AEC:

Functional
English II
Productive
Skills
Productive Skills
What are Productive Skills?
❖The meaning of productive skills is the skills that we use to produce a language.
❖These are skills that we use to show what we want others to know.
❖Productive skills are a means of measuring a person's proficiency in a language.
❖This includes speaking and writing.
❖Productive skills are basically one of the things we used to communicate with others.
❖Productive skills are constructing something in form of language to tell people.
❖The goal of productive skills is to let people understand what we want to tell them.
❖Productive skills are what we use to produce or to give information to others. Receptive skills are what
we used to accept or to understand what others are telling us.
Speaking Skills
What is Speaking?
❖Speaking is one of the four language skills, alongside listening, reading, and writing. LSRW

❖It is considered a productive skill because it involves producing language, as opposed to the
receptive skills of listening and reading.

❖It involves understanding or receiving language. Speaking is a crucial aspect of communication

and plays a central role in language acquisition and proficiency.
What is Speaking?
❖Speaking refers to the act of expressing thoughts, ideas, or information through verbal
communication. It is one of the fundamental components of language and communication.

❖When people speak, they use their vocal cords, mouth, and other articulatory organs to produce
sounds that convey meaning.

❖Speaking involves the use of words, sentences, and sometimes non-verbal elements such as tone,
pitch, and body language to effectively convey a message.

❖Speaking is a crucial aspect of human interaction, allowing individuals to share information, express
emotions, engage in conversations, and convey their thoughts and opinions
What is Speaking?
❖It plays a significant role in various contexts, including personal, social, academic, and professional
settings.

❖Effective speaking skills involve not only the ability to articulate words clearly but also to organize
thoughts coherently, adapt communication style to different audiences, and listen actively to others
in a conversation.

❖Speaking skills encompass a range of abilities related to verbal communication. Developing effective
speaking skills is essential for various aspects of personal, academic, and professional life.
Concepts of Speaking :

Expression of
Thoughts and
Ideas

Interactive
Process

Real-time
Communication

Multifaceted
Skill
Concepts of Speaking:
❖ Expression of Thoughts and Ideas: Speaking is the act of expressing thoughts, ideas, feelings,
and information through verbal communication.

❖ Interactive Process: Speaking often involves interaction between two or more people. It is a
dynamic process that includes both speaking and listening, creating a back-and-forth exchange.

❖ Real-time Communication: Unlike writing, speaking occurs in real-time, requiring quick thinking
and response. It demands the ability to process information rapidly and construct sentences on
the spot.

❖ Multifaceted Skill: Speaking is a multifaceted skill that encompasses pronunciation, intonation,

fluency, vocabulary, grammar, and discourse management.
Characteristics of Speaking :

Fluency
Accuracy
Pronunciation
Intonation and Stress
Vocabulary
Grammar
Interactive Skills
Cultural Awareness
Discourse Management
Non - Verbal Communication
Confidence
Characteristics of Speaking:
❖Fluency :

Fluency refers to the ability to speak smoothly, without hesitations or interruptions. It involves
maintaining a natural flow of conversation.

❖Accuracy :

Accuracy involves using correct grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. While fluency focuses on
smooth communication, accuracy emphasizes correctness.

❖Pronunciation :

Pronunciation is crucial for effective communication. Clear and accurate pronunciation enhances
understanding and conveys confidence.
Characteristics of Speaking:
❖Intonation and Stress :

Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in speech, while stress involves emphasizing certain
words or syllables. Both contribute to the natural rhythm and meaning of spoken language.

❖Vocabulary :

Effective speakers use a diverse and appropriate range of vocabulary to express their ideas clearly
and precisely.

❖Grammar :

While communication should not be hindered by strict adherence to grammar rules, a good
command of grammar ensures clarity and avoids misunderstandings.
Characteristics of Speaking:
❖Interactive Skills :

Speaking is often interactive, requiring the ability to listen actively, respond appropriately, and
engage in meaningful conversations.

❖Cultural Awareness :

Effective speakers are often aware of cultural nuances and context, adapting their language use
accordingly to ensure effective communication.

❖Discourse Management :

Discourse management involves organizing thoughts into coherent and logical sequences,
ensuring that the conversation makes sense to the listener.
Characteristics of Speaking:
❖Non-verbal Communication :

Non-verbal elements such as body language, facial expressions, and gestures play a significant
role in speaking. They complement verbal communication and contribute to overall effectiveness.

❖Confidence :

Projecting assurance through body language, tone, and demeanor. Maintaining a self-assured
posture and presence on stage.
Qualities of a Good Public Speaker :

Preparation

Connection with the Audience

Charisma

Adaptability

Clarity of Message

Engagment
Qualities of a Good Public Speaker:
❖Preparation :

Good public speakers invest time in thoroughly preparing their content, ensuring a well-organized
and structured presentation. This preparation builds confidence and enhances the overall delivery.

❖Connection with the Audience :

Successful public speakers establish a connection with their audience by being relatable, using
inclusive language, and acknowledging the audience's interests and concerns.

❖Charisma :

Charismatic speakers have a magnetic presence that captures the audience's attention. Charisma
can be expressed through enthusiasm, confidence, and a genuine passion for the topic
Qualities of a Good Public Speaker:
❖Adaptability :
Public speaking often involves unforeseen challenges. An adaptable speaker can handle unexpected
situations, such as technical issues or changing audience dynamics, without losing composure.
❖Clarity of Message :
Effective public speakers communicate their message clearly and concisely, ensuring that the audience
understands the key points. A clear message leaves a lasting impact on the audience.
❖Engagement :
Engaging public speakers employ various techniques to keep the audience interested, such as
storytelling, humor, or interactive elements. Audience engagement enhances the overall effectiveness of
the presentation
Writing Skills
What is writing?
❖Writing is the process of expressing thoughts, ideas, or information through the use of written
symbols, such as letters, numbers, or characters. It is a form of communication that allows individuals
to convey their thoughts, share knowledge, tell stories, or provide information in a structured and
permanent way.
❖Writing can take various forms, including essays, articles, stories, poems, reports, and more. It is a
fundamental skill that has been developed and refined throughout human history, playing a crucial
role in the transmission of culture, knowledge, and information across generations.
❖Writing can be done using various mediums, such as pen and paper, digital devices, or even through
more traditional methods like inscriptions on stone or other materials. It is a versatile tool that serves
numerous purposes, from creative expression to academic research, business communication, and
much more.
What is writing?
❖Writing is a fundamental and versatile skill that plays a crucial role in communication,
expression, and knowledge dissemination

❖Whether used for academic, professional, or personal purposes, writing serves as a powerful
means of conveying thoughts, ideas, and information in a structured and organized manner

❖Developing effective writing skills involves mastering various elements, including language
proficiency, creativity, and the ability to communicate with clarity and precision.
What is writing?
❖When we write, we use graphic symbols: that is, letters or combinations of letters which relate to
the sounds we make when we speak.

❖On one level, then, writing can be said to be the act of forming these symbols: making marks on
a flat surface of some kind.
Concepts of Writing :

Expressive
Communicati
on

Information
Transfer

Permanent
Record

Organised
Thought
Process

Artistic
Expression
Concepts of Writing:
❖ Expressive Communication :
Writing is a form of expressive communication that allows individuals to convey their thoughts,
emotions, and perspectives in a lasting and tangible medium.
❖Information Transfer :
It serves as a tool for transferring information, knowledge, and ideas from one person to another,
transcending geographical and temporal boundaries.
❖Permanent Record :
Writing provides a permanent record of thoughts and events, allowing for reflection, analysis, and
the preservation of cultural, historical, and scientific knowledge.
Key Components of Writing:
❖Organized Thought Process :

The act of writing encourages a structured thought process, requiring individuals to organize their
ideas coherently and present them in a logical sequence.

❖Artistic Expression :

Writing is also a form of artistic expression, allowing writers to craft narratives, poems, and stories
that captivate and resonate with readers on an emotional level.
Characteristics of Writing :

Clarity

Coherence and Cohesion

Grammar and Syntax Mastery

Audience Awareness

Purposeful Structure

Adaptability

Research Skills

Critical Thinking
Characteristics of Writing:
❖Clarity :

Writing with clarity involves straightforwardly presenting ideas, avoiding unnecessary complexity or
ambiguity. Clear writing ensures that readers can easily grasp the intended message without
confusion.

❖Coherence and Cohesion :

Coherence refers to the logical arrangement of ideas, while cohesion involves using linguistic
devices (transitional words, pronouns, etc.) to create smooth connections between sentences and
paragraphs. Together, they provide a seamless and understandable flow to the writing
Characteristics of Writing:
❖Grammar and Syntax Mastery :

A strong command of grammar and syntax is crucial for effective communication. Proper grammar
ensures that sentences are structurally sound, while correct syntax ensures that the arrangement
of words follows established rules, enhancing readability and comprehension.

❖Audience Awareness :

Being aware of the audience's characteristics, preferences, and expectations allows a writer to
tailor their language, tone, and content to resonate with the readers. This enhances the relevance
and impact of the writing
Characteristics of Writing:
❖Purposeful Structure :

A purposeful structure involves organizing the content in a way that serves the writer's goals. A
clear introduction sets the stage, a well-developed body provides substance, and a meaningful
conclusion leaves a lasting impression, guiding the reader through a coherent narrative or
argument.

❖Adaptability :

Writing adaptability involves adjusting the style, tone, and level of formality based on the specific
context and purpose of the writing. Whether it's a formal report, a creative piece, or an academic
essay, the ability to adapt ensures effective communication
Characteristics of Writing:
❖Research Skills :

Strong research skills are essential, especially in academic or informational writing. This involves
the ability to gather relevant and reliable information, critically evaluate sources, and integrate
findings seamlessly into the writing.

❖Critical Thinking :

Writing often requires critical thinking skills to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and
present a well-supported perspective. This involves the ability to think deeply, question
assumptions, and construct a compelling and persuasive narrative or argument