Pacific Journal of

Mathematics
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF R-MODULES AND RINGS WITH
POLYNOMIAL MULTIPLICATION
ROSS A. BEAUMONT AND JOHN RICHARD BYRNE
Vol. 7, No. 3 March 1957
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF ^ MODULES AND RINGS
WITH POLYNOMIAL MULTIPLICATION
Ross A. BEAUMONT AND J . RI CHARD BYRNE
1. I n t r od u c t i on * Let R be a r i n g an d let R
+
be t he ad d i t i ve gr ou p
of R. If i ?
+
= S
1
S
2
S
n
is a d i r ec t su m of su bgr ou ps S
i9
t hen
eac h elemen t of R c an be wr i t t en as an % t uple (s
lf
s
2
, , s
w
), s
i
eS
i9
i = l , 2, ", n, an d mu lt i pli c at i on in i2 is gi ven by rc map p i n gs
: Si x S
2
x x S
n
x S x S
2
x x S
n
> i
+
, ; = l , 2, , w ,
wher e/
A
. ( si , s
2
,
#
, s
n
; i,
2
,
# #
>^) is t he & th c ompon en t of t he p r od u c t
(s
u
s
2
, , s
w
) (i,
2
, **>
w
) The d i st r i bu t i ve laws in R i mply t h a t t he
map p i n gs f
k
ar e ad d i t i ve in t he fir st n an d in t he last n ar gu men t s. If
S
19
S
2
, , S
n
ar e i d eals in R, t hen
which is a homogeneous quadr at ic polynomial wit h in t egr al coefficients in
t he ar gu men t s.
If R is a commut at ive r in g wit h iden t it y, and if M is a free (left)
i2 module wit h basis e
l9
e.
i9
, e
n9
t hen f is an algebr a over R if and
only if t her e exist elemen t s
jl
e R such t hat mult iplicat ion in M is
defined by
/ n \ / n \ w
( ^eJ I ^e
?
)=
\ = i / \ j = i J i,j,k = i
The yfcth coordin at e of t he product ,
is a mappin g
f
h
: R
+
xR
+
x ^xi
+
^ R
+
which is additive in the first n and last n arguments, and which is a
homogeneous quadratic polynomial with coefficients in R in t he argu
ments.
These examples suggest the investigation of polynomial mappings
with the indicated additive properties, and a discussion of t he problem
of constructing i2 modules and rings which have an additive group which
is t he direct sum of ideals of a ring R, and for which t he multiplication
Received October 12, 1956. Present ed to t he Amer. Mat h. Soc. October 30, 1954.
1305
1306 R. A. BEAUMONT AND J. R. BYRNE
is defined by a polynomial mapping.
In 2 t he basic properties of distributive mappings are given. The
form of a distributive polynomial mapping is investigated in 3, and
such mappings are characterized in Theorem 2, under t he assumption
t hat R is a commutative integral domain. In 4 and 5 t he results of
t he previous sections are applied to t he construction problems mentioned
above.
2 Distributive mappings* Let S
u
S
2
, , S
k
be additive semi groups
with identity 0, and let M be an additive abelian group. Let / be a
mapping of S

x S
2
x x S
fc
into M.
DEFINITION. If t here exists an integer m, where l<Lm<Lk, such
t hat
/ ( SL + SU ,S
M
+
J \ S\ y " , S
r
/ ( Si ,
e
, s,

; s
m +
? * Q
so+/ (;,
% + s)
*) + / ( 8
l f
( i i )
for all s
u
s[eS
u
= l , 2, ,&, t he map p i n g / of S

xS.

x S
L
i n t o M
is called m distributve.
If k=m, only (i) of t he definition applies, and t he mapping / is a
homomorphism of S So 0 S
h
. into M. In t he examples given in
the introduction, Jc=2n, and the mappings are ^ distributive.
The following are rat her obvious consequences of t he definition.
(1) The m distributive mappings of S

x S
2
x x S
h
. into M form a sub
group Hof t he additive abelian group G of all mappings of S

xS
2
x
xS
L
into M.
If M is a ring, then t he set of mappings G is an f module in t he
usual way, and t he set of m distributive mappings H is a submodule
of G.
(2) The mappings in H satisfy t he relation
= / ( 0 , , 0 , 8
l (
0 , . . . . 0 ; 0 , , 0 ,
8 j
, 0 , . . , 0 )
j = m + = l
f or al l Si Si, = l , 2 , . . . , & .
St at emen t (2) is pr oved by i n d u c t i on f r om (i) an d (ii) of t he
defi n i t i on .
(3) The map p i n gs in H sat i sf y
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODULES AND RINGS 1307
f(su , * ; 0, . . . , 0 ) = / ( 0 , ., 0;s,
r t + 1
, ,8
k
) = 0
for all s
L
eS
u
i = l , 2, , k.
St at emen t (3) is a gen eralizat ion of t he fact t hat t he dist r ibut ive
laws in a r i n g imply 0 = 0 = 0.
3. Polyn omial fun ct ion s. Let S
l9
S
2
, , S
k
be subsemigroups (not
necessarily dist in ct ) of t he addit ive group R
+
of a r i n g R, all of which
cont ain t he elemen t 0 of R. Let R* be any r in g con t ain in g R, and let
be a polynomial in R*[x
lf
x
i9
, # , ] . Then / defines a mappin g of
SiXS
2
x " xS
k
in t o # * wher e
/ ( s
:
, s
2
, , s
;
) = ^
1
v J
fc
s

ls
2
2
'
s
*
fc

s
i
e
S
t
, = l , 2, , A; .
The set S of all such mappin gs (polynomial funct ions) is a submodule
of t he left .B* module G of all mappin gs of ^ x S
2
x x& in t o
i *. As above, we let H be t he set of m dist ribut ive mappin gs of
S
1
xS.
2
x * XSA in t o i2*, so t hat i is a submodule of G. Consequent ly
t he set of mappin gs H^\ S is a submodule of G.
THEOREM 1. Z' c/z, mapping feH \ S is defined by a polynomial of
the form
k m 1
(A) f(x
it
x
2
, . . ,ar
A
.)= a ^ a r ^ .
Z 1 ^ '
Proof Le t / be d ef i n ed by a p ol yn omi al i n R*[x
lf
x,, , a;
fc
] of
d e gr e e . Si n c e f e H, we h a ve by ( 2 ) , Sec t i on 2
fc m
= / ( . , o, , , o, . . . , 0 ; o, , o, 8, , o, . . , 0 )
7 l
, o , j . , o , , o , j
;
, o , ^ i
f
S Z
for all Si St, = l , 2, *",k. The lat t er expression can be wr i t t en
fc 77? l
m t
4 V V n Q
j
;
1308 R, A. BEAUMONT AND J. R. BYRNP:
/, t
"^ 2 i 2 ^ o , , , j
L
, o, , o & 1 ' " , o, , o
By (3), Sec t i on 2,
0 = / ( 0 , 0, , O) =
o
, o. . . . ,
o
;
t
0 f(() . . . 0 j 0 . .

A. . . . \ ^ i v a < ?
7

f or al l s
t
eS
lr
i = l, 2, , m ;
0 / ( 0 , . , 0; 0, , 0, Si, 0, , 0)

f o r a l l s
z
e S
z
; Z = m + 1 , , A;. D e n o t i n g
O i
. . .
) O
, / . , o, . . . , o, ?
z
, o, , o b y ^ ^, w e
h a v e
fc m 1

lf
, s, )= W#
? + l i l J l
for all Si Si, i= = l, 2, , k, which completes t he proof.
The following examples show t hat for an arbit rary ring i?, t he
converse of Theorem 1 does not hold, and t hat Theorem 1 is the best
possible theorem in t he sense t hat t here exist rings for which every
polynomial function defined by a polynomial of form (A) is m distributive.
EXAMPLE 1. Let R=I, t he ring of ordinary integers, let R*=R,
and let S
1
=S
2
=R+. Let / : S

xS
2
~>R be defined by f{x
u
x
t
)=x\ x
2
.
Then / is defined by a polynomial of form (A) with m= l . However
f Hor / ( l + l; l) = / ( 2, 1)= 4, and / ( I ; 1)4 / (1; 1)=1 + 1 = 2.
EXAMPLE 2. Let R be t he ring with additive group R
+
= {u], t he
cyclic group of order 9, and with multiplication defined by (iu) (ju) = 3ju.
Then R is a commutative ring [2] such t hat i2
3
= O, R

0.
Let / be any mapping of S

xS
2
x xS
k
into an extension R* of
R, where S
u
,, , S
k
are any subsemigroups of R
+
containing 0, such
t hat / is defined by a polynomial of form (A). Then
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF i? MODULES AND RINGS 1309
k m t
f(s
u
s, , s
A
.)=
l
h
k m
2 2 &U
S
i
S
l y
since #
3
= 0. It is evident t hat / is m distributive, t hat is, feHf\ S.
In t he sequel we will be concerned with m distributive polynomial
mappings of S
1
x S
2
x x S
k
into R. Since a polynomial with coefficients
in an extension J* of may have its values in R, we obtain a larger
class of mappings by allowing t he coefficients of f(x
u
x
2
, , x
k
) to be in
R*Z^R. For example, polynomials with (ordinary) integral coefficients
have values in R, and if R does not have an identity, we may con
sider t he coefficients to be in an extension R* of R. Moreover it is
a consequence of t he theorem t hat if R is an ideal in R\ then / has
values in R.
The following lemma is well known (see for example [6, pp. 65
66]), but is given here in t he form in which it is most useful for our
purposes.
LEMMA. Let
where i2* is a commutative integral domain, and let f be of degree m
t
in x
h
, = l, 2, ,&. Let (s \ s
2)
, , sV) be a set of distinct elements
of R* where n.
t
> m
L
, i = l , 2, , k, such that / (si
?
i\ s
c
2

J, , s
c
k
k)
) = 0
for l
t
= l, 2, , n
lf
i = l , 2, , k. Then f=QeR*[x
u
x,, , x
k
].
THEOREM 2. Let i2* be a commutative integral domain, let R be a
subring of R*, and let S
lf
S
2
, , S
k
be non zero ideals in R. Amapping
f from Si x S
2
x x S
k
into j?* is in H f\ S if and only if f is defined
by a polynomial of the form
k m r
(T)\ fr sy. . . . \ \

V V
C
^ ^
1
0
,T'
S
^
V C V J V ^ l * *^2> y ^k) Z 2 2 j
s
i,
s

when R has characteristic p^>0, and by
k in
\ \ j) J \ *I , *1>
Z9
, Jjk) 2 1 Z ^ll^i^l
when R has characteristic zero.
Proof. Let / be defined by a polynomial of form (B) when R has
characteristic p > 0 . Then
1310 R. A. BEAUMONT AND J. R. BYRNE
=
=
1 l 4 L
, 4. ; s
W+ 1
, , s
k
) ,
so t hat / satisfies (i) of t he definition for ?? distributiveness. Similarly
(ii) is satisfied, so t hat feH \ S.
It is immediate t hat a mapping / defined by a polynomial of form
(C) is m distributive.
Conversely, we divide t he proof into t hr ee part s.
1. R is infinite and has characteristic p^>0.
If feHf^S, then / is defined by a polynomial of form (A) by
Theorem 1. Then we have for each i (l<i<Lm) and for each I
/ ( O + O , , St + s ' u , 0 4 0 ; 0 , , Sj, , 0 )
L
/ ( O , . , 8 , , . , 0 ; 0 , . . . , 8 , , , 0 )
4 / ( 0 , . . . , s ; , . , 0 ; 0 , . ,
S
, . , 0 )
f or a l l s.
t
, s e ^ , s
?
e S
z
. T h e r e f o r e w e h a v e t h e i d e n t i t y
.7 , 2 > J> 7 1 L_ Z .
Since is an infinite integral domain, each ideal S^O is infinite.
Therefore t he polynomial in R*[x, y, z] which has t he same coefficients
as t he above expression, vanishes for infinitely many values of each
argument x, y, z in i?*. By t he lemma, each coefficient is zero. Now the
coefficient of x
j
r>yz
j
< ( 0<r <O'
t
; l<j
t
<t; 0 < j , < ) is
If j
t
is not a power of p, then at least one of t he binomial coefficients
r = l , 2, 'tji l, is prime to p. Since R, and consequently i2*,
has characteristic p, this implies t hat ?;;^= 0, for j
}
and i
?
in the stipu
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF ^ MODULES AND RINGS 1311
lat ed r an ges, when ever j
t
is n ot a power of p.
Usi n g (ii) of t he defin it ion of an m d i st r i bu t i ve mappi n g, a si mi lar
ar gu men t shows t h at $ ^ = 0 for j
i
=l,2
f
, 1; ^ = 2 , 3 , , 1
when ever j \ is n ot a power of p.
Sin ce t he above ar gu men t holds for eac h i an d eac h / , t he polyn omial
of for m (A) whi c h defin es / has all coefficient s zer o exc ept for coefficient s
a
/ l ,*>
s
*
=
0> 1 ' 2, , s
t
= 0, 1, 2, . Thu s / is defin ed by a poly
n omial of for m (B).
2. R is finite and has characteristic p^>0.
Since R is a commutative int egral domain, R is a finite field GF(p
n
)
and each ideal S
t
0 in R is R itself. Since s
pn
=s for all seR, each
polynomial function of S
L
x S,x xS
k
into i * is defined by a polynomial
of form (A) of degree at most p
n
~

in each argument . Since t he degree

in each argument is less t han t he number of elements in each S=R,
t he lemma can be applied to t he ident it y 3.1, and t he proof of 1. is
valid in t his case also.
3. R has characteristic zero.
Since R and each ideal Si 0 in R have infinitely many elements,
t he proof of 1. can be followed to obtain
x^= = 0 and
for j
lf
j
lf
and r in t he ranges previously st ipulat ed. Since R, and
consequently i2*, has charact erist ic zero, t his implies t hat ^ = 0 except
for j=j = l. Consequently / is defined by a polynomial of form (C).
The following result was obtained in t he proof of t he t heorem.
COROLLARY. Let R=GF(p
n
) and i2* be a commutative integral domain
containing R. Amapping f of
k t erms
R x R x x R
into j * is in H \ S if and only iff is defined by a polynomial of form
(B) with r=n l.
4 Application t o t he construction of R modules. Let S O be
an ideal in a ring R. The set of (k l) t uples V= {(s,, s
3
, , s
fc
), s
t
e S}
wit h equality, addition and left scalar multiplication defined component
wise is a left module. The group of t he module is t he direct sum
k 1 t erms
1312 R. A. BEAUMONT AND J. R. BYRNE
For r e 72, s
t
e S, t he i th. component rs.
h
of t he scalar product r(s
2
, s
3
, , s
k
)
is a 1 distributive polynomial function / of t he ar gumen t s r; s
2
s
3
, , s
k
.
In t his section we charact erize t he most gen eral polynomial function /
for which F = S
+
S
+
S
+
is an 72 module, where 72 is a com
mut at ive in t egr al domain wit h charact erist ic zero.
Now V is a left 72 module if and only if t her e exist s a mapping /
from RxV int o V which satisfies t he module iden t it ies
(MO f(r
u
v
1
+ v,)^f(r
lf
( M
2
) f{r + r
2
, v
1
)=f(r
u
( M
3
) f(r

r
i9
v
x
)=f(r , / ( r
2
,
Vl
)) ,
for ever y r
u
r
2
eR an d ever y v
u
v
2
eV. Den ot i n g t he c ompon en t s of
fir, v)=f(r; s
2
, , s
f c
) by f(r; s
2
, , s
f c
) , i = 2 , 3, ,&, we obser ve
t h a t / is gi ven by a set of k 1 map p i n gs f
i
f r om
k t er ms
. xS
int o S :R. Set t in g R=S
lf
S=S
2
, , S=S
k
t o agree wit h t he not at ion
of t he preceding sections, t he ident it ies (Mj) and (M
2
) ar e just t he con
dit ions ( i ) and (ii) t hat each mapping /
4
be 1 distributive. In t er pr et in g
M
3
for t he components /
4
we have
(4.1) / i ( n r
2
; 8
I9
, 8^ ) = / ^ ; /
2
( n ; s
2
, , s ), , (r
2
; s
2
, , s
fc
))
for every r
2
, r
2
eR and every s^eS; i = 2 , 3, , k.
We now assume t hat 72* is an ideal preserving ext ension of 72, t hat
is, 72* is a r in g cont aining 72 wit h t he propert y t hat if S is an ideal in
72, t hen S is an ideal in 72*. For example, t her e exist s a r in g wit h
iden t it y cont aining 72 which is an ideal preserving ext ension of 72. Let
f
u
i=2, 3, , k, be a mapping from 72x V int o 72* defined by a poly
nomial
(4.2) fix,) x
2f
, a O=
w
. .
j f c
# ^ x
k
wi t h coefficients in 72*. Den ot e t he syst em con sist in g of t he gr oup V
an d t he mappin gs f
t
defined by (4.2) by (V,ft). We obt ain t he following
applicat ion of Theor em 2.
THEOREM 3. Let 72* be a commutative integral domain with charac
teristic zero which is an ideal preserving extension of R. Then (V,f
t
) is
a left R module with scalar multiplication defined by r (s
2
, s
3
, , s
k
) =
ifu f i *
m
, fk)

'f
an
d only if each f is defined by a polynomial of the
form
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF ^ MODULES AND RINGS 1313
(4.3) fix,) ?
3
, , x
k
)= aPx&i , <#> e 12* ,
e matrix A={a!p) is idempotent; that is r (s
2
, s
3
, , s ) =
K^*
S
3? >
s
fc)^'> where the right member is an ordinary matrix product
in which A' is the transpose of the matrix A.
Proof. If (V,f) is a left 12 module, t hen by t he foregoing discus
sion, t he mappin gs f ar e 1 dist ribut ive polynomial mappin gs wit h values
in S 1 2 * . By Theorem 2, wit h S^R, S
2
=S
3
= =*S
k
=S, an d m = l ,
each /
4
is defined by a polynomial of form (C)
k k
flx x
2
, , a;

)= a$ c
1
x ^
1 =2
Since each /

must sat isfy t he iden t it y (4.1) we have

o
(^> = ^v ?V
1 l * Lj 2
V V
2 1 2u
1 = 2 j = 2
k
for every r
x
, r
t
eR and every s^eS. This implies = Y.a a^ or t hat
t he mat r i x A= ( P
)
) is idempot en t . Since
)=
1 =2
we have r (s
2
, , s
k
)r(s
2
, ,s
fc
)A
/
wher e t he r i ght member is an
ordin ary mat r ix pr oduct .
Conversely, it is readily observed t hat if f is defined by (4.3) wit h
A=(a
)
) idempot en t , t hen f
t
has values in S since S is an ideal in 12*,
f is 1 dist ribut ive, an d f
t
satisfies (4.1). Therefore (V, f
t
) is a left R
module.
If we specialize t o t he case wher e 1 2 = F is a field, we have S
2
=S
3
= = S
f c
= F and # * = F , so t hat (V, f) is t he group of ( fc l) t uples
wit h elemen t s in F for which scalar mult iplicat ion is defined by (4.2).
Theorem 3 char act er izes t he (V
9
f
t
) which ar e .F modules, and we let
(V, A) den ot e t he 1^ module (V, / *) wit h scalar mult iplicat ion defined by
(4.3) wher e A=(aP) is idempot en t . Let E
m
=(
Im
), wher e 0<L_m<Lk l.
The following t heor em complet ely classifies t he F modules ( F, / ) .
THEOREM 4. The left F module (V, A) is F isomorphic to the F
modiile ( F , E
m
) for some m, 0 <Lm<Lk 1. Moreover ( F , E
m
) is not F
isomorphic to ( F , E
n
) if m n.
1314 R. A. BEAUMONT AND J. R. BYRNE
Proof. If Ais similar t o 5, t hen ( F , A) is Msomorphic t o ( F , B).
For in ( F , A),
r fe, s,, , s
f c
)= r ( s
2
, s
i9
, s
fc
)A' ,
and in ( F , 5) ,
r (s
2
, s
3
, , s
k
)=r(s
ly
s
3
, , s
A
.)S
/
= r ( s
2
, s
3
, , s
k
)PA'P~

for some non singular mat r i x P. The mappin g defined by

is an jF' isomorphism.
Since Ais idempot en t , Ais similar t o E
m
for some m, 0<^m<I& 1
[1 , p. 88], which complet es t he proof of t he first par t of t he t heor em.
In ( F , E
m
),
r ( s
z
, s

, , s
k
) = (rs.
lf
rs
if
, r s
m + 1
, 0 , " , 0 ) ,
so t hat t he submodule 1 ( F , E
m
) = (s
i9
s
3
, , s
m+ 1
, 0, , 0) is t he vect or
space over i^
7
of dimension m. Any .^ isomorphism of ( F , "
m
) ont o
(V, E
n
) induces an F isomorphism of 1 ( F , E
m
) ont o 1 ( F , "
w
), but if
Yi n t hese submodules can n ot be F isomorphic since t hey ar e vect or
spaces of different dimensions over F.
COROLLARY. The F modules ( F , A) and ( F , B) are F isomorphic if
and only if Aand B have the same rank.
In t he above discussion, t he ( F , f) wer e all (k l) t uples for a fixed
k. We now consider ( F
f c
, / *) an d ( F
7
, /
4
) , / k^Z. By Theorem 4, it is
sufficient t o consider ( F
f c
, ,), 0 <Lm<Lk 1 and ( F
?
, *
n
), 0<I ? <i Z 1 .
THEOREM 5. The F modules ( F
f c
, E
m
) and (V , E
n
) are F isomorphic
if and only if m=n and either k = l or F
+
has infinite rank.
1
Proof. Suppose first t hat is an F isomorphism of ( F
f c
, E
m
) ont o
(V
l9
E
n
). Then as in Theorem 4, l (V
k9
E.
m
) and l (V
l9
E
n
) ar e F
isomorphic vect or spaces of dimension m and n respect ively over F.
Hen ce m=n. Assume t hat k l, an d let M an d N be t he submodules
of ( F
f c
, E
m
) and (V
l9
E
m
) respect ively which ar e an n ihilat ed by leF.
Then induces an isomorphism of M ont o N as addit ive groups.
k 1 m
M={(0, , 0, s
m+u
, 8, 0, ^ e f H ^ . . ^ ? ^
1
The addit ive group 7^
+
of a field F of char act er ist ic 0 is a divisible torsion free
group and t herefore is t he direct sum of a copies of t he addit ive group of rat ional num
ber s. The cardinal number n, which is an invariant , is called t he rank of F
+
[4, pp. 10
11].
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF ^ MODULES AND RINGS 1315
and
I 1 m
If F
+
has finite r an k, t hen M and iV have different r an k, and ar e n ot
isomorphic. Hen ce F
+
has infinite r an k.
Conversely, if m=n and k=l, t her e is n ot hin g t o prove. Suppose,
t hen , t hat m=n an d t hat F
+
has infinite r an k. Now (V
k9
E
w
) =
l (V
k9
E
m
)M and (V
l9
E
m
) = l (V
l9
E
m
)N
9
wher e M and N each
have t he decomposition in t o a dir ect sum of copies of F
+
given above.
Since F
+
has infinite r an k, M and N have t he same r an k and ar e
isomorphic as addit ive gr oups. But since F an n ihilat es M and N
9
t his
isomorphism is an F isomorphism. Fin ally, l
m
(V
k
, E
m
) is F isomorphic
t o 1 ( F
Z
, E
m
) since t hey ar e vect or spaces of t he same dimension.
5. Applicat ion t o t he con st r uct ion of rin gs. As in t he previous
sect ion, we let S^O be an ideal in a r i n g R and consider t he set of
w tuples V={(s
u
s,, , 8
n
), Si eS} wit h equalit y and addit ion defined
compon en t wise. Now V is a r i n g if an d only if t her e exist s a mappin g
/ from V x V in t o V which satisfies
(Ri) f{Vi + V.
if
V
3
) = f(v
lf
V
3
) + f(v
i9
V
3
)
( R
a
) f(v
l9
v, + v

) = f(v
u
v
2
) + f(v
l9
v,)
(B
3
) f(f(v
l9
v,\ v
3
)=f(v
l9
f(v
2f
v
3
))
for ever y v
lf
v
29
v
3
e V.
Den ot i n g t he c ompon en t s of f(v
l9
v
2
)=f(8
l9
',s
n
;t
u
",t
n
) by
fi(s, , s
n
; t
u
, t
n
)
9
i = l, 2, , n
9
f is given by a set of n mappin gs
ft from
2n t er ms
SxSx xS
in t o S :R. The iden t it ies i ^ and i2
3
ar e just t he condit ions ( i ) and
(ii) t hat each mappin g f
t
be ^ dist r ibut ive. In t his applicat ion, k=2n,
and Si=S, i=l, 2, , & in t he n ot at ion of 2 . I n t er pr et i n g i?
3
, t he
associat ive law, for t he component s f
if
we obt ain
(5.1) / i / i fe, , s
w
; t
u
,
w
), , ( s
:
, , s
n
; t
u
, t
n
) ^ , , %
n
)
for every s
h
t
Jf
u
k
e S.
We assume t hat R* is an ideal preserving ext en sion of R and t hat
each f
u
i = l , 2, , w is defined by a polynomial
1316 R. A. BEAUMONT AND J. R. BYRNE
(5.2) f{x
u
, x
n
; y
u
, y
n
) = ^ . . . ^ ^ . . . ^ ^ a ^i yfa
wit h coefficients in j *. Denot e t he syst em consist ing of t he group V
an d t he mappin gs /
t
defined by (5.2) by (V,f
l9
). We obt ain t he
following applicat ion of Theorem 2.
THEOREM 6. Let R* be a commutative integral domain which is an
ideal preserving extension of R. Then (V, f
i9
n) is a ring with multipli
cation defined by (s
19
, s
n
)*(t
19
, t
n
)=(f
l9
, f
n
) if and only if each
fi, i=l, 2, " ,n satisfies (5.1) and is defined by a polynomial of the
form
(5.3) Ux
u
, x
n
; y
u
, y
n
) 4 H%*f
3
vf

,
or
n n
(5. 4) f
t
( x
u
, x
n
) y
u
, y
n
)= a
1 = 1 j = l
according as R has characteristic p ]> 0 or 0.
Proof. If ( V, /

, w) is a r in g, t hen we have observed above t hat

t he mappin gs f
t
ar e ^ dist ribut ive mappin gs wit h values in SQR*.
Since t he f ar e polynomial mappin gs in t o R*
9
it follows from Theorem
2, t hat t hey ar e defined by polynomials of form (B) or (C) according as
t he char act er ist ic of R is p > 0 or 0. We have seen t hat t he associat ive
law implies (5.1).
Conversely, if mult iplicat ion in (V
9
f
i9
n) is defined by (s
u
, s
n
)
(i> " > *n) = (/ i, ,/ ), wher e eac h/ ^ is defined by (5.3) or (5.4) ac
cording as t he char act er ist ic of R is p > 0 or 0, t hen by Theorem 2,
each fi is ^ dist ribut ive. Thus, mult iplicat ion in (V
9
f
i9
n) is dist r ibut ive
wit h r espect t o addit ion . Since each f
t
satisfies (5.1), mult iplicat ion is
associat ive, and (V,f
i9
n) is a r i n g.
EXAMPLE 3. Let R be a field F wit h char act er ist ic zero. Then
R*=F, S=F, and ( F , / , 1) is t he group F
+
an d t he mappin g / defined
by f(x; y)= A
a
jk%
3
y
k
, ^ e
1
. By Theorem 6, (V,f, 1) is a r i n g wit h
mult iplicat ion defined by S't=^a
jk
s
j
t
]c
only if / is defined by f(x; y)=
axy, aeF. If ^ O, (V, / , 1) is isomorphic t o F un der t he correspond
ence sa~
l
<^s, so t hat we can conclude t hat t he only non t rivial r in gs
wit h addit ive group F
+
and wit h mult iplicat ion defined by a polynomial
funct ion of FxF in t o F ar e fields isomorphic t o F [3, p. 177].
EXAMPLE 4. Let R be t he finite field GF(3
2
). Then * =
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF ^ MODULES AND RINGS 1317
S=GF(3
2
), and (V,f, 1) is a ring only if multiplication is defined by
(see t he Corollary to Theorem 2).
s 1 =f(s t) = a
0Q
st f a
0l
st
3
+ a
w
s
3
t + a
n
s , a
tj
e GF(3
2
) .
Selecting
oo
=
l o
= l , a
ol
=a
u
= O, f(s; t)=st + s
3
t, and f(s; t) satisfies (5.1).
Hence (V, f, 1) is a ring. Let be t he primitive eighth root of unity
which generates t he multiplicative group of GF(3
2
). Then f
2
l = / (
2
; 1)
= f
2
4 f
6
= 6
2
(l + f
i
) = 0. Hence (V,f, 1) has zero divisors, and in this case
we have an example of a non trivial ring with additive group GF(3
2
)
+
and with polynomial multiplication which is not isomorphic to GF(3
2
).
It should be remarked in conclusion, t hat when R has characteristic
zero and (V, f
if
n) is a ring, t he multiplication rule (5.4) is t he same as
t hat for an algebra over i2* (see Introduction) and if R* has an identity,
(V>fi,
n
) can be regarded as a subalgebra of an ordinary algebra of
dimension n over i?*. Hence t he coefficients a of t he polynomials f
t
play t he same role as t he multiplication constants of an algebra, and
t he associative law (5.1) can be interpreted as a matrix identity [5, p.
294].
REFERENCES
1. A. A. Albert , Modern Higher Algebra, Chicago, 1937.
2. Ross A. Beaumont, Rings with additive group which is the direct sum of cyclic
groups, Duke Mat h. J., 1 5 (1948), 367 369.
3. and H. S. Zuckerman, Acharacterization of the subgroups of the additive
rationals, Pacific J. Mat h. 1 (1951), 169 177.
4. Irvin g Kaplansky, Infinite Abelian Groups, Universit y of Michigan Press, 1954.
5. C. C. MacDuffee, Modules and ideals in a Frobenius algebra, Monatsh. Mat h. Phys.,
48 (1939), 293 313.
6. B. L. van der Waerden, Modern Algebra, New York, 1949.
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Pacic Journal of Mathematics
Vol. 7, No. 3 March, 1957
Silvio Aurora, Multiplicative norms for metric rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1279
Ross A. Beaumont and John Richard Byrne, On the construction of
R-modules and rings with polynomial multiplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305
Fred Brafman, An ultraspherical generating function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319
Howard Ernest Campbell, On the Casimir operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325
Robert E. Edwards, Representation theorems for certain functional
operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333
Tomlinson Fort, The ve-point difference equation with periodic
coefcients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1341
Isidore Heller, On linear systems with integral valued solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . 1351
Harry Hochstadt, Addition theorems for solutions of the wave equation in
parabolic coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1365
James A. Hummel, The coefcient regions of starlike functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 1381
Fulton Koehler, Estimates for the eigenvalues of innite matrices . . . . . . . . . . 1391
Henry Paul Kramer, Perturbation of differential operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405
R. Sherman Lehman, Development of the mapping function at an analytic
corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1437
Harold Willis Milnes, Convexity of Orlicz spaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1451
Vikramaditya Singh, Interior variations and some extremal problems for
certain classes of univalent functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1485
William Lee Stamey, On generalized euclidean and non-euclidean
spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505
Alexander Doniphan Wallace, Retractions in semigroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513
R. L. Wilder, Monotone mappings of manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1519
P
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c
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M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
1
9
5
7
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
3