Oral Com – Reviewer (2nd Qtr.

) SPEECH STYLE

TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT Levels of Formality in Language:

Intrapersonal - Intimate
- Casual
- This refers to the communication that
- Consultative
centers in one person where the speaker
- Formal
acts both as the sender and the receiver
- Frozen
of message
- Takes place within a single person
- Purpose of clarifying ideas or analyzing a
Intimate
situation
- Undertaken in order to reflect upon or - Intimacy is the feeling of closeness and
appreciate something belongingness we have with a special
person in our life
- Highly private; communicators are very
Interpersonal much close with each other that the level
of affection is high
- Refers to communication between and
- We usually address the person in a very
among people and establishes personal
unique manner (i.e., endearment terms)
relationship between and among them
- Because of interpersonal communication’s
immediacy (it is taking place now) and
Casual
primacy (it is taking place here), it is
characterized by a strong feedback - Sometimes referred to as “group”
component language because the language used is very
familiar
Interpersonal can be categorized by the number
- You will hear fillers (“like”, “ahh”)
of participants

Dyadic Communication
Consultative
- Involves two people
- Follows the norms of communication
Small Group Communication
- Both senders and receiver are engaged in
- Three or more persons structure that they both agree; an active
- Often done for the purpose of problem participation and involvement of the
solving or decision making participants
- there is a societal expectation that comes
Public Communication
with this level
- Involves a large group with a primarily one-
way monologue style generating only
minimal feedback Formal
- Information sharing, entertainment and
- usually objective in nature and formal
persuasion are common purposes of public
communication
 - expresses politeness especially if we do
not know the person

Frozen

- uses language that barely and at no time

changes
- it is usually used in a very respectful
occasion or formal ceremony
- also called oratorical style which is
characterized by the very careful, has
fixed form, and has symbolic or historical
nature
Illocutionary Act (Intention)

- Social function of what is said

- Categories:
o Assertive:
▪ the speaker commits to
belief in a certain premise
▪ “No one makes better
pancaked that I do”
o Directive:
▪ Meant for the hearer to
take a specific action such
as orders, requests, and
SPEECH ACT advice
▪ “Please close the door”
- is a spoken word, phrase, or sentence that
o Commissive:
performs a function of a language
▪ Speaker commits to a
- it is an utterance that a speaker makes to
future action such as
achieve an intended effect
promises and oaths
- actions performed via utterances
▪ “From now on, I will
participate in our group
activity”
Locutionary Act (Utterance)
o Expressive:
- actual act of uttering ▪ Conveys the speaker
- requires not only knowledge of the meaning attitudes and emotions
of the words but also the appropriate towards someone or
context given the culture in which they are something such as
spoken congratulations, thanks, and
- “Please do the dishes” complaints
 ▪ “I am sorry for not helping
out in our group”
o Declarative:
▪ Brings a change in external
situation. Performs an
official function by their
declaration such as
pronouncing someone
husband and wife,
pronouncing someone not
guilty Restriction
▪ “You are fired!” - Refers to any limitation you may have as a
speaker
- For example, SGD about digital natives
Perlocutionary Act (Response)

- It is the resulting act of what is said. This

effect is based on the particular context
in which the speech act was mentioned
- It is the psychological impact of a given
speech act
- It can include persuading, convincing,
scaring, enlightening, or inspiring
Turn-taking
- A process by which people who takes
conversational floor
- The primary idea is to give all
communicators a chance to speak

TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES

- Cohen (1990) states that strategies must

be used to start and maintain a
conversation

Topic Initiation / Nomination

- This signals that you would like to begin

the conversation Topic Shift

- Moving from one topic to another

- The interlocutors may change their topic
when they feel the need to
Topic Maintenance

- Refers to the ability to keep to a single, or

closely related, topic for multiple speaking
turns in an interaction

Repair

- How speakers address the problems in

speaking, listening, and comprehending
that they may encounter in a conversation
- Self-righting mechanism in any social
interaction
- Paraphrasing, code switching, speaking
slowly, repeating what has been said

Termination

- Conversation participants’ close-initiating

expressions that end a topic in a
conversation