Name:Sachin Singh Roll No: BCOB12 Div: B

Assignment IV

Unit – IV
Natural Language Processing and ANN

1. Explain the stages in natural language processing in detail.

Ans:
There are general five stages in NLP −

● Lexical Analysis − It involves identifying and analyzing the structure of words.

Lexicon of a language means the collection of words and phrases in a language.
Lexical analysis is dividing the whole chunk of txt into paragraphs, sentences,
and words.
● Syntactic Analysis (Parsing) − It involves analysis of words in the sentence for
grammar and arranging words in a manner that shows the relationship among
the words. The sentence such as “The school goes to boy” is rejected by English
syntactic analyzer.
● Semantic Analysis − It draws the exact meaning or the dictionary meaning from
the text. The text is checked for meaningfulness. It is done by mapping syntactic
structures and objects in the task domain. The semantic analyzer disregards
sentence such as “hot ice-cream”.
● Discourse Integration − The meaning of any sentence depends upon the
meaning of the sentence just before it. In addition, it also brings about the
meaning of immediately succeeding sentence.
 ● Pragmatic Analysis − During this, what was said is re-interpreted on what it
actually meant. It involves deriving those aspects of language which require real
world knowledge.

2. Explain applications of NLP in Machine Translation.

Ans:
Applications of machine translation

Machine translation technology and products have been used in numerous application

situations, for example, business travel, the travel industry, etc. In terms of the object of

translation, there are composed language-oriented content text translation and spoken

language.

● Text translation-
Automated text translation is broadly used in an assortment of sentence-level and

text-level translation applications. Sentence-level translation applications

incorporate the translation of inquiry and recovery inputs and the translation of

(OCR) outcomes of picture optical character acknowledgement. Text-level

translation applications incorporate the translation of a wide range of

unadulterated reports, and the translation of archives with organized data.

Organized data mostly incorporates the presentation configuration of text content,

object type activity, and other data, for example, textual styles, colours, tables,

structures, hyperlinks, etc. Presently, the translation objects of machine translation

systems are mostly founded on the sentence level.

Most importantly, a sentence can completely communicate a subject substance,

which normally frames an articulation unit, and the significance of each word in the

sentence can be resolved to an enormous degree as per the restricted setting

inside the sentence.

● Speech translation-

With the fast advancement of mobile applications, voice input has become an

advantageous method of human-computer cooperation, and discourse translation

has become a significant application situation. The fundamental cycle of discourse

interpretation is "source language discourse source language text-target language

text-target language discourse".

In this cycle, programmed text translation from source language text to

target-language text is an important moderate module. What's more, the front end

and back end likewise need programmed discourse recognition, ASR and

text-to-speech, TTs.

● Other applications
Naturally, the task of machine translation is to change one source language word

succession into another objective language word grouping which is semantically

the same. Generally, it finishes a grouping transformation task, which changes

over a succession object into another arrangement object as indicated by some

information and rationale through model and algorithms.

All things considered, many undertaking situations total the change between

grouping objects, and the language in the machine translation task is just one of

the succession object types. In this manner, when the ideas of the source

language and target language are stretched out from dialects to other

arrangement object types, machine translation strategies and techniques can be

applied to settle numerous comparable change undertakings.

 3. Explain applications of NLP in information retrieval and big data
information retrieval.
Ans:
The Information Retrieval System sets the relationship between data objects and
retrieval queries. These documents are prioritized to the user search queries and the
best matches are given the highest priority.

The Information Retrieval System is the driving mechanism in of many real-life

applications such as:

1. Digital libraries use this system to sort and find the books according to the requested
name, genre, or author name.

2. Search engines like Google search use this mechanism to provide accurate and

faster search results by matching and prioritizing the documents.

3. Other search platforms such as mobile search, desktop file search, and browser

search also run on this technique.

4. Applications such as music streaming apps, video streaming apps, and image

libraries use the Information Retrieval operations to search rank the results.

4. What is supervised and unsupervised learning with example.

Ans:
Supervised Learning :

Supervised learning, also known as supervised machine learning, is a

subcategory of machine learning and artificial intelligence. It is defined by its use
of labeled datasets to train algorithms that to classify data or predict outcomes
accurately. As input data is fed into the model, it adjusts its weights until the
model has been fitted appropriately, which occurs as part of the cross validation
process. Supervised learning helps organizations solve for a variety of real-world
problems at scale, such as classifying spam in a separate folder from your inbox.
 Examples:

● Image- and object-recognition: Supervised learning algorithms can be used to

locate, isolate, and categorize objects out of videos or images, making them
useful when applied to various computer vision techniques and imagery analysis.
● Predictive analytics: A widespread use case for supervised learning models is in
creating predictive analytics systems to provide deep insights into various
business data points. This allows enterprises to anticipate certain results based
on a given output variable, helping business leaders justify decisions or pivot for
the benefit of the organization.

Unsupervised Learning:

Unsupervised learning, also known as unsupervised machine learning, uses

machine learning algorithms to analyze and cluster unlabeled datasets. These
algorithms discover hidden patterns or data groupings without the need for
human intervention. Its ability to discover similarities and differences in
information make it the ideal solution for exploratory data analysis, cross-selling
strategies, customer segmentation, and image recognition.

Examples:

● Computer vision: Unsupervised learning algorithms are used for visual

perception tasks, such as object recognition.
● Medical imaging: Unsupervised machine learning provides essential features to
medical imaging devices, such as image detection, classification and
segmentation, used in radiology and pathology to diagnose patients quickly and
accurately.

5. Write short note on reinforcement learning.

Ans:
Reinforcement learning is an area of Machine Learning. It is about taking suitable
action to maximize reward in a particular situation. It is employed by various software
and machines to find the best possible behavior or path it should take in a specific
situation. Reinforcement learning differs from supervised learning in a way that in
supervised learning the training data has the answer key with it so the model is trained
with the correct answer itself whereas in reinforcement learning, there is no answer but
the reinforcement agent decides what to do to perform the given task. In the absence of
a training dataset, it is bound to learn from its experience.

Example:

The problem is as follows: We have an agent and a reward, with many hurdles in
between. The agent is supposed to find the best possible path to reach the reward. The
following problem explains the problem more easily.

Main points in Reinforcement learning –

● Input: The input should be an initial state from which the model will start
● Output: There are many possible outputs as there are a variety of solutions to
a particular problem
● Training: The training is based upon the input, The model will return a state
and the user will decide to reward or punish the model based on its output.
● The model keeps continues to learn.
● The best solution is decided based on the maximum reward.

6. What are Neural Networks? What are the types of Neural networks?
Ans:
Neural networks, also known as artificial neural networks (ANNs) or simulated neural
networks (SNNs), are a subset of machine learning and are at the heart of deep
learning algorithms. Their name and structure are inspired by the human brain,
mimicking the way that biological neurons signal to one another.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are comprised of a node layers, containing an input
layer, one or more hidden layers, and an output layer. Each node, or artificial neuron,
connects to another and has an associated weight and threshold. If the output of any
individual node is above the specified threshold value, that node is activated, sending
data to the next layer of the network. Otherwise, no data is passed along to the next
layer of the network.

Types of Neural networks:

1. Perceptron-

2. Feed Forward Networks-

3. Multi-Layer Perceptron-

4. Radial Based Networks-

5. Convolutional Neural Networks-

6. Recurrent Neural Networks-

7. Long Short-Term Memory Networks-