Tugas Softskill

Bahasa Inggris
Direct and Indirect speech





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Direct and indirect
Definition
Direct Speech
In grammar, direct speech is speech which is reported by using the exact words that the speaker used.
When the reported speech stating the actual words, this is called direct speech (direct sentence).
Sentences are not connected by "that" it shall be marked with (punctuation) comma.
Indirect Speech
Indirect speech is speech which tells you what someone said, but does not use the person's actual
words. When the reported speech gives substance to the words used by the speaker and not the actual
words are called indirect speech (indirect sentence). In indirect speech sentences are associated with
the word "that".

Time reporting verb forms are not changed, but the form of reported speech time should be changed
based on time reporting verb forms.

Example

Direct Indirect
Simple present Simple past
Present continous Past continous
Present perfect continous Past perfect continous

Present tense
Direct : She said, Its cold
Indirect : She said that it was cold


Present continous
Direct : She said, "I'm teaching English online."
Indirect : She said that she was teaching English online.
Present Perfect Continous
Direct : She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
Indirect : She said that she had been teaching English for seven years

If the reported speech related to general truths or facts that have become
habits, present indefinite or simple present in the reported speech is not transformed into
the past tense is appropriate, but still just as adanmya, for example:
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
He said, "The Sun Rises in the east" - He said That the sun Rises in the east
In reported speech, when the present tense changed to past tense with the rules I, adjectives, verbs or
adverbs generally modified:
Direct Speech
this = this
these = this
come = to come
here = here, over here
Hence = from here
hither = to this place
ago = past
now = now
today = today
tomorrow = tomorrow
yesterday = yesterday
last night = last night
next week = next week
thus = so

Indirect Speech
That = was
Those = it
go = go
there = over there, over there
thence = from there
thither = to that place
before = first
then = at that time
that day = day
The next day next day =
the previous day = the day before
the previous night = night before
The following week = next week
so = so

He said That he would go there
But if this, here, now and so indicate on the object, place or time when talking, then do not change.
Agus said, "This is my pen". - Agus said That this was his pen
(When talking pen in the hands of the speaker)

1) When the news reported speech sentences
With this rule, reporting verb is considered in the present or future tense and whenever this particular
case, the form of the verb in reported speech is not changed at all in changing direct into indirect
speech.
Reporting verbs - Reported speech
Present tense - Any tense (form any time)

Direct: She says to her friend, "I have been writing".
Indirect: She says to her friend That he has been writing. (Unchanged)

Direct: She has toll you, "I am reading".
Indirect: She has toll you That he is reading. (Unchanged)

Direct: She Will say, "You have done wrongly".
Indirect: She Will tell you That you have done wrongly. (Unchanged)

Direct: She Will say, "The boy Was not lazy".
Indirect: Them That She Will tell the boy Was not lazy. (Unchanged)

2) When the reported speech is an interrogative sentence
a) Reporting verb say or ask or tell converted to inquire. By repeating words and asked to change tenses
when asked the question begins with the word preached.
Direct
He said to me, "Where are you going?"
He said to me, "What are you doing?"


Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b) By using if or whether as a liaison between reporting and reported speech and verb tenses change, if
the question begins with a verb reported:
Direct
He said to me, "Are you going
away today? "
He asked me, "can you come along?"

Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I Could come along.

3) The sentence commands (imperative sentences)
If the reported speech is a command line, reporting verbs say or tell to be converted into a particular
verb that indicates:
Command (command), for example, ordered, commanded, etc. which means sent, ordered.
Precept (instructions, guidance, education), for example, advised that means advising.
Request (petition), for example, asked which means asking, begging.
Entreaty (a very urgent request), for example, begged that means asking, begging (very).
Prohibition (ban), for example, forbade that means banning.
In a change from a direct sentence to sentence indirectly, imperative mode should be replaced with the
infinitive. Specifically, reported verb (a verb or a verb in reported speech reported) should be changed
to infinitive with to.

a) Command:
Direct: He said to his servant, "Go away at once!"
Indirect: He ordered his servant to go away at once

b) Precept:
Direct: She said to her son, "Study hard!"
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

c) Request:
Direct: He said to his friend, "Please Lend me your pen!"
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to Lend him his pencil

d) Entreaty:
Direct: He said to his master, "Pardon me, sir"
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

e) Prohibition:
Direct: She said to her daughter, "Do not go there"
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
If the reporting verb say or tell is converted into verbs reported ask, order, command, etc. (but if not
forbid), the predicate is changed to the infinitive with to, which is preceded by a note or no + infinitive
with to.
Direct: She said to her daughter, "Do not go there"
Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.


4) Sentence exclamation (exclamatory sentences)
When the reported speech consists of words or phrases called optative, reporting verbs say
or should be changed to tell the particular verb such as exclaim, cry out,
pray etc..

a) Exclamatory sentences
Direct: He said, "Hurrah! My old friend has come "
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy That Had his old friend come.

b) Optative sentences (sentences that expressed the hope, praise, etc.)
Direct: He said, "God bless you, my dear son"
Indirect: He prayed That God would bless his dear son

Referensi :
http://www.english-for-students.com/DirecttoIndirectSpeech.html
http://www.studyandexam.com/direct-indirect-speech.html
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.html
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/punctuation-in-direct-speech