Purposive Communication Module - 0

Welcome to this course!
This course deals with Purposive Communication
Course overview: This course will equip you with knowledge and skills
needed to be able to:
1. demonstrate the role of language in human communication.
2. apply different communication modes appropriately depending on the
context of the communication.
3. decipher the impact of globalization on communication.
4. write essay, letters, and other communication channels to build
connections on society.
5. evaluate a proposal, a genre used across professions.
LET’S BEGIN!
UNIT 1: Language and Communication

Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of the unit, you are expected to:
1. connect experience through language with input;
2. differentiate types of communication in relation to
communication mode, context and purpose and style; and,
3. discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different
communication types in various communication settings.
Introduction
Whales sing, wolves howl, dogs bark and birds chirp. The sounds that
they create reflect the state of their emotions. While it may be true that
animals communicate, only human beings are truly capable of producing
language.
This unit will focus on the purpose of language and types of
communications according to mode, context, and purpose and style.
Please proceed immediately to the “Unlocking of Difficulties” part since
the first lesson is also definition of essential terms.
Unlocking of Difficulties
To attend the following intended learning outcomes for the first

lesson of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that
you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are
expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources that
are available in the library in the internet.
Definition of Terms
● Speech - communication or expression of thoughts in spoken words
● Expression - the act of saying what you think or showing how you feel
using words or actions e.g. smiling and replying to text
● Linguistics - scientific study of language. It involves the analysis of
language form, language meaning, and language in context
● Linguist – one who specialized linguistics ; a person who is skilled in
several languages
o Sociolinguistics - the study of the sociological aspects of language.
o Linguistic anthropology - branch of anthropology that studies the
role of language in the social lives of individuals and communities.
Lecture Notes
1. Nature of Language
Language is a structured system of communication. Language, in a

broader sense, is the method of communication that involves the
use of – particularly human
The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Linguists agree
that a language can only be called language if it has a system of
rules (grammar), a sound system (phonology) and a vocabulary
(Lexicon).
https://cdn.nohat.cc/thumb/f/720/bcc20f6e63f24295a844.jpg
Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as

whether words can represent experience, have been debated at
least since Gorgias and Plato in ancient Greece. Thinkers such as
Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions
while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational
and logical thought. Twentieth century philosophers such as
Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of
language.
Richard Nordquist of thoughtco.com emphasized that speech
community is a term in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology
used to describe a group of people who share the same language,
speech characteristics, and ways of interpreting communication.
Speech communities may be large regions like an urban area with
a common, distinct accent
https://pics.me.me/tagalog-vs-bisaya-words-jutsul-asso-dog-asso-smoke-22839003.png
Linguists distinguish between language acquisition and language

learning.
Language Acquisition. Children acquire language through a
subconscious process during which they are unaware of
grammatical rules. This happens especially when they acquire
their first language. It is like understanding a game by doing, i.e.
not by first reading the rules. The language acquired by while child
is growing up is known as mother tongue

Child acquiring language
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/89/3f/a1/893fa172da1cb722a4ffe397e1edea4d.jpg
They repeat what is said to them and get a feel for what is and
what is not correct. In order to acquire a language, they need a
source of natural communication, which is usually the mother, the
father, or the caregiver.
Language learning, on the other hand, is the result of direct
instruction in the rules of language. Language learning is not an
age-appropriate activity for young children as learning
presupposes that learners have a conscious knowledge of the new
language and can talk about that knowledge. The language
learned is known to be the second language.
https://images.theconversation.com/files/90162/original/image-20150729-30862-glj1ht.jpg?ixlib=rb
1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=926&fit=clip
2. Types of Communication
According to mode: Verbal-Non-Verbal Communication, and

Visual.
o Spoken or Verbal Communication, which includes face-to-
face, telephone, radio or television and other media.
o Non-Verbal Communication, covering body language,
gestures, how we dress or act, where we stand, and even
our scent. There are many subtle ways that we
communicate (perhaps even unintentionally) with others.
For example, the tone of voice can give clues to mood or
emotional state, whilst hand signals or gestures can add to a
spoken message.
o Written Communication or Visual: which includes letters, e-
mails, social media, books, magazines, the Internet and
other media. Until recent times, a relatively small number
of writers and publishers were very powerful when it came
to communicating the written word. Today, we can all write
and publish our ideas online, which has led to an explosion
of information and communication possibilities.
According to Context: Intrapersonal, Intrapersonal, Extended,
Organizational, and Intercultural

o Intrapersonal communication is a communicator's internal
use of language or thought. Internal vocalization, or talking
to ourselves, can help us achieve or maintain social
adjustment. For example, a person
may use self-talk to calm himself
down in a stressful situation, or a
shy person may remind herself to
smile during a social event.
https://www.kindpng.com/picc/m/37-
374803_transparent-two-people-talking-clipart-
talk-to-yourself.png
o Interpersonal communication is the process by which
people exchange information, feelings, and meaning
through verbal and non-verbal messages: it is face-to- face
communication.
o Organizational communication is a broad field that
encompasses all forms of communication that allow
organizations such as companies, government agencies, and
non-profits to function, grow, connect with stakeholders,
and contribute to society.
o Intercultural communication is the verbal and nonverbal
interaction between people from different cultural
backgrounds. In other words, it's the process of
communicating with people from another culture.
Intercultural communication is about much more than just
language, since so much of communication is nonverbal.
o Extended Communication Involves the use of electronic
media. Includes telephone audio, or phone conferencing;
Video-conferencing; Skype calls; other technological means.
Video Conferencing
https://static.helpjuice.com/helpjuice_production/uploads/upload/image/4752/direct/1586534415247-1586351118228-
Zoom%20Alternatives.png
According to purpose and style: Formal and Informal
o Formal communication uses the formal

communication channels of an organization. Formal
communication can flow both vertically and horizontally.
Example of formal communication can be divided into two.
It can be written (letters, memo, etc.) and verbal (meeting,
seminar, etc.)
o Informal communication, on the other hand, involves
unsanctioned informal communications between
organizational members and can flow in any direction
https://diffzi.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/10/formal-communication-
vs-informal-communication-1024x512.jpg
3. Communication Models
Communication models are systematic representations of the

process which helps in understanding how communication works
can be done. Models show the process metaphorically and in
symbols. They form general perspectives on communication by
breaking communication from complex to simple and keeps the
components in order.
There are so many conceptual models for human communication
but in this lesson, you will be exposed to only four: (1) Aristotle’s
model; (2) Laswell’s model; (3) Shannon-Weaver’s model; and (4)
David Berlo’s model of communication.
Aristotle’s Communication Model
While exploring the human nature scientifically, Aristotle

developed a linear model of communication for oral
communication known as Aristotle’s Model of Communication.
This is considered as the first model of communication and was
proposed before 300 B.C. It is also the most widely accepted
among all communication models.
https://businesstopia.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Untitled_0.png
Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be

broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech,
Occasion, Audience and Effect.
The Aristotle’s communication model is a speaker centered model
as the speaker has the most important role in it and is the only
one active. It is the speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the
audience. The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the
speech. This makes the communication process one way, from
speaker to receiver.
The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to
the target audience and situation (occasion). The speech must be
prepared so that the audience be persuaded or influenced from
the speech.
He believed “Rhetoric” is the study of communication and
persuasion and different message or speech should be made for
different audiences at different situations to get desired effects or
to establish a propaganda. This model was highly used to develop
public speaking skills and create a propaganda at that time so, it is
less focused on intrapersonal or interpersonal communication.
Even if the model is speaker oriented and focuses on audience
interaction in communication, there is no concept of feedbacks.
For instance, a politician (speaker) gives a speech to get votes
from the civilians (audience) at the time of election (occasion).
The civilians only vote if they are influenced by the things the
politician says in his speech so the content must be very
impressive to influence the mass and the speaker must design the
message very carefully.
The speech must be clear as well as the speaker must have an
exceptionally good non-verbal communication with the audience
like eye contact. This example is a classic case of Aristotle Model of
Communication depicting all the elements in the model.
Laswell’s Communication Model
Lasswell’s communication model has 5 components which is

used as an analysis tool for evaluating the communication process
and components. The components are the questions to be asked
to get the answers and keep communication going.
https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/lasswell-communication-model
The components of Laswell’s Communication Model: Who
(sender) the communicator or sender or source of message; Says
What (message) the content of the message; Channel (Medium)
the medium or media; To Whom (receiver) the receiver of the
message or an audience; With what effect (feedback) the
feedback of the receiver to the sender.
Laswell’s differs from Aristotle’s with one variable: the medium
component.
Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model
Shannon Weaver model of communication was created in 1948
when Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an article “A Mathematical
Theory of Communication” in Bell System Technical Journal with
Warren Weaver. Shannon was an American mathematician
whereas Weaver was a scientist. The Mathematical theory later
came to be known as Shannon Weaver model of communication
or “mother of all models.” This model is more technological than
other linear models.
https://businesstopia.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/shannon.jpg
Concepts in Shannon Weaver Model

Sender (Information source) is the person who makes the
message, chooses the channel and sends the message. Encoder
(Transmitter) is the sender who uses machine, which converts
message into signals or binary data. It might also directly refer to
the machine. Channel –Channel is the medium used to send
message. Decoder (Receiver) is the machine used to convert
signals or binary data into message or the receiver who translates
the message from signals. Receiver (Destination) is the person
who gets the message or the place where the message must
reach. The
receiver provides feedback according to the message. Noise the
physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does
not let the message get to the receiver as what is sent.
Example of Shannon Weaver Model

A businessman sends a message via phone text to his worker
about a meeting happening about their brand promotion. The
worker does not receive the full message because of noise. It goes
like this:
o Businessman: We have a meeting at the office (“at 8 am”
goes missing due to phone network disruption or noise)
o Worker (feedback) : At what time?
o Sender: Businessman Encoder: Telephone network
company Channel: Mobile network Noise: Missing text due
to disruption Decoder: Mobile phone Receiver: Worker
o The transmission error is the noise in this case. The
feedback lets the businessman know that the message
reached incomplete. The receiver gets the chance to get the
full message only after his feedback.
Berlo’s Communication Model
In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s Sender-Message-
Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model of communication from Shannon
Weaver’s Model of Communication (1949). He described factors
affecting the individual components in the communication making
the communication more efficient. The model also focuses on
encoding and decoding which happens before sender sends the
message and before receiver receives the message, respectively.
https://www.communicationtheory.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/berlos-smcr-model-of-
communication-picture.jpg
Berlo’s Model has mainly, four components to describe the
communication process. They are sender, message, channel and
receiver. Each of the component is affected by many factors.
Components of Berlo’s Model of Communication
o Sender (S) is the source of the message or the person who

originates the message. The person or source sends the
message to the receiver. The following are the factor related
to sender and is also the same in the case of receiver.
1. Communication skills of a person is a factor that affects
the communication process. If the sender has good
communication skills, the message will be communicated
better than if the sender’s communication skills are not
good. Similarly, if the receiver cannot grasp the message,
then the communication will not be effective.
Communication skills include the skills to speak, present,
read, write, listening, etc.
2. The attitude of the sender and the receiver creates the
effect of the message. The person’s attitude towards self,
the receiver and the environment change the meaning and
effect of the message.
3. Knowledge. Familiarity with the subject of the message
makes the communicated message have its effect more.
Knowledge on the subject matter makes the communicator
send the message effectively.
4. Social Systems. Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion, and
many other social factors affect the sender’s way of
communicating the message. It creates difference in the
generation of message. Place and situation also fall under
social systems.
5. Culture. Cultural differences make messages different. A
person from one culture might find something offensive
which is very much accepted in another culture.
o Message (M) is the substance that is being sent by the

sender to the receiver. It might be in the form of voice,
audio, text, video, or other media. The key factors affecting
the message are:
1. Content is the thing that is in the message. The whole
message from beginning to end is the content.
2. Elements are the non-verbal things that tag along with the
content like gestures, signs, language, etc.
3. Treatment is the way in which the message is conveyed to
the receiver. Treatment also effects the feedback of the
receiver.
4. The structure of the message or the way it has been
structured or arranged, affects the effectiveness of the
message.
5. Code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be
in the form of language, text, video, etc.
o Channel (C) is the medium used to send the message. In

mass communication and other forms of communication,
technical machines might be used as a channel like
telephone, internet, etc. But in general communication, the
five senses of a human being is the channel for the
communication flow and it affects the effectiveness of the
channel.
o Receiver (R) is the person who gets the message sent in the
process. This model believes that the thinking pattern and
all other factors mentioned above must be in sync to that of
the sender for the communication to be effective. The
message might not have the same effect as intended if the
receiver and sender are not similar. The receiver must also
have a particularly good listening skill. Other factors are like
that of the sender: Communication skills; Attitudes;
Knowledge; Social Systems; Culture.
4. General Principles of Effective Communication, and Ethics of

Communication
General Principles of Effective Communication
For both oral and written communication, you should be able

to apply the following principles:
1. Know your purpose in communicating. Are you
communicating basically to inform, to entertain, or to
persuade? While you may have more than one purpose, there
is still a more dominant objective or reason why you
communicate.
2. Know your audience. In both speaking and writing, you should
know your audience as it will dictate the speaking or writing
style you are going to employ. Consider the age, educational
background, profession, culture, and other salient features of
your listeners or readers.
3. Know your topic. You communicate essentially because you
want to share something. In speaking situations, speakers are
invited because they have something to share. This also
applies to writing. You write because you wish that other
people learn something from you. You may then utilize several
or multiple communication techniques to easily catch the
attention of the audience
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation.
The environment in which your speech or writing is to be
delivered determines the kind of language you will use.
5. Work on the feedback given you. Once you receive comments
from the listeners/readers, work on them. Take kindly to
criticisms. In the long run, constructive criticisms will prove
beneficial to you as you learn to address them.
Ethics of Communication
Be guided by the following to achieve ethical communication:

1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for
the development of your integrity as a person. One's
behaviour and decision-making style affect, in turn, the
operations of an organization.
2. Provide complete and accurate information. Whether it is
needed or not, the data you provide should always be
contextualized and correct.
3. Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately.
Never conceal or hide information that are necessary for
purposes of transparency.
Focus Questions
Instructions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in
Microsoft Word and save it as document. Submit your answer on Google
Classroom during the class discussion and class intended time.
1. What is difference between language and communication?
2. What is the difference between language acquisition and
language learning?
3. How do you differentiate the types of communication on
relation to communication mode?
4. Why do you think Communication Models were introduced?
Please be guided of the rubrics. Points for your answers will be based on
rubrics below:
Points Criteria
5 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have NO grammatical error.
Submit on established deadline.
Answers have 1 to 5 grammatical error.
Answers have 6 or more grammatical error.
Submit 1-20 minutes after established deadline.
Related Readings
● Internet Link: Learn more about Language and Communication, and

Types of Communication by visiting these site:
https://www.slideshare.net/rhinautan/types-of-communication-
129035360
● Learn more about Ethical Communication by watching this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5nFsqFJnxY
● Book : You can learn more about Nature of language, Types of
Communication, Communication Process, and Principles & Ethics of
Communication by reading Madrunio M. & Martin, I., 2018,
Purposive Communication Using English in Multilingual Contexts,
page 1 to page 40, C&E Publishing
Learning Assessment
Activity 1. Do as indicated
A. Write your Language Biography that answer the following question:
1. How many languages do you speak? Identify them.
2. What is your mother tongue?
3. What is your second language and how do you learn that?
4. What skills can you perform with your second language/s?
5. What are your strengths and weaknesses in your language?
6. Which language is your favourite? Why?
B. Write your answer in Microsoft Word and save it as document.
C. You will submit your answer on Google Classroom during the class
discussion and class intended time.
D. Your activity will be graded by the rubric below.
50 Answered the questions with 500 or more than 500 words.
Details on the essay capture the important information about
points
the topic and with no grammatical error.
Submit on agreed deadline
40 Answered the questions with 499 – 400 words. Details on the
essay capture the some important information about the topic
points
and with 1 to 5 grammatical error.
30 Answered the questions with less than 399 words. Details on the
points essay did not capture the important information about the topic
and with more than 6 grammatical error.
Submit 1-20 minutes later from agreed deadline
UNIT 2: Modes of Communication

1. distinguish the difference between and among
the communication modes;
2. classify the positive and negative dimensions of the use of
technology in communication; and,
3. demonstrate the use of social media in communication.
Introduction
Have you ever wondered how our grandparents communicate before?
How do you think has the communication mode developed over time? In
previous lesson, you learned the different communication type. Our topic
intersects with the communication mode which is the focus of this unit.
Hence, it is important for you to know how communication types and
modes complement each other to achieve a good form of communication.
This unit will focus on the forms of communication and the social media
as tool on communication.
are available in the library in the internet
Definition of Terms
● Channel – the medium, mean, manner or method through which a
message is sent to its intended receiver.
● Conversation - is interactive communication between two or more
people
● Communicative intent - is the individual’s interest in communicating
with others and is a foundation of developing communication in any
form.
● Mode - is a term used to describe the way something is done or
experienced
● Video Communication - a visual communication session between
two or more users regardless of their location, featuring audio and
video content transmission
Lecture Notes
1. Communication Modes
● Madrunio & Martin (2018) explicate that communication mode is
the medium or channel through which communicative intent is
expressed. Views or feelings can be communicated through face-
to-face interaction, video and/or audio. The mode may also be
text-based.
● Face-to-face interaction is the distinction of being able to see the
other party or parties in a conversation. It allows for a better
exchange of information since both speaker and listener can see
and interpret body language and facial expressions.
Interview as an Example of Face-to-Face Interaction

https://specials-images.forbesimg.com/imageserve/5e33ab078b6cf300071d7cd7/960x0.jpg?fit=scale
● Communicating face-to-face sends a message before you say a

word. People will not only hear what you are saying, they will
perceive the greater meaning of your tone, voice inflection,
emotion and body language. Taking the time to meet and chat
with people is an important way to emphasis key messages as well
as reiterate and expand upon ideas expressed in other channels.
● Another mode of communication is video. Video conferencing is a
visual communication session between two or more users
regardless of their location, featuring audio and video content
transmission in real time.
Business Meeting can be done through Video Communication

https://img.eztalks.com/video-conference/eztalks-video-conferencing02.jpg
● There are a lot of benefits in using video conferencing. Some of
those benefits are:
1. Save your time. You can run video meetings with remote
colleagues on the run right from your desktop or meeting
room. With video meeting solution you don’t waste your
time and money on business vacations, cut event
management costs, etc.
2. Collaboration tools. For efficient workflow video
conferencing system often features different collaboration
tools, such as content and screen sharing, slideshow, instant
messaging. Collaboration tools allow multiple users to work
on a joint project, share their results and brainstorm ideas.
3. Real-life impressions. As compared to phone talks, video
conferencing is much closer to real life as it features visual
contact. During a video meeting you can see user’s
emotions and articulation and establish eye contact, which
is crucial for social communication and especially business
interactions. Additionally, video conferencing systems do
not allow users to distract, making it easier to focus on the
communications as during a real.
● The third mode of communication is audio. Audio communication
is any form of transmission that is based on hearing. Audio
communicative forms are found in such platforms as audio books,
television, movie soundtracks and music records.
Podcast as example of audio communication
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/9dXKGJ7jLsk/maxresdefault.jpg
● The audible part of communication is based on signals that reach

a single person or groups of people. For instance, music is an
auditory medium that incorporates instruments and vocals in an
organized and continuous manner for the listener. Audio
transmissions can also be found in commercials.
● Human hearing is necessary to receive audio transmissions that
come from a person or media format. Audible communication
typically comes from the mouth in the form of spoken language.
● Audio communication is intriguing and engaging to the listener
relative to yet another video or article. Unlike text nuances such as
timing, accent, sarcasm, levity and surroundings can be picked up.
● The fourth and last mode is text-based communication. Example
of text-based communication are e-mails, text messages, and
instant messaging. Text-based communication does not provide
video and audio benefits, it has a wider reach and disseminate
information to a bigger audience quickly.
2. Communication and Technology

Communication in Social Media among Filipino.
The Philippines is an archipelago consisting of over 7,100 islands. It

is home to several ethnic groups speaking about 183 different
dialects. With this cultural and geographic divide, the country is
known for its diversity. Nevertheless, certain traits do run from
one end of the nation to the other, and everyone seems to be
connected through the power of social media. Social interactions
are a basic part of daily life in the Philippines. That is why it comes
as no surprise that Filipinos are quick to take to social media.
Ian Estares (2019) of d8apiring.com listed these reasons why
Filipinos’ social media communication is huge:
1. Filipino is Social. Social interactions are a basic part of daily
life in the Philippines, even extending to strangers as
Filipino
hospitality is legendary. That is why it comes as no surprise
that Filipinos are quick to take to social media.
2. Social Media is Form of Connectivity. Filipino care a great
deal when it comes to connecting with others. Engaging in
social networking sites is the number one activity among
internet users as its user-generated content allows for real-
time updates from people from all over the country (and
beyond!).
3. With roughly 76 million active social media users spending
an average of four hours and 12 minutes per day logged in,
the Philippines had been dubbed the “social networking
capital of the world” based on a study released by
Hootsuite and United Kingdom-based consultancy We Are
Social.
http://www.asianews.
eu/content/how-
much-time-do-asians-
spend-social-media-
93298
Disadvantages of Technology on Communication

Laurel Storm (2018) states that the impact of technological
improvements on communication, in particular, has been
extensive and largely positive, helping people keep in touch with
each other more effectively and efficiently. However, you need
only look at the nearest gaggle of teenagers glued to their cell
phones to realize that there are also plenty of downsides from
technology's impact on communication.
The Lost Art of Conversation. Technology such as text messages
and email allows us to communicate in short, carefully-edited
sentences that lack immediacy and completely remove the
contextual information provided by tone of voice and body
language. As a result, people who connect with others primarily
through technology might find it difficult to engage in normal
conversation, since they may have issues understanding non-
verbal cues due to lack of practice with face-to-face interaction
that can't be paused, edited or filtered.
Lost the art and happiness of face-to-face communication
https://leaderonomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/art.jpg
● Deteriorating Language. Books, dictionaries and treatises have

been written on the vocabulary and peculiarities of online and
text messaging slang. This slang can prove extremely confusing
for people who are not native English speakers, making it harder
to discern the meaning of a sentence; people who regularly text
or chat online may end up using it, out of sheer habit, even in
situations where it is inappropriate or out of place, such as in
business messages or school essays.
● Enabling Rudeness. Because communicating through technology
creates a barrier between people that isn't there when speaking
face to face, some may find it easier to be rude and aggressive.
Insulting or threatening messages from anonymous commenters
are par for the course for anybody who regularly publishes online
content, and even lack of anonymity does not alleviate the issue -
- Facebook arguments and the like are also relatively common.
Sherry Turkle, professor of the social studies of science and
technology at MIT, suggests that this happens because technology
keeps us from having to see the reaction of the person on the
receiving end of the message, making it harder to empathize with
him.
An Illustration of Social Media Rudeness
https://www.northeastohioparent.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/middle-school-girls.png
Constant Disruption. Technology allows us to always be reachable

if we want to be, no matter where we are or what we're doing.
Although this can be beneficial, it may also lead to a vicious cycle
of stress and anxiety in which people feel pressured to
immediately check and answer any incoming messages, emails or
phone calls regardless of whether it is appropriate, for fear of
being seen as inadequate or inattentive. In turn, this can
potentially cause the breakdown of the very same relationships
the person is trying to maintain.
Focus Questions
Microsoft Word and save it as document. Submit your answer on Google
1. What are the different types of communication mode and how
do they differ from each other?
2. What are disadvantages of technology on communication and
what conclusions can you draw from these advantages?
3. Study claims that Philippine is number one in using social
media. What do you are the reasons?
rubrics below.
Points Criteria
Related Readings
● Internet Link: Learn more about Social Media Connections in The
Philippines by visiting these site:
https://www.d8aspring.com/eye-on-asia/4-more-reasons-why-
social-media-in-the-philippines-is-huge
● Gain more insight about How technology affects Communication by
watching this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3mNn0btW6s
● Book : You can learn more about Forms of Communication, and
Communication & Technology by reading Madrunio M. & Martin, I.,
2018, Purposive Communication Using English in Multilingual
Contexts, page 63 to page 81, C&E Publishing
Learning Assessment
Activity 2. Do as indicated
A. Watch video from YouTube titled “A Video Conference Call in real life”
by Tripp and Tyler. And answer the following questions
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMOOG7rWTPg
B. Write your answer in Microsoft Word and save it as document
discussion and class intended time
D. Your activity will be graded by the rubric below.
50 Details on the answers capture the important information
about the topic and with no grammatical error.
points
40 Details on the answers capture the some important information
about the topic and with 1 to 5 grammatical error.
points
30 Details on the answers did not capture the important
information about the topic and with more than 6 grammatical
points
error.
Submit 1-20 minutes later from agreed deadline
Questions:
1. What was the topic of video presentation?
2. Who were participants? Where were they from?
3. How was the flow of the video conference?
4. Were there some technical glitches encountered? Were they
resolved immediately?
5. After viewing sample video conference, what do you think are some
of the constraints of this communication mode?
UNIT 3.A: Intercultural Communication –

Communication and Globalization

1. explain how globalization phenomenon exists;
2. distinguish the effects of globalization; and,
3. demonstrate impact of globalization on communication;
Introduction
As technology advances, the world is both getting larger and smaller. We
can communicate in just one tap. Communicating with other counties and
discovering their culture is so easy nowadays. But have you ask yourself
how technology can impact globalization and how globalization affects
communication in this modern times.
This unit will focus on the communication and globalization,
communication in multicultural settings, varieties and registers of English,
texts in different cultures.
Definition of Terms
● Globalization – is the word used to describe the growing
interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and
populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and
services, technology, and flows of investment, people,
and information.
● Interculture – the practice of simultaneously growing two or more
crops on the same plot (as in alternate rows)
● Cultural Texts – objects, actions, and behaviors that reveal cultural
meanings.
Lecture Notes
Communication and Globalization
● What is Globalization? And how globalization works? By Alex Gray

(World Economic Forum, 2017)
In simple terms, globalization is the process by which people
and goods move easily across borders.
http://media2.intoday.in/btmt/images/stories/globalisation_660_121514030158.jpg
Principally, it's an economic concept – the integration of

markets, trade and investments with few barriers to slow the flow
of products and services between nations. There is also a cultural
element, as ideas and traditions are traded and assimilated.
Globalization has brought many benefits to many people. But not
to everyone.
● How did globalization happen? By Alex Gray (World Economic

Forum, 2017)
We might think of globalization as a relatively new
phenomenon, but it has been around for centuries.
https://campuspress.yale.edu/tribune/files/2017/08/n-SILK-ROAD-MAP-628x314-u3yuxo.jpg
One example is the Silk Road, when trade spread rapidly

between China and Europe via an overland route. Merchants
carried goods for trade back and forth, trading silk as well as gems
and spices and, of course, coffee. (In fact, the habit of drinking
coffee in a social setting originates from a Turkish custom, an
example of how globalization can spread culture across borders.)
● The impact of globalization on communication & education by
Blake Baxter (2018). While globalization, or communication
between nations beyond their borders, is an old concept, with the
onset of new technology globalization is impacting the ways we
communicate and learn in fascinating ways.
● We are expanding our understanding of fellowship and as we
become more connected, we are deepening our educational
experiences. The rise in the use of the internet in particular has
been incredibly instrumental in improving the ways in which we
connect with one another.
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● Take two children taking an online math course together: a child

from Texas and a child from Japan for example. These two
students are able to share not only the content of the math class
but their cultural perspectives as well. This additional component
is no small
detail. That kind of exchange opens your sense of what parts of
the world are accessible to you, which in turn lays the foundation
for an evolved worldview.
● Another wonderful benefit of globalization is that the world
becomes more accessible and equitable in general. Search
engines, Ebooks, online courses and other virtual education give
more people the ability to learn about subjects that used to
require a certain level of income or social positioning. Information
isn’t as restricted and it allows us the opportunity not only to
receive information but to enter into academic spaces and
contribute. Globalization creates a space for ideas to transcend
borders and social strata.
● One disadvantages of globalization is it would cause people to lose

their unique identity and create communication barrier. Exposing
people to different cultures does create an element of diversity
that all of us can celebrate.
● The reason why we have that diversity in the first place is because
we set boundaries for ourselves, and then we choose to stick to
them. When there are no borders in place, then a person’s
identity mixes with their culture and ethnicity to create something
that is rather generic. If we pursue globalization, then what we are
really doing is eliminating the differences which make us stronger
in the first place. What is bad about it?
● What bad about globalization by Alex Gray

While some areas have flourished, others have floundered as
jobs and commerce move elsewhere. Steel companies in the UK,
for example, once thrived, providing work for hundreds of
thousands of people. But when China began producing cheaper
steel, steel plants in the UK closed and thousands of jobs were
lost.
● Every step forward in technology brings with it new dangers.
Computers have vastly improved our lives, but cyber criminals
steal millions of pounds a year. Global wealth has skyrocketed, but
so has global warming.
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gNakzeosyYBO_NgwHaFX?w=222&h=
180&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7
● While many have been lifted out of poverty, not everybody has
benefited. Many argue that globalization operates mostly in the
interests of the richest countries, with most of the world's
collective profits flowing back to them and into the pockets of
those who already own the most.
● Although globalization is helping to create more wealth in
developing countries, it is not helping to close the gap between
the world's poorest and richest nations. Leading charity Oxfam
says that when corporations such as Starbucks can legally avoid
paying tax, the global inequality crisis worsens.
● Basically, done wisely (in the words of the International Monetary

Fund) globalization could lead to "unparalleled peace and
prosperity". Done poorly, "to disaster".
Focus Questions
Microsoft Word and save it as pdf file. Submit your answer on Google
1. In what specific ways does globalization affect communication?
2. What are the things that people do now which could not be done
before globalization?
3. Are the effects of globalization on communication positive or
negative? Support your answer with concrete examples.
rubrics below.
Points Criteria
5 Answers are right and well-explained
Related Readings
● Internet Link: Learn more about Globalization and Communication
by visiting these site:
https://bizfluent.com/info-8232542-effects-globalization-global-
communication.html
● Learn more about Intercultural communication by watching this
video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkBXaKfxl7Y
● Book : You can learn more about Intercultural Communication and
Globalization by reading Madrunio M. & Martin, I., 2018, Purposive
Communication Using English in Multilingual Contexts, page 89 to
page 96, C&E Publishing
Learning Assessment
Activity 3
A. Read the following statements carefully. Decide if each statement is
true or false. Write T on the blank if the statement is true, and F if the
statement is false. If the statement is false, rewrite or revise it to
make it true. Use the space provided after each statement.
● (Point system: 5 items x 3 points each = 15 points)
B. Write your answer in Microsoft Word and save it as pdf file. You will
submit your answer on Google Classroom during the class discussion
and class intended time.
Questions:
1. Globalization began after the Internet was invented.
2. All globalization processes are economic in nature.
3. Because of globalization, modes and forms of communication
changed.
4. One effect of globalization is deepening poverty.
5. One effect of globalization is the rising cost of information
technologies.
UNIT 3.B: Intercultural Communication & Varieties and
Registers of English

1. demonstrate how cultural diversity affects communication;
2. distinguish the lexicon of some Asian varieties of English; and,
3. use the appropriate register depending.
Introduction
This situation – the diversity of people and cultures – impacts
communication. People interacting with those coming from unfamiliar
cultures may have difficulties in communication. Most people tend to
conclude that miscommunication results from a speaker’s lack of
proficiency in language.
This unit will focus on the communication in multicultural settings,
varieties and registers of English, texts in different cultures.
Definition of Terms
Cultural Biases - is the phenomenon of interpreting and judging
phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture.
Cultural Overtone - a subtle or subsidiary quality, implication, or
connotation.
World Englishes – varieties of English in class.
Lecture
1. Intercultural Communication
● Intercultural communication is the study and practice of
communication across cultural contexts. It applies equally to
domestic cultural differences such as ethnicity and gender and to
international differences such as those associated with
nationality or world region.
● Intercultural communication is an approach to relations among
members of these groups that focuses on the recognition and
respect of cultural differences, seeks the goal of mutual
adaptation leading to biculturalism rather than simple
assimilation, and supports the development of intercultural
sensitivity on the part of individuals and organizations to enable
empathic understanding and competent coordination of action
across cultural differences.
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● A desire for intercultural communication starts from the point of

view that communication is better if it is constructive and does
not suffer from misunderstandings and breakdowns.
● Intercultural communication requires both knowledge and skills.
It also requires understanding and empathy. Effective intercultural
communication is a vital skill for anyone working across countries
or continents, including those working for multinational
companies either in their home country or abroad (expatriates).
● It is also crucial for anyone working with people from other
cultures to avoid misunderstandings and even offence. Those
studying languages often encounter issues of intercultural
communication.
● Advantages of Intercultural Communication

o Different Perspective: A common advantage of a
multicultural workforce is a broader range of perspectives
on issues or challenges. People from different backgrounds
bring their own unique cultural experiences to the
situations they face in their companies.
o Broader Coverage: Employees with intercultural
backgrounds can also provide the company broader
coverage in a global marketplace. The ability to accurately
speak and write the language, overcome cultural barriers
and communication filters, and know what customers want.
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o Teamwork. Intercultural communication fosters teamwork

in an organization. It helps staff to understand each other’s
cultural differences, and to communicate effectively without
misunderstanding. With successful intercultural
communication, employees understand the influence of
culture on peoples' behavior and communication
tendencies. This enhances teamwork, as colleagues respect
one another’s cultural background, unique talents, and
capabilities, which is key to the smooth running of business.
Since employees are aware of their colleagues’ cultural
influences, intercultural communication eliminates
stereotyping -- a danger to effective communication and
teamwork.
o Global Business Edge. Successful intercultural
communication gives an organization a global business
edge. Training employees in intercultural communication
gives an organization successful negotiation skill in the
global market of diverse cultures. A company venturing its
business in Africa will have a receptive welcome if it
understands important cultural factors crucial to business
transactions. Some cultural traits important to transacting
business in Africa are time, religion, handshakes,
communication tactics and respect towards seniors. A
company that understands the importance of cross-cultural
communication has advantages in launching its business
globally over a company that has not invested in it.
o Effective Leadership. Intercultural communication also
fosters effective leadership in an organization. Modern
organizations are composed of diverse people, and
managers are expected to lead their teams by creating
understanding of the company’s policies while
accommodating the diverse views of his team. A company
that equips its leadership team in intercultural training
enables them to motivate their teams, regardless of their
cultural background. Intercultural training builds effective
communication, which is a step toward effective leadership.
● Challenges of Intercultural Communication
o Risk of Discrimination: An intercultural workplace presents
more potential for discrimination. It is natural that if you put
people together with different traits, employees could turn
against each other. That is why companies need to provide
cultural awareness and sensitivity training to help create a
company’s culture of tolerance.
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o Internal Communication: Companies with a multicultural

workforce have more obstacles to overcome. Though global
communication is usually a benefit, internal communication
is typically more challenging when you have language and
cultural barriers.
● Communicating Across Cultures by Carol Kinsey Goman (2019)

o If communicating person to person can be so difficult, then
it is a safe bet that communicating across cultures is even
more challenging. Each culture has set rules that its
members take for granted. Few of us are aware of our own
cultural biases because cultural imprinting is begun at a very
early age. And while some of a culture's knowledge, rules,
beliefs, values, phobias, and anxieties are taught explicitly,
most of the information is absorbed subconsciously.
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o The challenge for multinational communication has never

been greater. Worldwide business organizations have
discovered that intercultural communication is a subject of
importance—not just because of increased globalization,
but
also because their domestic workforce is growing more and
more diverse, ethnically, and culturally.
o We are all individuals, and no two people belonging to the
same culture are guaranteed to respond in the same way.
However, generalizations are valid to the extent that they
provide clues on what you will most likely encounter when
dealing with members of a particular culture.
● High-context vs. Low-context

All international communication is influenced by cultural
differences. Even the choice of communication medium can have
cultural overtones. For example, advanced industrialized nations
rely heavily on electronic technology and emphasize written
messages over oral or face-to-face communication. Certainly the
United States, Canada, and Germany exemplify this trend. But
the Japanese, who have access to the latest technologies, still
rely more on face-to-face communications than on written
messages. The determining factor may not be the degree of
industrialization, but rather whether the country falls into a high-
context or low-context culture.
o In some cultures, personal bonds and informal agreements
are far more binding than any formal contract. In others, the
meticulous wording of legal documents is viewed as
paramount. High-context cultures (Mediterranean, Slav,
Central European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian,
American-Indian) leave much of the message unspecified, to
be understood through context, nonverbal cues, and
between-the-lines interpretation of what is actually said. By
contrast, low-context cultures (most Germanic and English-
speaking countries) expect messages to be explicit and
specific. The former is looking for meaning and
understanding in what is not said—in body language, in
silences and pauses, and in relationships and empathy. The
latter place emphasis on sending and receiving accurate
messages directly, and by being precise with spoken or
written words.
o The business challenge for someone from a low-context
culture is to realize the importance of building and
maintaining personal relationships when dealing with high-
context cultures.
● Sequential vs. Synchronic

Some cultures think of time sequentially, as a linear commodity
to "spend," "save," or "waste." Other cultures view time
synchronically, as a constant flow to be experienced in the
moment, and as a force that cannot be contained or controlled.
o Whether time is perceived as a commodity, or a constant
determines the meaning and value of being "on time." Think
of the misunderstandings that can occur when one culture
views arriving late for a meeting as bad planning or a sign of
disrespect, while another culture views an insistence on
timeliness as childish impatience.
o In sequential cultures (like North American, English,
German, Swedish, and Dutch), businesspeople give full
attention to one agenda item after another. In many other
parts of the world, professionals regularly do several things
at the same time. I once cashed a check at a Panamanian
bank where the teller was counting my money, talking to a
customer on the phone, and admiring the baby in the arms
of the woman behind me. To her, it was all business as
usual.
o In synchronic cultures (including South America, southern
Europe and Asia) the flow of time is viewed as a sort of
circle, with the past, present, and future all interrelated.
This viewpoint influences how organizations in those
cultures approach deadlines, strategic thinking,
investments, developing talent from within, and the
concept of "long- term" planning.
o Orientation to the past, present, and future is another
aspect of time in which cultures differ. Americans believe
that the individual can influence the future by personal
effort, but since there are too many variables in the distant
future, we favor a short-term view. This gives us an
international reputation of "going for the quick buck" and
being interested only in the next quarterly return. Even our
relationships seem to be based on a "what have you done
for me lately?" pragmatism.
● Affective vs. Neutral

With much angry gesturing, an Italian manager referred to
the idea of his Dutch counterpart as "crazy." The Dutch manager
replied. "What do you mean, crazy? I've considered all the
factors, and I think this is a viable approach. And calm down! We
need to analyze this, not get sidetracked by emotional theatrics."
At that point, the Italian walked out of the meeting.
o In international business practices, reason, and emotion
both play a role. Which of these dominates depends upon
whether we are affective (readily showing emotions) or
emotionally neutral in our approach. Members of neutral
cultures do not telegraph their feelings but keep them
carefully controlled and subdued. In cultures with high
affect, people show their feelings plainly by laughing,
smiling, grimacing, scowling, and sometimes crying,
shouting, or walking out of the room.
o This does not mean that people in neutral cultures are cold
or unfeeling. (All cultures will express irrepressible joy or
grief.) But during normal business activities, neutral cultures
are more careful to monitor the amount of emotion they
display. Research conducted with people who were upset
about something at work noted that only some cultures
supported expressing those feelings openly. Emotional
reactions were found to be least acceptable in Japan,
Indonesia, the U.K., Norway, and the Netherlands and most
accepted in Italy, France, the U.S., and Singapore.
o Reason and emotion are part of all human communication.
When expressing ourselves, we look to others for
confirmation of our ideas and feelings. If our approach is
highly emotional, we are seeking a direct emotional
response: "I feel the same way." If our approach is highly
neutral, we want an indirect response: "I agree with your
thoughts on this."
o It is easy for people from neutral cultures to sympathize
with the Dutch manager and his frustration over trying to
reason with "that excitable Italian." After all, an idea either
works or it doesn't work, and the way to test the validity of
an idea is through trial and observation. That just makes
sense— doesn't it? Well, not necessarily to the Italian who
felt the issue was deeply personal and who viewed any
"rational argument" as totally irrelevant!
o When it comes to communication, what is proper and
correct in one culture may be ineffective or even offensive
in another. Culture is, basically, a set of values shared by a
group of people. These values affect how you think and act
and, more importantly, the kind of criteria by which you
judge others. Cultural meanings render some behaviors as
normal and right and others as strange or wrong. No culture
is right or wrong, better or worse; just different. In today's
global business community, there is no single best approach
to communicating with one another. The key to cross-
cultural success is to develop an understanding of, and a
deep respect for, the differences.
2. Varieties and Registers of English

● Varieties Of English
During your senior high school, you must have encountered the
term World Englishes (WE) or varieties of English in class. WE
actually stands for the localized varieties of English as they are
used or spoken in certain areas.
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● In the Asian context, the concept was introduced by Braj Kachru. The
famous "Three Concentric Circles of Asian Englishes" attributed to
Kachru presents the three circles:
o Inner Circle with ENL (English as a native language) member
countries; the Outer Circle with ESL (English as a second
language) member countries; and the Expanding Circle with
EFL (English as a foreign language) member countries.
Examples of countries belonging to the Inner Circle are the
USA, UK, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.
o Kachru's Outer Circle is comprised of Singapore, Malaysia, the
Philippines, and Pakistan, among others while the Expanding
Circle is composed of countries such as China, Japan, Taiwan,
and Thailand.
o Aside from the fact that the Outer and Expanding Circles are
ESL- and EFL-speaking, respectively, they have been colonized
by some member countries in the Inner Circle making the
varieties they speak as post-colonial. It is to be understood that
people have different linguistic and cultural backgrounds
making intercultural communication a significant variable in
communication.
● Language Registers/Registers of English

Language register then refers to the formality of language which one
speaks. Different registers are used in different situations. It is
through register that you are able to determine the kind of lexicon or
vocabulary to use as well as the kind of structure to be used. Even in
writing, you may use a formal or an informal register. In some
instances, even a neutral language register is identified.
o The formal register then is used in formal speaking and writing
situations. In a state of the nation address classified as a formal
communicative situation, the speech is usually delivered using
a highly polished language, read from a manuscript. This is
certainly allowed n since the President occupying the highest
position in the allowed could not afford to make mistakes. On
the contrary, a priest and uses ordinary language. This is so
since the audience is country composed of various audiences
coming from different walks of composed. The priest should be
able to convey his spiritual message to the listeners without
difficulty of comprehension on their part. The priest should
also be able to touch the very core of the listeners’ hearts so
that they live the preaching they hear.
o The formal register is likewise appropriate for use in
professional writing like project proposals, position papers, and
business letters as in the case of writing to a superior or to a
head of a certain organization. It is more impersonal, objective,
and factual.
o Informal register, which is more casual in tone, is appropriate
for people with whom you have established a more personal
relationship as in the case of friends and relatives. This type of
writing may sometimes be emotional as an intimate
relationship exists between the speaker and listener or writer
and reader. Earlier in the discussion, it was mentioned that
register refers to the kind of language whereby the forms used
define the social Situation, notwithstanding the status of the
interlocutors.
● Thus, legalese or legal language is highly characterized by archaic

expressions, technical jargon intrinsic only to the community of legal
professionals, embedded structures, nominalizations, passive voice,
as well as long, kilometric sentences which are not the features of
textese or language of texts. Conversely, the features SMS language
or textese language, are exactly the opposite abbreviations,
acronyms, slang words, and expressions. This is so s so since
messages used to be limited to a certain number of characters/spaces
which made texting much easier and quicker. However,
misinterpretation and/or miscommunication in text messaging may
arise if vocabulary and knowledge of context are limited. Hence, extra
care should be practiced when comprehending text messages
● Synthesis:
o The diversity of people and culture impacts communication.
Communicating with people coming from unfamiliar cultures
poses challenges.
o The success of international communication does not depend
on language skills alone, but on openness and sensitivity to
culture diversity, as well as on a genuine desire to understand
and be understood.
o Intercultural communication plays an important role in
achieving effective communication.
o There are different varieties of English spoken by countries
colonized by Britain, the US, Canada, and Australia: Singapore
English, Malaysian English, Philippine English, and Thai English,
among others. These varieties have their own grammatical,
lexical, and syntactic features and should not be considered as
errors.
o Language has formal and informal registers. These registers
have forms which define the social situation.
o The kind of register to be used affects the way one speaks and
writes.
3. Texts That Varied Cultures and Practices
● One cause of miscommunication or misinterpretation is different

differing pronunciation. Speakers have different ways of ways
pronouncing words because of differences in phonology. It is then
important to be exposed to the ways other speakers of English use
the language to reduce the degree of difficulty that may be
experienced.
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● Aside from pronunciation, non-verbal communication also plays an

important role in effective communication. Bodily gestures should be
properly interpreted as their meanings vary from culture to culture
vary from.
● One's purpose for communication as well as his/her relationship to
the listeners/readers will determine the kind of language he/she will
use.
Focus Questions
1. In what specific ways does globalization affect communication?
2. How does each of the items in the following pairs differ from each
other?
a. high-context vs. low-context
b. sequential vs. synchronic
c. affective vs. neutral
3. List three things we should we do to be successful in cross-cultural
communication.
4. How do formal and informal registers affect the way one speaks?
How do they affect one’s way of writing?
a. Speaking
b. Writing
5. Give one situation when you should use formal language and another
situation when you should use informal language.
a. Formal Language
b. Informal Language
rubrics below.
Points Criteria
Related Readings
● Internet Link: Learn more about Communication in Multicultural

Settings by visiting this site:
https://www.slideshare.net/RyanBuer/local-and-global-
communication-in-multicultural-setting
● Learn more about Intercultural communication by watching this
video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkBXaKfxl7Y
● Book : You can learn more about Intercultural communication by
reading Madrunio M. & Martin, I., 2018, Purposive Communication
Using English in Multilingual Contexts, page 89 to page 147, C&E
Publishing
Learning Assessment
Activity 4A.
A. Read the following statements carefully. Decide if each statement is
true or false. Write T on the blank if the statement is true, and F if the
statement is false. If the statement is false, rewrite or revise it to
make it true. Use the space provided after each statement.
(Point system: 5 items x 3 points each = 15 points)
B. Write your answer in Microsoft Word and save it as pdf file.
Questions:
1. Anyone who is proficient speaker of a language will be
communicating across cultures easy.
2. Our emotions do not matter whenever we communicate with others.
3. There is no such thing as right culture or a wrong culture.
4. All cultures have the same way of thinking about time.
5. Communicating across cultures happens in one’s own country
because of the diverse domestic workforce of many companies today.
Activity 1B.
A. Make a listing of the new cultural terms that you learned in these
past months on internet. Then write a 300-word one-paragraph text
describing your cultural experience.
B. Write your answer in Microsoft Word and save it as pdf file.
UNIT 4.A: Written Communication for Various Purposes

1. write an explanation essay ;
2. compose a blog of at least 500 words on any topic of choice;
and,
3. write a research-based argumentative essay of at least 1, 000
words on any topic of choice;
Introduction
Writing essay decorates the story of our lives, so others can understand
who we are, what we stand for, and how much we have grown. Composing
essay helps you to express your thought, to explain something, and even
defending yourself.
This unit will focus on writing/composing explanation essay, blog, and
research-based argumentative essay.
Definition of Terms
● Essay – is a written piece that is designed to present an idea,
propose an argument, express the thought of the writer,
● Explanation Essay – is a kind of essay that requires you to describe
and explain a particular point of view, incident, event, or situation.
● Blog – also known as a weblog, is a website that is like a diary or
journal.
● Research-Based Argumentative Essay - specific type of writing in
which a student chooses a topic (often a controversial topic),
researches it extensively, and then uses the evidence gathered in
their research process to establish their opinion or position on the
topic in an essay designed to persuade others to share that opinion.
Lecture Notes
1. Writing an Explanation Essay

Addressing ‘why’ questions means providing explanations for
phenomena. An explanation essay is one such example written piece
of work that addresses ‘why’ questions. It explains a particular topic
to its reader. Since it is meant to inform or educate the readers, the
essay should present convincing and adequate support for the
explanations.
● A key to writing successfully is maintaining awareness of the
audience, which will influence your tone and word choice.
Expository/Explanation essay writing is done for a variety of
audiences and purposes, from grade school to advanced technical
writing, so a comprehensive understanding of the process is
important for success.
https://www.scribendi.com/images/cms/thumbnails/How-to-write-an-Expository-Essay_720x370.jpg
● Essaytigers.com Contributors (2020) explain that rather than

criticizing the information or debating its validity, you simply explain
it and make it easier for your reader to understand.
● They also added the following steps that you can follow to write a
good explanation essay:
Step 1 - Choose a Topic That You Understand Well

Although an explanatory essay might sound complicated, it is basic
in fact. You can explain almost anything as long as it falls within the
parameters of your assignment. The following are just a few
examples:
o Tell the reader why everybody should speak at least two
languages.
o State why the government should not observe religious
holidays.
o Discuss the gluten-free diet fad and whether it's necessary for
most people.
o Explain how the Electoral College system works and show
whether it is fair and effective, or not.
Step 2 - Be Careful Not to Turn into the Territory of Other Types of
Essays
o It is best not to write a persuasive essay or process essay, even
though you might be able to argue that both are technically
explanations. Try to stay true to the explanatory style, which
will demonstrate to your instructor that you fully understand
the concept.
o While you should present evidence to back up your topic, your
goal is not necessarily to sway the reader but to make a solid
case. Likewise, your description of a process should be less of
a step-by-step instructional guide and more of a discussion.
Step 3 - Gather Evidence to Support Your Essay
o The key to a well-written explanatory essay is good reasons to
support your main idea. In some cases, these may be merely
opinions, but if you are reasoning is strong, your essay will be
too.
o To write a solid essay, you will want to get your information
from reliable sources. If you are visiting a website, you are not
familiar with, check the About Us page to learn more about
the organization publishing the information. Keep track of
your sources and be sure to mention them in your paper,
according to the style dictated by your instructor.
Step 4 - Outline Your Essay
o You will not be submitting your outline, so do not worry about
using Roman numerals and indenting perfectly. Just do a little
prep work to make the actual writing easier. It is just like an
artist making a sketch before beginning a painting.
o Simple lists or text boxes will do. You could also try mind-
mapping or using the old-school method of writing your ideas
on separate index cards.
Step 5 - Write the Body of Your Paper
o An essay should contain a minimum of five paragraphs: an
introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
However, this does not mean all essays should only have five
paragraphs. It is simply a starting point.
o Your assignment will specify a word count or the number of
paragraphs you need to include. Be sure to focus on one point
in each paragraph, which you will explain clearly in the first
sentence. If you begin to branch off to another idea, transition
to a new paragraph.
Step 6 - Finish with Your Conclusion and Introduction
o You should end your essay on a strong note. Tie your ideas
together with powerful summary statements in a memorable
final paragraph. But you are not finished there.
o Copywriters know that the first words on a page are the most
important. It is often a good idea to leave your introduction
for last. With the rest of your paper written, you will better be
able to draw the reader in with powerful language.
o The expository/explanation essay is not as technical as it
sounds. This assignment can cover a wide variety of topics. It's
up to you to choose a subject you feel passionate about so
you can do it justice.
2. Writing a Blog
Blog is the online equivalent of a journal or diary entry. Because of

its public nature, a blog has more visual material and makes use of
topics that are general interest to the public.
A blog is meant to entertain, although some of them can be
informative. There are no rules or guidelines for how a blog should
be structured. Blogs of all kinds, on all sorts of topics, and written in
all kinds of different structures and tones can be found on the
internet. Most blogs are informal, and many are very personal.
Blogs can also be updated and edited at any time.
Essayjob.com (2020) added that the audience for a blog is online
readers and may also include people looking for reliable
information, but most often it includes people who want to be
entertained and engaged while reading the writer's personal
thoughts on a topic. While plagiarism is always frowned upon, there
are few rules for sourcing in a blog and some use no sourcing, or no
reliable sources, for their information at all. While any good essay
will make clear where the writer got their information, bloggers
don't always do this. It's important to know how to be sure a
blogger is using accurate information on which to base their opinion
before assuming the information is true.
Dean Rieck (2018) of
copyblogger.com gave his
own version of eight
important writing tips that
you can apply to blogging.
https://cdn.optinmonster.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/02/know-your-audience-min.png
1. Put the reader first.
o The purpose of writing is clear, sometimes persuasive,
communication. It is not about you or your clever ideas.
If you write to impress, you will distract the reader from
the content. Good writing is like a store window. It
should be clean and clear, providing an unobstructed
view of the contents within.
2. Organize your thoughts.
o You do not need a detailed outline for most writing. But
you do need to know what you want to say before you
say it. If you are comfortable with the sort of outline you
learned in school, use it. Otherwise, simply jot down the
important points you want to make and arrange them in
the order you want to make them. Eliminate any ideas
that are not related to these points.
https://cdn.optinmonster.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/know-your-audience-min.png
3. Use short paragraphs.

o Look at any newspaper and notice how short the
paragraphs are. That has done to make reading easier
since our brains take in information better when ideas
are broken into small chunks. In ordinary writing, each
paragraph develops one idea and includes many
sentences. But in blogging, the style is less formal, and
paragraphs may be as short as a single sentence or even
a single word.
4. Use short sentences.
o You should keep sentences short for the same reason
you keep paragraphs short: they are easier to read and
understand. Each sentence should have one simple
thought. More than that creates complexity and invites
confusion.
5. Use simple words.
o Since your purpose is to communicate and not impress,
simple words work better than big ones. Write “get”
instead of “procure.” Write “use” rather than “utilize.”
Use the longer words only if your meaning is so precise
there is no simpler word to use.
6. Be specific.
o Do not write “Many doctors recommend Brand X.” Write
“97% of doctors recommend Brand X.” Do not write “The
Big Widget is offered in many colors.” Write “The Big
Widget comes in red, green, blue, and white.” Get to the
point. Say what you mean. Use specific nouns.
7. Write in a conversational style.
o There is a road sign often posted near construction sites
that always irritates me. It reads, “Maintain present
lane.” Why so formal? A more conversational style would
be better: “Stay in your lane” or “Do not change lanes.” If
you write as if you are wearing a top hat and spats, you
distance yourself from the reader and muddle the
message.
8. Be clear.
o This may be the most important rule of all. Without
clarity, your writing fails on every level. You achieve
clarity when you accurately communicate the meaning in
your head to the head of your reader. That is difficult.
Look at your writing with an objective eye. Consider
what might be misunderstood and rewrite it. Find what
is irrelevant and delete it. Notice what is missing and
insert it.
3. Writing a Research-Based Argumentative Essay

● Research is one element that distinguishes the argumentative essay
from the explanation essay and the blog.
● Madrunio & Martin (2018) emphasize that the research-based
argumentative essay is the product of research process that you
undertake. This process includes the following pre-writing tasks:
● FORMULATING THE RESEARCH QUESTION
o The essay you are writing is argumentative. This means you are
expected to present a clear stand on an issue that has at least
two different (or opposing) sides. Some examples of
contentious issues include legalizing divorce and legalizing
same-sex marriage in the Philippines. For these issues, one
position favors the passing of a law allowing divorce or same-
sex marriage; another position rejects the passing of such laws.
o Many good examples of contentious issues for your paper
include those that do not deal with legalizing practices in the
Philippines. You may choose topics that concern your school,
province, city, town, barangay, or even those that relate to the
environment in general, and other nations and regions, such as
Southeast Asia. For instance, you may want to take a position
concerning waste segregation in your barangay. You may also
opt to investigate the benefits of eco-tourism in your town.
o Decide on an issue you would like to work on. Then, read about
this issue. Check that the issue has two opposing viewpoints. If
this issue interests you, pick this as your topic for the essay.
Then formulate a research question like the examples that
follow.
- Why should divorce be legalized in the Philippines?
- Why should same-sex marriage be legalized in the
Philippines?
- Why should the practice of proper waste segregation be
instituted in my barangay?
- Why should eco-tourism be promoted in my community?
FINDING THE ANSWRRS TO THE RESEARCH QUESTION
o After formulating the research question, plan the next steps for
finding answers to your question. This requires the preparation
of an annotated research bibliography, which is a list of
sources with brief description of the content of each source.
Your sources must be acceptable. Is the source relevant? Does
it provide the latest facts and figures? Is it reliable? Given these
criteria for deciding on the acceptability of sources, the
following are usually not considered:
- Any holy book (i.e., Bible) or inspirational writing (e.g.,
self- help books)
- Any work of literature (e.g., novels, short stories, plays,
poems)
- The dictionary
- Personal blogs or journal, diary entries
- Wikipedia Why do you think these sources are not
acceptable?
DOING RESEARCH
o After your research question and annotated research

bibliography has approved, it is now time to do research. This
means that you will read each of the sources you identified in
Step 2 above and take research notes. If you do not find the
answers you need from the sources you identified, you may
have to look for other sources.
o There are three types of notes, namely paraphrases,
summaries, and direct quotations. Paraphrasing is done when
you use your own words in taking down notes. If the
information provided in the source is long, it is best to
summarize. You may also copy the note verbatim or exactly as
it is presented in the source if you wishto preserve the source.
For whatever type of note you make, it is expected that you
cite the source. This means that you must jot down the
complete bibliographical information of your source.
PREPARING TO WRITE THE PAPER
o THE THESIS STATEMENT

At this point in the pre-writing stage, you should be
ready to formulate a thesis statement for your essay. The thesis
statement is the main point or central argument of your paper.
It expresses your stand on the issue you chose to do research
on.
To formulate a good thesis statement, make sure that it
does the following:
- presents a strong position that is supported by
convincing evidence; and
- suggests a framework for organizing the essay.
o THE OUTLINE
After having done research about your topic, choose one
side that you agree with. This side 15 your argument or your
position. Then, list all the factual support to your argument. Do
the same for the other side, which 1s the opposing position.
List all the factual support you have gathered for that position.
When all these re complete, you are ready to write an outline
of your essay. This outline gives your paper a general shape. It
is some sort of a written plan for your essay. If the outline is
well-done, then half the work of writing the paper is also done.
- Your outline must be complete. It must contain all the
main points of your research-based argumentative
paper. This means that the outline should have the
following parts:
- Your thesis statements.
- Your argument and specific support for this argument
- The opposing argument and specific support tor this
argument
- A list of sources for all the support that will be used in
the paper.
o THE ESSAY
After you have completed all the pre-writing tasks, you
are ready to write your essay. In writing the paper, observe the
citation conventions required in your class. Make sure that you
practice intellectual honesty by acknowledging all your sources.
Any fact, figure, idea, or concept that is not yours must be
acknowledged in the paper using the proper citation format.
Otherwise, you will be accused of plagiarism.
Focus Questions
1. Distinguish explanation essay, blog, and research-based
argumentative essay from each other.
2. What are the steps and tips that Dean Rieck (2018)
of copyblogger.com that you should consider on writing blog?
3. How is a blog different from a journal I or diary?
4. What is the role of research in producing the argumentative essay?
5. How can you practice intellectual honesty when you write your essay
or paper?
rubrics below.
Points Criteria
Related Readings
Internet Link: Learn more about Communication for Various
Purposes by visiting these site:
https://essaypro.com/blog/explanatory-
essay#:~:text=An%20explanatory%20essay%20is%20a,logic%20to%2
0make%20it%20feasible.
Learn more about writing a Blog by watching this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8rN3JKqUc8
Book : You can learn more about Communication for Various
Purposes by reading Madrunio M. & Martin, I., 2018, Purposive
Learning Assessment
Activity 1
Write an explanation essay on any topic of your choice. You may need to do
some research about the topic in order to better explain it. The essay must
be at least 500 words long and is organized as follows:
1. Introduction- one or two paragraphs
2. Body – at least three paragraphs
3. Conclusion – one or two paragraphs
Your essay will be marked using the following rubric:
CONTENT
Substantially explained the chosen phenomenon.
10 points
Provide convincing and adequate support for explanation essay
ORGANIZATION
Arranged the main points clearly and logically 7 points
LANGUAGE and MECHANICS
Observe proper use of languages forms and mechanic 3 points
TOTAL 20 POINTS
Activity 2
Write a blog on any topic of your choice. Decide first on your purpose for
creating blog (to entertain, to inform, to instruct, and to persuade). The blog
must be at least 500 words long and includes at least three images and
three links to other websites. Your blog will be marked using the following
rubrics.
CONTENT
Substantially explained the chosen phenomenon. Provide
10 points
convincing and adequate support for explanation
essay
ORGANIZATION
7 points
Arranged the main points clearly and logically
BLOGGING CONVENTION
Observe conventions blog. Make use of images and graphics.
Provide adequate links to related websites?
LANGUAGE and MECHANICS
3 points
Observe proper use of languages forms and mechanic
TOTAL 20 POINTS
UNIT 4.B: Oral Communication for Various Purposes

4. employ vocal and physical factors, eye contact, and
presentation aids for effective delivery;
5. distinguish the different skills involved in being a good debater;
and,
6. apply the skills of good debater.
Introduction
Some students and professionals do not like the idea of speaking in
public, whether in front of small or large groups. Whatever the case may be,
you need to exude some degree of confidence as presentation of oral
reports or speeches can be very threatening. As a students, you should take
seriously any opportunity that comes your way and that requires you to
deliver a talk.
This unit will focus on the oral presentation, the debate, and the
literature as form of communication.
Definition of Terms
● Oral Communication – it is the process of verbally transmitting
information and ideas from one individual or group to another. It
can be formal or informal.
● Debate – a structured argument. Two sides speak alternately for
and against a particular contention usually based on a topical issue.
● Literature – it is used as vehicle for communicating ideas
Lecture Notes
1. Oral Presentation
● Chris Morgan (2016) a public speaker shares his ten tips on how to
deal on oral presentation:
1. Be prepared
o It probably should go without saying but you should go into
any public speaking situation completely prepared for any
eventuality. Most of the time, of course, things will go well
and there will not be any surprises, but things can and do go
wrong on occasion. A sudden change to the venue,
equipment, timing, or whatever else it might be, always has
the potential to throw a spanner into the works so be
prepared by having a contingency.
o If you are presenting from slides on a projector, have a copy
of the slide deck printed just in case. Always get to the
venue early enough so that you can deal with any mishaps
without having to scramble at the very last minute, which
would otherwise just stress you to the point that it affects
your performance. If you are going to be speaking for any
length of time, have some water nearby. If you are going to
be using any props, like a computer, or laser pointer, test
these things ahead of time. Do a dry run and make sure you
consider your backup plan in the event something does go
awry.
2. Be confident
o Chances are that people are listening to you because you
are the authority on a given subject. Regardless, the
audience is there to listen to what you have to say so make
sure you speak confidently about the subject matter.
o If you use tentative language or speak in a way that suggests
you do not know what you are talking about, the audience
will quickly lose interest and there be dragons. Use the area
around you and your body to your advantage. Walk around
the stage and use hand gestures where necessary to help
explain your points. Stand up straight and speak with an
authoritative tone. You know your stuff, so act like it.
3. Get to know the audience
o This can be difficult with larger audiences but anything you
can do to get to know the members of the audience will
work in your favor. An audience that can connect with the
speaker in some way is more likely to pay attention. It adds
that personal touch that will bring you closer to them.
o Chat to the audience as they are arriving. Be personable. Ask
them questions, like ‘Hi, what’s your name?’ or ‘Have you come
far to be here?’, etc. Alternatively, you could ask them about the
topic you are about to speak about. If new audience members
coming in see, you are chatting amiably with others when they
arrive, it helps to show them that you are a person and not just
a speaker.
4. Have some things to give away
o I find that having something to give away helps the
audience members to remain connected to you even after
you have delivered your speech. It is also a great icebreaker.
And let us be honest, who does not like a freebie? It does
not have to be expensive. I routinely give away bookmarks,
for example, but even a jellybean would work.
5. Make them laugh
o Of course, the nature of the talk you’re giving might affect
this one. However, a well-timed joke or subtle anecdote to
get the audience sniggering will go a long way to help to get
the audience on your side. If they laugh with you, they are
more likely to like you and then they’ll be more likely to give
you what you came for – their attention.
6. Answer all questions
o Try not to dismiss any questions from the audience – even if
they seem off-topic. An audience that’s asking questions is
an audience that’s listening and engaged. It’s a good sign.
Treat everyone with respect and they’ll do likewise. It’s
perfectly OK to acknowledge a hand having gone up with a
gesture that says, ‘I’ll get to you in a second,’ but be sure to
get back to taking their question when you’ve finished your
sentence.
7. Ask questions to the audience
o A good way to help keep the audience engaged is to get
them thinking. You can do this by asking leading questions.
It does not matter whether anyone answers. You can answer
you own question after giving them a few moments to think
about it or, if anyone wants to volunteer an answer, you can
let them answer it for you. Once a question has been
answered, another way to maximize engagement and to get
them all thinking is to then ask who agrees or disagrees with
the suggested answer.
8. Be honest with the audience
o Always be honest and genuine with your audience. Do not
worry about being humble or showing vulnerability. Show
them you are not perfect yourself. Did something go wrong
for you in the past? Tell them this. Explain why it went
wrong and what you learned from the experience. We all
make mistakes. Showing this sort of vulnerability is not a
weakness. It is a great way to allow the audience to
empathize and connect with you.
9. Don't read word-by-word from the screen
o If you are presenting information on a slide, it should be
little more than a reminder to you about what you are going
to be talking about – not the content of the talk itself. There
is nothing more boring for an audience to sit and listen to
someone saying what is already up on the screen.
Remember, you are there to talk to the audience, so you
should be looking at them for the most part, right? You also
want to keep the information on the screen brief. You want
them concentrating on what you are saying not trying to
listen to you and attempting to read at the same time,
which is a recipe for disaster. If your slide has more than a
dozen words on it, that is already too much information, so
consider culling – less is more!
10. Hang around at the end for questions
o There will always be people that want to know more but are
afraid to raise their hands in a group. I know, I was once one
of these people. By hanging around at the end, you are
giving these people a chance to get their questions out in a
way that is still inside their comfort zone. Do not dismiss this
too easily by being in a hurry to get out of there. If there is
any networking to be done, it will be at the beginning or
end of your presentation, and you never know just how
important a quick chat with the right person is going to be
for you in the future.
● Madrunio and Martin (2018) added that:

1. When preparing a report or speech for oral presentation,
make a profile first of your audience and the logistics
involved, i.e., venue and facilities. Then read up and research
on the topic so you can write an effective report, speech, or
talk.
2. When making your oral presentations, pay attention to the
paralinguistic cues and prosodic features of the language.
Whereas paralinguistic cues involve Facial expression,
posture, gestures, and movement, prosodic features include
intonation, tone, stress, rhythm, and pause.
3. When making a group presentation, follow strictly the
guidelines so you can come up with a good performance. Bea
team player so that the individually assigned parts cohere
with each other.
2. The Debate
● Americandebateleague.org define debate as an organized argument
or contest of ideas in which the participants discuss a topic from
two opposing sides. Those who agree with this statement or idea
are the "Pro" side. Those who will not agree with this statement or
idea are
the "Con" side. Each side will show in an organized and clever way
why they believe to have the right answers. They will use examples
and evidence to support their ideas while working towards
conclusion.
https://www.myperfectpaper.net/images/debate-topics.jpg
● The aim of a debate is to convince the opposition that you are right.
When the two sides agree on the subject or when one side's
arguments are more convincing than the other side that is when the
debate comes to a close.
● Two Types of Debate

There are two types of debate: the formal and the informal.
o Formal debates are held in formal settings such as in school, in
the House of Representatives, and in the Senate. Debaters
come prepared, equipped with the knowledge they need to be
able to reason out effectively. A topic is debated upon, and the
debaters listen to the arguments raised by the other debaters
from which they build their arguments and argue their
position. In a formal debate, a mediator (a person that has not
agreed with the Pro or the Con) will decide who the winner
should be. In an informal debate the argument can continue
until the time when one side gives up.
o Informal debates, on the other hand, do not follow strictly a
structure. While there are also two sides-the affirmative and
the negative-it takes place anywhere and does not have to
involve two teams. It may take place between two or more
people, arguing for or against a certain issue. An example
would be two friends, deciding where to eat their lunch for the
day.
● SKILLS NEEDED IN DEBATE
You need all the language macro-skills to be an effective debater.
The productive and receptive skills work together and are not
independent of each other. Certainly, these skills should go with
critical thinking especially since listening, speaking, reading, writing,
and viewing can only be successful if practiced with critical thinking.
As you listen, speak, and read, you also need to take down notes, so
note-taking is imperative.
● ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Freely and Steinberg (2014) in their book Argumentation and
Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making define
ethics of constructs that guide our decision making, by providing "a
set of standards of behavior telling us how we ought to act”.
o Debates, therefore, question issues of right and wrong
including the applications of standards of ethics. At times,
people also find themselves challenging their own ethical
standards. It is difficult to assume that just because a debater
sees something to be unacceptable, then it really is.
Assumptions lead to poor arguments and poor decision-
making. Remember that people have differing ethical
assumptions about this world. They have different ways of
viewing things.
o It is essential not to make sweeping statements when laying
down arguments as these may pave the way for the opposing
team to question the claims.
● DRESS AND APPEARANCE
o You should be mindful of how you look in a formal debate Tour
appearance is just as important as the paralinguistic cues and
non-verbal behavior.
o If you are a female speaker, wear a business attire that will
make you look respectable. Do not wear colors that are
ostentatiously attractive. Very high-heeled shoes and flat shoes
should also be avoided. Instead, wear heels that are
manageable, for example,
1.5 to 2 inches. Make-up and jewelry should also be worn
conservatively.
o For males, you also need to wear business attire, avoiding loud
colors. Should you wear a coat and tie, do not wear a tie that
comes in flashy or glaring colors. You should be able to match
your inner clothes with your outer clothes. Do not wear large
ornaments. Your nails should be cut, hair well-combed, and
shoes neatly polished.
Focus Questions
1. Why is it important to analyse the audience when presenting orally?
2. How important are the prosodic features when delivering a talk,
speech, or report?
3. How different is the formal debate from the informal debate?
4. How debate related to one’s everyday life experience?
rubrics below.
Points Criteria
Related Readings
● Internet Link: Learn more about Oral Presentation by visiting these
site:
https://davenport.libguides.com/papers
● Learn more about Debate by watching this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kezvnxqs3sw
● Book : You can learn more about Oral Communication for Various
Purposes by reading Madrunio M. & Martin, I., 2018, Purposive
Learning Assessment
Activity 1
1. Choose a topic that interests you and later deliver the introduction
and the conclusion in class via Google Meet.
2. Write the introduction using any of the following techniques as an
opening or a beginning of your speech: startling statement,
question, and statistics.
3. Write the body of your speech.
4. Write the conclusion using any of the following techniques: a
quotation; anecdote, story, a illustration; and a challenging
statement.
5. You will be graded by the rubrics below.
CONTENT
Substantially explained the chosen phenomenon. 20 points
Provide convincing and adequate support for explanation essay
ORGANIZATION
Arranged the main points clearly and logically 10 points
DELIVERY
Mental, physical, social poise. 20 points
Clear, distinct speech.
Effective audience contract. Meaningful gestures. Appropriate
attire.
TOTAL 50 POINTS
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Frank E. X. Dance and Carl E. Larson. (2015). Intrapersonal Communication.
Lumen
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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atdcoursereview-speechcomm-
1/chapter/92/
Limacher-Riebold, U. (2017, November 11). The difference between
acquiring a language and learning a language. Multilingual Families.
http://uteslanguagelounge.com/the-difference-between-acquiring-a-
language-and-learning-a-language/
Madrunio M. & Martin, I., 2018, Purposive Communication Using English in
Multilingual Contexts, C&E Publishing
Nordquist, R. (2019, July 7). A Definition of Speech Community in
Sociolinguistics. ThoughCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/speech-
community-sociolinguistics-1692120
Robins, R. Henry and Crystal,. David (2021, March 9).
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/language
Skills You Need (2017). Interpersonal Communication Skills.
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/interpersonal-
communication.html#:~:text=Interpersonal%20communication%20is
%20the%20process,face%2Dto%2Dface%20communication.
Channels of Business Communication. (2018). Lumen
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principlesofmanagement/chapter/channels-of-business-
communication/#:~:text=A%20communication%20channel%20is%20
the,spoken%2C%20and%20electronic%20and%20multimedia.
Estares, I. (2019, August 15). 4 MORE Reasons Why Social Media in the
Philippines is HUGE |EYE ON ASIA. Data Spring.
https://www.d8aspring.com/eye-on-asia/4-more-reasons-why-
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Welcome to this course!

This course deals with Purposive Communication

UNIT 1: Language and Communication

To attend the following intended learning outcomes for the first

​ Language is a structured system of communication. Language, in a

​ Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as

​ Linguists distinguish between language acquisition and language

is growing up is known as mother tongue

​ According to mode: Verbal-Non-Verbal Communication, and

Organizational, and Intercultural

​ According to purpose and style: Formal and Informal

o Formal communication uses the formal

​ Communication models are systematic representations of the

While exploring the human nature scientifically, Aristotle

​ Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be

Lasswell’s communication model has 5 components which is

​ Concepts in Shannon Weaver Model

​ Example of Shannon Weaver Model

​ Components of Berlo’s Model of Communication

o Sender (S) is the source of the message or the person who

o Message (M) is the substance that is being sent by the

o Channel (C) is the medium used to send the message. In

4. General Principles of Effective Communication, and Ethics of

​ General Principles of Effective Communication

For both oral and written communication, you should be able

Be guided by the following to achieve ethical communication:

● Internet Link: Learn more about Language and Communication, and

UNIT 2: Modes of Communication

Interview as an Example of Face-to-Face Interaction

● Communicating face-to-face sends a message before you say a

Business Meeting can be done through Video Communication

● The audible part of communication is based on signals that reach

2. Communication and Technology

The Philippines is an archipelago consisting of over 7,100 islands. It

​ Disadvantages of Technology on Communication

● Deteriorating Language. Books, dictionaries and treatises have

​ Constant Disruption. Technology allows us to always be reachable

UNIT 3.A: Intercultural Communication –

Intended Learning Outcomes

● What is Globalization? And how globalization works? By Alex Gray

Principally, it's an economic concept – the integration of

● How did globalization happen? By Alex Gray (World Economic

One example is the Silk Road, when trade spread rapidly

● Take two children taking an online math course together: a child

● One disadvantages of globalization is it would cause people to lose

● What bad about globalization by Alex Gray

● Basically, done wisely (in the words of the International Monetary

Intended Learning Outcomes

● A desire for intercultural communication starts from the point of

● Advantages of Intercultural Communication

o Teamwork. Intercultural communication fosters teamwork

o Internal Communication: Companies with a multicultural

● Communicating Across Cultures by Carol Kinsey Goman (2019)

o The challenge for multinational communication has never

● High-context vs. Low-context

● Sequential vs. Synchronic

● Affective vs. Neutral

2. Varieties and Registers of English

● Language Registers/Registers of English

● Thus, legalese or legal language is highly characterized by archaic

3. Texts That Varied Cultures and Practices

● One cause of miscommunication or misinterpretation is different

● Aside from pronunciation, non-verbal communication also plays an

Language is a structured system of communication. Language, in a

Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as

Linguists distinguish between language acquisition and language

According to mode: Verbal-Non-Verbal Communication, and

According to purpose and style: Formal and Informal

Communication models are systematic representations of the

Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be

Concepts in Shannon Weaver Model

Example of Shannon Weaver Model

Components of Berlo’s Model of Communication

General Principles of Effective Communication

Disadvantages of Technology on Communication

Constant Disruption. Technology allows us to always be reachable

Blog is the online equivalent of a journal or diary entry. Because of

FINDING THE ANSWRRS TO THE RESEARCH QUESTION

PREPARING TO WRITE THE PAPER