Embed Doc
Copy Link
Readcast
Collections

CommentGo Back

Download

1 |

Page

A A NNTTEENNNN A A TT Y Y PPEESSA A NNDDIITTSSBB A A SSIICCSS

b b y y ::

E EE En nn ng gg gr rr r.... S SS Sa aa aj jj jj jj ja aa ad dd d H HH Hu uu us ss ss ss sa aa ai ii in nn n K KK Ka aa an nn nj jj ju uu u

A A NNTTEENNNN A A TT Y Y PPEESSA A NNDDIITTSSBB A A SSIICCSS

( (( (

By Theoretical Point of View with figures)

Data Compiled by

Engr. Sajjad Hussain Kanju Engr. Sajjad Hussain Kanju Engr. Sajjad Hussain Kanju Engr. Sajjad Hussain Kanju

2 |

Page

A A NNTTEENNNN A A TT Y Y PPEESSA A NNDDIITTSSBB A A SSIICCSS

b b y y ::

E EE En nn ng gg gr rr r.... S SS Sa aa aj jj jj jj ja aa ad dd d H HH Hu uu us ss ss ss sa aa ai ii in nn n K KK Ka aa an nn nj jj ju uu u

ANTENNAANTENNAANTENNAANTENNA

An antenna (or

aeria

l) is atransducerdesigned totransmitorreceiveelectromagnetic waves.In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic waves into electrical currents and vice versa.Antennas are used in systems such asradioandtelevisionbroadcasting, point-to-point radio communication,wireless LAN, radar, andspace exploration.Antennas are most commonly employed in air orouter space, but can also be operated under water or even through soil and rock at certain frequenciesfor short distances.

Physical Structure:

Physically, an antenna is simply an arrangement of one or moreconductors,usuallycalled

elements

in this context. In transmission, analternating currentis created in the elements byapplying a voltage at the antenna terminals, causing the elements to radiate anelectromagnetic field.Inreception, the inverse occurs: an electromagnetic field from another sourceinducesan alternating currentin the elements and a corresponding voltage at the antenna's terminals. Some receiving antennas (such asparabolicandhorntypes) incorporate shaped reflective surfaces to collect EM waves fromfree spaceand direct or focus them onto the actual conductive elements.

PARAMETERS::::

There are several critical parameters affecting an antenna's performance that can beadjusted during the design process. All of these parameters can bemeasuredthrough various means. Theirshort details are given here:

1. Resonant frequency

The "

resonant frequency

" and "

electrical resonance

" is related to theelectrical lengthof an antenna. Theelectrical length is usually the physical length of the wire divided by its velocity factor (the ratio of thespeed of wave propagation in the wire to

, the speed of light in a vacuum). Typically an antenna is tunedfor a specific frequency, and is effective for a range of frequencies that are usually centered on thatresonant frequency. However, other properties of an antenna change with frequency, in particular theradiation pattern and impedance, so the antenna's resonant frequency may merely be close to the center.

2. Gain

Gain as a parameter measures the efficiency of a given antenna with respect to a given norm, usuallyachieved by modification of its directionality. An antenna with a low gain emits radiation with about thesame power in all directions, whereas a high-gain antenna will preferentially radiate in particulardirections. Specifically, the

Gain

Directive gain

Power gain

of an antenna is defined as the ratio of theintensity(power per unit surface) radiated by the antenna in a given direction at an arbitrary distancedivided by the intensity radiated at the same distance by a hypotheticalisotropic antenna.High-gain antennas have the advantage of longer range and better signal quality, but must be aimedcarefully in a particular direction. Low-gain antennas have shorter range, but the orientation of theantenna is relatively inconsequential. For example, a dish antenna on a spacecraft is a high-gain device thatmust be pointed at the planet to be effective, whereas a typicalWi-Fiantenna in a laptop computer is low-gain, and as long as the base station is within range, the antenna can be in any orientation in space.

3 |

Page

A A NNTTEENNNN A A TT Y Y PPEESSA A NNDDIITTSSBB A A SSIICCSS

b b y y ::

E EE En nn ng gg gr rr r.... S SS Sa aa aj jj jj jj ja aa ad dd d H HH Hu uu us ss ss ss sa aa ai ii in nn n K KK Ka aa an nn nj jj ju uu u

3. Radiation pattern

Theradiation patternof an antenna is the geometric pattern of the relative field strengths of the fieldemitted by the antenna. For the ideal isotropic antenna, this would be asphere. For a typical dipole, thiswould be atoroid. The radiation pattern of an antenna is typically represented by a three dimensionalgraph, or polar plots of the horizontal and vertical cross sections. The graph should showsidelobesandbacklobes,where the antenna's gain is at a minima or maxima.

4. Impedance

Impedance of an antenna is related to theelectrical lengthof the antenna at the wavelength in use. Theimpedance of an antenna can be matched to the feed line and radio by adjusting the impedance of thefeed line, using the feed line as an impedancetransformer.More commonly, the impedance is adjusted atthe load (see below) with anantenna tuner, abalun, a matching transformer, matching networks composed of inductorsandcapacitors,or matching sections such as the gamma match. Standing Wave Ratio(SWR) : The ratio of maximum power to minimum power in the wave can bemeasured and is called thestanding wave ratio. A SWR of 1:1 is ideal

5. Efficiency

Efficiency

is the ratio of power actually radiated to the power put into the antenna terminals. Adummy loadmay have an SWR of 1:1 but an efficiency of 0, as it absorbs all power and radiates heat but not RFenergy, showing that SWR alone is not an effective measure of an antenna's efficiency.

6. Bandwidth

The

bandwidth

of an antenna is the range of frequencies over which it is effective, usually centered on theresonant frequency. The bandwidth of an antenna may be increased by several techniques, including usingthicker wires, replacing wires with

cages

to simulate a thicker wire, tapering antenna components (like in afeed horn), and combining multiple antennas into a single assembly and allowing the natural impedance toselect the correct antenna.

7. Polarization

The

polarization

of an antenna is the orientation of the electric field (E-plane) of the radio wave withrespect to the Earth's surface and is determined by the physical structure of the antenna and by itsorientation. It has nothing in common with antenna directionality terms: "horizontal", "vertical" and"circular". Thus, a simple straight wire antenna will have one polarization when mounted vertically, and adifferent polarization when mounted horizontally.Reflections generally affect polarization. For radio waves the most important reflector is theionosphere-signals which reflect from it will have their polarization changed unpredictably. Forline-of-sightcommunicationsfor which polarization can be relied upon, it can make a large difference in signal qualityto have the transmitter and receiver using the same polarization; many tens of dB difference arecommonly seen and this is more than enough to make the difference between reasonable communicationand a broken link. So horizontal should be used with horizontal and vertical with vertical. Transmittersmounted on vehicles with large motional freedom commonly use circularly polarized antennas so thatthere will never be a complete mismatch with signals from other sources. In the case of radar, this is oftenreflections from rain drops.