Xurposivj Moccueimbtioe Rjvijwjr

Bmmouetbemy (Xbcbetbsbe ef Auefsol ef

Cbyeiab)
]tuLomu is eot spoesorjl or jelorsjl ny bey moaajfj or ueivjrsity
Loweaobljl ny Cilsy Ljab Mruz
(cilsyljabmruz2Hfcbia.moc)
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION PROCESSES
David Berlo’ SMCR Model of Communication
Westley & Maclean Model
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
Communication -a two-way process of giving and receiving
information through any number of channels.
Whether one is speaking informally to a colleague, addressing a
conference or meeting, writing a newsletter article or formal report,
the following basic principles apply:
• Know your audience.
• Know your purpose.
• Know your topic.
• Anticipate objections.
• Present a rounded picture.
• Achieve credibility with your audience.
• Follow through on what you say.
• Communicate a little at a time.
• Present information in several ways.
• Develop a practical, useful way to get fee dback .
• Use multiple communication techniques
STYLES OF COMMUNICATION
• Friendly, Sociable
• Directive,Persuasive, Demanding, Blaming
• Speculative, Intuitive, Searching, Exploring, or
Intellectual
• Disclosing, Revealing, Explicit, Responsive, Accepting,
and Aware
Non-verbal Communication
• a process of generating meaning using behavior
other than words.
• typically governed by the right side of the brain
and verbal, the left.
• In terms of composition, although there are rules
of grammar that structure our verbal
communication, no such official guides govern
our use of nonverbal signals.
• Whereas we humans are unique in our capacity
to abstract and transcend space and time using
verbal
Loweaobljl ny Cilsy Ljab Mruz (cilsyljabmruz2Hfcbia.moc)
O Semantic rules - govern the meaning
symbols, we are not the only creatures that engage
in nonverbal communication.
• Tends to do the work of communicating
emotions more than verbal.
• no official grammar guides govern our use of
nonverbal signals.
• we are not the only cre atures that engage
in nonverbal communication.
Verbal Communication
 Communication includes sounds, words, language, and
speech. Speaking is an effective way of communicating and
helps in expressing our emotions in word
4 Types of Verbal Communication
1. Intrapersonal Communication
O This form of communication is extremely
private and restricted to ourselves
O It includes the silent conversations we have
with ourselves, wherein we juggle roles
between the sender and receiver who are
processing our thoughts and actions
O This process of communication when
analyzed can either be conveyed verbally to
someone or stay confined as thoughts.
2. Interpersonal Communication
O This form of communication takes place
between two individuals and is thus a one-
on- one conversation.
O
The two individuals involved will swap their
roles of sender and receiver in order to
communicate
in a clearer manner.
3. Small Group Communication
O This type of communication can take place
only when there are more than two people
involved.
O the number of people will be small enough
to allow each participant to interact and
converse with the rest
O Press conferences, board meetings, and team
meetings are examples of group communication.
O *Unless a specific issue is being discussed,
small group discussions can become chaotic
and difficult to interpret by everybody. This
lag in understanding information completely
can result in miscommunication.
4. Public Communication
O This type of communication takes place
when one individual addresses a large
gathering of people
O Election campaigns and public speeches are
example of this type of communication.
O In such cases, there is usually a single sender
of information and several receivers who are
being addressed.
Principles of Verbal Communications
1. Language Has Rules - Language is a code, a collection
of symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meanings
that are arranged according to the rules of syntax and
are used to communicate.
O Syntactic rules - govern the order of
words in a sentence.
of words and how to interpret them.
• ^jspjmtfua — values other as an integral part
• Mrjlit
 word choice according to context and social
custom.
2. Our Reality Is Shaped by Our Language
3. Language Is Arbitrary and Symbolic
> typj og worl cjbeiefs0
O Denotative - the common meaning, often found
in the dictionary
Connotative - n
O ot found in the dictionary but
in the community of users itself. It can involve
an emotional association with a word, positive
or negative, and can be individual or collective, COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
but is not universal.
Globalization
4. Language Is Abstract
Language Organizes and Classifies Reality • Can be seen as referring to a process whereby the
O We all use systems of classification to navigate
introduction of external elements changes the context
through the world.
in which a given collectivity has hitherto evolved
O Imagine how confusing life would be if we (^bnoy,
had no categories such as male/female, >88>)
young/old, tall/short, doctor/nurse/teacher. • Described as a structural phenomenon of increasing
O These categories only become problematic interdependence among various parts of the world, for
when we use them to uphold biases and which the effects of an action feel at a distance has
ingrained assumptions that are no longer produced a variety of economic, cultural, and social
valid.
changes that have shaped the world over the past 50 years
5. Language Organizes and Classifies Reality
(Morebaai & \irommdi, >827)
O We all use systems of classification to navigate
through the world. Imagine how confusing Globalization (baxter, 2018)
life would be if we had no categories such
as male/female, young/old, tall/short, • we have the opportunity to view diverse perspectives
doctor/nurse/teacher. These categories only that were outside of our scope before; opens up your
become problematic when we use them to sense of what parts of the world are accessible to you,
uphold biases and ingrained assumptions that which in
are no longer valid.
• turn lays the foundation for an evolved worldview.i
the world becomes more accessible and equitable
ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
general; Globalization creates a space for ideas to
transcend borders and social strata.
Ethics - The study of values & morals, of what is right and wrong.
• When you can see the world through new eyes, you
have the opportunity to innovate and really develop
Communication - The impairing or exchanging of information or
new educational opportunities, rethink how and why
news.
we communicate and create new systems to do both.
Ethical communication
WORLD ENGLISHES
• Is fundamental to thoughtful decision making and
• All are equal in the sense that each is best suited to
responsible thinking
the communication needs of its speakers.
• It is about developing and nurturing relationships
• Some varieties, however, are more prestigious than others
and building communities within & across context,
because of social attitudes about the speakers of these
cultures, channels and media
varieties.
• Accepting responsibilities for the message you convey to
• The idea, in writing, is to adhere to the Standard English
others and the short term / long term consequences of of one’s country because each variety, including those
your communication
of the
US and UK, has its own peculiar or individual features.
Principles of Ethical communication INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Vbys to Njmocj Jffjmtivj Ietjrmuaturba Moccueimbtors0
• Njejfimjemj — to promote good
• Eoecbajfimjemj — to do no harm 1. Understanding what a culture is
• Butoeocy — respect for others 2. Identifying how cultures differ from one another
• Wjrbmity — honesty 3. Realizing how those differences influence communication
• @ustimj — fairness
Culture and Related Concepts:
Characteristics of an Ethical communicator
• Culture - is the system of shared values, beliefs,
• Doejsty — encourages free flow of ideas attitudes, and norms that guide what is considered
• Confidentiality — protecting the privacy appropriate among an identifiable group of people.
• Mourtjsy — sensitivity to cultural values / (]bcovbe,Xortjr,& CmLbeija, >889)
belief

Loweaobljl ny Cilsy Ljab Mruz (cilsyljabmruz2Hfcbia.moc)

• Values - are the commonly accepted standards of what • Dominant culture - refers to the learned system of
is considered right and wrong, good and evil, fair and norm held by the majority group of empowered people
unfair, just and unjust. in a
• Intercultural Communication - refers to interactions that society.
occur between people whose cultures are so different
that the communication between them is altered.
 Chronemics
- view time as a series of small
units that occur sequentially. These cultures value Monochronic cultures
punctuality, uninterrupted task completion, meeting
deadlines, following plans, and doing things one thing at
a time.
• Polychronic cultures - view time as a continuous flow.
People who abide by this time orientation are
comfortable doing several things at once, having a
flexible schedule or
 • Co-culture - is a group comprised of a smaller number of none at all, and disregarding deadlines to satisfy other
people who have common values, beliefs, attitudes and needs.
customs that differ from those of the dominant culture.
• Cultural identity - is the part of our self- concept that is Uncertainty Avoidance
a based on how closely we associate with both the
dominant culture and various co-cultures • is the extent to which people desire to predict what
• Ethnicity - is a classification of people based on is going to happen.
• Low uncertainty avoidance cultures - tolerate
cgoemogbrianpahtiiconosriogfins,hlarnegduachgea,rarectlieg uncertainty and are less driven to control unpredictable
riiosnti,cas nscuecshtrasl ncuatistonma sli,ty, people, relationships, or events.
• High uncertainty avoidance cultures - have low
and traditions
tolerance for uncertainty and a high need to control
unpredictable people, relationships, or events.
Factors that Contribute to the Formation of Co-cultures:
Masculinity/Femininity
1. Race
2. Ethnicity
• Masculine culture - members are expected to adhere
3. Sex and Gender
to traditional gender roles.
4. Sexual 0rientation
• Feminine culture - people assume a variety of roles
5. Religion
and are valued for doing so regardless of sex.
6. Socioeconomic Status
7. Age/Generation Long-term /Short-term Orientation
8. Disability
• Short-term oriented culture - tends to value rewards
How Cultures Differ: in the here and now and thus, emphasizes quick
results, fulfilling social obligations, and getting to the
Individualism / Collectivism
bottom line efficiently.
• Long-term oriented culture - emphasizes potential
• Individualistic Cultures - value personal rights and
future rewards that will eventually be realized after
responsibilities, privacy, voicing one’s opinion,
slow and steady perseverance toward achieving a
freedom, innovation, and self-expression.
mutually acceptable result.
• Collectivist Cultures - value community, collaboration,
shared interests, harmony, the public good, and avoiding Developing Intercultural Communication Competence:
embarrassment.
Potential Barriers
Influence of Individualism / Collectivism on communication:
1. Anxiety
1. These affect self-concept and self-esteem
2. Assumed Similarity or Difference
3. Ethnocentrism
2. Highly individualistic cultures lead members to be assertive
4. Stereotyping
5. Incompatible Communication Codes
3. These influence how people make group decisions
6. Incompatible Norms and Values
Context
Competent Communication Strategies
• Low-context cultures - speakers use words to convey most 1. Acquire Accurate Knowledge
of the meaning; verbal messages are direct, specific and
a) Formal Study
detailed.
b) 0bservation
• High-context cultures - speakers’ messages are
c) Immersion
understood from the context.
2. Adopt an Appropriate
• Low-context communicators to High - Be mindful that
Attitude a) Tolerate
building a good relationship first is important for long-
ambiguity
term effectiveness; NV messages and gestures will
b) Be open-minded
probably be more important than what is actually said.
c) Be altruistic
• High-context communicators to Low - Recognize that
3. Develop Culture-Centered Skills
the verbal message should be taken at face value and
a) Practice Listening
direct questions, assertions, and observations are not
b) Practice Intercultural Empathy
meant to be offensive; Recognize that they might not
notice or understand indirect contextual cues. c) Develop Flexibility

Loweaobljl ny Cilsy Ljab Mruz (cilsyljabmruz2Hfcbia.moc)