Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Course overview: This course will equip you with knowledge and skills
needed to be able to:
1. demonstrate the role of language in human communication .
2. apply different communication modes appropriately depending on the
context of the communication.
3. decipher the impact of globalization on communication.
4. write essay, letters, and other communication channels to build
connections on society.
5. evaluate a proposal, a genre used across professions.
LET’S BEGIN!
Introduction
Whales sing, wolves howl, dogs bark and birds chirp. The sounds that
they create reflect the state of their emotions. While it may be true that
animals communicate, only human beings are truly capable of producing
language.
This unit will focus on the purpose of language and types of
communications according to mode, context, and purpose and style.
Please proceed immediately to the “Unlocking of Difficulties” part since
the first lesson is also definition of essential terms.
Unlocking of Difficulties
To attend the following intended learning outcomes for the first lesson
of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that
you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are
expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources that
are available in the library in the internet.
1
Definition of Terms
Speech - communication or expression of thoughts in spoken words
Expression - the act of saying what you think or showing how you feel
using words or actions e.g. smiling and replying to text
Linguistics - scientific study of language. It involves the analysis of
language form, language meaning, and language in context
Linguist – one who specialized linguistics ; a person who is skilled in
several languages
o Sociolinguistics - the study of the sociological aspects of language.
o Linguistic anthropology - branch of anthropology that studies the role
of language in the social lives of individuals and communities.
Lecture Notes
1. Nature of Language
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Richard Nordquist of thoughtco.com emphasized that speech
community is a term in sociolinguistics and linguistic
anthropology used to describe a group of people who share the
same language, speech characteristics, and ways of interpreting
communication. Speech communities may be large regions like an
urban area with a common, distinct accent
https://pics.me.me/tagalog-vs-bisaya-words-jutsul-asso-dog-asso-smoke-22839003.png
They repeat what is said to them and get a feel for what is and what
is not correct. In order to acquire a language, they need a source of
natural communication, which is usually the mother, the father, or
the caregiver.
Language learning, on the other hand, is the result of direct
instruction in the rules of language. Language learning is not an
age-appropriate activity for young children as learning
presupposes that learners have a conscious knowledge of the new
language and can talk about that knowledge. The language learned
is known to be the second language.
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1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=926&fit=clip
2. Types of Communication
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o Interpersonal communication is the process by which
people exchange information, feelings, and meaning
through verbal and non-verbal messages: it is face-to-
face communication.
o Organizational communication is a broad field that
encompasses all forms of communication that allow
organizations such as companies, government agencies, and
non-profits to function, grow, connect with stakeholders,
and contribute to society.
o Intercultural communication is the verbal and nonverbal
interaction between people from different cultural
backgrounds. In other words, it's the process
of communicating with people from another
culture. Intercultural communication is about much more
than just language, since so much of communication is
nonverbal.
o Extended Communication Involves the use of electronic
media. Includes telephone audio, or phone conferencing;
Video-conferencing; Skype calls; other technological means.
Video Conferencing
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Zoom%20Alternatives.png
https://diffzi.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/10/formal-communication-
vs-informal-communication-1024x512.jpg
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3. Communication Models
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The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to
the target audience and situation (occasion). The speech must be
prepared so that the audience be persuaded or influenced from the
speech.
He believed “Rhetoric” is the study of communication and
persuasion and different message or speech should be made for
different audiences at different situations to get desired effects or
to establish a propaganda. This model was highly used to develop
public speaking skills and create a propaganda at that time so, it is
less focused on intrapersonal or interpersonal communication.
Even if the model is speaker oriented and focuses on audience
interaction in communication, there is no concept of feedbacks.
For instance, a politician (speaker) gives a speech to get votes from
the civilians (audience) at the time of election (occasion). The
civilians only vote if they are influenced by the things the politician
says in his speech so the content must be very impressive to
influence the mass and the speaker must design the message very
carefully.
The speech must be clear as well as the speaker must have an
exceptionally good non-verbal communication with the audience
like eye contact. This example is a classic case of Aristotle Model of
Communication depicting all the elements in the model.
Laswell’s Communication Model
Lasswell’s communication model has 5 components which is
used as an analysis tool for evaluating the communication process
and components. The components are the questions to be asked
to get the answers and keep communication going.
https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/lasswell-communication-model
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The components of Laswell’s Communication Model: Who
(sender) the communicator or sender or source of message; Says
What (message) the content of the message; Channel (Medium)
the medium or media; To Whom (receiver) the receiver of the
message or an audience; With what effect (feedback) the feedback
of the receiver to the sender.
Laswell’s differs from Aristotle’s with one variable: the medium
component.
Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model
Shannon Weaver model of communication was created in 1948
when Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an article “A Mathematical
Theory of Communication” in Bell System Technical Journal with
Warren Weaver. Shannon was an American mathematician
whereas Weaver was a scientist. The Mathematical theory later
came to be known as Shannon Weaver model of communication or
“mother of all models.” This model is more technological than
other linear models.
https://businesstopia.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/shannon.jpg
https://www.communicationtheory.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/berlos-smcr-model-of-
communication-picture.jpg
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Berlo’s Model has mainly, four components to describe the
communication process. They are sender, message, channel and
receiver. Each of the component is affected by many factors.
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1. Content is the thing that is in the message. The whole
message from beginning to end is the content.
2. Elements are the non-verbal things that tag along with the
content like gestures, signs, language, etc.
3. Treatment is the way in which the message is conveyed to
the receiver. Treatment also effects the feedback of the
receiver.
4. The structure of the message or the way it has been
structured or arranged, affects the effectiveness of the
message.
5. Code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be in
the form of language, text, video, etc.
o Receiver (R) is the person who gets the message sent in the
process. This model believes that the thinking pattern and all
other factors mentioned above must be in sync to that of the
sender for the communication to be effective. The message
might not have the same effect as intended if the receiver
and sender are not similar. The receiver must also have a
particularly good listening skill. Other factors are like that of
the sender: Communication skills; Attitudes; Knowledge;
Social Systems; Culture.
Ethics of Communication
Be guided by the following to achieve ethical communication:
1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for
the development of your integrity as a person. One's
behaviour and decision-making style affect, in turn, the
operations of an organization.
2. Provide complete and accurate information. Whether it is
needed or not, the data you provide should always be
contextualized and correct.
3. Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately.
Never conceal or hide information that are necessary for
purposes of transparency.
Focus Questions
Instructions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in
Microsoft Word and save it as document. Submit your answer on Google
Classroom during the class discussion and class intended time.
1. What is difference between language and communication?
2. What is the difference between language acquisition and
language learning?
3. How do you differentiate the types of communication on
relation to communication mode?
4. Why do you think Communication Models were introduced?
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Please be guided of the rubrics. Points for your answers will be based on
rubrics below:
Points Criteria
5 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have NO grammatical error.
Submit on established deadline.
4 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have 1 to 5 grammatical error.
Submit on established deadline.
3 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have 6 or more grammatical error.
Submit 1-20 minutes after established deadline.
Related Readings
Learning Assessment
Activity 1. Do as indicated
A. Write your Language Biography that answer the following question:
1. How many languages do you speak? Identify them.
2. What is your mother tongue?
3. What is your second language and how do you learn that?
4. What skills can you perform with your second language/s?
5. What are your strengths and weaknesses in your language?
6. Which language is your favourite? Why?
B. Write your answer in Microsoft Word and save it as document.
C. You will submit your answer on Google Classroom during the class
discussion and class intended time.
D. Your activity will be graded by the rubric below.
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50 Answered the questions with 500 or more than 500 words.
points Details on the essay capture the important information about the
topic and with no grammatical error.
Submit on agreed deadline
40 Answered the questions with 499 – 400 words. Details on the
points essay capture the some important information about the topic
and with 1 to 5 grammatical error.
Submit on agreed deadline
30 Answered the questions with less than 399 words. Details on the
points essay did not capture the important information about the topic
and with more than 6 grammatical error.
Submit 1-20 minutes later from agreed deadline
Introduction
Have you ever wondered how our grandparents communicate before?
How do you think has the communication mode developed over time? In
previous lesson, you learned the different communication type. Our topic
intersects with the communication mode which is the focus of this unit.
Hence, it is important for you to know how communication types and modes
complement each other to achieve a good form of communication.
This unit will focus on the forms of communication and the social media
as tool on communication.
Please proceed immediately to the “Unlocking of Difficulties” part since
the first lesson is also definition of essential terms.
Unlocking of Difficulties
To attend the following intended learning outcomes for the first lesson
of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that
you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are
expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources that
are available in the library in the internet
14
Definition of Terms
Channel – the medium, mean, manner or method through which a
message is sent to its intended receiver.
Conversation - is interactive communication between two or more
people
Communicative intent - is the individual’s interest in communicating
with others and is a foundation of developing communication in any
form.
Mode - is a term used to describe the way something is done or
experienced
Video Communication - a visual communication session between
two or more users regardless of their location, featuring audio and
video content transmission
Lecture Notes
1. Communication Modes
Madrunio & Martin (2018) explicate that communication mode is
the medium or channel through which communicative intent is
expressed. Views or feelings can be communicated through face-
to-face interaction, video and/or audio. The mode may also be
text-based.
Face-to-face interaction is the distinction of being able to see the
other party or parties in a conversation. It allows for a better
exchange of information since both speaker and listener can see
and interpret body language and facial expressions.
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Podcast as example of audio communication
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hospitality is legendary. That is why it comes as no surprise
that Filipinos are quick to take to social media.
2. Social Media is Form of Connectivity. Filipino care a great
deal when it comes to connecting with others. Engaging in
social networking sites is the number one activity among
internet users as its user-generated content allows for real-
time updates from people from all over the country (and
beyond!).
3. With roughly 76 million active social media users spending
an average of four hours and 12 minutes per day logged in,
the Philippines had been dubbed the “social networking
capital of the world” based on a study released by Hootsuite
and United Kingdom-based consultancy We Are Social.
http://www.asianews.
eu/content/how-
much-time-do-asians-
spend-social-media-
93298
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Lost the art and happiness of face-to-face communication
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An Illustration of Social Media Rudeness
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Focus Questions
Instructions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in
Microsoft Word and save it as document. Submit your answer on Google
Classroom during the class discussion and class intended time.
1. What are the different types of communication mode and how
do they differ from each other?
2. What are disadvantages of technology on communication and
what conclusions can you draw from these advantages?
3. Study claims that Philippine is number one in using social media.
What do you are the reasons?
Please be guided of the rubrics. Points for your answers will be based on
rubrics below.
Points Criteria
5 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have NO grammatical error.
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Submit on established deadline.
4 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have 1 to 5 grammatical error.
Submit on established deadline.
3 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have 6 or more grammatical error.
Submit 1-20 minutes after established deadline.
Related Readings
Internet Link: Learn more about Social Media Connections in The
Philippines by visiting these site:
https://www.d8aspring.com/eye-on-asia/4-more-reasons-why-
social-media-in-the-philippines-is-huge
Gain more insight about How technology affects Communication by
watching this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3mNn0btW6s
Book : You can learn more about Forms of Communication, and
Communication & Technology by reading Madrunio M. & Martin, I.,
2018, Purposive Communication Using English in Multilingual
Contexts, page 63 to page 81, C&E Publishing
Learning Assessment
Activity 2. Do as indicated
A. Watch video from YouTube titled “A Video Conference Call in real life”
by Tripp and Tyler. And answer the following questions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMOOG7rWTPg
B. Write your answer in Microsoft Word and save it as document
C. You will submit your answer on Google Classroom during the class
discussion and class intended time
D. Your activity will be graded by the rubric below.
50 Details on the answers capture the important information
points about the topic and with no grammatical error.
Submit on agreed deadline
40 Details on the answers capture the some important information
points about the topic and with 1 to 5 grammatical error.
Submit on agreed deadline
30 Details on the answers did not capture the important
points information about the topic and with more than 6 grammatical
error.
Submit 1-20 minutes later from agreed deadline
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Questions:
1. What was the topic of video presentation?
2. Who were participants? Where were they from?
3. How was the flow of the video conference?
4. Were there some technical glitches encountered? Were they
resolved immediately?
5. After viewing sample video conference, what do you think are some
of the constraints of this communication mode?
Introduction
As technology advances, the world is both getting larger and smaller. We
can communicate in just one tap. Communicating with other counties and
discovering their culture is so easy nowadays. But have you ask yourself how
technology can impact globalization and how globalization affects
communication in this modern times.
This unit will focus on the communication and globalization,
communication in multicultural settings, varieties and registers of English,
texts in different cultures.
Please proceed immediately to the “Unlocking of Difficulties” part since
the first lesson is also definition of essential terms.
Unlocking of Difficulties
To attend the following intended learning outcomes for the first lesson
of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that
you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are
expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources that
are available in the library in the internet
Definition of Terms
Globalization – is the word used to describe the growing
interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and
populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and
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services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and
information.
Interculture – the practice of simultaneously growing two or more
crops on the same plot (as in alternate rows)
Cultural Texts – objects, actions, and behaviors that reveal cultural
meanings.
Lecture Notes
Communication and Globalization
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detail. That kind of exchange opens your sense of what parts of the
world are accessible to you, which in turn lays the foundation for
an evolved worldview.
Another wonderful benefit of globalization is that the world
becomes more accessible and equitable in general. Search engines,
Ebooks, online courses and other virtual education give more
people the ability to learn about subjects that used to require a
certain level of income or social positioning. Information isn’t as
restricted and it allows us the opportunity not only to receive
information but to enter into academic spaces and contribute.
Globalization creates a space for ideas to transcend borders and
social strata.
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gNakzeosyYBO_NgwHaFX?w=222&h=
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While many have been lifted out of poverty, not everybody has
benefited. Many argue that globalization operates mostly in the
interests of the richest countries, with most of the world's
collective profits flowing back to them and into the pockets of
those who already own the most.
Although globalization is helping to create more wealth in
developing countries, it is not helping to close the gap between the
world's poorest and richest nations. Leading charity Oxfam says
that when corporations such as Starbucks can legally avoid paying
tax, the global inequality crisis worsens.
Focus Questions
Instructions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in
Microsoft Word and save it as pdf file. Submit your answer on Google
Classroom during the class discussion and class intended time.
1. In what specific ways does globalization affect communication?
2. What are the things that people do now which could not be done
before globalization?
3. Are the effects of globalization on communication positive or
negative? Support your answer with concrete examples.
Please be guided of the rubrics. Points for your answers will be based on
rubrics below.
Points Criteria
5 Answers are right and well-explained
Answers have NO grammatical error.
Submit on established deadline.
4 Answers are right and well-explained
Answers have 1 to 5 grammatical error.
Submit on established deadline.
3 Answers are right and well-explained
Answers have 6 or more grammatical error.
Submit 1-20 minutes after established deadline.
26
Related Readings
Internet Link: Learn more about Globalization and Communication
by visiting these site:
https://bizfluent.com/info-8232542-effects-globalization-global-
communication.html
Learn more about Intercultural communication by watching this
video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkBXaKfxl7Y
Book : You can learn more about Intercultural Communication and
Globalization by reading Madrunio M. & Martin, I., 2018, Purposive
Communication Using English in Multilingual Contexts, page 89 to
page 96, C&E Publishing
Learning Assessment
Activity 3
A. Read the following statements carefully. Decide if each statement is
true or false. Write T on the blank if the statement is true, and F if the
statement is false. If the statement is false, rewrite or revise it to make
it true. Use the space provided after each statement.
(Point system: 5 items x 3 points each = 15 points)
B. Write your answer in Microsoft Word and save it as pdf file. You will
submit your answer on Google Classroom during the class discussion
and class intended time.
Questions:
1. Globalization began after the Internet was invented.
2. All globalization processes are economic in nature.
3. Because of globalization, modes and forms of communication
changed.
4. One effect of globalization is deepening poverty.
5. One effect of globalization is the rising cost of information
technologies.
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UNIT 3.B: Intercultural Communication & Varieties and
Registers of English
Introduction
This situation – the diversity of people and cultures – impacts
communication. People interacting with those coming from unfamiliar
cultures may have difficulties in communication. Most people tend to
conclude that miscommunication results from a speaker’s lack of proficiency
in language.
This unit will focus on the communication in multicultural settings,
varieties and registers of English, texts in different cultures.
Please proceed immediately to the “Unlocking of Difficulties” part since
the first lesson is also definition of essential terms.
Unlocking of Difficulties
To attend the following intended learning outcomes for the first lesson
of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that
you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are
expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources that
are available in the library in the internet
Definition of Terms
Cultural Biases - is the phenomenon of interpreting and judging
phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture.
Cultural Overtone - a subtle or subsidiary quality, implication, or
connotation.
World Englishes – varieties of English in class.
Lecture
1. Intercultural Communication
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international differences such as those associated with nationality
or world region.
Intercultural communication is an approach to relations among
members of these groups that focuses on the recognition and
respect of cultural differences, seeks the goal of mutual
adaptation leading to biculturalism rather than simple
assimilation, and supports the development of intercultural
sensitivity on the part of individuals and organizations to enable
empathic understanding and competent coordination of action
across cultural differences.
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content/uploads/2012/06/wor
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also because their domestic workforce is growing more and
more diverse, ethnically, and culturally.
o We are all individuals, and no two people belonging to the
same culture are guaranteed to respond in the same way.
However, generalizations are valid to the extent that they
provide clues on what you will most likely encounter when
dealing with members of a particular culture.
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smiling, grimacing, scowling, and sometimes crying,
shouting, or walking out of the room.
o This does not mean that people in neutral cultures are cold
or unfeeling. (All cultures will express irrepressible joy or
grief.) But during normal business activities, neutral cultures
are more careful to monitor the amount of emotion they
display. Research conducted with people who were upset
about something at work noted that only some cultures
supported expressing those feelings openly. Emotional
reactions were found to be least acceptable in Japan,
Indonesia, the U.K., Norway, and the Netherlands and most
accepted in Italy, France, the U.S., and Singapore.
o Reason and emotion are part of all human communication.
When expressing ourselves, we look to others for
confirmation of our ideas and feelings. If our approach is
highly emotional, we are seeking a direct emotional
response: "I feel the same way." If our approach is highly
neutral, we want an indirect response: "I agree with your
thoughts on this."
o It is easy for people from neutral cultures to sympathize with
the Dutch manager and his frustration over trying to reason
with "that excitable Italian." After all, an idea either works or
it doesn't work, and the way to test the validity of an idea is
through trial and observation. That just makes sense—
doesn't it? Well, not necessarily to the Italian who felt the
issue was deeply personal and who viewed any "rational
argument" as totally irrelevant!
o When it comes to communication, what is proper and
correct in one culture may be ineffective or even offensive in
another. Culture is, basically, a set of values shared by a
group of people. These values affect how you think and act
and, more importantly, the kind of criteria by which you
judge others. Cultural meanings render some behaviors as
normal and right and others as strange or wrong. No culture
is right or wrong, better or worse; just different. In today's
global business community, there is no single best approach
to communicating with one another. The key to cross-
cultural success is to develop an understanding of, and a
deep respect for, the differences.
In the Asian context, the concept was introduced by Braj Kachru. The
famous "Three Concentric Circles of Asian Englishes" attributed to
Kachru presents the three circles:
o Inner Circle with ENL (English as a native language) member
countries; the Outer Circle with ESL (English as a second
language) member countries; and the Expanding Circle with EFL
(English as a foreign language) member countries. Examples of
countries belonging to the Inner Circle are the USA, UK,
Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.
o Kachru's Outer Circle is comprised of Singapore, Malaysia, the
Philippines, and Pakistan, among others while the Expanding
Circle is composed of countries such as China, Japan, Taiwan,
and Thailand.
o Aside from the fact that the Outer and Expanding Circles are
ESL- and EFL-speaking, respectively, they have been colonized
by some member countries in the Inner Circle making the
varieties they speak as post-colonial. It is to be understood that
people have different linguistic and cultural backgrounds
making intercultural communication a significant variable in
communication.
36
Synthesis:
o The diversity of people and culture impacts communication.
Communicating with people coming from unfamiliar cultures
poses challenges.
o The success of international communication does not depend
on language skills alone, but on openness and sensitivity to
culture diversity, as well as on a genuine desire to understand
and be understood.
o Intercultural communication plays an important role in
achieving effective communication.
o There are different varieties of English spoken by countries
colonized by Britain, the US, Canada, and Australia: Singapore
English, Malaysian English, Philippine English, and Thai English,
among others. These varieties have their own grammatical,
lexical, and syntactic features and should not be considered as
errors.
o Language has formal and informal registers. These registers
have forms which define the social situation.
o The kind of register to be used affects the way one speaks and
writes.
https://cdn1.iconfinder.com/data/icons/fail-partnership-and-bad-colleague/359/bad-partner-004-
512.png
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One's purpose for communication as well as his/her relationship to the
listeners/readers will determine the kind of language he/she will use.
Focus Questions
Instructions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in
Microsoft Word and save it as pdf file. Submit your answer on Google
Classroom during the class discussion and class intended time.
1. In what specific ways does globalization affect communication?
2. How does each of the items in the following pairs differ from each
other?
a. high-context vs. low-context
b. sequential vs. synchronic
c. affective vs. neutral
3. List three things we should we do to be successful in cross-cultural
communication.
4. How do formal and informal registers affect the way one speaks? How
do they affect one’s way of writing?
a. Speaking
b. Writing
5. Give one situation when you should use formal language and another
situation when you should use informal language.
a. Formal Language
b. Informal Language
Please be guided of the rubrics. Points for your answers will be based on
rubrics below.
Points Criteria
5 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have NO grammatical error.
Submit on established deadline.
4 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have 1 to 5 grammatical error.
Submit on established deadline.
3 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have 6 or more grammatical error.
Submit 1-20 minutes after established deadline.
38
Related Readings
Learning Assessment
Activity 4A.
A. Read the following statements carefully. Decide if each statement is
true or false. Write T on the blank if the statement is true, and F if the
statement is false. If the statement is false, rewrite or revise it to make
it true. Use the space provided after each statement.
(Point system: 5 items x 3 points each = 15 points)
B. Write your answer in Microsoft Word and save it as pdf file.
C. You will submit your answer on Google Classroom during the class
discussion and class intended time.
Questions:
1. Anyone who is proficient speaker of a language will be communicating
across cultures easy.
2. Our emotions do not matter whenever we communicate with others.
3. There is no such thing as right culture or a wrong culture.
4. All cultures have the same way of thinking about time.
5. Communicating across cultures happens in one’s own country because
of the diverse domestic workforce of many companies today.
Activity 1B.
A. Make a listing of the new cultural terms that you learned in these past
months on internet. Then write a 300-word one-paragraph text
describing your cultural experience.
B. Write your answer in Microsoft Word and save it as pdf file.
C. You will submit your answer on Google Classroom during the class
discussion and class intended time.
39
UNIT 4.A: Written Communication for Various Purposes
Introduction
Writing essay decorates the story of our lives, so others can understand
who we are, what we stand for, and how much we have grown. Composing
essay helps you to express your thought, to explain something, and even
defending yourself.
This unit will focus on writing/composing explanation essay, blog, and
research-based argumentative essay.
Please proceed immediately to the “Unlocking of Difficulties” part since
the first lesson is also definition of essential terms.
Unlocking of Difficulties
To attend the following intended learning outcomes for the first lesson
of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that
you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are
expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources that
are available in the library in the internet
Definition of Terms
Essay – is a written piece that is designed to present an idea,
propose an argument, express the thought of the writer,
Explanation Essay – is a kind of essay that requires you to describe
and explain a particular point of view, incident, event, or situation.
Blog – also known as a weblog, is a website that is like a diary or
journal.
Research-Based Argumentative Essay - specific type of writing in
which a student chooses a topic (often a controversial topic),
researches it extensively, and then uses the evidence gathered in
their research process to establish their opinion or position on the
topic in an essay designed to persuade others to share that opinion.
40
Lecture Notes
https://www.scribendi.com/images/cms/thumbnails/How-to-write-an-Expository-Essay_720x370.jpg
41
o Explain how the Electoral College system works and show
whether it is fair and effective, or not.
Step 2 - Be Careful Not to Turn into the Territory of Other Types of
Essays
o It is best not to write a persuasive essay or process essay, even
though you might be able to argue that both are technically
explanations. Try to stay true to the explanatory style, which
will demonstrate to your instructor that you fully understand
the concept.
o While you should present evidence to back up your topic, your
goal is not necessarily to sway the reader but to make a solid
case. Likewise, your description of a process should be less of a
step-by-step instructional guide and more of a discussion.
Step 3 - Gather Evidence to Support Your Essay
o The key to a well-written explanatory essay is good reasons to
support your main idea. In some cases, these may be merely
opinions, but if you are reasoning is strong, your essay will be
too.
o To write a solid essay, you will want to get your information
from reliable sources. If you are visiting a website, you are not
familiar with, check the About Us page to learn more about the
organization publishing the information. Keep track of your
sources and be sure to mention them in your paper, according
to the style dictated by your instructor.
Step 4 - Outline Your Essay
o You will not be submitting your outline, so do not worry about
using Roman numerals and indenting perfectly. Just do a little
prep work to make the actual writing easier. It is just like an
artist making a sketch before beginning a painting.
o Simple lists or text boxes will do. You could also try mind-
mapping or using the old-school method of writing your ideas
on separate index cards.
Step 5 - Write the Body of Your Paper
o An essay should contain a minimum of five paragraphs: an
introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
However, this does not mean all essays should only have five
paragraphs. It is simply a starting point.
o Your assignment will specify a word count or the number of
paragraphs you need to include. Be sure to focus on one point
in each paragraph, which you will explain clearly in the first
sentence. If you begin to branch off to another idea, transition
to a new paragraph.
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Step 6 - Finish with Your Conclusion and Introduction
o You should end your essay on a strong note. Tie your ideas
together with powerful summary statements in a memorable
final paragraph. But you are not finished there.
o Copywriters know that the first words on a page are the most
important. It is often a good idea to leave your introduction for
last. With the rest of your paper written, you will better be able
to draw the reader in with powerful language.
o The expository/explanation essay is not as technical as it
sounds. This assignment can cover a wide variety of topics. It's
up to you to choose a subject you feel passionate about so you
can do it justice.
2. Writing a Blog
Blog is the online equivalent of a journal or diary entry. Because of
its public nature, a blog has more visual material and makes use of
topics that are general interest to the public.
A blog is meant to entertain, although some of them can be
informative. There are no rules or guidelines for how a blog should
be structured. Blogs of all kinds, on all sorts of topics, and written in
all kinds of different structures and tones can be found on the
internet. Most blogs are informal, and many are very personal. Blogs
can also be updated and edited at any time.
Essayjob.com (2020) added that the audience for a blog is online
readers and may also include people looking for reliable information,
but most often it includes people who want to be entertained and
engaged while reading the writer's personal thoughts on a topic.
While plagiarism is always frowned upon, there are few rules for
sourcing in a blog and some use no sourcing, or no reliable sources,
for their information at all. While any good essay will make clear
where the writer got their information, bloggers don't always do this.
It's important to know how to be sure a blogger is using accurate
information on which to base their opinion before assuming the
information is true.
Dean Rieck (2018) of
copyblogger.com gave his
own version of eight
important writing tips that
you can apply to blogging.
https://cdn.optinmonster.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/02/know-your-audience-min.png
43
1. Put the reader first.
o The purpose of writing is clear, sometimes persuasive,
communication. It is not about you or your clever ideas.
If you write to impress, you will distract the reader from
the content. Good writing is like a store window. It should
be clean and clear, providing an unobstructed view of the
contents within.
2. Organize your thoughts.
o You do not need a detailed outline for most writing. But
you do need to know what you want to say before you
say it. If you are comfortable with the sort of outline you
learned in school, use it. Otherwise, simply jot down the
important points you want to make and arrange them in
the order you want to make them. Eliminate any ideas
that are not related to these points.
https://cdn.optinmonster.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/know-your-audience-min.png
44
Use the longer words only if your meaning is so precise
there is no simpler word to use.
6. Be specific.
o Do not write “Many doctors recommend Brand X.” Write
“97% of doctors recommend Brand X.” Do not write “The
Big Widget is offered in many colors.” Write “The Big
Widget comes in red, green, blue, and white.” Get to the
point. Say what you mean. Use specific nouns.
7. Write in a conversational style.
o There is a road sign often posted near construction sites
that always irritates me. It reads, “Maintain present
lane.” Why so formal? A more conversational style would
be better: “Stay in your lane” or “Do not change lanes.” If
you write as if you are wearing a top hat and spats, you
distance yourself from the reader and muddle the
message.
8. Be clear.
o This may be the most important rule of all. Without
clarity, your writing fails on every level. You achieve
clarity when you accurately communicate the meaning in
your head to the head of your reader. That is difficult.
Look at your writing with an objective eye. Consider what
might be misunderstood and rewrite it. Find what is
irrelevant and delete it. Notice what is missing and insert
it.
45
Southeast Asia. For instance, you may want to take a position
concerning waste segregation in your barangay. You may also
opt to investigate the benefits of eco-tourism in your town.
o Decide on an issue you would like to work on. Then, read about
this issue. Check that the issue has two opposing viewpoints. If
this issue interests you, pick this as your topic for the essay.
Then formulate a research question like the examples that
follow.
- Why should divorce be legalized in the Philippines?
- Why should same-sex marriage be legalized in the
Philippines?
- Why should the practice of proper waste segregation be
instituted in my barangay?
- Why should eco-tourism be promoted in my community?
DOING RESEARCH
o After your research question and annotated research
bibliography has approved, it is now time to do research. This
means that you will read each of the sources you identified in
Step 2 above and take research notes. If you do not find the
answers you need from the sources you identified, you may
have to look for other sources.
o There are three types of notes, namely paraphrases,
summaries, and direct quotations. Paraphrasing is done when
you use your own words in taking down notes. If the
information provided in the source is long, it is best to
summarize. You may also copy the note verbatim or exactly as
46
it is presented in the source if you wishto preserve the source.
For whatever type of note you make, it is expected that you cite
the source. This means that you must jot down the complete
bibliographical information of your source.
o THE ESSAY
After you have completed all the pre-writing tasks, you
are ready to write your essay. In writing the paper, observe the
47
citation conventions required in your class. Make sure that you
practice intellectual honesty by acknowledging all your sources.
Any fact, figure, idea, or concept that is not yours must be
acknowledged in the paper using the proper citation format.
Otherwise, you will be accused of plagiarism.
Focus Questions
Instructions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in
Microsoft Word and save it as pdf file. Submit your answer on Google
Classroom during the class discussion and class intended time.
1. Distinguish explanation essay, blog, and research-based
argumentative essay from each other.
2. What are the steps and tips that Dean Rieck (2018) of
copyblogger.com that you should consider on writing blog?
3. How is a blog different from a journal I or diary?
4. What is the role of research in producing the argumentative essay?
5. How can you practice intellectual honesty when you write your essay
or paper?
Please be guided of the rubrics. Points for your answers will be based on
rubrics below.
Points Criteria
5 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have NO grammatical error.
Submit on established deadline.
4 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have 1 to 5 grammatical error.
Submit on established deadline.
3 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have 6 or more grammatical error.
Submit 1-20 minutes after established deadline.
Related Readings
Internet Link: Learn more about Communication for Various
Purposes by visiting these site:
https://essaypro.com/blog/explanatory-
essay#:~:text=An%20explanatory%20essay%20is%20a,logic%20to%2
0make%20it%20feasible.
Learn more about writing a Blog by watching this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8rN3JKqUc8
48
Book : You can learn more about Communication for Various
Purposes by reading Madrunio M. & Martin, I., 2018, Purposive
Communication Using English in Multilingual Contexts, page 169 to
page 210, C&E Publishing
Learning Assessment
Activity 1
Write an explanation essay on any topic of your choice. You may need to do
some research about the topic in order to better explain it. The essay must
be at least 500 words long and is organized as follows:
1. Introduction- one or two paragraphs
2. Body – at least three paragraphs
3. Conclusion – one or two paragraphs
Your essay will be marked using the following rubric:
CONTENT
Substantially explained the chosen phenomenon.
Provide convincing and adequate support for explanation essay 10 points
ORGANIZATION
Arranged the main points clearly and logically 7 points
LANGUAGE and MECHANICS
Observe proper use of languages forms and mechanic 3 points
TOTAL 20 POINTS
Activity 2
Write a blog on any topic of your choice. Decide first on your purpose for
creating blog (to entertain, to inform, to instruct, and to persuade). The blog
must be at least 500 words long and includes at least three images and three
links to other websites. Your blog will be marked using the following rubrics.
CONTENT
Substantially explained the chosen phenomenon.
Provide convincing and adequate support for explanation 10 points
essay
ORGANIZATION
Arranged the main points clearly and logically 7 points
BLOGGING CONVENTION
Observe conventions blog. Make use of images and graphics.
Provide adequate links to related websites?
LANGUAGE and MECHANICS
Observe proper use of languages forms and mechanic 3 points
TOTAL 20 POINTS
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UNIT 4.B: Oral Communication for Various Purposes
Introduction
Some students and professionals do not like the idea of speaking in
public, whether in front of small or large groups. Whatever the case may be,
you need to exude some degree of confidence as presentation of oral reports
or speeches can be very threatening. As a students, you should take seriously
any opportunity that comes your way and that requires you to deliver a talk.
This unit will focus on the oral presentation, the debate, and the
literature as form of communication.
Please proceed immediately to the “Unlocking of Difficulties” part since
the first lesson is also definition of essential terms.
Unlocking of Difficulties
To attend the following intended learning outcomes for the first lesson
of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that
you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are
expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources that
are available in the library in the internet
Definition of Terms
Oral Communication – it is the process of verbally transmitting
information and ideas from one individual or group to another. It can
be formal or informal.
Debate – a structured argument. Two sides speak alternately for and
against a particular contention usually based on a topical issue.
Literature – it is used as vehicle for communicating ideas
50
Lecture Notes
1. Oral Presentation
Chris Morgan (2016) a public speaker shares his ten tips on how to
deal on oral presentation:
1. Be prepared
o It probably should go without saying but you should go into
any public speaking situation completely prepared for any
eventuality. Most of the time, of course, things will go well
and there will not be any surprises, but things can and do go
wrong on occasion. A sudden change to the venue,
equipment, timing, or whatever else it might be, always has
the potential to throw a spanner into the works so be
prepared by having a contingency.
o If you are presenting from slides on a projector, have a copy
of the slide deck printed just in case. Always get to the venue
early enough so that you can deal with any mishaps without
having to scramble at the very last minute, which would
otherwise just stress you to the point that it affects your
performance. If you are going to be speaking for any length
of time, have some water nearby. If you are going to be using
any props, like a computer, or laser pointer, test these things
ahead of time. Do a dry run and make sure you consider your
backup plan in the event something does go awry.
2. Be confident
o Chances are that people are listening to you because you are
the authority on a given subject. Regardless, the audience is
there to listen to what you have to say so make sure you
speak confidently about the subject matter.
o If you use tentative language or speak in a way that suggests
you do not know what you are talking about, the audience
will quickly lose interest and there be dragons. Use the area
around you and your body to your advantage. Walk around
the stage and use hand gestures where necessary to help
explain your points. Stand up straight and speak with an
authoritative tone. You know your stuff, so act like it.
3. Get to know the audience
o This can be difficult with larger audiences but anything you
can do to get to know the members of the audience will work
in your favor. An audience that can connect with the speaker
in some way is more likely to pay attention. It adds that
personal touch that will bring you closer to them.
o Chat to the audience as they are arriving. Be personable. Ask
them questions, like ‘Hi, what’s your name?’ or ‘Have you come
far to be here?’, etc. Alternatively, you could ask them about the
51
topic you are about to speak about. If new audience members
coming in see, you are chatting amiably with others when they
arrive, it helps to show them that you are a person and not just
a speaker.
4. Have some things to give away
o I find that having something to give away helps the audience
members to remain connected to you even after you have
delivered your speech. It is also a great icebreaker. And let
us be honest, who does not like a freebie? It does not have
to be expensive. I routinely give away bookmarks, for
example, but even a jellybean would work.
5. Make them laugh
o Of course, the nature of the talk you’re giving might affect
this one. However, a well-timed joke or subtle anecdote to
get the audience sniggering will go a long way to help to get
the audience on your side. If they laugh with you, they are
more likely to like you and then they’ll be more likely to
give you what you came for – their attention.
6. Answer all questions
o Try not to dismiss any questions from the audience – even if
they seem off-topic. An audience that’s asking questions is
an audience that’s listening and engaged. It’s a good sign.
Treat everyone with respect and they’ll do likewise. It’s
perfectly OK to acknowledge a hand having gone up with a
gesture that says, ‘I’ll get to you in a second,’ but be sure to
get back to taking their question when you’ve finished your
sentence.
7. Ask questions to the audience
o A good way to help keep the audience engaged is to get them
thinking. You can do this by asking leading questions. It does
not matter whether anyone answers. You can answer you
own question after giving them a few moments to think
about it or, if anyone wants to volunteer an answer, you can
let them answer it for you. Once a question has been
answered, another way to maximize engagement and to get
them all thinking is to then ask who agrees or disagrees with
the suggested answer.
8. Be honest with the audience
o Always be honest and genuine with your audience. Do not
worry about being humble or showing vulnerability. Show
them you are not perfect yourself. Did something go wrong
for you in the past? Tell them this. Explain why it went wrong
and what you learned from the experience. We all make
mistakes. Showing this sort of vulnerability is not a
weakness. It is a great way to allow the audience to
empathize and connect with you.
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9. Don't read word-by-word from the screen
o If you are presenting information on a slide, it should be little
more than a reminder to you about what you are going to be
talking about – not the content of the talk itself. There is
nothing more boring for an audience to sit and listen to
someone saying what is already up on the screen.
Remember, you are there to talk to the audience, so you
should be looking at them for the most part, right? You also
want to keep the information on the screen brief. You want
them concentrating on what you are saying not trying to
listen to you and attempting to read at the same time, which
is a recipe for disaster. If your slide has more than a dozen
words on it, that is already too much information, so
consider culling – less is more!
10. Hang around at the end for questions
o There will always be people that want to know more but are
afraid to raise their hands in a group. I know, I was once one
of these people. By hanging around at the end, you are giving
these people a chance to get their questions out in a way
that is still inside their comfort zone. Do not dismiss this too
easily by being in a hurry to get out of there. If there is any
networking to be done, it will be at the beginning or end of
your presentation, and you never know just how important
a quick chat with the right person is going to be for you in the
future.
2. The Debate
Americandebateleague.org define debate as an organized argument
or contest of ideas in which the participants discuss a topic from two
opposing sides. Those who agree with this statement or idea are the
"Pro" side. Those who will not agree with this statement or idea are
53
the "Con" side. Each side will show in an organized and clever way
why they believe to have the right answers. They will use examples
and evidence to support their ideas while working towards
conclusion.
https://www.myperfectpaper.net/images/debate-topics.jpg
The aim of a debate is to convince the opposition that you are right.
When the two sides agree on the subject or when one side's
arguments are more convincing than the other side that is when the
debate comes to a close.
54
SKILLS NEEDED IN DEBATE
You need all the language macro-skills to be an effective debater. The
productive and receptive skills work together and are not
independent of each other. Certainly, these skills should go with
critical thinking especially since listening, speaking, reading, writing,
and viewing can only be successful if practiced with critical thinking.
As you listen, speak, and read, you also need to take down notes, so
note-taking is imperative.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Freely and Steinberg (2014) in their book Argumentation and
Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making define ethics
of constructs that guide our decision making, by providing "a set of
standards of behavior telling us how we ought to act”.
o Debates, therefore, question issues of right and wrong
including the applications of standards of ethics. At times,
people also find themselves challenging their own ethical
standards. It is difficult to assume that just because a debater
sees something to be unacceptable, then it really is.
Assumptions lead to poor arguments and poor decision-
making. Remember that people have differing ethical
assumptions about this world. They have different ways of
viewing things.
o It is essential not to make sweeping statements when laying
down arguments as these may pave the way for the opposing
team to question the claims.
DRESS AND APPEARANCE
o You should be mindful of how you look in a formal debate Tour
appearance is just as important as the paralinguistic cues and
non-verbal behavior.
o If you are a female speaker, wear a business attire that will make
you look respectable. Do not wear colors that are ostentatiously
attractive. Very high-heeled shoes and flat shoes should also be
avoided. Instead, wear heels that are manageable, for example,
1.5 to 2 inches. Make-up and jewelry should also be worn
conservatively.
o For males, you also need to wear business attire, avoiding loud
colors. Should you wear a coat and tie, do not wear a tie that
comes in flashy or glaring colors. You should be able to match
your inner clothes with your outer clothes. Do not wear large
ornaments. Your nails should be cut, hair well-combed, and
shoes neatly polished.
55
Focus Questions
Instructions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in
Microsoft Word and save it as pdf file. Submit your answer on Google
Classroom during the class discussion and class intended time.
1. Why is it important to analyse the audience when presenting orally?
2. How important are the prosodic features when delivering a talk,
speech, or report?
3. How different is the formal debate from the informal debate?
4. How debate related to one’s everyday life experience?
Please be guided of the rubrics. Points for your answers will be based on
rubrics below.
Points Criteria
5 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have NO grammatical error.
Submit on established deadline.
4 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have 1 to 5 grammatical error.
Submit on established deadline.
3 Answers are right and well-explained.
Answers have 6 or more grammatical error.
Submit 1-20 minutes after established deadline.
Related Readings
Internet Link: Learn more about Oral Presentation by visiting these
site:
https://davenport.libguides.com/papers
Learn more about Debate by watching this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kezvnxqs3sw
Book : You can learn more about Oral Communication for Various
Purposes by reading Madrunio M. & Martin, I., 2018, Purposive
Communication Using English in Multilingual Contexts, page 223 to
page 256, C&E Publishing
Learning Assessment
Activity 1
1. Choose a topic that interests you and later deliver the introduction
and the conclusion in class via Google Meet.
2. Write the introduction using any of the following techniques as an
opening or a beginning of your speech: startling statement, question,
and statistics.
56
3. Write the body of your speech.
4. Write the conclusion using any of the following techniques: a
quotation; anecdote, story, a illustration; and a challenging
statement.
5. You will be graded by the rubrics below.
CONTENT
Substantially explained the chosen phenomenon. 20 points
Provide convincing and adequate support for explanation essay
ORGANIZATION
Arranged the main points clearly and logically 10 points
DELIVERY
Mental, physical, social poise. 20 points
Clear, distinct speech.
Effective audience contract. Meaningful gestures. Appropriate
attire.
TOTAL 50 POINTS
References
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Morgan, C. (2016, August 21). 10 Things to consider when public speaking.
Portallas. https://portallas.com/blog/10-public-speaking-tips/
Whas Is Debate? (2020). America Debate League.
https://www.americandebateleague.org/what-is-debate.html#/
60