, therefore, desirable
to
,rintrin the magnetic flui in the induction motor as high as
possible so that the
motor can develop the highest
possible torque'
The relationship between the voltage E, the frequency f, and the magnetic flux O
in an induction motor is based on the following equation:
E
=
kfNO
where E is the rms value of the ac vohage applied to the induction motor,
k is a constant whose value depends on the waveform of the voltage E
as well as the distribution of the stator windings and the number of
poles of the induction motor'
f is the frequencY of the voltage E,
N is the number of turns on the stator windings
per pole of the induction
motor,
O is the magnetic flux per pole of the induction motor'
2-2
Three-Phase Voltage-Source Inverter
Induction-Motor Drive
ThiS equation shows that for a fixed frequency f, the flux O in the Stator of the
induction motor increases aS the voltage E increases and vice versa. As the
voltage E is increased, the flux O increases and eventually reaches a certain value
which makes certain
parts of the core of the induction motor start to saturate.
Before saturation occurs, the flux O is proportionalto the magnetizing current, that
is, the current which
produces the magnetic flux in the induction motor. Therefore,
the power dissipated as heat in the stator windings (Rl2 losses) increases as the
flux O is increased. Furthermore, the iron losses in the motor increases as the
flux O is increased.
When saturation occurs, the magnetizing current in the stator windings begins to
increase considerably while the flux O increases only slightly. This causes the
power dissipated as heat in the stator windings (Rl2 losses) to increase
considerably, Therefore, it is not desirable to increase the flux O beyond
saturation because the losses in the induction motor increase considerably while
the flux O increases only a little. ln brief, the maximum flux O in the induction
motor is mainly limited by saturation.
ln practice, the flux
iD in the induction motor is usually maintained at a levelthat
slightly saturates the core of the motor, that is, the induction motor usually
opLrates around the knee of the saturation curve. This allows a high flux O to be
obtained with a magnetizing current which is relatively low. ln other words, this
allows the induction motor to develop the highest possible torque while
maintaining the losses in the motor at an acceptable level.
Voftage versus frequency in a VSI induction-motor drive
ln \lSl induction-motor drives, the speed of the motor is varied by varying the
operating frequency of the inverter over a fairly wide range. Typically, the
frequency can range lrom a few hertz to more than 100 Hz'
For a fixed vohage E, the flux O decreases as the frequency f increases. On the
other hand, aS the frequency decreases, the flux O increases and eventually
reaches a certain value which makes the core of the induction motor begin to
saturate. ln this case, the voltage E can be decreased to decrease the flux O and
prevent saturation. Therefore, in a VSI induction-motor drive, it is highly desirable
that the voltage E decreases as the frequency f decreases and Mce versa. ln other
words, the rrcltage-to-frequency ratio, or Vfi ratio, must remain constant so that
the flux O remains fairly constant. Furthermore, the value of the V/f ratio
determines the value of the flux o as well as the point on the saturation curve at
which the induction motor operates. The value of the Vf ratio is usually set so
that the flux o slightly saturates the core of the induction motor. As a result, the
induction motor can develop a maximum torque over a given range of speed.
Figure 2-3 shows relationships between the voltage E and frequency f for a given
induction-motor drive. The V/f ratio is different for each of these relationships. One
of these Vf ratios is considered as normal while the other two are respectively
above normal and below normal. Two points are drawn on each voltage-
frequency relationship at frequencies of 50 and
'100
Hz.
2-3
,' llll
normol V/f
rotio
(normol flux f)
Figure2.3.ReletionshlPbelweenthgvoltageEandthelrequoncylloragiveninduclion-moior
drive.
Figures
2-3 and 2-4- clearly.
tl9*
I:l^y,len
the V/f ratio
is kept constant'
the
flux o in the stator ot the inbuction
motor is virtuarry
constant'
For instance'
when
the vif ratio is norrnat,
the induction
motoiofeiates
in
lry Int:
of the saturation
curve regarotess
ot in"-t'"q'"nty
(t""
JJintt
B and E in both figures)'
The
induction
motor,
,n"i"to'",
is stigntly
t"i'i"t"o'
When
the V/f ratio is above
normal,
tne inOuctio"n
*oii. op"Ltes
aOove
the knee of the saturation
curve
regardless
of tne trequeiiy tt""^
p"Tttt c-"ni
i in ootn figures)'
ln this case'
the
induction
motor ," ;;;;;iJ-'
on the otnli
nano'
when the vfi ratio is below
normal,
tne inOuctiJ"'*"i"i
"perates
below the knee of the saturation
curve
regardtess
of the.trequen.v i""I.points
A ;; D in both figures)'
ln this case' the
induction
motor
is not saturated'
Three-Phase
Voltage-Source
Inverter
Induction-Motor
Drive
Figure2-4showsthesaturationcurvesofthemotorusedintheinduction-motor
drive,
at trequencres?
so
"no
'r00
Hz. ile
points gl?*n
at frequencies
of
50 and 100 Hz on the voltage-frequency
relationships
of Figure
2-3ate
shown
on
the 50 and 1 00-Hz
saturation
curves.
Thr",;;i"i;
nio f in Figure
2-3 correspond
to
points A to F in Figure
2-4'
v/f rotio obovc
normol
(ttux t obove
normol)
Three-Phase
Voltage-Source
Inverter
lnduction-Motor
Drive
E
TV]
3oo
i
Procedure Summary
ln the first
part ol this exercise,
you will set up in the Mobile workstation the
equipment required to carry out this exercise'
ln the second
part of this exercise, you will use the circuit shown in Figure 2-5 to
observe the operation of a three-phase
voltage-source
inverter
induction-motor
drive. ln this circuit, a variable-voltage
three-phase
ac power supply, a three-
phase diode rectifier, an inductor L, ind resistors R,, R,' and R. are used to build
a variable-voltage
dc power supply. The resistors allow the dc
power supply to
sink current. The motor used in tl'ris circuit is a squirrel-cage
induction motor'
You will vary the operating frequency and change the connections of the outputs
of the inverter while oUseiing ine sfeeO and direction of rotation of the induction
motor. You will also vary tne ,oitage applied to the induction motor while
ooserving the waveform of the line current in one of the inverter outputs'
ln the third part of this exercise,
you will measure the line-to-neutral
voltage
(phase voltage) which must be apftieO to the induction motor to obtain a given
rn"current(givenmagneticflux),atvariousfrequencies'Fromthese
measurements,
you will piot the relationship behreen the phase voltage and the
frequency in an induction motor operating with a virtually constant magnetic flux'
rotio
normol
I
r-/
v/r
obove
normol
V,/f rotio
rotio
normol
or
Figure 2-4, ssturaiion curves ol lhe motor used in the induclion-molor
drive' al trequencies ol
50 and 100 Hz
Y/t
bclow
E
tAl
2-5
Three-Phase
Voltage-Source
Inverter
Induction-Motor
Drive
EOUIPMENT
REOUIRED
RefertotheEquipmentUtilizationchart'inAppendixCofthismanual,toobtain
in"li"t of the equipment
required
to carry
out this exercise'
PROCEDURE
CAUTIONI
High voliagea
are
present ln this laboratory
exercise!
Do not make
or moairy
iny L"n"n"
tack
connections
with the
power on unless
otherwlse
sPecifled!
Setting
uP the equiPment
Dl.lnstallthePowerSupply,theEnclosure/PowerSupply,thePower
MoSFETS,thePowerDiodes,theFour-PoleSquirrel.Cagelnduction
Motor,thesmoothinglnductors,theDCVoltmeter/Ammeter'the
RC Vonmeier,
anO tne fresistive
Load modules
in the Mobile Workstation'
n 2. lnstallthe
chopper/lnverter
control
unit and the currenwoltage
lsolators
in the Enclosure /
Power SuPPIY'
ns.MakesurethatthemainpowerswitchofthePowerSupplyissettothe
O
(OFF) position. Connect
the Power
Supply
to a three-phase
wall
recePtacle'
tr
4. Plug the Enclosure /
Power supply
line cord into a wall receptacle'
set
the rocker switch
of the Enclo"utl 7
Power Suppty
to the I (ON)
position'
tr 5. Make iure that the toggle
switches
on the Resistive
Load module
are all
set to the O (oPen)
Position'
operationofathree.phasevoltage.sourceinverterinduction.motordrive
tr6.lnstallthedynamoofthespeedgensor/Tachometerontheshaftofthe
Four-pole
-dqriri"r-c"ge
lnduction
Motor.
connect
the dynamo
to the
TRANSDUCER lack
oitfre Speed
Sensor /
Tachometer'
Connect
the modules
as shown
in Figure
2-5'
2-6
Three-Phase Voltage-Source Inverter
Induction-Motor Drive
FOUR-POLE SQUIRREL-CAGE
INOUCTION MOTOR
ourRr
@221)
AC
--1
It Sflll$G CO{mq- lXP(r r
S I} POIER I'G'ETs IOOIJLE
rc
qrrftxr
rsourfi
qrl"ut
Figure 2-5. A lhroe-pha3o vollagc-sourco invorlGr induction-molor drive.
tl 7. Make the following settings:
On the Power Supply
Voltageselector .,....4-N
On the Chopper/lnverter Control Unit
DCSOUFiCE1 .. MAXmum
MODE 3- 180"
On the Power MOSFETS module
lnterconnection switch S, . . .
POWER
Lt
+
SUPPLY
+
_arn_.
sMooIHlNG
r
'
INOUCTOR ;Z
q
I
\6t
r#'
-l
i- lvv!'
{JYYL-
,*. ffi ,a.
,/
!
\7
tgE
I
I
A
co.flRoL
hPirts
----\J
r
l---*l
cou.
DC SOURCE
1
o( I|Dt.lT I
CHoPPER
/
IIWERTER
CONTROL UNIT
@rflnoL
oun t5
ro 5116. ouFrrr 0f r{E
POIER UOSTETS rco.JtE
5
UNE
VOLT^GE
(voc)
Rl
(o)
R2
(o)
R5
(o)
Lt
(H)
lrdc
(A)
E
rdc
(v)
E,oc
&)
it
(A)
et
&)
120 171 l7'l 171 0.8 2,5 J00 250 ro J00
?20 629 629 629 J.2 r.5 600 500 5 600
240 646 686 686 3.2 r.5 600 500 5 600
2-7
Three-Phase
Voltage-Source
Inverter
Induction-Motor
Drive
On the Power Diodes module
lnterconnection
switch s1
', ', '
On the SPeed
Sensor /
Tachometer
ROTAT1ON
On the oscilloscoPe
Channel-1
SensitivitY
Channel-2
SensitivitY
5 V/DIV.
1 V/DIV.
(DC couPled)
(DC couPled)
clockwise
CHOPPed
10 ms/DlV
Vertical Mode
Time Base
Trigger Source
Trigger
SloPe
Trigger
CouPling
'
.
Positive
(+
)
EXTernal
HF REJection
tr8.
tr9.
On the oscilloscope,
make the appropriate
settings
to
position the traces
of channels
1 and 2 in the upper
and lower
halves
of th screen'
respectively.
ffre signaf Jispf#eO
on.tI"
oscilloscope
screen
is the
switching
control
siiinar
,p'pri"o
to MOSFET
Q' of the three-phase
voltage-source
inverter'
On the Chopper/lnverter
Control
Unit' slowly set the DC SOURCE
1
control
knob so tnat the frequency
of the switching
control signal
applied
to MOSFET
Q, is 0
fth"
.ig;"rwiit
settle at + 4 V or 0 V)' Slowly
turn the
Dc souRcE
1 contror
rnib ctockwise
untirthe
period of the switching
control signal
is approximately
equalto
80 ms'
onthePowerMoSFETSmodule,disconnectthecableconnectedto
sWTcHlNGcoNTRoLINPUTl,thenconnectittotheoUTPUTofthe
voltage isolator,
making
sure
you connect
the black lead of the cable
to
the common
terminal.
OnthePowerSupply,makesurethatthevoltagecontrolknobissetto
the O
position then 6"t tn" 24'Y ac
plly{er switch
and the main
power
switch to the I (ot'iftiltion'
rne PowER
oN LED on the Power
MOSFETS
modute
;{""i;i;hi
rp io inoi."te
that the module
is correctlv
powered.
Slowly set the voltage
control.knob
9f
the Power
Supply
to the 30
posi-
tion
(30o/o of the ac-networX
line voltage)'
The inductign
mgtor should
start to rotate and ,ni'"r""irr"tropesnoiki
now dispray
the waveforms
of
the line-ro_nertra
,oltit;6ha;
voftage)
and line current
provided bv
the three-phase
vohage-source
inverter'
2-8
Three-Phase Voltage-Source Inverter
lnduction-Motor Drive
ln which direction does the induction motor rotate accordinq to the
Speed Sensor
/ Tachometer?
tr
'10.
On the oscilloscope, set the time base to 5 ms/DlV.
On the Chopper/lnverter Control Unit, slowly turn the DC SOURCE 1
control knob clockwise until the period of the phase voltage decreases
to approximately 20 ms (frequency increase) while obseMng the speed
indicated by the Speed Sensor / Tachometer.
Describe what happens. Explain.
tr 11. On the Power Supply, set the voltage control knob to the O position then
set the main power switch to the O position.
On the Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor, reverse the connections
of the leads connected to terminals 2 and 3.
On the Power Supply, set the main power switch to the I (ON) position
then slowly set the vdttage control knob to the 30 position. ihe
jnduction
motor should start to rotate.
On the Speed Sensor / Tachometer, modi! the setting of the ROTATTON
switch, if necessary, so that the tachometer indicates the speed of the
induction motor.
Does the induction motor rotate in the same direction as in the previous
step? Explain.
tr 12. On the Power Supply, set the voltage control knob to the O position then
set the main power switch to the o position.
On the Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage lnduction Motor, reverse the connections
of the leads connected to terminals 2 and 3 so that they are connected
as before.
On the Power Supply, set the main power switch to the I (ON) position
then slowly set the voltage control knob to the 30 position. The induction
motor should start to rotate clockwise.
2-9
Circuit Diagram Symbols
SYMBOL EQUIPMENT AND CONNECTIONS
o
@
o
o
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
o
THREE.PI{ASE
WATTMETER
/
VARMETER
@
+l
I
r,
l"ry 6
ll
cou.l
@
CURRENT ISOUTOR
o
*l
|
",
ls{l, o
tt
cou.l
@
VOLTAGE ISOLATOR
g-1-ry.,
I cuRRENr I I
l"Fr''iSbtLT
*'-'l
lo
@U'
r Note: Sclcct the terminol which
corrcsponds to the desired scole
g-1-ry.,
I vor-rrce I I
l*""''i8bt''T
*'*'l
f@
@U'
r Notc: Sclcct thc tcrminol which
coresponds to the dcsired scole.
A-5
Circuit Diagram
Symbols
SYMBOL
EQUIPMENT AND CONNECTIONS
f-^-------_------r
o
o
@
@
@
@
VOLTAGE-SOURCE
II'{VERIER (\6t)
A-12