Communicative Competence particular topic.
• When speaking to a larger audience, the speaker may
ORAL COMMUNICATION:
Strategies
SPEECH CONTEXT
Context - According to J.A. DeVito (2005), context is the
setting where communication occurs, and it helps establish
meaning, and can impact what is said and how it is said.
Speech Context - This refers to how meaning making is
affected by the social situations where the message is
delivered.
Types of Speech Context
Intrapersonal
• This refers to communication that centers on one
person where the speaker acts both as the sender and
receiver.
• According to Hybels & Weaver last 2012, “The
message is made up of your thoughts and
feelings. The channel is your
brain, which processes what you are thinking and feeling.
There is feedback in the sense that as you talk to yourself,
you
discard certain ideas and replace them with others.”
• Examples:
o You thinking of many reasons as to why your crush
approached you.
o Reflecting your past interactions with someone.
Interpersonal
• This is a two-way process that creates personal
relationships, ranging from formal to informal and
intimate to casual,
depending on the relationship between those involved.
• As stated by Solomon and Theiss (2013), “Interpersonal
communication is defined creating a connection between
individuals, where personal attributes play a significant role.
In
interpersonal communication, you and another person
become
linked together.”
• Two Types of Interpersonal Communication:
o Dyad Communication – two people are involved in
this communication
o Example:
▪ You are asking your seatmate if they
have an extra ballpen.
o Small Group – involves a conversation between
three to twelve people, often used for brainstorming
or collaboration.
o Example:
▪ Your group is pitching research title ideas
for presentation.
Public
• Public communication involves delivering a message
to a large audience, typically to inform or
persuade them on a
use more exaggerated channels such as louder
voice, expansive
gestures, and visual aids like slides or
PowerPoint. (Hybels and Weaver, 2012)
• Examples:
o A political candidate tells his/ her platform in a grand
rally.
o An individual facilitating a seminar
Mass Media Communication
• This communication has television, social media,
newspaper, magazines, and the like as channels.
• This type of communication reaches millions of people.
• Examples:
o A weather forecaster informs the viewer about the
location of the typhoon.
o A blog entry about the Tondol White Sand Beach
becomes trending on social media
Appropriate Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior
Intrapersonal
• This is the situation in which verbal and nonverbal
communication should be reduced because
intrapersonal communication entails talking to
oneself.
• Also minimizes the need for nonverbal
communication especially gestures.
Interpersonal
• It is necessary to change the nature of several verbal
and nonverbal communication elements while
speaking in pairs during interpersonal
conversation.
• Maintaining eye contact and gazing the speaker in the
eye can help both the speaker and the listener stay
focused in the dialogue.
Public
• In public communication, unlike in interpersonal
and small groups, the channels are more
exaggerated.
• The voice is louder and the gesture are more
expressive because the audience is bigger.
Mass Media Communication
• A professional attitude, look, and manners are all
components of professional behavior. It
encompasses your speech,
appearance, behavior and decision making.
Types of Speech Style
Intimate
• This style is private, which occurs between or among
close family members or individuals.
• The language used in this style may not be
shared in public. Casual
• This style is common among peers and friends.
• Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are
used. • It is often described as a warm, friendly,
and informal way of speaking.
Consultative
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 • This communication style is professional and uses
concise sentences with many inquiries.
• This style is the standard one. Professional or
mutually acceptable language is a must in this
style.
• It employs a semi-formal approach that does not
involve planning ahead of time.
• Examples of situations where we can use Consultative
Speech Style:
o Communication between teachers and students
o Communication between employers
and employees o Communication
between doctor and patient
o Communication between judge and lawyer
o Communication between President and his/her
constituents.
Formal
• The formal style is characterized by the use of
standard English, complex sentence structures,
infrequent personal pronouns, and the absence of
colloquial or slang terms. • It is a one-way style
used in formal settings.
• Examples:
o Sermons by priests and ministers
o State of the Nation Address of the President
o Formal speeches
o Pronouncements by judges
Frozen
• This style is "frozen" in time and remains unchanged. It
mostly occurs in ceremonies.
• Examples:
o Preamble to the Constitution
o Lord's Prayer
o Allegiance to country or flag
Communicative Competence
ORAL COMMUNICATION:
Strategies
SPEECH ACTS
Speech Act – A speech act is an utterance that serves a
function in communication. We perform speech acts when
we offer an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation,
compliment, or refusal.
• A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to
achieve an intended effect.
• Verbal actions that accomplish something: we greet,
insult, compliment, plead, supply information, and get
work done.
• According to J.L. Austin (1962), a philosopher of
language and the developer of the speech act theory,
there are three types of acts in every utterance, given
the right circumstances or context. o The speech act
theory considers language as a sort
of action rather than a medium to convey and
express.
o John Langshaw Austin a British philosopher of
language introduced a contemporary act theory in
1975. Austin came up with the findings that people
not only use language to assert things but also to do
things.
Types of Speech Acts
Locutionary Act
• This act happens with the utterance of a sound, a word, or
even a phrase as a natural unit of speech.
• Refers to the actual act of the speaker.
• What is required for the utterance to be a locutionary act is
that is has sense, and has the same meaning to both
the speaker and the listener.
o Utterance: A sound made that MAY not have any
meaning. An utterance act is a speech act that
consists of the verbal employment of units of
expression such as words and sentences.
o Propositional: A particular reference is made. Clear
and express a specific definable point, as opposed to
mere utterance acts, which may be unintelligible
sounds.
Examples:
1. “I warn you to stop smoking.”
2. “What?”
3. “It’s raining outside!”
Illocutionary Act
• Refers to the intended utterance by the speaker.
• The social function of what is said.
• An act performed merely by saying something.
• In an illocutionary speech act, it is not just saying
something itself, but the act of saying something with
the intention of: stating an opinion, confirming, or
denying something; making a prediction, a promise, a
request; issuing an order or a decision; giving an
advice or permission.
o Performative – stimulates us to do something
(warning, suggesting, inviting)
▪ Doing something by saying it.
o Constative – refers to some fact (either true or false,
an information, description)
▪ Making something true or false by saying
it. This is commonly done by someone in
authority like a judge or an official.
Examples:
1. By uttering “Can you pass me the salt?” sender requests.
2. “I’ m sorry for being late.” sender apologizes.
3. “Close the door.” sender commands.
Perlocutionary Act
• Refers to the actions that result from the locution or
what we bring about or achieve by saying
something.
• Produces an effect, intended or not, achieved in an
addressee by a speaker’s utterance.
• Can bring about a consequence to the audience.
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 • This is seen when a particular effect is sought
from either the speaker, the listener, or both. The
response may not
necessarily be physical or verbal and elicited by.
o Inspiring or insulting
o Persuading or convincing
o Deterring or scaring
Classifications of Speech Acts
As a response to Austin’s Speech Act Theory, John
Searle (1976), a professor from the University of
California, Berkeley, classified illocutionary acts into
five distinct categories:
Assertive – a style of illocutionary conduct in which the
speaker conveys confidence in the veracity of a claim.
• Recommending, Cursing, Bosting, and Concluding
(aggressive language)
• Expresses belief about the truth of a proposition
Directive – The speaker tries to make up the
addressee perform an action.
• Asking, Ordering, Requesting, Inviting, Advising, and
Begging.
Commissive – It commits the speaker to
doing something in the future.
• Offering, Promising, Vowing, and Betting
Expressive – The speaker expresses his/her feelings or
emotional reactions.
• Welcoming, Congratulating, Thanking and Deploring
Declarative – It brings a change in the external situation.
Simply put, declarations bring into existence or cause the
state of affairs which they refer to.
• Blessings, Firing, Baptizing, Bidding, Passing a
sentence, and Excommunicating
Restriction
 Restriction in communication refers to any
limitation you may have as a speaker. This
strategy constrains or restricts the response of
the other person involved in the communication
situation. The listener is forced to respond only
within a set of categories that is made by the
speaker.
Turn-Taking
 Turn-taking pertains to the process by which people
decide who takes the conversational floor.
There is a code of behavior behind establishing and
sustaining a productive conversation, but the primary
idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak.
Topic Control
 topic control covers how procedural formality and
informality affects the development of topics in
conversation.
This only means that when a topic is initiated, it should
be collectively developed by avoiding unnecessary
interruptions and topic shifts.
Topic Shifting
 Topic shifting, as the name suggests, involves moving
from one topic to another.
In other words, it is where one part of a conversation
ends and where another begins.
Repair
 Repair refers to how speaker address the problems in
speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may
encounter in a conversation.
It is overcoming communication breakdown to send
more comprehensible messages.
Termination
 Termination refers to the conversation of participants’
close initiating expressions that end a topic in a
conversation.
It uses verbal and nonverbal signals to end the
interaction.

COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES Communicative Competence

Communication strategies are plans for communicating

ORAL COMMUNICATION:
information related to a specific issue, event, situation, or Speech writing process
audience. They serve as the blueprints for communicating Speech writing is an art of conveying a
with the public, stakeholders, or even colleagues. message to your audience. The reason for
writing is to inform, to explain, or to
Communicative strategies are techniques on how to deal persuade.
with difficulties encountered when communicating.

7 Communicative Strategies

Nomination
 It is presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully,
and saying only what is relevant is a strategy
that can also be applied any time during the
course of an interaction as a way of continuing
the
communication.

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 audience. The profile includes the
following information.

a. Demography (age range, male-female

ratio, educational background and
affiliations or degree program taken,
nationality, economic status, academic or
corporate designations)

b. Situation (time, venue, occasion, and

size)

c. Psychology (values, beliefs, attitudes,

preferences, cultural and racial ideologies,
and needs

Profiling the target audience of your

speech will be more effective if you
integrate the purpose for writing and
delivering the speech. The purpose can be
classified into three—to inform, to
entertain, or to persuade.

a. An informative speech provides the

audience with a clear understanding of the
concept or idea presented by the speaker.

The first Principle of effective Speech Writing: b. An entertainment speech provides the
audience with amusement.
 AUDIENCE PROFILE
c. A persuasive speech provides the
audience with well-argued ideas that can
An audience is a group of people who comes together to listen to the speaker
influence their own beliefs and decisions.

The following are the components of the

speech writing process:

a. Audience analysis includes the profile of

your target audience such as demography,
situation, and psychology.

b. Purpose is classified into three to

inform, to entertain, and to persuade.

c. Topic is the focal point of your speech

which can be determined once you have
 Audience analysis decided on your purpose.

Audience analysis entails looking into d. Specific topic (narrowed-down) means

the profile of your target audience. making your main idea more specific and
This is done so you can tailor-fit your focused.
speech content and delivery to your

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e. Data gathering is the stage where you
collect ideas, information, sources,
and references relevant or related to your
specific topic.
f. Writing pattern is the structure that will
help you organize your ideas related to
your topic.
g. Outline is the hierarchical list that helps
you see all the ideas are in line with your
main idea.
 Logical organization
It helps the reader move smoothly from
one sentence to the next, and from one
paragraph to another, flowing logically
from one key point to the next from
beginning to end.
OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Body
• Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
 It presents the main idea of your
speech
 Get attention
 Provide foundation
 10-15 mins.
5 FUNCTIONS OF A GOOD
INTRODUCTION
• To gain audience attention and
interest.
• To state the purpose of your speech,
• To establish your credibility,
• To provide reasons for your
audience to listen and
• To preview the main idea of your
speech
BODY
 It elaborates the main ideas and the
key concepts of the speech
 Definitions
 Examples
 Other information
PATTERNS OF
ORGANIZATION
 Problem-Solution Order
 Categorical/Topical Order
 Chronological Order
 Comparison and Contrast Order
 Spatial/Geographical Order
 Causal Order
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
• This pattern explains the problem
and suggests a possible solution
CATEGORICAL/TOPICAL ORDER
 This pattern divides the topic into subtopics that are
arranged based on the importance of the key point in
supporting the main idea
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
• This pattern presents a historical or time order which is
from the past to the present
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST ORDER
 This pattern compares and contrast two or more points
SPATIAL/GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER
• This pattern presents an idea in the order of their
physical location or space.
• Moving one place or direction to another
CAUSAL ORDER
• This pattern involves a discussion of both the cause
and the effect of an issue
• Identifying the result why it happened
CONCLUSION
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 • It reiterates the main idea and summarize your shole
speech
 Present the summary
 Repeat the key ideas presented
End with an impact
• Thought-provoking questions
• Humor
• Quotation
• A call for action
• A connection to a larger context
• Compound Subject
-is two or more subjects joined by and, or, or nor. If two subjects
are joined by and, they combine to become a plural subject, thus
the verb must be plural too.
Ex. They spoke to him in English, but she responded in Spanish
• Indefinite Pronouns
replaces a general person, a general group of people, place or
thing.
Indefinite Pronouns-are often singular, though there are some
exceptions. (Someone, no one, everybody, anyone, anybody, and
etc.)
Ex. It’s hard to say somebody is good, but still nobody can
replace.
Principles Of Effective Speech Writing:
Facial Expressions, Gestures And Movements
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
They communicate various types of emotions which reflect the
speaker’s moods and personality traits
GESTURES
We use gestures to emphasize a point in the speech.
Gestures are signs that says its own language. It helps you
communicate with stronger way than just using the words. A study
shows that when the speaker uses gestures, the probability of the
audience remembering the point is double than a normal speech.
The movements of your eyes, mouth and facial muscles reflect
your feelings, thoughts, attitudes and your ability as a speaker. To
be understood well by your audience, your facial expression
should correspond well to the meaning of words that you convey.
STAGE PRESENCE
According to James E. Dyer, stage presence refers to the ability
of the speaker to acquire and keep the audience’s attention
through his or her presentation style. Key to a good stage
presence is an expressed confidence. Confidence is there for
everybody to see and because of this the performance appears to
be very easy. Basically, a good stage presence draws the
audience into the speech or performance. It establishes
connection with the speaker or performer and the audience and
envelops them in the speech or performances.
When speaking in front of an audience, these tips
will help you communicate more effectively on stage:
(Adapted fromismckenzie.com)
1.Consciously lift your eyebrows to brighten your face.
2.Smile a lot.
3.Channel your nervousness into your diaphragm. Relax your
neck, and your shoulders, and breathe slowly and deeply using
your diaphragm. Put any tension you have there. When you
breathe in, your stomach should push out. As you breathe out,
your stomach should shrink. (Your shoulders should not move
when you breathe)
4.Hands Should Beat Your Sides
And still, unless you are using them to express your piece, or are
holding a microphone.
5.Hold the microphone at an angle it so you are speaking directly
into the top of it. The microphone should be 2 to 5 inches away
from your mouth—no farther.
6.Raise your voice pitch slightly from your normal speaking voice.
It will make you sound more energized and less tired. Project your
voice to the back of the room, using your diaphragm, not your
vocal cords, to increase the volume. Enunciate your consonants.
7.Stand with legs shoulder width apart. Stand straight. Don’t lean
or slouch.
8.Own the message you are communicating. Don’t just speak
words. If the message isn’t important to you, you’re not going to
make it important to your listeners?
9.Make sure you have water handy.Nervousness of ten causes a
dry mouth—often unexpectedly.
10.If you are too nervous to look at the audience, look slightly
above them
11.Memorize as much as possible before you get on stage. It will
be easier to focus on expression and communication.
12.If you make a mistake, ignore it and move on. The audience
will forget it as fast as you do (if they noticed it in the first place).
Facial expressions or comments only draw attention to the
mistake and make it easier to remember
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METHODS OF SPEECH DELIVERY
The Four Methods of Speech Delivery
● Impromptu.
● Manuscript.
● Memorized.
● Extemporaneous.
READING FROM THE MANUSCRIPT
This is when a speaker reads a pre-written speech word by word
to an audience. It is when an already prepared script is read
verbatim. The speaker makes the entire speech by referring to the
printed document, or as seen on the teleprompter. It is basically
an easy method of oral communication. Manuscript speaking is
generally employed during official meetings, conferences, and in
instances where the subject matter of the speech needs to be
recorded. It is used especially when there is time constraint, and
the content of the talk is of prime importance.
■ A speech given by a Congressman on a legislative bill
under consideration.
■ A report read out by a Chief Engineer at an Annual
General Meeting.
■ A President’s or Prime Minister’s address to the
Parliament of a foreign nation.
■ A televised news report (given using a teleprompter)
seen on television.
MEMORIZED SPEECH
A memorized speech is when a speaker commits an entire
speech to memory. This style also harms relation with the
audience because the speaker is more focused on remembering
the text of the speech rather than communicating with the
audience.
The key to memorizing a speech is to memorize it hierarchically.
You want to start with the broad chunks, then specific paragraphs,
phrases, and finally, specific intonation and timing with words.
4. Start with the Big Chunks
The first place to start is with the biggest chunks. These should be
the logical and rhetorical content of your speech. The broad
strokes of what you’re trying to talk about.
5. Move to the Small Points
Once you’ve convinced yourself that the big chunks are 100%
memorized (which shouldn’t take too long), then you want to
move to the smaller points. These are not sentences, but they
represent the meaning of what you want to say with them.
6. Memorize the Delivery
Now, hopefully, you’ve memorized the big chunks of your speech
and all the points you need to make in each chunk. Since you’ve
done it in this order, the overall structure of the speech should be
deepest in your memory, followed by the points to be made and
only finally some of the ways in which you are trying to say those
points.
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
Extemporaneous Speaking is a speech delivery style/speaking
style, and a term that identifies a specific forensic competition.
● Attention getter. This can be an anecdote or a
quotation. ...
● Explain the link of your anecdote or quote to the topic.
● Explain the significance of the topic.
● Read your question WORD FOR WORD as it was
written.
● Answer the question, and say what your two (or three)
areas of analysis will be.

The Step-by-Step Process to Memorize a Speech

1. Write Out the Speech

The first step is to write out your speech. There’s two ways you
can do this. The first is simply to write it out exactly how you want
to say it.

2. Rehearse the Speech, With Your Script/Outline

Next, you want to try saying your speech out loud, with your
script. At this stage, it’s okay to read it. You simply want to know
how it sounds as a speech before you start the work of trying to
memorize it.

3. Memorize, Big to Small

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