THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE ❖ Context
➢ The circumstances or environment
❖ What is language?
➢ A wonderful and dynamic human
capacity.
➢ Linguists agree that a language can
only be called a language if it has a
system of rules (grammar), o a
sound system (phonology), and
vocabulary (lexicon).
❖ Language Acquisition
➢ Is when people acquire languages
used by those in the community.
❖ Mother tongue/First Language
➢ The language acquired while
growing up.
❖ Second Languages
➢ Is any language that a person uses
other than a first or native
language.
❖ Language Learning
➢ People learn these languages by
studying formally in school or
informally on their own.
❖ Language Contact
➢ Richard Nordquist
■ Is the social and linguistic
phenomenon by which
speakers of different
languages (or different
dialects of the same
language) interact with
one another, leading to a
transfer of linguistic
features.
➢ Language Change - result of
language contact.
❖ What is Communication?
➢ The exchange of thoughts, ideas,
concepts, and views between or
among two or more people, various
contexts come into play.
in which communication takes place
➢ Circumstances may include the
physical and actual setting, the
value position of the
speaker/listener, and the relevance
or appropriateness of a message
conveyed.
❖ Communication may then be classified
according to:
➢ Mode
➢ Context
➢ Purpose and Style
❖ Types of Communication According to
Mode
➢ Verbal - Non-verbal - effective
communication calls for the
blending of these two types; one
cannot be separated from the other.
➢ Visual - the type of communication
that uses visuals to convey
information and/or messages.
❖ Types of Communication According to
Context
➢ Intrapersonal Communication
■ Latin prefix intra-means
within or inside
■ Talking to oneself
■ Self or inner talk
■ Inner monologue
■ Inner dialogue
■ Psychologist call it as self
verbalization/self-statemen
t
➢ Interpersonal Communication
■ Latin prefix inter means
between, among, and
together.
■ An interactive exchange
■ Meant to establish or
deepen one’s relationship
with others.
 ➢ Extended Communication ❖ Four Approaches of Formal Organization
■ Communication with the Structure
use of electronic media.
■ With the use of electronic
media, messages are
transmitted quickly.
■ With extended
communication, your own
thinking, behavior, and
attitude may be influenced
by other people and you
may be persuaded to take
a. Downward - flow from upper to lower
the views you hear.
position or top-down
➢ Organizational Communication
Example: President to Manager/Supervisor
■ Refers to the forms and
channels of
communication among
members of organizations
such as corporations,
nonprofits, or small
businesses.
■ A set of rules or standards
for communication
protocol should be made b. Upward - flow from lower to upper position
clear so that the or bottom up.
interaction patterns are Example: Subordinates to superiors/bosses
established.
❖ Types of Organizational Structure
➢ Formal
■ Allows communication to
take place via designated
channels of message flow
between positions in the
organization.
➢ Informal
■ Unofficial channels of c. Horizontal - same level or position but
message flow or coming from different departments or units.
grapevine-messages
coming from the different
levels of organization.

d. Crosswise - diagonal in nature as
employees from different units working at
various levels.
❖ Intercultural Communication
➢ Communication between or among
people having different linguistic,
religious, ethnic, social, and
professional backgrounds.
❖ Types of Communication According to
Purpose and Style
➢ Formal Communication
■ Employs formal language
delivered orally or in
written forms.
● Examples:
Lecture, public
talks, research,
project proposal,
reports, and
business letters.
➢ Informal Communication
■ Does not employ formal
language
● Examples: A
personal and
ordinary
conversation with
friends, family
members, or
anything under
the sun.
COMMUNICATION MODELS
❖ Communication Models
➢ Can help you understand how a
communication process works.
➢ It is only by knowing the flow of
communication that you will be able
to make the communication
process effective.
➢ A model is often abstract. It is a
representation of a real world
phenomenon applied to different
forms. The interplay of variables in
the model is represented
graphically.
ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL
❖ Aristotle emphasized that there are three
variables in the communication process:
speaker, speech, and audience.
❖ Without the speaker, there will be no speech
to be produced
❖ The speaker adjusts his/her speech
depending on the profile of the audience.
❖ Audience demographics are considered:
age, sex, background, culture, race,
religion, gender, social and economic
status, and political orientation or
inclination, among others.
❖ Beliefs, views, and attitudes also play an
important role when talking about audience
consideration.
 LASWELL’S COMMUNICATION MODEL
❖ Harold Dwight Laswell described
communication as being focused on the
following W’s: Who, says What, in Which
channel, to Whom, and with What effect.
❖ The whole process of communication begins
with the communicator (who) sending out a
message (what) using a medium (in which
channel) for a receiver (to whom)
experiencing an effect (with what effect)
afterwards.
❖ The process may be analyzed through the
content sent, the medium used, as well as
the effect on the recipient of the message.
SHANNON-WEAVER’S COMMUNICATION MODEL
❖ Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren
Weaver
❖ In this model, other components such as
noise, reception, destination, and feedback
have been identified.
❖ Other terms such as information source for
the sender, transmitter for the encoder,
decoder (reception), and receiver
(destination) were introduced.
BERLO’S COMMUNICATION MODEL
❖ David Berlo’s model is probably the most
well-known among the communication
models. SMCR: sender of the message, sent
through a channel or medium to a receiver |
SMCRN: includes noise | Major variables: (1)
source, (2) message, (3) channel, and (4)
receiver
❖ Source: originator of the message, encoder,
should practice communication skills
(listening, speaking, reading, and writing),
his/her attitude towards the audience or the
subject as well as his/her knowledge about
the topic on hand likewise counts along with
the social system that he/she is in which
includes values, beliefs and practices, and
culture
❖ Message: includes (1) content; (2) elements
such as the language used and gestures
employed; (3) treatment or the manner by
which the message is transmitted; and (4)
structure which refers to the arrangement of
parts or flow of the message. The code
shows how the message is sent: that is, the
language (verbal code) used and the
accompanying gestures (non-verbal code)
employed.
❖ Channel: Refers to the different senses:
seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and
touching
❖ Receiver: Decodes the message, both the
source and the receiver should have good
communication skills.
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
❖ Know your purpose in communicating. To
inform? To entertain? To persuade?
❖ Know your audience. Speaking or writing
style you are going to employ. Consider the
age, educational background, profession,
culture, and other salient features of your
listeners or readers.
❖ Know your topic. You want to share
something. You wish that other people learn
something from you.
❖ Adjust your speech or writing to the
context of the situation. The environment
in which your speech or writing is to be
delivered determines the kind of language
you will use.
❖ Work on the feedback given you.
Constructive criticisms will prove beneficial
to you as you learn to address them.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL
COMMUNICATION
❖ Be clear with your purpose. Objective in
communicating.
❖ Be complete with the message you
deliver. Claims are supported by facts and
essential information.
❖ Be concise. Brevity in speech is a must.
❖ Be natural with your delivery. Appropriate
gestures and movements. Confidence.
❖ Be specific and timely with your
feedback. Inputs provided on time.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN
COMMUNICATION: THE 7C’S
❖ Be clear. Be clear about your message.
❖ Be concise. Do not beat or run around the
bush.
❖ Be concrete. Support your claims with
enough facts.
❖ Be correct. Observe grammatical
correctness.
❖ Be coherent. Convey a logical message.
❖ Be complete. Include all necessary and
relevant information.
❖ Be courteous. Friendly tone in writing.
ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION
❖ Morals influence the behavior of an
individual, group, or organization thereby
affecting their communication.
❖ Establish an effective value system that
will pave the way for the development of
your integrity as a person.
❖ Provide complete and accurate
information
❖ Disclose vital information adequately and
appropriately.
- A code of ethics sets the standards to be observed
by a person or a company that will create a good
reputation or a positive image not only for an
individual but also for the organization.