Purposive Communication
FIRST SEMESTER
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION
Communication (communicare in latin)
- share/make common
- is defined as the process of
understanding and sharing meaning.
- Knowing how to communicate
effectively is the key to any relationship.
- Knowing how to articulate your ideas
and listen to those of others is crucial.
- Epictetus: “We have two ears and one
mouth so that we can listen twice as
much as we speak.”
10 Strategies to Become a Good
Communicator
1. Learn to Listen.
- Bryant H. McGill: “One of the most
sincere forms of respect is actually
listening to what another has to say”
- Active Listening is the basis of all good
communication.
- If you are not paying attention- no way
you will be able to respond effectively.
2. Pay Attention to Body Language
- Closed Posture (hostility, unfriendliness,
and anxiety)
- Open Posture (friendliness, openness,
and willingness)
- Pay attention to your conversation
partner and you too, to respond
effectively.
3. Observe How Others Communicate in
Different Context
- Look, listen, observe, and learn
4. Do Not Be Afraid of a Bit of Silence
- Occasional lapses in conversation are
natural, so do not sweat it.
- Letting pauses occur naturally, so do not
sweat it.
- Letting pauses occur naturally is a good
way to make sure you are not
interrupting anyone’s train of thought
5. Use Action Verbs and Confident Language
- Action verbs (specific job or activity)
- Researchers discovered that when you
speak with assurance, others generally
believe you. A confident speaking
engages the listeners in ways a less
self-assured one cannot.
6. Ask Questions.
- Quality questions create a quality life.
Successful people ask better questions,
and as a result, they get better answers.
7. Find a Common Ground, Even in an
Argument
- Shared interest or opinion with your
conversation partner is always a great
strategy. Find a common ground.
- If you disagree, find a related point you
two can agree on. You are trying to
understand their POINT OF VIEW.
8. Be Prepared and Known What You are
Talking About
- Choose your words wisely, put your
brain in gear, before you put your mouth
in action.
- Do not speak if you don't know what
you are talking about.
- Choose your manner of delivery.
9. Find the Best Way to Frame Your Story
- Dale Carnegie: “A talk is a voyage with
purpose and it must be charted. The man
who starts out going nowhere, generally
gets there.”
- Time, best place, convince and
persuade.
- Identify your hook and pick a framing
device
- It is important to clearly define early on
where ideas are coming.
10. Relax
- Travis Badberry: “Mistakes and pressure
are inevitable; the secret to getting past
7them is to stay calm.”
Benefits of Effective Communication
1. Trust is developed effectively
2. It helps prevent or resolve problems
3. It provides clarity and direction.
4. It creates better relationships.
5. It increases engagement.
6. It improves productivity
Purposive Communication

Putting concepts and other definitions together,

Definition of Communication
➔ using messages to generate meaning.
➔ is the process of sending and receiving
messages (spoken or written words, and
non-verbally)
➔ sharing opinions and information, ideas
and feelings
➔ people interact through symbols to
create and interpret meanings
➔ transmission of a message
(source-receiver)
➔ sending information to oneself or
another entity, usually via a language
communication can be defined as a continuous activity
(process) that operates within a certain context (system) in
which people exchange words, gestures and other verbal
and non-verbal (symbols) behavior to create and
understand information or messages (meaning)
7 Elements of Communication
The Sender
➔ A source that starts the communication.
➔ Imagine the message then consider how
to transmit it.

4 Key Terms of Communication The Ideas

1. Process implies continuity ➔ Subject matter of the communication

➔ Message- non-verbal and verbal form of
➔ One topic to another ideas.
➔ Dynamic since it changes ● Verbal message- language one
➔ An activity in where you participate utters
● Non-verbal message- gestures,
body movements, sign
2. System
languages, and facial
expressions.
➔ Interrelated parts that affect one another.
(Wood, 2012)
The Encoding
➔ Example is workplace

➔ Translating information into a form that

3. Symbols
can be transmitted to another person.

➔ Represents or stands for something else

The Communication Channel
● Abstract (stand for something
else)
● Ambiguous (several meanings) ➔ Channel- means which message is
● Arbitrary (no direct relationship, delivered
making symbols only you or a ➔ Examples:
group of people can ● airwaves/cable
understand.) ● sound waves
● sound and light waves
4. Meaning
The Receiver
➔ End in itself
➔ They attach meaning to symbols ➔ Recipient- one who received the
message to try to understand the
messages.
Communication: 2 Levels of Meaning

Content Level Relational Level The Decoding

Actual words spoken Underlying meaning

or written of the message ➔ The person who received the message
conveyed by the tried to convert the message in a way to
words extract its meaning.
Purposive Communication
➔ Noise or Barrier- interference in the
decoding and encoding process which
affect clarity of message.
The Feedback
➔ message sent by the receiver through the
sending of the message he received.
➔ Response does not necessarily have to
be verbal for it to be considered
feedback.
➔ Feedback can be non-verbal (nod)
The Communication Process (model or
framework)
1. Linear Model
➔ transmission; based on assumption that
communication is transmitted in a
straight-forward manner; not waiting for
a feedback
● Laswell’s Verbal Model
(simplest; communication in
one flow bringing a certain
effect of that message)
● Shannon and Weaver's Model
(framework for analyzing how
messages are sent and received)
8 Components of the Shannon and
Weaver’s Model
● Source - the person whom the message
comes from
● Message - content of the transaction)
● Transmitter - the instrument through
which the message passes like a
telephone
● Signal - which flows through a channel
● Channel - a carrier or medium such as
air, light, electricity, radio waves, and
etc.
● Noise - interference that disrupts and
distorts the understanding of the
message
● Receiver - refers to the receiving
instrument such as telephone lines, ears
and eyes for gestures in face-to-face
communication
● Destination - person/s who receive/s
and process/es the message
Interactive Model
➔ a two-way process of actively
exchanging ideas, messages, and
information between two or more
sources. Personal fields of experiences.
● Schramm explains why
misunderstanding occurs
Transactional Model
➔ social, relational, and cultural
background.
● It has timelement that influence
how people communicate
● It depicts communication as
varying and dynamic
● Noise and barriers are potential
problems
- Job interview
- Skype call
- Team meeting
- Interactive meeting
● The model does not label one as
sender and the other as the
receiver; equal participation of
everyone
The Principles of Communication
1. Communication is transactional – two-way
process; message is sent, a reply is expected.
2. Communication is inevitable – an
indispensable part of daily life.
3. Communication is goal- oriented – its
ultimate goal is to understand each other.
4. Communication has various levels
a. Intrapersonal
b. Interpersonal
c. Small Group
d. Public
Purposive Communication
5. Communications is complex – Part of the
complexity lies in the recognition that
communication is interactive
6. Communication can be learned– despite the
complexity of communication, it is a skill which
can be learned
7. Communication is relational – in any
communication setting, aside from sharing
meaning, the process of how meaning is created
also echoes two vital aspects of the relationships
of the communicators:
a. Immediacy shows verbal expressions of
friendliness
b. Control is the degree to which one
participant shows dominance or power.
8. Communication is guided by culture –
culture may be defined as a system of
knowledge shared by a relatively large group of
people.
a. The system includes shared beliefs,
values, symbols and behaviors.
b. How messages are created and
processed in order to foster
understanding is greatly influenced by
the cultural background of
communicators.
c. When one communicates with others
whose cultural backgrounds differ from
his or her own, he or she needs to look
at himself or herself.
d. His or her sensitivity must always be
give to communication behavior as a
way of practicing cultural sensitivity
e. Regardless of cultural identity and
ethnicity, sensitivity must always be
given to the sex, age, class and sexual
orientation of the participants in the
process of communication
Ethics in Communication
1. Ethical communicators are honest
2. Ethical communicators are aware of the
consequences of their thoughts and actions.
3. Ethical communicators value diversity and
respect others opinions – respect means
showing regard or consideration for others and
their ideas even if you do not agree with them.
a. People differ in terms of backgrounds,
interests, beliefs, and value systems.
b. They formulate different opinions and
insights about various topics and issues.
c. Their ideas may be similar to or, more
often than not, different from yours
d. Whatever the case, you have to respect
others by listening to their points of
view and genuinely trying to understand
them
e. You may still disagree with other people
without sounding rude or offensive
f. This is an indication that you
demonstrate respect amidst differences.
4. Ethical communicators are just and fair. To
be just and fair is to be impartial and objective.
Lesson 2: COMMUNICATION IN
MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS
A. Culture
➔ the customary beliefs, social forms, and
material traits of a racial, religious, or
social group
➔ the set of shared attitudes, values, goals,
and practices that characterizes an
institution or organization.
➔ influences our personal preference in
and continues to influence our
perception of others throughout our life.
➔ Cross-cultural Communication -
refers to the communication between
people who have differences in any one
(styles of working, age, nationality,
ethnicity, race, gender, sexual
orientation, etc.)
Aims
➔ create a feeling of trust
➔ facilitates cooperation
➔ Focus in on providing the right response
rather than providing the right message
B. Sources of Miscommunication
1. Assumption of Similarities
➔ tendency to think that the way we
behave and act is the generally accepted
code of conduct.
➔ When someone is different, we have a
negative view of them.
2. Language Differences
➔ Problems arise when it is not possible to
understand what the other person is
saying because different languages are
spoken.
➔ Speaking the same language can
sometimes lead to differences because
some words have different meanings in
different contexts, countries, or cultures.
Purposive Communication
3. Nonverbal Misinterpretations
➔ The way we dress, the way we express
ourselves through body language, eye
contact and gestures also say something.
A simple gesture like nodding is
considered YES in some cultures and
NO in others.
4. Preconceptions and Stereotypes
➔ Stereotyping - involves placing people
in predefined niches based on our image
of how we think they are or should be.
Stereotypes can lead to expectations and
misconceptions. A preconceived opinion
of another can lead to bias and
discrimination
5. Tendency to evaluate
➔ Humans tend to make sense of the
behavior and communication of others
by analyzing them from one’s own
cultural point of view without taking
into consideration why the other person
is behaving or communicating a certain
way
6. High Anxiety
➔ Sometimes being confronted with a
different cultural perspective will create
an anxious state in an individual who
does not know how to act or behave and
what is considered to be appropriate
EXAMPLES:
1. Japan and Singapore: They have distinct
business cultures that reflect their
geographical, historical, and cultural
influences. The Japanese are more
conservative, polite, and indirect while the
Singaporeans are more diverse, efficient,
and direct.
2. Netherlands and China: Chinese business
culture is as authoritarian and collectivist as
the Dutch version is participative and
individualistic.
C. Communication Contexts
➔ pertains to the personal, physical, social,
psychological, and cultural
circumstances, among others in which
communication occurs.
➔ refer to the setting in which
communication takes place. It helps
establish meaning and can influence
what is said and how it is said.
EXAMPLES:
It is not considered appropriate for
students to get up and walk around the class, but
it is perfectly acceptable to do so at home while
watching t.v.
Different households have different
views on shoes in the home so it is always best
to make sure you're on the same page. As you
arrive at the entrance, it is good etiquette to
remove your shoes before walking through the
home, or check with the homeowner to see if
they would prefer that you did so before going
any further.
Personal Context
➔ the background of both sender and the
receiver of the message.
➔ includes their education, religion,
socioeconomic status, marital status and
beliefs that greatly influence what and
how they communicate.
Physical Context
➔ pertains to the environment where
communication takes place; can be
perceived by the senses such as
temperature, humidity, odor, lighting,
and noise level among others.
➔ includes proximity, how far or how
close the participants are to each other,
as well as the medium used in sending
the message.
Social Context
➔ the kind of relationship that exists
between the sender and the receiver.
➔ motivates one to communicate with
people who are closer to him and as
such he easily gains their respect and
understanding.
Psychological Context
➔ includes the emotions and feelings of
the participants in the communication
process.
➔ involves their opinions, judgments,
prejudices, attitude and perception
toward each other which can play a part
in the transmission of messages.
Purposive Communication
Cultural Context
➔ one of the vital considerations in
communication.
➔ includes sets of beliefs, value systems,
ethnicity, age, gender, sexual
orientation, gender identity, and religion
with which communication happens.
D. Communication and Culture
➔ Culture is a set of unique and shared
beliefs, values, and norms that guide a
certain group of people on how to think,
behave, and act.
➔ Filipino culture pertains to the beliefs,
values, and practices unique to Filipinos,
shared by Filipinos, and exhibited by
Filipinos.
➔ Communication and culture are
intertwined.
Communication and culture are intertwined. In fact,
they are inseparable. Americans are more direct or
straightforward when they deliver their messages.
Whereas Filipinos, on the other hand, are
non-confrontational. They use polite words or
expressions in place of ideas that may come across
as offensive, rude, or harsh.
When invited, Filipinos use “I will try” instead of
saying outright “No, I will not attend.”
Cultural Dimensions in Communication
1. Individualistic vs. Collectivist Culture
➔ Individualistic - puts premium on self
and personal influence fulfillment.
When the culture focuses on the
individual’s needs and looks for
happiness on an individual level before
looking to the group. An example of an
individualistic culture would be the
United States, Canada, Northern and
Western Europe.
➔ Collectivist - emphasize the needs and
goals of the group as a whole over the
needs and desires of each individual. In
such cultures, relationships with other
members of the group and the
interconnectedness between people play
a central role in each person's identity.
(Cultures in Latin America, East and Southeast Asia, and Africa
are collectivist. Collectivist cultures emphasize the needs and goals
of the group as a whole over the needs and desires of each
individual. In such cultures, relationships with other members of
the group and the interconnectedness between people play a central
role in each person's identity.)
2. Low-context vs High-Context Culture
➔ Low-context - views explicit words as a
way to convey messages. People in the
USA, Germany, and Scandinavia have
low-context culture. Their verbal
messages are direct, definite, and
detailed.
➔ High-context - uses subtle non-verbal
behaviors and implicit information to
convey meaning. Latin America and
most Asian cultures have high- context
cultures. Cultural Dimensions in
Communication.
3. Monochronic vs Polychronic Culture
Chronemic pertains to how we use and observe time. Its
standards are determined by place and time (based on culture). Age
and role can play a part in how people interpret timing, too.
➔ Monochronic - advocates punctuality,
time completion of tasks, and
accomplishment of one task at a time.
Schedule matters in a monochronic
culture. e.g USA. Cultural Dimensions
in Communication
➔ Polychronic - has a more fluid and
flexible concept of time. In this culture,
task interruption and multitasking are
acceptable practices and maintaining
relationships is more important than
strictly following a schedule. Latin
American, Arab, and Southern European
cultures are more flexible when it comes
to time.
4. Low vs. High Uncertainty Avoidance
UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE refers to the need to foresee
what is going to happen.
➔ Low-uncertainty avoidance - tolerant of
unpredictable and uncontrollable
situations. (few rules as possible and
allows for the spontaneity of responses)
➔ High-uncertainty avoidance - values
precision and always attempts to
anticipate risks to possibly reduce them.
(rules and systems are created)
People from the US, Sweden, and Denmark are more tolerant of
unpredictable people, events, or situations because of their low-
uncertainty avoidance orientation. People from Germany, Portugal,
Greece, Peru, and Belgium have low tolerance to uncertainty and
tend to control unpredictable people or situations because of their
high-uncertainty avoidance.
Purposive Communication

5. Low vs. High Power Distance Culture

➔ Power distance is a term that describes

how people in a particular culture view
power relationships- superior/
subordinate relationships – between
people, including the degree to which
those who are not in power accept that
power is not evenly distributed.
➔ Low Power
● values the equal treatment of
everyone
● supports a flat organizational
structure w/ decentralized
decision-making duties. It is a
participative management style
● mostly observed in Austria,
Finland, Denmark, Norway, and
USA
● Individuals under this culture
might be comfortable 7. Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation
challenging the status quo or
arguing with the boss ➔ Long-term orientation - refers to how
➔ High Power patience is valued in waiting for the
● power inequality is pronounced outcomes of actions.
and common, and people accept ➔ Short-term orientation - characterized by
that without question being very performance driven.
● tend to value things like
tradition (“It’s always been like
this.”) decision-making duties.
It is a participative management
style
● Hierarchical – people are ranked
within society by strict roles
● Mostly observed in the Middle
East, Malaysia, Guatemala,
Venezuela, and Singapore.
● mostly likely follows any rule
without question

6. Masculine vs. Feminine Culture

➔ Masculine culture or masculine society

is one that stresses different expectations
for men and women.
● men are expected to be
assertive, competitive, and
focused on material success.
● follows strict adherence to
conventional gender roles and
behaviors. In this culture,
masculine roles are more valued
than feminine roles.
➔ Women are expected to be nurturing and
focused on people and quality of life.
Global Communication in Multicultural
Setting
There will always be problems with interaction when
people from different cultural backgrounds meet in
any setting. This is due to the fact that they bring with
them their own cultural baggage in terms of how and
what they expect to be done. When there is a clash of
cultures, it has a negative impact, especially on a
team. Cross-cultural issues are not always a
hindrance; in fact, they can often be a force for
positive creativity.
Purposive Communication
4 Issues that Occur in Multicultural Setting
1. Language Issue
➔ Non-native English speakers may be
reluctant to converse more freely. This
can hinder the team member's ability to
contribute to their fullest potential.
➔ Non-native speakers may not always be
able to express themselves the way they
intended. Words can be misused,
mis-stressed, or rude-sounding
statements. compared to
➔ Some cultures rely heavily on the use of
body language and gestures. When
nonverbal signals are given, they are not
received by others.
2. Conflict Resolution Issue
Some cultures accept that conflict
happens in the natural order of things, when it
does, it should be addressed in a straightforward
and direct way. However, other cultures are
uncomfortable with public disagreement and
will do their best to avoid it in order to save face
and not put people in an awkward position. They
can withdraw or withhold their opinion if
someone completely disagrees instead of
confronting the other person.
3. Gender Issue
Each culture or society has its own way
of understanding gender relations and acting
accordingly. The way men and women in the
group interact with each other, how authority is
assigned, assumed, or perceived, and how roles
and responsibilities are distributed can all be
influenced by different perspectives about
gender.
4. Decision Making Issue
Different cultures have different ways of
making and waiting for decisions to be made.
Some expect consensus to be the only way
forward, i.e. all team members should be
approached for their views and, through
reasonable argument, reach consensus. Others
think the majority rule and argument is a waste
of time. Others think that decisions are made by
the leader or the most experienced person, not
by the team.
Guidance on the use of appropriate terms
and phrases, images and more
1. Slow down when you speak
➔ Allow those who don’t have the same
native language as you the time to
interpret what you are saying.
2. Speak clearly and concisely
➔ Make eye contact and enunciate plainly.
Avoid using ambiguous or dual-meaning
words.
3. Keep it simple
➔ Think in terms of your audience, and
speak to their understanding. Don’t
make long speeches. Allow listeners to
absorb what you have said
4. Maintain respect and courtesy for people
who come from different cultures.
➔ When you respect the people you
communicate with, this helps reduce the
stress they feel when trying to
understand what you are saying
5. Smile and be open
➔ Your body language communicates your
acceptance – or non-acceptance and
respect, as it helps put listeners at ease.
6. Avoid slang
➔ Slang words are unique to individual
cultures and not always interpreted
correctly
7. Shun humor
➔ What is funny in one culture might not
be in another. Humor might be
misunderstood and interpreted in a bad
light.
8. Adopt a formal communication approach
until you develop a rapport with your group
➔ Use a respectful and formal mode of
speech until you have developed a
relationship with your cross-cultural
group.
9. Stay away from using negative questions or
answers
➔ Double negatives are easily
misunderstood. Keep questions and
answers simple.
10. Ask for feedback
➔ Request members of the cross-cultural
group to speak up and provide
interaction or ask questions
11. Summarize what you have said
➔ Repeat what you have said in a different
way, summarize it and allow people
time to grasp what you have said
Purposive Communication
Lesson 3: COMMUNICATION
THROUGH VERBAL AND
NON-VERBAL MESSAGES
Verbal Communication
➔ It is a type of oral communication
wherein the message is transmitted
through the spoken words. Here the
sender gives words to his feelings,
thoughts, ideas and opinions and
expresses them in the form of speeches,
discussions, presentations, and
conversations
Nonverbal Communication
➔ It is the use of body language, gestures,
facial expressions, and even posture to
communicate. It sets the tone of a
conversation and can seriously
undermine the message contained in
one’s words if one is not careful to
control it.
Importance of Verbal Communication
1. Keeping each other informed
2. Asking for help and support
3. Making friends
4. Expressing ourselves creatively
5. Sharing of emotions
6. Clarify values
7. Reinforce culture
8. Needed in crucial conversation
9. Shapes the attitude towards others and
ourselves
10. Influences our credibility and status
11. Describes ideas, makes requests and solves
problems
12. Establishes relationship and responsibility
with others
Importance of Non-verbal
Communication
1. It complements or adds to verbal sounds.
● Example: pointing and nodding the head
while speaking
2. It shows interest or regulates the flow of
interaction.
● Example: hand signal of divers; raising
the hand to show you want something
3. It can contradict verbal meaning by displaying
opposite behavior.
● Example: sarcasm, facial expression
(bored but nods and keeping eye
contact)
4. It can create and control others’ perception
about yourself.
● Example: using a car or a jewelry to
create an impression about yourself.
Types of Non-verbal Communication
1. Emotion communication
is the deliberate choice of words to elicit
emotion in others. Emotive language is used in
newspapers, political speeches, advertising copy,
literature and conversations to create a desired
emotional response in the listener or reader
Examples:
● “People yell at a woman after her purse
was allegedly stolen.”
● “Enjoy your journey to the fullest and
create a great career path for you.
Sending you my best wishes.”
● “I was wrong. Can you forgive me?”
2. Evasive communication
is a language that is used to avoid a
situation; avoids giving direct or honest answers
to questions or topics. It can be used to save
time, avoid confrontation, or cover oneself.
Examples:
● outright lying withholding information.
● defensive lying
3. Evasive communication
is a language used by personnel in a
particular field. This language often helps
experts communicate with clarity and precision.
Purposive Communication
Jargon is different from slang, which is
the casual language used by a particular group of
people
Examples:
● AWOL: Short for "absent without
leave," AWOL is military jargon used to
describe a person whose whereabouts
are unknown
● Mise en place: A French term meaning
“everything in its place,” referring to the
preparation and organization of
ingredients before cooking.
● Hard copy: A common term in business,
academia, and other fields, a "hard
copy" is a physical printout of a
document (as opposed to an electronic
copy).
● Stat: This is a term, usually used in a
medical context, that means
"immediately." (As in, "Call the doctor,
stat!")
4. Argot communication
is a language used by various groups to
prevent outsiders from understanding their
conversations.
Argot is a specialized vocabulary used
by a particular group of people to communicate
privately or hide their meaning from outsiders.
Some examples of argot are the slang of thieves,
criminals, hackers, or teenagers. Argot is
different from jargon, which is the technical
language of a profession or field
1. Formal Register
5. Abstract communication
Abstract communication is the use of
abstract language to express ideas, concepts, or
theories that are not concrete, physical, or
sensory.
(see slide 21-22 for the context of hannah’s
situation)
Language
➔ It is a system of rules (also known as
grammar), sound system (phonology)
and a vocabulary (lexicon).
➔ It is a set of arbitrary symbols which
create a possible combination of
utterances primarily used for
communication.
➔ Language is arbitrary. The users of the
language in a particular speech
community have subconsciously or
unconsciously agreed that a particular
symbol or a word represents a particular
idea or object.
➔ Different speech communities use
different words for the same category
ex: “elevator” and “lift”
Language Register
➔ is the level of formality with which one
speaks. Different situations and different
people call for different registers.
➔ Each language register level has an
appropriate use that is determined by
differing situations. It would certainly be
inappropriate to use language and
vocabulary reserve for a boyfriend or
girlfriend when speaking in the
classroom. Thus, the appropriate
language register depends upon the
audience (who), the topic (what), the
purpose (why) and the location (where).
➔ This type is used in a professional
context. It is highly structured,
impersonal, and more serious in its tone,
vocabulary and grammar.
➔ It is common in the workplace,
academe, business, trade and other
industries.
Purposive Communication
2. Informal Register
➔ It is casual, personal and more intimate
in its tone, sentence structure, and
choice of words.
➔ It is appropriate when communicating
with people you know very well such as
your family, relatives, and friends. • It is
used during informal gatherings such as
a family dinner, party, and other
informal encounters.
3. Neutral Register
➔ This is a more factual and
non-emotional type of language register.
This is mostly used in highly
business-oriented and technical
contexts.
➔ Examples: A news article that reports
facts without bias or emotion. A
textbook that explains concepts or
theories in a clear and objective way. A
business email that conveys information
or requests politely and directly
4. Consultative Register
➔ This is a formal and acceptable speech
often used in professional settings.
➔ Some examples are: A teacher asking a
student: “How did you find the exam?”,
A doctor explaining a diagnosis to a
patient: “You have a mild infection in
your throat.”, A therapist asking his
patient: “How do you feel today?
5. Frozen Register
➔ A frozen register means that the type of
language used has not changed over
time, and will remain the same in the
future. This means that the words stay
the same every time they are spoken or
written. It is like they have been frozen
in time!
➔ This form is sometimes called the static
register because it refers to historic
language or communication that is
intended to remain unchanged, like a
constitution or prayer. Examples: The
Bible, the Philippine Constitution 1987,
the Bhagavad Gita, "Romeo and Juliet."
Non-verbal Communication
➔ As noted by John Stoker, a higher
percentage (93%) of communication is
manifested through non-verbal
behaviors. This means that messages are
still conveyed even when people are not
actually speaking.
➔ Non-verbal communication refers to the
cues that are sent through body
language, posture, gesture, movements,
facial expressions, and appearances that
are used in place of or simultaneously
with verbal messages.
➔ According to Verderber et al. (2015), it
is categorized into four: kinesics,
paralanguage, proxemics, and
chronemics.
Kinesics: Use of Body
➔ It is a systematic study of the
relationship between nonlinguistic body
motions (such as blushes, shrugs, or eye
movement) and communication.
➔ It is the interpretation of body motion
communication such as facial
expressions and gestures. The equivalent
popular culture term is body language, a
term coined by Ray Birdwhistell,
considered as the founder of this area of
study.
Paralanguage: Use of Voice
➔ Paralanguage is a form of nonverbal
communication that allows people to
add layers of meaning to their spoken
utterances through the manipulation of
the manner of speech, or the way they
say things.
➔ Paralanguage refers to the conveyance
of meaning through non-lexical tokens
(or non-words, such as "huh," "hmm,"
or "well") such as qualities of prosody
(or the rhythm, stress, and sound of
speech).
Purposive Communication

➔ Language should have intelligibility, people usually consider the “luxury of

variety, and understandable patterns. time” so waiting is not an issue.
Variety refers to your pitch, force, and ➔ In both cases, participants have to be
pause. If you vary these aspects of your sensitive and mindful of others’
voice, you can avoid monotony. Stress is schedule or use of time.
the emphasis put on a certain syllable or
word/s.
Artifacts

Proxemics: The Use of Space
➔ The technical term used to study how
space and distance communicate is
proxemics.
There are three types:
➔ Personal Space (Intimate) - this is the
distance one consciously maintains
when interacting with others. The more
intimate your relationship with another
person, the more that you allow him or
her to be near your personal space.
However, when it is a stranger that talks
to you, you should keep your distance.
➔ Territorial Space (Social) - This is the
physical space which implies your sense
of authority and ownership. At home,
you may have your own rooms. You and
your siblings usually have separate beds
and closets. At work, employees have
their own cubicles or desks which also
set them apart from others. • This is
territorial space. This implies that the
person puts premium on his or her
privacy and exclusive ownership of
territorial space.
➔ Acoustic Space (Public) - This is the
area where the voice of the speaker is
Movement
either heard or not. Competent speakers
take this into account and accordingly
adjust their volume and rate of speech to
match the space or make their voice
audible.
Chronemics: Use of time
➔ refer to the things a person owns, use,
wear and even discard to convey a
message about such a person. It also
includes your preference, taste,
resources, or lack of it to convey
meanings.
➔ Artifacts can include clothes,
accessories, props, jewelry, and other
things that can be attributed to a person's
style. These silently tell us a lot about a
person before we even have the
opportunity to engage in conversation
with them. The way a person thinks,
feels, and their belief systems are also
exuded in the mastery of their own style.
A person's wardrobe is generally the
best artifact for non- verbal
communication, according to
psychologists.
➔ is your posture, gesture, facial
expressions, body language and
everything you do are perhaps the most
obvious in communicating messages.
➔ "Body language speaks to us," says Dr.
Nicholas Epley, "but only in whispers.".

➔ pertains to how people perceive and

value time.
➔ In a monochronic culture, “time is of the
essence.” Thus, when you see people
start looking at their watch or the clock
every now and then in a classroom it
may mean that the class may already be
running overtime.
➔ It can also be a sign of lack of interest.
However, in a polychronic culture,
Purposive Communication
Lesson 4: COMMUNICATION AND
GLOBALIZATION
Globalization
➔ is the spread of products, technology,
information, and jobs across national
borders and cultures.
➔ In economic terms, it describes an
interdependence of nations around the
globe fostered through free trade.
➔ Globalization is the process by which
people and goods move easily across
borders.
What is Globalization?
➔ Process in which businesses begin
operating internationally.
➔ The Transmission of ideas, values and
meaning across the world.
Mediated Communication
➔ Communication has now become
"mediated." This suggests that there are
other options by which one can
communicate such as:
• Text messaging
• Video
• Calling/conferencing
• Emailing
• Chatting online, and
• Posting on social
media
➔ In most of the options, the participants
The Connection of Globalization to
in communication are unable to access
Communication
the non-verbal cues which may
influence the interpretation and
reception of the message.
Ex.
in text messages, you will not have a
clear idea of whether or not the person
you are exchanging messages with is
happy, sad, moody or uncomfortable,
unless the sender deliberately PUTS
ALL THE LETTERS OF MESSAGES
IN UPPERCASE
➔ The sender can be interpreted to be
angry.
➔ The use of uppercase must be cautious
since it may come across as demanding,
rude and domineering
➔ Sending messages in this type of format
is inappropriate (even in emails).
➔ Most people share the same views
technological advances in
communication have posed alarming
concerns and issues in communication
both at the local, political, and global
scale.
➔ Some parents have complained that
talking to their children has become
difficult because they are glued to their
phones, computers and other gadgets.
➔ This is particularly damaging to family
relationships, especially in the context
of Filipino culture where families are
expected to be close-knit.
➔ The same sentiment has been raised by
educators who have called out the poor
academic performance of students
because of “technology addiction”.
➔ Just very recently, issues and concepts
such as cyber pornography,
cyberbullying, bashing, unfriending,
unfollowing and haters have emerged
which have affected not just the
communication practices of people but
also their value systems.
➔ As an effective communicator, you
have to be aware of these issues. You
should be able to make informed
decisions and influence other people
to be ethical and responsible in the
use of technology which should serve
as a platform to celebrate and respect
diversity.
➔ Global communication is directly
affected by the process of globalization.
➔ It helps to increase business
opportunities, remove cultural barriers
and develop a global village.
➔ Both globalization and global
communication have changed the
environmental, cultural, political and
economic elements of the world. Factors
Purposive Communication
Factors/DriversofGlobalization
1. Trade
➔ Trade is the buying and selling of goods
and services between different countries
around the world.
➔ Goods that are brought into a country
are called imports and those that are
sold to another country are called
exports.
2. Financial Flow
➔ Financial flows involve the movement
of money around the world.
➔ Global financial flows allow nations to
secure funding that is not available in
the domestic economy.
➔ The Global Financial Flows section
analyzes U.S. international financial
flows and their implications for the U.S.
economy and the world more generally.
➔ This work focuses on the interaction
between international and domestic
financial markets, and section members
conduct research on related topics.
2. Technology, Transport and
Communication
➔ Whether it’s economic or health related,
for the sake of improving the lives of
many people one step at a time,
inventions and new products and
services in the area of technology,
transport and communication have
fueled the growth of globalization!
➔ With the help of different web platforms
such as social media, without a doubt,
internet assisted in delivering almost any
goods to places either where they are
really needed or solely just for trade.
Globalization is incredibly efficient but
also so far incredibly unjust.
-Pascal Lamy
Globalization creates economic policies
where the transnationals lord over us,
and the result is misery and
unemployment.
-Evo Morales
General Effects of Globalization
1. Increased Business Opportunities
➔ Many companies today hire employees
that are located in other countries.
➔ Using communication vehicles such as
video calling make it simple to converse
with colleagues across the globe, almost
making it feel as if they are in the same
room.
➔ Thanks to global communications,
information itself can be transferred as a
valuable business asset from one
country to another.
➔ This has the effect of making everyone's
operations more modern and efficient,
regardless where they are located.
2. Fewer Cultural Barriers
➔ Many people perceive culture to be the
root of communication challenges.
When people from two different cultures
try to exchange information, the way
they speak, their body language or their
mannerisms can be interpreted
differently by the other person. The way
people approach problems and how they
participate in communities is all
influenced by culture.
➔ Globalization gives people varied
opportunities to learn how to deal
effectively with cultural barriers.
FOUR ADVANTAGES
1. Increases economic growth
➔ By increasing the international exchange
of goods, technological advances, and
information, globalization increases
economic development for any country
participating in the global economy.
➔ An increase in economic growth means
better living standards, higher incomes,
more wealth in a country, and, often,
less poverty—in short, the overall well-
being of a country.
Purposive Communication
2. Production made more affordable
➔ A global market allows businesses wider
access to production opportunities and
consumers, meaning that there are more
goods available at a wider range of price
points.
3. Promotes working together
➔ When different countries come together
to engage in trade and investments in a
global financial market, they become
interdependent and often come to rely
on one another for certain goods and
services.
◆ Global Interdependence
● Means that people and
nations rely on one
another for goods and
services.
● People around the world
exchange what they
have or make for things
they do not have.
● Developed nations
usually buy raw
materials and local
products such as certain
food items from
developing nations.
● Developing nations buy
things like technology
and medicine from
developed countries.
4. Brings opportunities to less
developed countries
➔ Globalization allows companies to move
their production from high-cost
locations to lower-cost locations
abroad—this means bringing jobs,
information technology, and other
economic opportunities to countries
with fewer resources.on one another for
certain goods and services.
FOUR DISADVANTAGES
1. Unequal economic growth
➔ While globalization tends to increase
economic growth for many countries,
the growth isn’t equal—richer countries
often benefit more than developing
countries.
➔ Globalization can introduce
disproportionate growth both between
and within nations. These effects must
be carefully managed economically and
morally.
2. Lack of local businesses
➔ The policies permitting globalization
tend to advantage of companies that
have the resources and infrastructure to
operate their supply chains or
distribution in many different countries,
which can hedge out small local
businesses—for instance, a local New
York hamburger joint may struggle to
compete with the prices of a
multinational burger-making
corporation.
3. Exploitation of cheaper labor
markets
➔ Globalization allows businesses to
increase jobs and economic
opportunities in developing countries,
where the cost of labor is often cheaper.
However, overall economic growth in
these countries may be slow or stagnant.
4. Causes job displacement
➔ Globalization doesn’t result in an
increased number of jobs; rather, it
redistributes jobs by moving production
from high-cost countries to lower-cost
ones.
➔ This means that high-cost countries
often lose jobs due to globalization, as
production goes overseas.