LLECTURE 5

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Table of Contents:
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Internet of Things (IoT)
Understanding IoT and its Impact
Blockchain Technology
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• Artificial Intelligence (AI):

• Artificial Intelligence refers to the development of
computer systems that can perform tasks that typically
require human intelligence. These tasks include learning,
reasoning, problem-solving, perception, speech
recognition, and language understanding. The ultimate
goal of AI is to create machines that can simulate human
intelligence and adapt to different situations.
• There are two types of AI:
1.Narrow or Weak AI: This type of AI is designed and
trained for a particular task. It can perform that task at a
human level or even surpass it, but it lacks the broad
cognitive abilities of a human.
2.General or Strong AI: This is a more advanced form of
AI that possesses the ability to understand, learn, and
apply knowledge across various domains, similar to
human intelligence. Achieving strong AI is still a
theoretical concept and has not been realized yet.
 MACHINE LEARNING
• Machine Learning (ML):

• Machine Learning is a subset of AI that focuses on developing

algorithms and statistical models that enable computers to perform a
task without being explicitly programmed. In other words, instead of
providing explicit instructions, machine learning systems learn from
data and improve their performance over time.
 CONCEPT IN MACHINE LEARNING
• Key concepts in machine learning include:

1.Supervised Learning: The algorithm is trained on a labeled dataset, where the input data
is paired with corresponding output labels. The model learns to map inputs to outputs
based on this training data.
2.Unsupervised Learning: The algorithm is given unlabeled data and must find patterns or
relationships within the data on its own. Clustering and dimensionality reduction are
common tasks in unsupervised learning.
3.Reinforcement Learning: The algorithm learns by interacting with an environment and
receiving feedback in the form of rewards or penalties. The goal is to learn a policy that
maximizes the cumulative reward over time.
4.Deep Learning: A subset of machine learning that involves neural networks with multiple
layers (deep neural networks). Deep learning has proven highly effective in tasks such as
image and speech recognition.
 APPLICATIONS OF AI and ML
1.Natural Language Processing (NLP): Enables machines to understand,
interpret, and generate human language.
2.Computer Vision: Allows machines to interpret and make decisions based
on visual data, such as images and videos.
3.Recommendation Systems: Suggests products, content, or services based
on user preferences and behavior.
4.Healthcare: Helps in disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and personalized
treatment plans.
5.Finance: Used for fraud detection, risk assessment, and algorithmic trading.
6.Autonomous Vehicles: Enables vehicles to perceive and navigate the
environment without human intervention.
7.Robotics: Empowers robots to perform tasks in various industries, from
manufacturing to healthcare.
 NEURAL NETWORKS
• Neural networks are computational models inspired by the structure
and functioning of the human brain. They consist of interconnected
nodes, also known as neurons or artificial neurons, organized into
layers. These layers include an input layer, one or more hidden layers,
and an output layer. Neural networks are capable of learning complex
patterns and representations from data through a process known as
training.
KEY COMPONENTS OF A NEURAL NETWORK:
Neurons: These are the basic computational units that receive input, apply a
mathematical operation, and produce an output. Neurons are organized into
layers, and each connection between neurons has an associated weight.
Weights: Weights represent the strength of connections between neurons.
During training, these weights are adjusted to optimize the network's
performance on a specific task.
Activation Function: Each neuron typically has an activation function, which
introduces non-linearity into the network. Common activation functions include
sigmoid, hyperbolic tangent (tanh), and rectified linear unit (ReLU).
Layers: Neural networks consist of an input layer, one or more hidden layers,
and an output layer. The input layer receives the initial data, the hidden layers
process this information, and the output layer produces the final result.
 DEEP LEARNING:

• Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning that focuses on the use

of deep neural networks, which have multiple layers (deep
architectures). The term "deep" refers to the depth of the network,
indicating the presence of several hidden layers between the input and
output layers. Deep learning has gained popularity due to its ability to
automatically learn hierarchical representations from data.
KEY CONCEPTS IN DEEP LEARNING:
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs): These are neural networks with multiple
hidden layers. DNNs are capable of learning intricate patterns and
representations, making them well-suited for complex tasks.
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): Specialized neural networks
designed for processing grid-like data, such as images. CNNs use
convolutional layers to automatically learn spatial hierarchies of features.
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): Neural networks designed to handle
sequential data by incorporating feedback loops. RNNs are commonly used
in tasks such as natural language processing and time-series analysis.
Transfer Learning: The practice of leveraging pre-trained deep learning
models on one task and fine-tuning them for another related task. This helps
in cases where large amounts of labeled data are not readily available.
 APPLICATIONS OF NEURAL NETWORKS AND DEEP
LEARNING:

Image and Speech Recognition: Deep learning has achieved

breakthroughs in tasks such as image classification, object detection, and
speech recognition.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): Neural networks power language
translation, sentiment analysis, and chatbots.
Autonomous Vehicles: Deep learning is crucial for enabling self-driving
cars to perceive and navigate their environment.
Healthcare: Deep learning is used for medical image analysis, disease
diagnosis, and personalized medicine.
Finance: Applications include fraud detection, risk assessment, and
algorithmic trading.
 WHAT IS NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING (NLP)?

• Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial

intelligence (AI) that focuses on the interaction between computers
and human languages. The primary goal of NLP is to enable machines
to understand, interpret, and generate human language in a way that is
both meaningful and contextually relevant.
 KEY COMPONENTS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE
PROCESSING:

Tokenization: The process of breaking down a text into individual words or

phrases, known as tokens. Tokenization is a fundamental step in many NLP
tasks.
Part-of-Speech Tagging (POS): Assigning grammatical categories (such as
nouns, verbs, adjectives) to each word in a sentence. POS tagging is essential
for understanding the structure and meaning of a sentence.
Named Entity Recognition (NER): Identifying and classifying entities
(such as names of people, organizations, locations) in a text. NER is crucial
for extracting valuable information from unstructured text.
Syntax and Parsing: Analyzing the grammatical structure of sentences to
understand the relationships between words. This helps in creating a
hierarchical representation of the text.
 KEY COMPONENTS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE
PROCESSING:
Sentiment Analysis: Determining the sentiment or emotional tone
expressed in a piece of text. Sentiment analysis is often used to gauge
public opinion on products, services, or events.
Machine Translation: Translating text from one language to another
automatically. This involves understanding the meaning of the source
text and generating equivalent content in the target language.
Question Answering: Developing systems that can understand
natural language questions and provide relevant and accurate answers.
This involves comprehending the question, retrieving relevant
information, and formulating a concise response.
APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING:

Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: NLP is employed in creating conversational

interfaces for applications like chatbots and virtual assistants.
Information Extraction: Extracting structured information from unstructured
text, such as extracting key details from news articles or research papers.
Search Engine Optimization (SEO): NLP is used in improving the relevance
of search engine results by understanding user queries and webpage content.
Summarization: Automatically generating concise and coherent summaries of
long pieces of text, such as articles or documents.
Speech Recognition: Converting spoken language into written text, enabling
voice-activated systems and applications.
Language Translation: Automatically translating text from one language to
another, facilitating cross-language communication
 WHAT IS COMPUTER VISION?

• Computer Vision is a multidisciplinary field of study that enables

computers to interpret and understand visual information from the
world, much like the human visual system. The goal of computer
vision is to develop algorithms and systems that can extract
meaningful insights, recognize patterns, and make decisions based on
visual data.
 KEY CONCEPTS IN COMPUTER
VISION:
Image Acquisition:
 Definition: The process of capturing visual data from the real world using devices such as cameras or
sensors.
 Importance: High-quality image acquisition is crucial for accurate and reliable computer vision
analysis.
Image Processing:
 Definition: The manipulation and enhancement of images to improve their quality or extract specific
features.
 Importance: Image processing techniques are applied to preprocess images before feeding them into
computer vision algorithms.
Feature Extraction:
 Definition: Identifying and extracting relevant features or patterns from the images, such as edges,
corners, or textures.
 Importance: Feature extraction is a fundamental step in computer vision, providing the necessary
information for subsequent analysis.
 CONTINUATION
Object Recognition:
 Definition: Identifying and categorizing objects or patterns within an image or a sequence of
images.
 Importance: Object recognition is a core task in computer vision, enabling systems to understand
and interpret visual scenes.
Image Classification:
 Definition: Assigning predefined labels or categories to images based on their content.
 Importance: Image classification is widely used in applications such as facial recognition, object
detection, and autonomous vehicles.
Object Detection:
 Definition: Identifying and locating objects within an image, often by drawing bounding boxes
around them.
 Importance: Object detection is essential for applications like video surveillance, self-driving
cars, and augmented reality.
 CONTINUATION
Image Segmentation:
Definition: Dividing an image into meaningful segments or regions based on
certain criteria.
Importance: Image segmentation is crucial for tasks like medical image
analysis, scene understanding, and robotics.
3D Computer Vision:
Definition: Analyzing and understanding the three-dimensional structure of
objects and scenes from two-dimensional images.
Importance: 3D computer vision is applied in robotics, augmented reality,
and virtual reality.
 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
VISION:
Medical Imaging: Diagnosis, image-guided surgery, and medical research.
Autonomous Vehicles: Object detection, lane tracking, and obstacle avoidance.
Facial Recognition: Security systems, authentication, and human-computer
interaction.
Retail: Automated checkout, inventory management, and customer analytics.
Augmented Reality (AR): Overlaying digital information onto the real-world
environment.
Manufacturing: Quality control, defect detection, and process optimization.