Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DEDICATION
This Thesis is dedicated to God, without him in my life, nothing is possible. I also want to
dedicate this to my dear Mother and Father, who have given me more than I ever needed and
have always supported me in all my endeavors.
by
ALDO E. MCKAY, B.E.
THESIS
Presented to the Graduate Faculty of
The University of Texas at San Antonio
In partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements
For the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
1454510
2008
1454510
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Dr. David Stevens and Mr. Kirk Marchand from Protection Engineering
Consultants for their support and guidance during this research. The input provided by them
helped greatly in the completion of this study. I also would like to thank Dr. Eric Williamson
and Daniel Williams (PhD candidate) at the University of Texas in Austin for their contributions
to this effort.
August, 2008
iii
Typically, NLD procedures give better and more accurate results, but are more
complicated and expensive. As a result, designers often choose static procedures, which tend to
be simpler, requiring less labor. As progressive collapse is a dynamic and nonlinear event, the
load cases for the static procedures require the use of factors to account for inertial and nonlinear
effects, similar to the approach used in ASCE Standard 41 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing
Buildings (ASCE 41).
A number of inconsistencies have been indentified in the way the existing guidelines
applied dynamic and non-linear load factors to their static approaches. As part of an existing
effort to update the existing guidelines, this study used SAP2000 to perform several AP analyses
on a variety of Reinforced Concrete and Steel Moment Frame buildings to investigate the
magnitude and variation of the dynamic and non-linear load increase factors. The study
concluded that the factors in the existing guidelines tend to yield overly conservative results,
which often translate into expensive design and retrofits. This study indentified new load
increase factors and proposes a new approach to utilize these factors when performing AP
analyses for Progressive Collapse.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ iii
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ix
CHAPTER 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 2: Progressive Collapse............................................................................................. 13
U.S. Existing Guidelines for Design against Progressive Collapse.................................. 14
Design Approaches to Resist Progressive Collapse.......................................................... 15
Overview of GSA Guidelines ........................................................................................... 15
Overview of DoD Guidelines UFC 4-023-03................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 3: Procedures for the Alternate Path Method ............................................................ 18
CHAPTER 4: Inconsistencies of Existing Factors ....................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 5: Variation of Load and Dynamic Increase Factors Research Procedure ................ 23
3- Dimensional Analytical Models ................................................................................... 25
3-Dimmensinal Building Designs..................................................................................... 33
2-Dimmensional Models................................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 6: Analysis Results and Data Analysis ...................................................................... 38
Analysis of Data from Linear Static AP Analyses (LIF).................................................. 39
Analysis of Data from Nonlinear Static Analysis (DIF)................................................... 46
CHAPTER 7: Proposed Procedures for Using LIFs and DIFs in Static AP Analyses ................ 50
Linear Static AP Procedure............................................................................................... 50
Non-Linear Static AP Procedure ...................................................................................... 52
CHAPTER 8: Conclusions and Recommendations...................................................................... 55
vi
BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................... 56
Appendix - RESULT TABLES .................................................................................................... 57
VITA
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10.
Table 11.
Table 12.
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
2-Dimmensional Models................................................................................. 36
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20 .
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
dynamic and nonlinear event, the load cases for the static procedures require the use of factors to
account for inertial and nonlinear effects, similar to the approach used in ASCE Standard 41
Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (ASCE 41). It is important that design
requirements for progressive collapse incorporate appropriate dynamic and nonlinear factors
such that the linear static and nonlinear static designs are more representative of the actual
nonlinear and dynamic response of the structure.
12
05) as the spread of an initial local failure from element to element, eventually resulting in the
collapse of an entire structure or a disproportionately large part of it.
There have been a number of progressive collapse failures where the above definition can
be clearly observed. Probably one of the most famous progressive collapse failures was the 1968
collapse of the Ronan Point apartment building. The building was a 22-story precast concrete
bearing wall system. An explosion in a corner kitchen on the 18th floor blew out the exterior
wall panel and failure of the corner bay propagated up and down to cover almost the complete
height of the building. Figure 1 illustrates the final state of the collapse of the Ronan Point
apartment building. After this event, England was the first nation to address progressive collapse
explicitly in their building standards. Another famous case of progressive collapse was the
Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building mentioned
previously.
13
agencies have developed guidelines that provide quantifiable and prescriptive requirements to
reduce the potential for progressive collapse. These guidelines are: The General Services
Administration Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines 2003 and The Unified
Facilities Criteria Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse 2005 by the Department of
Defense ( DoD).
Currently, work is being done to update the Unified Facilities Criteria Design of
Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse. One of the improvements in the new updated
guidelines will be more realistic load factors for static analysis procedures based on the approach
used in ASCE41.
Design Approaches to Resist Progressive Collapse
Prevention or mitigation of progressive collapse can be achieved using two different
methods: indirect design and direct design. The indirect method consists of improving the
structural integrity of the building by providing redundancy of load paths and ductile detailing.
Currently, only UFC 4-023-03 allows the use of indirect methods. The direct method is divided
into two approaches: Specific Load Resistance (SLR) and Alternate Path (AP), with the latter
being the most widely used in the US. The updated guidelines will incorporate a combination of
indirect and direct methods with AP being the main direct design procedure. This research
focuses primarily on the AP method for progressive collapse.
15
progressive collapse in existing Federal Office Buildings, and assist in the development of
potential upgrades to facilities if required.
To meet this purpose, these Guidelines provide a threat independent methodology for
minimizing the potential for progressive collapse in the design of new and upgraded buildings,
and for assessing the potential for progressive collapse in existing buildings (GSA, 2003). The
GSA guidelines only provide requirements for Reinforced Concrete and Steel structures. The
main design procedure is the AP method. In the AP method, designers and analysts are allowed
to choose between linear/non-linear, dynamic/static and 2-dimmensional/3-dimmensional
procedures and models. The load combination used for dynamic analyses is D + 0.25L and a
factor of 2 is applied for static cases to account for dynamic and inertial effects 2(D + 0.25L).
For non-linear analyses the acceptance criteria is based upon ductility and rotation limits
specified in tables for different component types. For linear analyses, the capacity of the
members is artificially enhanced using demand capacity ratios DCR (specified in the guidelines)
to account for non-linearity effects not explicitly included in the model. If the enhanced capacity
is more than the demand or acting force in the component, the member is said to be acceptable.
DCR values range from 1 to 3 based on construction type and configurations. The guidelines
recommend that non-linear procedures should be use for buildings with more than 10 stories.
Finally, vertical support removal locations are explicitly provided and each loss location must be
considered as an independent analysis.
a combination of direct and indirect approaches and must be applied to all DoD building with 3
or more stories. In addition to RC and steel structures, the DoD guidelines include Masonry,
Wood and Cold-formed structural components. The requirements can be applied to provide four
different levels of protection (LOP). For Very Low LOP, only indirect design is employed by
specifying the required levels of Tie Forces. If a structural element does not provide the required
tie force, the element must be re-designed or retrofitted. For Low LOP, a combination of the
Indirect and Direct method is used. The design must incorporate both horizontal and vertical tie
forces. However, if the vertical tie forces are insufficient, the designer must upgrade the vertical
ties or perform an AP analysis to prove the structure is capable of bridging over the deficient
vertical member. For Medium and High LOP, both, Tie Forces and AP requirements are
mandatory. In the AP method, the DoD guidelines allowed the use of three procedures: Linear
Static, Non-linear Static and Non-linear Dynamic. The load combination used for the AP
analysis is 1.2D + 0.5L and as with the GSA guidelines a factor of 2 is applied for static
procedures 2(1.2D+0.5L). Response criteria are given for non-linear analyses in terms of
allowable levels of ductility and rotation presented in tables for each construction type. For
static analyses, the un-enhanced capacity of the members is compared to the demand or acting
force on the component. This differs drastically with the GSA guidelines, which use DCR values
ranging from 1 to 3. A more detail explanation of the use of these capacity increase factors is
presented in Chapter 4.
17
19
3. Load enhancement factors do not vary with the performance level. The current
guidelines apply the same multiplier to the loads independent of the performance level
being used in the design. In other words, a structure is assigned a load enhancement
factor of 2.0 regardless of whether the designer wants to allow significant structural
damage (Collapse Prevention, as described in ASCE 41) or very little damage
(Immediate Occupancy in ASCE 41). As will be shown later, the load enhancement
factors can be defined as functions of the desired building performance level and the
building characteristics.
4. Inconsistency of Capacity Increase Factors (CIF) in LS procedures. UFC 4-023-03 uses a
CIF (m-factor) of 1.0. A CIF (m-factor) of 1.0 combined with a dynamic multiplier of
2.0, can produce overly-conservative designs as the resulting double-span condition after
the removal of a vertical load bearing element is required to carry 2 times the progressive
collapse load. GSA uses CIFs (or DCRs) between 1.0 and 3.0. As shown by Ruth 2004,
the design could be either overly conservative or un-conservative depending on the DCR
value being used. For example:
GSA LS Acceptance Equation: Dyn. Multiplier * (PC load) < (DCR) x (Capacity)
DCR = 3: 2 x (PC load) = (3) x (Capacity)
(2/3) x (PC load) = (Capacity)
DCR = 1: 2 x (PC load) = (1) x (Capacity)
(2) x (PC load) = (Capacity)
In both cases, a dynamic multiplier of 2.0 is applied to the progressive collapse load as
required in the existing GSA guidelines. For the first case, a DCR of 3.0 is applied to the
21
capacity of the member, which could be a beam in flexure. If the dynamic multiplier (2.0) and
the DCR (3.0) are combined and applied to the progressive collapse load, it can be seen that the
member would be designed for 2/3 of the original progressive collapse load, which is unconservative. Conversely, if the structural member under consideration has a DCR of 1.0, which
could correspond to a column in flexure, the combined factor (Dynamic Multiplier / DCR) would
be 2.0. In this case, the member would be designed for a load of 2 times the progressive collapse
load, which could be overly conservative.
22
3 steps:
1. Starting with a baseline model of a building designed using conventional design loads, a
NLD AP analysis was performed for a given column removal location (Corner,
perimeter or interior). The analysis used the ASCE 7 extreme event load case without
any enhancement; the values of plastic rotation and displacement at the column removal
location were recorded.
2. Using the exact same design and column removal location in the model from Step 1, a
NLS analysis was performed, with a trial DIF applied to the ASCE extreme event load
case. The DIF was adjusted and the model was re-run until the maximum plastic rotation
23
matched the rotation measured in Step 1. This step yielded the DIF for the first design of
the first building configuration.
3. Using the same design and column removal location in the model from Step 1, a LS
analysis was performed. A trial LIF was applied to the ASCE extreme event load case.
The LIF was adjusted and the model was re-run until the maximum displacement
matched the displacement that corresponds to plastic rotation measured in Step 1. This
step yielded the LIF for the first design of the first building configuration.
After a value for the DIF and LIF had been determined for the initial design, the beams
and girders were re-designed to produce a new design using the same building configuration
(building height and bay spacing), and Steps 1 through 3 were repeated. This process is
illustrated in Figure 2 .
1 (NLD)
(1.0) PC
3 (LS)
2 (NLS)
(DIF) PC
(LIF) PC
NLD
NLD
Figure 2. Procedure to Determine Load Increase Factors.
After a series of values of LIF and DIF were recorded for a given column removal
location, the procedure was repeated for a different column removal location using the same
building configuration (same building height and bay spacing). After all three column removal
locations had been analyzed for a particular building configuration, a new building (new building
height and bay spacing) would be analyzed following the same steps described above.
24
Damping ratio = 1%
Column removal and time step = 1/20 of the structures natural period
The natural period was determined by performing a Modal Analysis, and selecting the
Natural Period (T) of the dominating mode of vibration. The dominating mode of vibration was
selected visually based on the location of the column removal and the motion of the structure.
Non-linearity was included in the model by using Plastic hinges at both ends and midpoint of every beam element and at both ends of the column elements. No hinge offsets were
used. The hinge definition for the steel buildings was taken from the pre-set options available in
SAP2000 corresponding to the hinge definition given in Chapter 5 (Steel Frame Structures) of
ASCE 41. A graphical representation of this hinge definition is shown next in Figure 3.
For reinforced concrete structures, the hinge definition (Figure 4) was designed to allow
strain hardening of 5% at the point expected to be the maximum allowed rotation (0.07 radians).
This differs from the 10% hardening at 0.025 radians used in ASCE 41. The reason for this
difference is the larger allowable rotations used in progressive collapse analyses. In other words,
26
if the same slope used in the ASCE 41 hinge definition from points B to point C (Figure 4) was
used in this analysis, this would result in an increase in moment capacity of approximately 30%
at the point of maximum allowed displacement (0.07 radians) which is unrealistic.
As seen in Figures 3 and 4, SAP2000 does not allow the user to enter a rotation value for
the yield point (See point B in Figures 3 and 4). In other words, the hinges in SAP2000 by
default use an initial stiffness of 1.0. For this type of non-linear analysis were large deformations
are expected, the yield rotation is often negligible when measuring total displacement
particularly for RC beams which are very stiff. However, during the data analysis stage of the
study, yield rotation values were calculated using the formulas of ASCE 41 and included in the
normalization of the data.
The expected value of maximum allowable rotation for reinforced concrete structures of
0.07 radians was taken from the acceptance criteria in ASCE 41 with a factor of 3.5 applied to it.
ASCE 41 will largely be the basis for the allowable performance levels in the new UFC 4-02303, although some modifications are anticipated.
27
The deformation limits for Life Safety for steel buildings were taken identical to those
values in Table 5-6 of ASCE 41. However, for reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, the Life
Safety values in Table 6-7 were increased by a factor of 3.5. This is because, within the seismic
community, the RC limits in FEMA are considered to be conservative [EERI/PEER 2006] and,
in the blast-design community, the allowable deformation criteria in ASCE 41 are much smaller
than indicated by test data from blast- and impact-loaded RC structural members. In addition, the
conservative ASCE 41 RC criteria are based on backbone curves derived from cyclic testing of
members and joints, whereas only one-half cycle is applied in a progressive collapse event.
To simulate the instantaneous removal a given column, the column was replaced with
equivalent reactions obtained from a static analysis of the building using the progressive collapse
load applied to the entire structure (1.2D + 0.5L). These loads were then removed over time to
simulate the removal of the column. This process is shown in Figure 5.
1.2D +0.5L
1.2D +0.5L
Equivalent
loads
1
0
(1/20) T
Equivalent
loads
28
Removal
After the equivalent column loads were removed, the building was allowed to deform until it
settled and the maximum plastic rotation was recorded for all hinges formed during the analyses.
(See Figure 6)
Structure Settles
Nonlinear Static Analysis: In the NLS analysis, non-linearity was modeled identically as
with the NLD model discussed above (with plastic hinges). However, to simulate the column
removal, the non-linear staged construction feature in SAP2000 was used (Figure 7). The
model was analyzed in three stages using 100 steps per stage.
29
30
In the final stage, the column was removed and the analysis was run until the building
settled; see Figure 10. After the building had settled, the maximum plastic hinge rotations were
recorded in a similar manner to the NLD case. If the maximum plastic rotation was not equal to
the plastic rotation from the NLD analysis, the DIF was adjusted and the analysis was repeated,
until the plastic rotations from the NLD and NLS analyses matched within 2%.
Linear Static Analysis: The linear static procedure is simpler in that it does not require
the use of dynamic and non-linear parameters such as time step, damping ratio, plastic hinges,
etc. In these analyses, two sets of loads were applied to the building model, from which a
column has been removed: one set of loads was applied to the whole structure, and the other set
of loads, which includes the trial LIF, was applied only around the column removal locations as
directed in UFC 4-023-03.
The analysis was run using the linear elastic option in SAP2000 and the displacement was
measured at the loss location. If the displacement did not match the displacement from the NLD
procedure, the trial LIF was adjusted and the analysis was run again.
The rigidity (EI) of the steel beams was modeled implicitly in SAP2000 by defining the
size and Elastic Modulus (E) of the structural components. For concrete however, the rigidity
must be explicitly modified to account for the effects of cracking at large rotations, which tend to
reduce the effective Moment of Inertia (I). Therefore, the Rigidity of the RC linear models was
taken as 0.5 E I as indicated in Table 6.5 of ASCE 41.
32
Spandrelgirder
Girder
4 @ 25ft
Interior
Beam
5 @ 25ft
Using the floor plan illustrated above, different building configurations were obtained by
varying the bay spacing and the number of stories. After the building designs were finalized, the
variation and magnitude of load and dynamic increase factors was investigated following the
procedure explained above. AP analyses were performed in all buildings. For each building, the
AP analysis included corner exterior and interior column removals. The following table presents
a summary of all the AP analyses included in this research. As seen in Table 1, a total of 408 AP
analyses were performed in this research study.
33
12
12
12
9
Total AP Analyses for
Steel Buildings
Interior Column
Removal
24
30
99
Interior Column
Removal
15
30
15
15
30
18
15
33
15
9
21
21
0
Total AP Analyses for RC
Buildings
0
309
The loads and material properties used for the analyses are presented in the following
tables.
Table 2. Design Loads
49 psf (steel)
DL
SDL
35 psf
CL
15 psf
LL
50 psf
Live load
The DL values in Table 2 are abased on lightweight RC floor systems as indicated in the
examples of the current UFC 4-023-03.
34
52.5 ksi
29,000 ksi
Modulus of elasticity
6.25 ksi
fy
75 ksi
In progressive collapse, strength increase factors applied to material properties are used to
account for the average ratio of the actual static strength of materials to the nominal specified
value, and the rapid application of the load. These values are specified in the UFC 4-023-03
guidelines as 1.05 for structural steel, and 1.25 for concrete compressive strength and reinforcing
steel.
2-Dimmensional Models
Additional data needed to be generated to develop a larger baseline for comparison of
results. However, AP analysis using 3D models can be time consuming and expensive.
Therefore, additional data was generated using simple 2-dimensional double-span models
analyzed with a SDOF approach. The models consisted of a fixed-fixed double span beam. The
analysis procedure was similar to the procedure describe previously for 3D models. First, the
double span was loaded with a given design load, and the deflection of the beam was calculated
performing a non-linear dynamic analysis using time integration techniques and SDOF approach.
Next, the LIF corresponding to that design was calculated using the following equation:
LIF =
k *
, where k is the beam stiffness calculated per ASCE 41 procedures, is the
w
calculated displacement, and w is the applied load. The DIF was calculated as follows:
35
DIF = (
Rw
) + 1 , where R is the ultimate flexural resistance of the beam. The ultimate
R
resistance R is calculated using the equations for maximum moment of single span beams and
solving for w. When divided w by tributary area, R can be expresses in units of psi. An
example follows for a simply supported beam.
R=
8 * Mp
, where w is the beam loading in lb/ft, and L is the beam span. Mp is the crossB * L2
Span, L
Span, L
Beam
Resistance
Deflection
Different beam configurations were obtained by changing the beam stiffness and ultimate
resistance. The concrete compressive strength used for the 2-dimensional analyses was 5000 psi,
and the steel yield strength was 75 ksi. A total of 48 column removal simulations were
36
performed using 2D double-span beam models and SDOF approach. Table presented below
presents a summary of all the simulations performed.
Table 5. 2-Dimmensionals Analyses
Double-Span Beam Configuration
Avg.
Stiffness
Steel
Beam
Width Depth
k
Area
Span (ft)
(in)
(in)
(psi/in)
(in2)
Ultimate
Resistance, R
(psi)
Number of
Column
Removals
20
24
20
1.45
1.20
0.58
20
24
20
1.70
1.22
0.68
20
24
20
2.40
1.29
0.95
20
12
30
0.98
1.98
0.58
20
12
30
1.30
2.05
0.76
20
12
30
1.70
2.13
0.98
Total No. of
runs
37
48
Re-Design 6
Re-Design 5
Re-Design 4
Re-Design 3
Re-Design 2
Baseline
Re-Design 1
Frame
Section
sap name
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
NLS
DIF
LS
LIF
in
3.77
NLD
Plastic
Rotation
rad
0.0021
1.82
1.80
4.76
0.0080
1.68
1.84
4.80
0.0103
1.60
1.90
6.42
0.0167
1.44
2.12
8.99
0.0260
1.38
2.37
11.44
0.0349
1.29
2.84
16.91
0.0532
1.23
3.49
Section
Zx
Ix
Weight
NLD, Disp.
w24x76
w18x60
w21x73
w16x57
w24x62
w21x44
w24x55
w18x40
w18x60
w16x40
w18x55
w18x35
w16x57
w14x38
in^3
200
123
172
105
153
95.4
134
78.4
123
72.9
112
66.5
105
61.5
in^4
2100.
984.
1600.
758.
1550.
843.
1350.
612.
984.
518.
890.
510.
758.
385.
lb
76
60
73
57
62
44
55
40
60
40
55
35
57
38
38
Frame Section
Top. As
Bot. As
Steel %
sap name
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
in^2
4.48
2.40
7.84
4.20
7.48
4.01
7.17
3.84
7.03
3.77
6.94
3.72
6.81
3.65
6.76
3.62
in^2
2.42
1.76
4.24
3.08
4.04
2.94
3.87
2.82
3.80
2.76
3.75
2.73
3.68
2.68
3.65
2.66
increment
----75%
75%
67%
67%
60%
60%
57%
57%
55%
55%
52%
52%
51%
51%
NLD,Plastic
Rotation.
NLS
DIF
LS
LIF
0.021
1.14
0.028
1.09
5.5
0.042
1.06
0.053
1.05
10
0.064
1.05
13
0.086
1.04
17
0.097
1.04
19
in
---
The results obtained from the 3-dimensional and 2-dimensional models presented above
were use to generate plots with proposed normalized factors for static procedures.
The results obtained in this study demonstrated that LIFs are a function of section
properties and geometry; particularly for RC sections where stiffness can vary significantly
based on rebar placement and section aspect ratio. For steel structures, the LIFs results were
found to be less dependent on the selected section. The plot in Figure 13 shows the LIF plotted
versus plastic rotation for reinforced concrete for selected analysis cases. Figure 15 shows the
LIF plotted versus total rotation for steel sections. Plastic rotation was use to plot the LIF values
for concrete sections to be consistent with ASCE41 which treats reinforced concrete sections as
having negligible elastic rotations. Steel sections are in general more ductile and exhibit more
39
considerable elastic rotations; hence, the LIF values for steel sections are plotted against total
rotation as in ASCE 41.
LIF
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.100
The dispersion of data points in Figure 13 represents the LIFs strong dependence on
section properties for the concrete members mentioned earlier. In concrete members, two beams
with the same moment capacity can have different stiffness values. Therefore, when analyzed as
non-linear members, the maximum calculated deflection will be similar since, most of the
response will be plastic as concrete members exhibit small elastic rotations. However, if the
same two beams are analyzed as linear members, the stiffness (not the capacity) becomes the
controlling parameter, and the factor applied to the stiffness of the member to achieve the same
deflection calculated with the non-linear analysis could differ significantly. This is illustrated
40
next. CIF, in the figure below, corresponds to the artificial increase factor applied to the stiffness
of the element to allow it to achieve the same displacement as in the plastic response.
K2, M
K1, M
Elastic Response
CIF 1
R
Plastic Response
K1
CIF 2
K1
K2
K2
5.00
LIF
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
41
0.140
LIF
50.0
40.0
recommended eqn
LIF = 1.2m + 0.8
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
42
40.0
12.0
11.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
recommended eqn:
LIF = 0.9m + 1.1
LIF
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
Using the normalized plots of Figure 16 and 17, a linear fit of the data was performed to
support the development of equations for determination of the required LIF for LS procedures.
The linear fit for RC sections and steel sections had an R-square value of 0.99 and 0.95
respectively, which indicate a good fit. The linear fit for each plot is shown in black. However,
to provide conservatism and avoid effective multipliers (LIF/m) smaller than 1.0, the linear fits
were shifted up and manually adjusted. Therefore, an upper bound fit (the line in red) which
encloses the envelope of data is the final recommended equation. The upper bound fit provides a
conservative factor on the effective multiplier of 1.05 for RC and 1.35 for steel sections. A
larger factor was required for steel sections to keep all effective multipliers greater than 1.0.
This is demonstrated in Tables 8 and 9. Also presented on the plots are typical acceptance
43
values for both concrete and steel components. This illustrates the general range of applicability
of the fits. The equations are:
RC Structures:
Steel Structures:
m is the component m-factor. The m-factor will be a direct multiplier on the expected
component strengths given in the revised UFC 4-023-03, which will correspond to the existing
values for acceptance criteria on ASCE 41. Although the LIF values from Figure 16 and 17
seem high, it should be noted that the effective multiplier on the static load case for LS
analysis is the LIF divided by the m-factor (LIF/m). This is demonstrated next.
General Equation:
LS:
The m-factors in ASCE41 need to be modified before being added to the revised UFC 4023-03. However, for reinforced concrete, the proposed m-factors will nominally range from 5
to 20 after adjustments are made to account for the conservatism in the existing concrete criteria
of ASCE 41. For steel, the range of m-factors will be a function of the component but will not be
significantly different from the existing ASCE41 criteria, i.e., 1.5 to 7. Hence, final effective
load multipliers for LS analysis will generally vary from 1.0 to 2.0, never below 1.0.
44
LIF
Upp.
Bound
LIF/m
Upp.
Bound
LIF
Linear
Fit
LIF/m
Linear Fit
Consv. Factor
(Up. Bound/ Lin.
fit)
6.80
1.36
6.52
1.30
1.04
8.00
1.33
7.65
1.28
1.05
9.20
1.31
8.78
1.25
1.05
10.40
1.30
9.91
1.24
1.05
11.60
1.29
11.04
1.23
1.05
10
12.80
1.28
12.17
1.22
1.05
11
14.00
1.27
13.30
1.21
1.05
12
15.20
1.27
14.43
1.20
1.05
13
16.40
1.26
15.56
1.20
1.05
14
17.60
1.26
16.69
1.19
1.05
15
18.80
1.25
17.82
1.19
1.05
16
20.00
1.25
18.95
1.18
1.06
17
21.20
1.25
20.08
1.18
1.06
18
22.40
1.24
21.21
1.18
1.06
19
23.60
1.24
22.34
1.18
1.06
20
24.80
1.24
23.47
1.17
1.06
LIF/m
Upp.
Bound
LIF
LIF/m
m-factors
LIF
Upp.
Bound
Linear Fit
Linear Fit
Consv. Factor
(Up. Bound/ Lin.
fit)
2.00
2.00
1.47
1.47
1.36
1.5
2.45
1.63
1.81
1.20
1.36
2.90
1.45
2.14
1.07
1.36
2.5
3.35
1.34
2.48
0.99
1.35
3.80
1.27
2.81
0.94
1.35
3.5
4.25
1.21
3.15
0.90
1.35
4.70
1.18
3.48
0.87
1.35
4.5
5.15
1.14
3.82
0.85
1.35
5.60
1.12
4.15
0.83
1.35
5.5
6.05
1.10
4.49
0.82
1.35
6.50
1.08
4.82
0.80
1.35
6.5
6.95
1.07
5.16
0.79
1.35
7.40
1.06
5.49
0.78
1.35
45
General Equation:
NLS Deformation-Controlled:
NLS Force-Controlled:
The results showed a range of variation in DIFs with respect to plastic rotation from 1.00
to 1.40 for concrete buildings and 1.20 to 1.85 for steel buildings as illustrated in Figure 18 and
19, respectively.
3-Story, 4x8 bay, L=240, Mid Side Long, 1st
3-Story, 4x8 bay, L=240, Interior, 1st
3-Story, 4x8 bay, L=240, Interior Corner, 1st
10-Story, 4x8 bays, L=240, Corner 1st
10-Story, 4x8 bays, L=240, Mid Side Short 1st
10-Story, 4x8 bays, L=240, Mid Side Long 6th
10-Story, 4x8 bays, L=240, Interior 6th
10-Story, 4x8 bays, L=240, Interior Corner 6th
10-Story, 4x8 bays, L=300, Mid Side Long 1st
10-Story, 4x8 bays, L=300, Interior 1st
10-Story, 4x8 bays, L=300, Corner 5th
10-Story, 4x8 bays, L=300, Mid Side Long 8th
10-Story, 4x8 bays, L=300, Interior 8th
10-Story, 4x8 bays, L=360, Corner 1st Additional data)
1.5
1.4
1.3
DIF
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
Plastic Rotation
46
0.080
0.090
0.100
1.9
1.8
1.7
DIF
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
DIFs needed to be expressed in terms of allowable plastic rotation since these are
values that an analyst is expected to look up in the tables provided in the revised progressive
collapse guidelines. Therefore, the DIFs were plotted as a function of the ratio of allowable
plastic rotation to member yield rotation. Figure 20 and 21 show the DIFs values from Figure
and 19 normalized using the ratio of allowable plastic rotation over the calculated yield rotation
of the (typically) beam element.
47
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.3
recommended eqn:
DIF = 1.04+(0.45/((allow plastic rot/member yield)+0.48))
1.2
R = 0.80
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
1.8
1.7
DIF Fit
1.6
DIF
DIF
1.5
1.5
recommended eqn:
DIF = 1.08+(0.76/((allow plastic rot/member yield)+0.83))
1.4
1.3
R = 0.83
1.2
1.1
1
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
48
10.0
Similar to the LIFs for LS procedures, a mathematical fit of the data in Figure 20 and 21
was performed to develop the equations that represent the required DIF for NLS procedures.
The mathematical fit was performed manually using the general equation for a rectangular
hyperbola. The data from Figures 20 and 21 was used to adjust the equations until an acceptable
fit was determined. The R-square values calculated for the RC sections and steel sections were
0.80 and 0.83 respectively. The DIF fits determined in this study are purposely shifted towards
the upper limit of the data to add a level of conservatism. Because of this, the calculated Rsquare values are lower than typical acceptable values for R-square in the range of 0.9-1.0.
These equations are presented next:
0.45
all
+ 0.48
yield
0.76
all
+ 0.83
yield
In the equations above, the allowable plastic rotation (all) is taken from the nonlinear
acceptance criteria tables in the revised guidelines, which will be taken from ASCE41. For RC
concrete structures, the allowable plastic rotations in ASCE 41 will be modified to account for
the extra conservatism included due to the cyclic nature of seismic events. yield, corresponds to
the yield rotation of the member calculated per ASCE 41 procedures.
49
The proposed procedure presented above is inherently conservative as it uses the most
restrictive component around the loss location to select the m-factor used to calculate the
50
effective load multiplier for the analysis. Therefore, the majority of the structural components
are designed or analyzed for a progressive collapse load larger than that required for that
particular member based on the equations developed for LIF presented in this document. This is
demonstrated next for a corner column removal on a typical steel moment frame structure. The
following example assumes that the structural elements in the corner bay are the same at all floor
levels.
W14x3
8
WUF
Fully Restrained
Connection
W12x190
Columns
W14x38
Typical Corner bay
Loss Location
W12x190 Corner Column
W14x38
m-factor (CP value from Table 5-5 ASCE41) = 8.0
LIF = LIF = 0.9(8) + 1.1 = 8.3
LIF/m (Effective Load Multiplier) = 8.3 / 8.0 = 1.04
General Equation: 1.04 (PC load) < (Capacity)
W12x190 Column
m-factor (LS value from Table 5-5 ASCE41, P/Pcl < 0.20) = 6.0
LIF = 0.9(6) + 1.1 = 6.5
LIF/m (Effective Load Multiplier) = 6.5 / 6.0 = 1.08
General Equation:
WUF Connection
m-factor (CP value from Table 5-5 ASCE41) = 3.9 0.043d = 3.30
LIF = 0.9(3.30) + 1.1 = 4.07
LIF/m (Effective Load Multiplier) = 4.07 / 3.34 = 1.22 (CONTROLS OVER BEAM)
General Equation: 1.22 (PC load) < (Capacity)
As seen in the example of Figure 22, based on the corresponding m-factors and the
equations developed for calculating LIFs, the W14x38 beam and WUF connection should be
51
designed for a load equal to 122% of the progressive collapse load. The 122% for the WUF
connection controls as it is larger than the 104% multiplier for the beam. The effective load
multiplier calculated for the W12x190 column, 108%, could be used if the designer chooses to
perform a separate LS analysis to check columns.
Comparison with existing UFC 4-023-03
The LS procedure for AP analysis of progressive collapse given in the existing UFC 4023-03 specifies a factor of 2.0 to be applied directly on the load without increasing the capacity
of the members, sine there are no m-factors in the existing UFC criteria. Therefore, if expressed
in terms of this study, the existing UFC criteria use an LIF of 2.0 and an m-factor of 1.0. This
results in an effective multiplier per UFC 4-023-03 of 2.0. This value is overly conservative
when compared to 1.22, the calculated value in Figure 22.
In the new PC guidelines, the practitioner will select a value of DIF to be applied to the
progressive collapse load combination in NLS procedures based on the ratio of allowable plastic
rotation to yield rotation specified in the acceptance criteria. The proposed steps to select the DIF
for NLS analysis are presented next:
1. Select most restrictive structural component (smallest allowable plastic rotation) from
bays immediately around loss location at all floor levels. Separate analyses will be
performed for horizontal flexural (beam element and connection) and vertical column
components.
52
2. Calculate the yield rotation of the flexural element or column using procedures in ASCE
41. Calculate the ratio of allowable plastic rotation to this yield rotation for the element
found on step 1.
3. Using the ratio from step 2, and the DIF equations developed previously; calculate the
DIF to be used in the NLS analysis.
4. Apply DIF to the progressive collapse load and performed NLS analysis.
An example of how to select the appropriate DIF for a NLS analysis of a RC
structure is presented next.
Roof
Typical Floors
Girder
Spandrel
Spandrel
Top.
Columns
Roof Girder
Bot.
Columns
Roof
Spandrel
Roof
Spandrel
Loss
Location
Loss
Location
Spandrels:
Roof Spandrels:
Girder:
Girder:
Bot. Columns:
Top. Columns:
C) = 0.015 rad
C) = 0.015 rad
53
As seen in the example of Figure 23, based the equation developed for calculating DIFs,
the roof spandrels should be designed or analyzed for a load of 113% of the progressive collapse
load. The DIF calculated for all the other components is less than 1.13, therefore, 1.13 is the
multiplier on the load used for the progressive collapse analysis or design of this building.
Comparison with existing UFC 4-023-03
Similarly to the LS procedure, the NLS procedure for AP analysis of progressive collapse
given in the existing UFC 4-023-03 specifies a factor of 2.0 to be applied directly on the load.
Capacity increase factors are not necessary in NLS procedures. Therefore, the 2.0 value per the
UFC criteria is overly conservative when compared to 1.13, the calculated value in Figure 23.
54
55
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ASCE/SEI 41-06 Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings,
American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007.
ASCE/SEI 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society
of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2006
Biggs, John M., Introduction to Structural Dynamics A McGraw-Hill Publication: McGrawHill Inc., 1964
Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse, Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 4-023-03,
Department of Defense (DoD), January, 2005.
EERI/PEER, 2006, New Information on the Seismic Performance of Existing Concrete
Buildings, Seminar Notes, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, California.
Ellingwood, B., Smilowitz, R., Dusenberry, D., Duthinh, D., Carino, N., Best Practices for
Reducing the Potential for Progressive Collapse, August 2006
Herrle, K., Mckay, A., Development and Application or Progressive Collapse Design Criteria
for the Federal Government, ARA Technology Review, Volume 2, Number 2, June 2006
Mckay, A., Marchand, K., Stevens, D., Dynamic Increase Factors (DIF) and Load Increase
Factors (LIF) for Alternate Path Procedures, A Report prepared for UFC 4-023-03 Steering
Group, January, 2008
Powell, G., Progressive Collapse: Case Studies Using Nonlinear Analysis, SEAOC Annual
Convention, Monterrey, 2004.
Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines for New Federal Office Buildings and
Major Modernizations Projects, U.S General Services Administration (GSA), 2003.
Ruth, P., Dynamic Considerations in Progressive Collapse Guidelines, MS Thesis, Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 2004.
56
57
58
59
3-story, 20 ft bay,
interior
beam
span
(in)
240
240
240
240
240
beam
width
beam
depth
(in)
ASCE 41
beam
stiffness
calc
beam R
calc
beam M
SAP
calc
disp
calc
rotation
plastic
rotation
ASCE41
beam
yield
rotation
norm
rotation
20
(in)
22
(in^2)
2.21
(in)
2.5
(in^4)
17747
(psi/in)
1.21
(psi)
0.90
(k-ft)
258.46
(in)
2.4
(rad)
0.010
(rad)
0.0071
(rad)
0.0031
2.284
4.70
1.129
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
22
2.09
1.99
1.95
1.93
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
17747
17747
17747
17747
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
0.85
0.81
0.80
0.79
244.63
233.57
229.27
226.63
4.1
9.8
15.8
20.6
0.017
0.041
0.066
0.086
0.0142
0.0381
0.0629
0.0831
0.0029
0.0028
0.0028
0.0027
4.837
13.586
22.859
30.550
8.00
19.00
30.70
39.20
1.072
1.038
1.039
1.044
1.14
60
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
Girder
Int. Beam
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
30
24
30
24
30
24
30
24
30
24
30
24
30
24
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
6.04
3.64
5.76
3.47
5.52
3.33
5.42
3.27
5.35
3.22
5.24
3.16
5.21
3.14
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
20000
16000
20000
16000
20000
16000
20000
16000
20000
16000
20000
16000
20000
16000
0.45
0.36
0.45
0.36
0.45
0.36
0.45
0.36
0.45
0.36
0.45
0.36
0.45
0.36
1.11
0.68
1.07
0.66
1.02
0.63
1.01
0.62
0.99
0.61
0.98
0.60
0.97
0.60
625.61
385.14
599.35
368.60
576.19
354.04
566.21
347.78
559.54
343.59
549.51
337.31
546.16
335.21
6.3
6.3
8.4
8.4
12.5
12.5
15.9
15.9
19.2
19.2
25.8
25.8
29.2
29.2
0.021
0.021
0.028
0.028
0.042
0.042
0.053
0.053
0.064
0.064
0.086
0.086
0.097
0.097
0.0128
0.0147
0.0200
0.0218
0.0339
0.0357
0.0456
0.0473
0.0566
0.0583
0.0788
0.0805
0.0901
0.0918
0.0083
0.0064
0.0080
0.0061
0.0077
0.0059
0.0075
0.0058
0.0075
0.0057
0.0073
0.0056
0.0073
0.0056
1.533
2.292
2.504
3.559
4.418
6.054
6.043
8.174
7.599
10.203
10.772
14.343
12.385
16.446
4.00
4.00
5.50
5.50
8.00
8.00
10.00
10.00
13.00
13.00
17.00
17.00
19.00
19.00
240
15
2.21
2.5
1688
0.11
0.47
136.70
12.7
0.053
0.0357
0.0173
2.071
5.10
240
15
2.13
2.5
1688
0.11
0.46
132.81
16.5
0.069
0.0518
0.0168
3.090
6.62
1.09
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
240
20
22
1.57
2.5
17747
1.21
0.65
185.91
7.2
0.030
0.0278
0.0022
12.476
14.80
240
240
240
240
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
22
1.50
1.53
1.60
1.74
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
17747
17747
17747
17747
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
0.62
0.63
0.66
0.71
177.85
181.31
189.35
205.38
19.7
12.6
5.3
2.5
0.082
0.053
0.022
0.010
0.0798
0.0504
0.0197
0.0078
0.0021
0.0022
0.0023
0.0025
37.389
23.179
8.671
3.169
40.30
26.00
10.80
5.00
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
1.77
1.99
1.65
1.77
1.65
1.72
1.57
1.77
1.57
1.72
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
0.71
0.80
0.67
0.71
0.67
0.70
0.64
0.71
0.64
0.70
205.70
230.46
192.51
205.70
192.51
200.41
183.45
205.70
183.45
200.41
2.4
2.4
5.7
5.7
8.1
8.1
14.5
14.5
18.1
18.1
0.010
0.010
0.024
0.024
0.034
0.034
0.060
0.060
0.075
0.075
0.0076
0.0073
0.0214
0.0213
0.0314
0.0313
0.0580
0.0578
0.0732
0.0730
0.0025
0.0028
0.0023
0.0025
0.0023
0.0024
0.0022
0.0025
0.0022
0.0024
3.085
2.646
9.273
8.615
13.606
13.030
26.358
23.399
33.245
30.348
5.22
1.128
12.53
1.044
17.80
1.041
31.75
1.039
39.67
1.042
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
1.74
1.64
1.60
1.65
1.57
2.36
1.53
1.50
1.50
1.50
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
0.70
0.66
0.65
0.67
0.64
0.94
0.62
0.61
0.61
0.61
202.67
191.38
186.85
192.51
183.45
271.21
178.91
175.51
175.51
175.51
2.5
2.5
5.3
5.3
7.2
7.2
12.6
12.6
19.7
19.7
0.010
0.010
0.022
0.022
0.030
0.030
0.053
0.053
0.082
0.082
0.0078
0.0080
0.0197
0.0197
0.0279
0.0268
0.0505
0.0505
0.0799
0.0799
0.0024
0.0023
0.0022
0.0023
0.0022
0.0033
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
3.225
3.474
8.801
8.513
12.657
8.238
23.502
23.978
37.901
37.901
5.00
1.161
10.80
1.068
14.80
1.053
26.00
1.042
40.30
1.047
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
61
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
1.77
2.21
1.77
2.09
1.77
1.99
1.77
1.95
1.77
1.93
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
0.71
0.89
0.71
0.84
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0.80
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0.79
0.71
0.78
205.70
255.01
205.70
241.37
205.70
230.46
205.70
226.22
205.70
223.62
2.4
2.4
4.1
4.1
9.8
9.8
15.8
15.8
20.6
20.6
0.010
0.010
0.017
0.017
0.041
0.041
0.066
0.066
0.086
0.086
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0.0381
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0.0025
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0.0027
3.126
2.328
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15.561
13.782
25.593
23.181
33.759
30.975
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1.99
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17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
0.71
0.80
0.69
0.69
0.67
0.71
0.66
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0.65
0.67
205.70
230.46
198.16
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190.25
194.77
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192.51
2.4
2.4
5.8
5.8
6.7
6.7
12.7
12.7
18.9
18.9
0.010
0.010
0.024
0.024
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0.028
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0.079
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0.0073
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3.082
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11.024
10.253
22.225
21.686
34.053
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2.21
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2.10
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2.00
1.77
1.93
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2.75
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2.75
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2.75
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
17747
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
0.71
0.89
0.71
0.84
0.71
0.80
0.71
0.78
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205.70
255.01
205.70
242.93
205.70
231.80
205.70
223.99
205.70
2.6
2.6
4.0
4.0
8.8
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20.2
20.2
16.1
0.011
0.011
0.017
0.017
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0.037
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0.084
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0.0077
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2.513
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4.708
13.931
12.250
33.051
30.271
26.166
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1.129
8.00
1.072
19.00
1.038
30.70
1.039
39.20
1.044
5.24
1.129
12.80
1.051
14.70
1.047
28.00
1.037
41.50
1.042
4.75
1.129
7.38
1.079
16.30
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36.94
1.046
29.47
1.04
62
ext
int
ext
int
ext
int
ext
int
ext
int
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
240
240
240
240
6
6
6
6
15
15
15
15
2.21
2.21
2.13
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2.5
2.5
1688
1688
1688
1688
0.11
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0.11
0.47
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0.46
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3.090
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--
6.62
--
1.77
1.77
1.67
1.67
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1.70
1.35
1.35
1.65
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1.33
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170.20
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167.02
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1.8
1.8
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4.1
4.1
4.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
13.7
13.7
13.7
13.7
18.0
18.0
18.0
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2.677
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14.366
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29.811
29.811
20.083
20.083
52.220
52.220
35.167
35.167
69.596
69.596
47.591
47.591
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1.152
12.310
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18.64
1.032
26.07
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54.34
1.038
63
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
64
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
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roof
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
1.77
1.77
1.67
1.67
1.65
1.65
1.33
1.33
1.60
1.60
1.30
1.30
1.57
1.57
1.29
1.29
1.57
1.57
1.20
1.20
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
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54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
3.67
3.67
1.56
1.56
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3.67
1.56
1.56
3.67
3.67
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1.56
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3.67
1.56
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3.67
1.56
1.56
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0.75
0.96
0.96
0.60
0.60
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0.93
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0.59
0.91
0.91
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0.58
0.91
0.91
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0.54
295.20
295.20
215.46
215.46
276.01
276.01
172.10
172.10
267.79
267.79
168.93
168.93
262.86
262.86
167.02
167.02
262.86
262.86
156.20
156.20
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1.8
1.8
1.8
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
11.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
19.5
19.5
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5.465
5.465
2.779
2.779
14.956
14.956
9.918
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32.527
32.527
21.677
21.677
46.170
46.170
30.675
30.675
77.430
77.430
55.314
55.314
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
2.06
2.06
1.67
1.67
2.03
2.03
1.64
1.64
2.00
2.00
1.45
1.45
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
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2.75
2.75
54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
3.67
3.67
1.56
1.56
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3.67
1.56
1.56
3.67
3.67
1.56
1.56
1.19
1.19
0.75
0.75
1.17
1.17
0.73
0.73
1.16
1.16
0.65
0.65
343.29
343.29
215.46
215.46
337.83
337.83
211.25
211.25
333.76
333.76
187.94
187.94
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.0084
0.0084
0.0078
0.0078
0.0167
0.0167
0.0161
0.0161
0.0290
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0.0286
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0.0014
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0.0020
0.0020
0.0013
0.0013
0.0020
0.0020
0.0013
0.0013
0.0017
0.0017
6.215
6.215
3.905
3.905
12.527
12.527
8.230
8.230
22.018
22.018
16.441
16.441
3.98
1.21
10.58
1.066
18.79
1.062
29.40
1.039
43.34
1.047
4.42
1.094
5.37
1.041
8.83
1.029
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
1.96
1.96
1.29
1.29
1.96
1.96
1.29
1.29
2.75
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2.75
2.75
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54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
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1.56
1.14
1.14
0.58
0.58
1.14
1.14
0.58
0.58
327.24
327.24
167.02
167.02
327.24
327.24
167.02
167.02
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
23.5
23.5
23.5
23.5
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0.057
0.057
0.057
0.098
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0.098
0.098
0.0554
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0.0968
0.0965
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0.0015
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42.926
42.926
35.720
35.720
74.974
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62.511
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1.77
1.77
1.67
1.67
1.72
1.72
1.36
1.36
1.65
1.65
1.33
1.33
1.61
1.61
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1.29
1.57
1.57
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1.29
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2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
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2.75
2.75
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2.75
2.75
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23040
54000
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23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
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3.67
1.56
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3.67
3.67
1.56
1.56
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3.67
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1.56
3.67
3.67
1.56
1.56
1.03
1.03
0.75
0.75
1.00
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0.61
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0.96
0.60
0.60
0.94
0.94
0.58
0.58
0.91
0.91
0.58
0.58
295.20
295.20
215.46
215.46
287.50
287.50
176.55
176.55
276.01
276.01
172.10
172.10
269.44
269.44
167.02
167.02
262.86
262.86
167.02
167.02
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
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0.007
0.007
0.007
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5.418
5.418
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2.752
11.949
11.949
7.997
7.997
30.538
30.538
20.580
20.580
54.701
54.701
37.339
37.339
87.033
87.033
58.113
58.113
4.30
1.152
9.90
1.061
18.47
1.033
25.74
1.025
53.07
1.034
65
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
66
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
2.36
1.96
1.57
1.57
1.96
1.86
1.57
1.57
1.85
1.85
1.57
1.57
1.77
1.77
1.67
1.67
1.74
1.74
1.65
1.65
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
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20
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20
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20
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24
20
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24
30
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24
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12.3
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17.1
17.1
17.1
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22.9
22.9
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67
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floors 4-6
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floors 1-3
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roof
floors 1-3
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roof
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240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
68
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floors 4-6
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240
240
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20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
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1.09
11.12
1.0914
3.46
1.2
6.89
1.085
9.39
1.0865
73
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
10
10
10
10
74
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
15
15
10
10
24
24
20
20
15
15
10
10
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
15
15
10
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
11.00
11.00
10.50
10.50
7.00
7.00
6.65
6.65
6.40
6.40
6.05
6.05
7.00
7.00
6.65
6.65
6.10
6.10
5.75
5.75
5.95
5.95
5.60
5.60
5.80
5.80
5.45
5.45
5.30
5.30
4.95
4.95
5.00
5.00
4.65
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
33750
33750
11520
11520
54000
54000
23040
23040
33750
33750
11520
11520
54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
33750
33750
11520
0.48
0.48
0.21
0.21
0.48
0.48
0.21
0.21
0.48
0.48
0.21
0.21
0.30
0.30
0.10
0.10
0.48
0.48
0.21
0.21
0.30
0.30
0.10
0.10
0.48
0.48
0.21
0.21
0.48
0.48
0.21
0.21
0.30
0.30
0.10
1.70
1.70
1.18
1.18
1.13
1.13
0.81
0.81
1.04
1.04
0.74
0.74
1.08
1.08
0.71
0.71
1.00
1.00
0.71
0.71
0.94
0.94
0.62
0.62
0.95
0.95
0.68
0.68
0.88
0.88
0.62
0.62
0.80
0.80
0.54
1651.01
1651.01
1151.33
1151.33
1102.11
1102.11
785.65
785.65
1014.71
1014.71
722.77
722.77
1048.07
1048.07
688.10
688.10
970.51
970.51
690.74
690.74
909.23
909.23
605.40
605.40
925.97
925.97
658.31
658.31
851.02
851.02
603.37
603.37
778.03
778.03
522.18
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
16.4
16.4
16.4
16.4
18.5
18.5
18.5
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0059
0.0059
0.0015
0.0015
0.0094
0.0094
0.0054
0.0054
0.0055
0.0055
-0.0036
-0.0036
0.0119
0.0119
0.0081
0.0081
0.0129
0.0129
0.0047
0.0047
0.0166
0.0166
0.0130
0.0130
0.0405
0.0405
0.0372
0.0372
0.0440
0.0440
0.0368
0.0086
0.0086
0.0160
0.0160
0.0065
0.0065
0.0109
0.0109
0.0060
0.0060
0.0100
0.0100
0.0099
0.0099
0.0191
0.0191
0.0057
0.0057
0.0096
0.0096
0.0086
0.0086
0.0168
0.0168
0.0055
0.0055
0.0091
0.0091
0.0050
0.0050
0.0084
0.0084
0.0074
0.0074
0.0145
0.009
0.009
0.000
0.000
0.908
0.908
0.142
0.142
1.565
1.565
0.536
0.536
0.556
0.556
-0.191
-0.191
2.078
2.078
0.845
0.845
1.497
1.497
0.280
0.280
3.037
3.037
1.423
1.423
8.046
8.046
4.444
4.444
5.968
5.968
2.544
1.736
1.376
1.3044
1.46
1.242
1.304
1.18
1.087
1.116
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
floors 1-3
floors 4-6
floors 7-9
roof
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
24
24
20
20
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
30
30
24
24
6.10
6.10
5.75
5.75
6.00
6.00
5.65
5.65
5.80
5.80
5.45
5.45
5.15
5.15
4.80
4.80
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
54000
54000
23040
23040
0.48
0.48
0.21
0.21
0.48
0.48
0.21
0.21
0.48
0.48
0.21
0.21
0.48
0.48
0.21
0.21
1.00
1.00
0.71
0.71
0.98
0.98
0.70
0.70
0.95
0.95
0.68
0.68
0.85
0.85
0.60
0.60
970.51
970.51
690.74
690.74
955.70
955.70
679.97
679.97
925.97
925.97
658.31
658.31
828.35
828.35
586.68
586.68
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
23.9
23.9
23.9
23.9
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.066
0.066
0.066
0.066
0.0120
0.0120
0.0081
0.0081
0.0127
0.0127
0.0089
0.0089
0.0144
0.0144
0.0108
0.0108
0.0615
0.0615
0.0583
0.0583
0.0057
0.0057
0.0096
0.0096
0.0057
0.0057
0.0094
0.0094
0.0055
0.0055
0.0091
0.0091
0.0049
0.0049
0.0081
0.0081
2.084
2.084
0.849
0.849
2.242
2.242
0.944
0.944
2.628
2.628
1.177
1.177
12.543
12.543
7.159
7.159
1.321
1.307
1.275
1.074
75
Type
bay
spcg
(in)
steel
section
I
(in^4)
Z
(in^3)
calc K
(psi/in)
calc
R
(psi)
calc M
(k-ft)
calc
disp
(in)
calc
rotation
(rad)
plastic
rotation
(rad)
calc
LIF
yield
rotation
(rad)
norm
rot
calc DIF
3-story corner
column
spandrel
spandrelgirder
spandrel
spandrelgirder
spandrel
spandrelgirder
spandrel
spandrelgirder
3-story interior
column
76
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
300
300
W18x60
984
123
0.28
0.96
538.13
4.93
0.016
0.0051
1.78
0.0113
0.45
1.74
300
300
300
300
W18x65
W21x44
1070
843
133
95.4
0.31
0.24
1.03
0.74
581.88
417.38
4.93
5.47
0.016
0.018
0.0052
0.0080
1.78
1.80
0.0113
0.0102
0.46
0.78
1.74
1.62
300
300
300
300
W21x50
W18x35
984
510
110
66.5
0.28
0.15
0.86
0.52
481.25
290.94
5.47
9.44
0.018
0.031
0.0081
0.0197
1.80
2.17
0.0101
0.0118
0.80
1.67
1.62
1.42
300
300
300
300
W18x40
W14x38
612
385
78.4
61.5
0.18
0.11
0.61
0.48
343.00
269.06
9.44
13.45
0.031
0.045
0.0199
0.0304
2.17
2.43
0.0116
0.0145
1.71
2.10
1.42
1.36
300
300
W14x43
428
69.6
0.12
0.54
304.50
13.45
0.045
0.0301
2.43
0.0147
2.05
1.36
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
w24x76
w18x60
w21x73
w16x57
w24x62
w21x44
w24x55
w18x40
w18x60
w16x40
w18x55
w18x35
w16x57
w14x38
2100
984
1600
758
1550
843
1350
612
984
518
890
510
758
385
200
123
172
105
153
95.4
134
78.4
123
72.9
112
66.5
105
61.5
0.60
0.28
0.46
0.22
0.44
0.24
0.39
0.18
0.28
0.15
0.25
0.15
0.22
0.11
1.56
0.96
1.34
0.82
1.19
0.74
1.04
0.61
0.96
0.57
0.87
0.52
0.82
0.48
875.00
538.13
752.50
459.38
669.38
417.38
586.25
343.00
538.13
318.94
490.00
290.94
459.38
269.06
3.77
3.77
4.76
4.76
4.8
4.8
6.42
6.42
8.99
8.99
11.44
11.44
16.91
16.91
0.013
0.013
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.021
0.021
0.030
0.030
0.038
0.038
0.056
0.056
0.0039
0.0013
0.0061
0.0033
0.0071
0.0058
0.0124
0.0098
0.0187
0.0172
0.0267
0.0263
0.0438
0.0419
1.8
1.80
1.84
1.84
1.9
1.90
2.12
2.12
2.37
2.37
2.84
2.84
3.49
3.49
0.0086
0.0113
0.0097
0.0125
0.0089
0.0102
0.0090
0.0116
0.0113
0.0127
0.0114
0.0118
0.0125
0.0145
0.46
0.00
0.63
0.27
0.79
0.56
1.38
0.85
1.65
1.35
2.35
2.23
3.50
2.90
1.82
1.82
1.68
1.68
1.6
1.6
1.44
1.44
1.38
1.38
1.29
1.29
1.23
1.23
10-story interior
column
spandrel
spandrelgirder
spandrel
spandrelgirder
spandrel
spandrelgirder
spandrel
spandrelgirder
77
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
girder
int beam
300
300
w21x50
984
110
0.28
0.86
481.25
4.13
0.014
0.0036
1.86
0.0101
0.36
1.73
300
300
300
300
w21x73
w18x35
1600
510
172
66.5
0.46
0.15
1.34
0.52
752.50
290.94
4.13
8.74
0.014
0.029
0.0040
0.0173
2.35
0.0097
0.0118
0.41
1.47
1.38
300
300
300
300
w18x55
w14x38
890
385
112
61.5
0.25
0.11
0.87
0.48
490.00
269.06
8.74
12.52
0.029
0.042
0.0177
0.0273
2.65
0.0114
0.0145
1.56
1.89
1.33
300
300
300
300
w14x61
w12x40
640
310
102
57.5
0.18
0.09
0.79
0.45
446.25
251.56
12.52
16.8
0.042
0.056
0.0273
0.0392
2.95
0.0144
0.0168
1.89
2.34
1.31
300
300
w12x65
533
96.8
0.15
0.75
423.50
16.8
0.056
0.0396
0.0164
2.41
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
w21x93
w18x71
w21x83
w21x57
w21x68
w18x50
w18x76
w14x61
w21x62
w18x46
w21x57
w12x53
w18x55
w18x35
w16x57
w14x38
w10x77
w10x45
2070
1170
1830
1170
1480
800
1330
640
1330
712
1170
425
890
510
758
385
455
248
221
145
196
129
160
101
163
102
144
90.7
129
77.9
112
66.5
105
61.5
97.6
54.9
0.59
0.34
0.52
0.34
0.42
0.23
0.38
0.18
0.38
0.20
0.34
0.12
0.25
0.15
0.22
0.11
0.13
0.07
1.72
1.13
1.52
1.00
1.24
0.79
1.27
0.79
1.12
0.71
1.00
0.61
0.87
0.52
0.82
0.48
0.76
0.43
966.88
634.38
857.50
564.38
700.00
441.88
713.13
446.25
630.00
396.81
564.38
340.81
490.00
290.94
459.38
269.06
427.00
240.19
3.7
3.7
3.92
3.92
5.03
5.03
5.69
5.69
5.73
5.73
8.48
8.48
11.45
11.45
16.82
16.82
38.15
38.15
0.012
0.012
0.013
0.013
0.017
0.017
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.028
0.028
0.038
0.038
0.056
0.056
0.127
0.127
0.0027
0.0011
0.0034
0.0031
0.0070
0.0053
0.0079
0.0045
0.0093
0.0076
0.0183
0.0117
0.0268
0.0264
0.0435
0.0416
0.1078
0.1071
0.0097
0.0112
0.0097
0.0100
0.0098
0.0114
0.0111
0.0144
0.0098
0.0115
0.0100
0.0166
0.0114
0.0118
0.0125
0.0145
0.0194
0.0200
0.28
0.00
0.35
0.31
0.71
0.47
0.71
0.31
0.95
0.66
1.83
0.70
2.35
2.23
3.47
2.88
5.55
5.35
1.81
1.83
1.85
1.85
1.95
2.3
2.9
3.6
5.4
1.75
1.7
1.57
1.55
1.5
1.39
1.28
1.22
1.18
Spandrel
Girder
Spandrel
Girder
Spandrel
Girder
Spandrel
Girder
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
w21x50
w21x73
w18x35
w18x55
w14x38
w14x61
w12x40
w12x65
984
1600
510
890
385
640
310
533
110
172
66.5
112
61.5
102
57.5
96.8
0.28
0.46
0.15
0.25
0.11
0.18
0.09
0.15
0.86
1.34
0.52
0.87
0.48
0.79
0.45
0.75
481.25
752.50
290.94
490.00
269.06
446.25
251.56
423.50
5.83
5.83
12.44
12.44
17.43
17.43
23.08
23.08
0.019
0.019
0.041
0.041
0.058
0.058
0.077
0.077
0.0093
0.0097
0.0297
0.0301
0.0436
0.0437
0.0601
0.0605
2.6
3.3
3.7
4
0.0101
0.0097
0.0118
0.0114
0.0145
0.0144
0.0168
0.0164
0.92
1.00
2.51
2.64
3.02
3.03
3.58
3.68
1.6
1.42
1.38
1.34
beam
span
beam
width
beam
depth
avg
steel
area
bar ctr
cover
calc Ig
calc
Ic
calc
Ia
calc K
calc
R
calc M
applied
load
calc
disp
calc
rotation
plastic
rotation
(in)
(in)
(in)
(in^2)
(in)
(in^4)
(in^4)
(in^4)
(psi/in)
(psi)
(k-ft)
(psi)
(in)
(rad)
(rad)
240
24
20
1.45
1.5
16000
2659
9330
1.2
0.58
168.32
0.58
25.9
0.108
240
24
20
1.45
1.5
16000
2659
9330
1.2
0.58
168.32
0.58
19.3
240
24
20
1.45
1.5
16000
2659
9330
1.2
0.58
168.32
0.58
240
24
20
1.45
1.5
16000
2659
9330
1.2
0.58
168.32
240
24
20
1.45
1.5
16000
2659
9330
1.2
0.58
240
24
20
1.45
1.5
16000
2659
9330
1.2
240
24
20
1.45
1.5
16000
2659
9330
240
24
20
1.45
1.5
16000
2659
9330
Calc
DIF
0.106
53.7
1.0
0.081
0.079
40.2
1.0
15.4
0.064
0.062
32.2
1.0
0.57
10.3
0.043
0.041
21.6
1.0
168.32
0.56
6.3
0.026
0.024
13.4
1.0
0.58
168.32
0.54
3.5
0.015
0.013
7.9
1.1
1.2
0.58
168.32
0.50
1.9
0.008
0.006
4.7
1.1
1.2
0.58
168.32
0.35
0.7
0.003
0.001
2.5
1.4
78
calc
LIF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
Table 12. Complete Results, RC Double Span Beams, SDOF Analyses, Continued
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
79
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
240
24
20
1.7
1.5
16000
3191
9596
1.22
0.68
196.5
0.68
26.6
0.111
0.108
48.0
1.0
240
24
20
1.7
1.5
16000
3191
9596
1.22
0.68
196.5
0.67
19.1
0.080
0.077
34.7
1.0
240
24
20
1.7
1.5
16000
3191
9596
1.22
0.68
196.5
0.67
15.0
0.062
0.060
27.3
1.0
240
24
20
1.7
1.5
16000
3191
9596
1.22
0.68
196.5
0.67
11.6
0.048
0.046
21.3
1.0
240
24
20
1.7
1.5
16000
3191
9596
1.22
0.68
196.5
0.65
6.4
0.027
0.024
12.0
1.0
240
24
20
1.7
1.5
16000
3191
9596
1.22
0.68
196.5
0.62
3.4
0.014
0.012
6.7
1.1
240
24
20
1.7
1.5
16000
3191
9596
1.22
0.68
196.5
0.55
1.7
0.007
0.005
3.8
1.2
240
24
20
1.7
1.5
16000
3191
9596
1.22
0.68
196.5
0.40
0.8
0.003
0.001
2.4
1.4
240
24
20
2.4
1.5
16000
4331
10165
1.29
0.95
273.9
0.94
22.4
0.093
0.090
30.9
1.0
240
24
20
2.4
1.5
16000
4331
10165
1.29
0.95
273.9
0.93
17.3
0.072
0.069
24.0
1.0
240
24
20
2.4
1.5
16000
4331
10165
1.29
0.95
273.9
0.93
14.1
0.059
0.056
19.6
1.0
240
24
20
2.4
1.5
16000
4331
10165
1.29
0.95
273.9
0.92
11.9
0.050
0.047
16.7
1.0
240
24
20
2.4
1.5
16000
4331
10165
1.29
0.95
273.9
0.90
7.4
0.031
0.028
10.7
1.1
240
24
20
2.4
1.5
16000
4331
10165
1.29
0.95
273.9
0.85
3.9
0.016
0.013
5.9
1.1
240
24
20
2.4
1.5
16000
4331
10165
1.29
0.95
273.9
0.75
2.1
0.009
0.006
3.6
1.2
240
24
20
2.4
1.5
16000
4331
10165
1.29
0.95
273.9
0.60
1.2
0.005
0.002
2.6
1.4
80
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
240
12
30
0.98
27000
4370
15685
1.98
0.58
166.3
0.57
22.3
0.093
0.092
76.9
1.0
240
12
30
0.98
27000
4370
15685
1.98
0.58
166.3
0.57
17.9
0.074
0.073
61.7
1.0
240
12
30
0.98
27000
4370
15685
1.98
0.58
166.3
0.57
14.9
0.062
0.061
51.5
1.0
240
12
30
0.98
27000
4370
15685
1.98
0.58
166.3
0.57
11.2
0.047
0.045
38.8
1.0
240
12
30
0.98
27000
4370
15685
1.98
0.58
166.3
0.57
6.9
0.029
0.027
24.1
1.0
240
12
30
0.98
27000
4370
15685
1.98
0.58
166.3
0.55
3.3
0.014
0.012
11.8
1.1
240
12
30
0.98
27000
4370
15685
1.98
0.58
166.3
0.53
1.9
0.008
0.007
7.2
1.1
240
12
30
0.98
27000
4370
15685
1.98
0.58
166.3
0.45
0.8
0.003
0.002
3.5
1.2
240
12
30
1.3
27000
5196
16098
2.05
0.76
218.9
0.76
25.5
0.106
0.105
69.1
1.0
240
12
30
1.3
27000
5196
16098
2.05
0.76
218.9
0.75
19.0
0.079
0.077
51.6
1.0
240
12
30
1.3
27000
5196
16098
2.05
0.76
218.9
0.75
15.4
0.064
0.062
42.0
1.0
240
12
30
1.3
27000
5196
16098
2.05
0.76
218.9
0.75
10.9
0.046
0.044
30.0
1.0
240
12
30
1.3
27000
5196
16098
2.05
0.76
218.9
0.74
8.1
0.034
0.032
22.2
1.0
240
12
30
1.3
27000
5196
16098
2.05
0.76
218.9
0.73
4.3
0.018
0.016
12.0
1.0
240
12
30
1.3
27000
5196
16098
2.05
0.76
218.9
0.65
1.5
0.006
0.005
4.6
1.1
240
12
30
1.3
27000
5196
16098
2.05
0.76
218.9
0.45
0.5
0.002
0.001
2.5
1.4
81
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
double span
SDOF
240
12
30
1.7
27000
6495
16748
2.13
0.98
283.5
0.98
23.6
0.098
0.096
51.5
1.0
240
12
30
1.7
27000
6495
16748
2.13
0.98
283.5
0.97
19.7
0.082
0.080
43.2
1.0
240
12
30
1.7
27000
6495
16748
2.13
0.98
283.5
0.97
15.9
0.066
0.064
34.8
1.0
240
12
30
1.7
27000
6495
16748
2.13
0.98
283.5
0.97
12.6
0.052
0.050
27.7
1.0
240
12
30
1.7
27000
6495
16748
2.13
0.98
283.5
0.96
8.0
0.033
0.032
17.9
1.0
240
12
30
1.7
27000
6495
16748
2.13
0.98
283.5
0.94
5.5
0.023
0.021
12.4
1.0
240
12
30
1.7
27000
6495
16748
2.13
0.98
283.5
0.85
1.9
0.008
0.006
4.8
1.1
240
12
30
1.7
27000
6495
16748
2.13
0.98
283.5
0.65
0.8
0.004
0.002
2.8
1.3
360
30
30
3.4
67500
13581
40541
0.68
0.59
587.4
0.58
35.7
0.099
0.097
41.8
1.0
360
30
30
3.4
67500
13581
40541
0.68
0.59
587.4
0.58
25.8
0.072
0.069
30.3
1.0
360
30
30
3.4
67500
13581
40541
0.68
0.59
587.4
0.57
16.6
0.046
0.044
19.7
1.0
360
30
30
3.4
67500
13581
40541
0.68
0.59
587.4
0.57
12.8
0.036
0.033
15.3
1.0
360
30
30
3.4
67500
13581
40541
0.68
0.59
587.4
0.55
7.3
0.020
0.018
9.0
1.1
360
30
30
3.4
67500
13581
40541
0.68
0.59
587.4
0.53
4.9
0.014
0.011
6.3
1.1
360
30
30
3.4
67500
13581
40541
0.68
0.59
587.4
0.40
1.7
0.005
0.002
2.9
1.3
360
30
30
3.4
67500
13581
40541
0.68
0.59
587.4
0.35
1.3
0.004
0.001
2.5
1.4
VITA
Mr. McKay was born in Panama City, Panama in 1978 where he completed his high
school education in 1995. From 1998 until 2002, Mr. Mckay attended John Brown University in
Siloam Springs, AR where he obtained his Bachelor of Engineering degree with Electrical
Concentration in 2002.
Currently, Mr. Mckay is a Project Engineer at Protection Engineering Consultants, and
has 6 years of experience in the field of security and protection engineering. Mr. McKays
experience includes research, testing of barriers and structural components, and design and
analysis of structures to mitigate the effects of blast loads and progressive collapse. Research
and testing experience includes the investigation of load factors used in dynamic analysis of
buildings for Progressive Collapse, shear capacity of bridge piers subjected to blast loads, breach
and flexural capacity of high-strength concrete panels and counter-mobility barriers.
In the future, Mr. Mckay hopes to continue his development in the area of Anti-Terrorism
and Force Protection by developing new and innovative ways of protecting people and
structures.