Unit 1

⦿ LANGUAGE
AND
COMMUNICATIO
N
Lesson 1
THE NATURE OF
LANGUAGE
 WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

⦿ Language – linguists agree that a language

can only be called a language if it has a
system of rules (grammar) system of sound
(phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon).
⦿ These are the requirements for identifying a
means of communication as a language.
⦿ Animals will produce sounds and gestures and
will be able to signal. They only communicate
but not producing language.
⦿ Human beings are able to communicate their
desire something
 Speech Community

⦿ When people use language, they can

understand each other because they belong to
the same speech community.
⦿ They can understand each other because in
their speech community, people share the
same set of rules in the language system.
 Language Acquisition

⦿ While growing up, people acquire

the languages used by those in the
community.
⦿ This is the process of language
acquisition.
 Mother Tongues

⦿ The language acquired while

growing up and which may also
referred as first language
 Second language

⦿ People discover later on that other

languages are needed for various
reasons.
⦿ These other languages may be
referred as second language
 Language Learning

⦿ People learn these languages by

studying formally in school or
informally on their own.
⦿ This is the process of language
learning.
⦿ What happens if people visit another
speech community that is different from
their own?
⦿ British and Americans speak English.
However, they spell English words
differently. They pronounce words
differently.
 Language Contact

⦿ Try to understand each other,

eventually you will be able to
communicate as you slowly learn
each other’s languages.
⦿ What is happening here is language
contact.
⦿ The result of such contact may be a new
form of language.
⦿ It is possible that in your attempt to
communicate with each other will
produce a new language form that is
understandable to both of you.
 Language Change

⦿ Your own languages may also

change as you constantly interact and
communicate with each other.
⦿ Thus, language change is the result
of language contact.
⦿
 Language

⦿ Is indeed a complex humanity capacity.

It is, therefore, important to be aware of
its features and behaviour to be able to
use language more effectively and
productivity in communicating with
others.
 Lesson 2
⦿ TYPES
OF
COMMUNICATIO
N
 What is Communication?

⦿ Generally defined as the exchange of

thoughts, ideas, concepts and views
between and among two or more people,
various context come into play.
 Classification of
Communication
⦿ Types of communication according
to Mode
⦿ Types of communication according
to Context
⦿ Types of communication according
to Purpose and Style
 Two types of organizational
structure
⦿ 1. Formal Communication
⦿ 2. Informal Communication
 1. Types of Communication
According to Mode
⦿ A message may be conveyed via
verbal-non verbal and visual.
Though communication is often
thought of as verbal, the non-verbal
mode is equally essential as it
enhances one’s message.
 a. Verbal – Non-Verbal
Communication
⦿ Effective communication calls for the
blending of these two types. One cannot
be separated from the other.
⦿ (for salespersosns) Can only be effective
if they know how to properly punctuate
what they say with proper gestures and
facial expressions.
⦿ You were trained to blend verbal and
non-verbal modes of communication.
⦿ Aside from verbal or speaking, it is to
use non-verbal code through a
handshake, an approving facial
expression, and a kind disposition or
character.
 b. Visual Communication

⦿ Is a type of communication that uses visuals to

convey information and/or messages.
⦿ Some examples are signs, symbols, imagery,
maps, graphs, charts, diagrams, pictograms,
photos, drawings or illustrations, and even
various forms of electronic communication.
⦿ Visual communication now occupies
an important place in any work
environment.
 2. Types of Communication
according to context
⦿ Intrapersonal
⦿ Interpersonal
⦿ Extended
⦿ Organizational communication
⦿ Intercultural communication
 a. Intrapersonal
Communication
⦿ Means talking to oneself, inner talk, inner
monologue, or inner dialogue.
⦿ Psychologists call it as; self verbalization or
self statement.
⦿ Self talk can be advantageous as it can enable
you to practice what you ought to say in times
when you lack the motivation and confidence
to speak.
 b. Interpersonal
Communication
⦿ Means between, among, and together.
⦿ An interactive exchange takes place as
interpersonal communication takes place.
⦿ Means to establish or deepen one’s
relationship with others.
⦿ Interpersonal talks are meant for maintaining
social relationships.
⦿ However, if the objective is to achieve
something at the end of the conversation, it
becomes transactional.
⦿ Transactional – more formal and profound.
⦿ Aim to accomplish or resolve something at the
end of the conversation.
 c. Extended Communication

⦿ Involves the use of electronic media.

⦿ The description of extended
communication may be expanded as to
include tele, audio, or phone
conferencing; video conferencing;
skype calls; and other technological
means.
⦿ With the use of electronic media, messages
are transmitted quickly.
⦿ With the extended communication, your own
thinking, behavior, and attitude may be
influenced by other people and you may be
persuaded to take the views you hear.
 d. Organizational
Communication
⦿ With this type, the focus is on the role that
communication plays in organizational contexts.
⦿ For an organization to be successful, a system of
communication should be put in place.
⦿ A set of rules or standards for communication
protocol should be made clear so that the
interaction patterns are established.
 There are two types of
organizational structure:
⦿ 1. Formal
⦿ 2. Informal

⦿ Formal structure – allows communication to

take place via designated channels of message
flow between positions in the organization.
 Formal structure - Four
approaches
⦿ Downward communication
⦿ Upward communication
⦿ Horizontal communication
⦿ Crosswise communication
 a. Downward
communication
⦿ Is the type that flows from upper to lower
position, example; from president to manager or
supervisor, a manager to an ordinary staff.
⦿ A topdown communication – the flow of
communication is form the superior to the
subordinate, usually asking certain individual to
perform a certain task.
 b. Upward communication

⦿ Is bottom up in which subordinates send

communication to their superiors/bosses
bearing their views/feedback on
organizational policies, issues related to
their jobs, and the like.
 c. Horizontal
Communication
⦿ Is lateral in approach as it takes place
among people belongings to the same
level but coming from different
departments or units to facilitate
performance of tasks through proper
coordination.
 d. Crosswise
communication/approach
⦿ Is diagonal in nature as employees
from different units or departments
working at various levels
communicate each other.
 Informal Communication
⦿ Comes from unofficial channels of message flow.
⦿ “Known as grapevine” messages coming from
the different levels of the organization are
transmitted.
⦿ Dissatisfaction of some employees
⦿ Superiors playing favorites
⦿ Unfavorable and unacceptable company rules and
regulations
⦿ Each organization has its own culture
⦿ Develops core values, vision and mission
statements, goals, and objectives.
⦿ Culture is within the control of the
entrepreneur or company owner.
⦿ If you cannot adapt the culture better look for
another job or workplace.
 e. Intercultural
Communication
⦿ It is between or among people having
different linguistics, religious, ethnics,
social, professional backgrounds
⦿ Gender difference affects communication
⦿ This particular happens with non-verbal
communication
⦿ For instance, Australian, using contact
showing sincerity
⦿ Indians, looking straight is inappropriate
 3. Types of Communication
according to Purpose and
Style
⦿ Formal Communication
⦿ Informal Communication
 Formal Communication
⦿ The focus is on the communication setting
and the mode of delivery.
⦿ It employs formal language that delivered
orally or in written form.
⦿ Examples; lectures, public talks/speeches,
research, project proposals, report,
bussiness letters, etc.
 Purpose or main aim
objectives;
⦿ To inform
⦿ To entertain
⦿ To persuade
 Informal communication
⦿ Certainly does not employ formal languages
⦿ It involves personal and ordinary conversation
with your friends, family members, or any
acquaintances.
⦿ It can be oral like, face-to-face, phonecalls,
 Purpose or aim;

⦿ To socialize
⦿ Enhance/establish relationship