Double layers, spiky solitary waves, and explosive modes of relativistic ion
acoustic waves propagating in a plasma
Yasunori Nejoh
Citation: Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics (1989-1993) 4, 2830 (1992); doi: 10.1063/1.860157 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860157 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pofb/4/9?ver=pdfcov Published by the AIP Publishing
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This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 103.27.8.43 On: Thu, 29 May 2014 12:29:08 Double layers, spiky solitary waves, and explosive modes of relativistic ion-acoustic waves propagating in a plasma Yasunori Nejoh Department of Physics, Hachinohe institute of Technology, 88-I, Obiraki, Myo, Hachinohe, 031, Japan (Received 29 April 1991; accepted 6 May 1992) The fully relativistic ion fluid equations are presented. These equations are reduced to a mixed modified Korteweg-de Vries (MKdV) equation by using the reductive perturbation method. The high-speed streaming ions and the negative cubic nonlinearity of the mixed MKdV equation give rise to the new nonlinear wave modes, that is, the compressive double layer, the spiky solitary wave, and the explosive solutions. The double layer and the spiky solitary wave are confined within the specified positive potential region, while the explosive solutions are confined within the region where the potential exceeds the maximum potential or the negative potential region. It is shown for the first time that the double-layer thickness narrows as the ion temperature and the relativistic effects increase, that the potential drop of the double layer grows as the ion temperature increases, and that the amplitudes of the spiky solitary wave and the explosive solution grow as the ion temperature effect increases. This investigation relates to the evolution process of the nonlinear wave structure in which these three modes form the fine structure in space. 1. INTRODUCTION In a historical current of nonlinear wave studies on plasmas, double layers and solitary waves have been draw- ing the attention of many investigators. Electric double layers in plasmas have been extensively investigated in theories,-2 the aurora1 zone,34 and laboratory experiments concerning the mechanism of particle accel- eration. In nonlinear wave studies the propagation of sol- itary waves is also important as it describes the character- istics of the interaction between the waves and the plasmas. In the case where the velocity of particles is much smaller than that of light, ion-acoustic waves exhibit nonrelativistic behavior, but in the case where the velocity of particles approaches that of light, relativistic effects become domi- nant. Various kinds of nonlinear waves occur in relativistic plasmas and thus relativistic Langmuir and electromag- netic waves have been studied as subjects of laser-plasma interaction7 and space plasma phenomena. Interplanetary space and the Earths magnetosphere encompass a rich variety of plasma physical processes and nonlinear wave phenomena. High-speed and energetic streaming ions with the en- ergies from 0.1 to 100 MeV are frequently observed in the solar atmosphere and interplanetary space. Yet, relativistic ion-acoustic waves have not been thoroughly investigated. When we assume that the ion energy depends only on the kinetic energy, such plasma ions have to attain relativistic speeds. Thus, by considering relativistic effects where the ion velocity is about O.lc, we can describe the relativistic motion of such ions in the study of nonlinear plasma waves. Since the ion temperature is very high in solar flare? solar wind, and interplanetary space,i the ratio of the ion temperature and the electron temperature is some- times more than 1. In this situation, relativistic and ion temperature effects are important for energetic ion-acoustic waves propagating in interplanetary space. It has been suggested that relativistic double layers may occur in cosmic and space plasmas, and that they form the large amplitude electric field and accelerate plasma particles. I2 However, little attention has been given to relativistic ion-acoustic double layers associated with the plasma dynamics under the fluid description. We have found weakly relativistic ion-acoustic double layersI for cold ions in the vicinity of the critical point where the nonlinear coefficient of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is negligibly small. The effect of a finite ion tem- perature on relativistic double layers has not yet been well investigated. On the other hand, relativistic ion-acoustic solitary waves have been found by the KdV equationt3 Interesting features such as the formation of the precursor of the ion-acoustic solitary waves, the long wavelength ion oscillation modes,l and the association between relativistic ion modulation modest4 are discussed as astrophysical phe- nomena. We show a new spiky solitary waves and an ex- plosive mode of ion-acoustic waves obliquely propagating in a magnetized plasma,15 and also find a new modulation- ally unstable ion-acoustic wave in a relativistic plasma.6 Although the relativistic ion-acoustic solitary waves in a space plasma are basically described by the nonlinear evo- lution equation, the effect of the ion temperature is an indispensable factor for ion-acoustic waves in interplane- tary space. It is recognized in the recent astrophysical observa- tions that the fine structure of the physical quantities such as the potential, the electric field, the magnetic flux density, etc., is important in order to understand the properties of space plasmas. The fine structure is composed of double layers and spiky solitary waves. We present a new point of 2830 Phys. Fluids B 4 (9), September 1992 0899-8213/92/092830-l 1$04.00 @ 1992 American Institute of Physics 2830 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 103.27.8.43 On: Thu, 29 May 2014 12:29:08 view with respect to double layers and spiky solitary waves later in this paper. The object of this paper is to show the formation of relativistic double layers, new spiky solitary waves, and explosive solutions in an unmagnetized space plasma with hot ions by considering the fully relativistic ion fluid equa- tions. In this paper, it is expected that, by considering the ion temperature and the relativistic effects, compressive type double layers, spiky solitary waves, and explosive so- lutions will be obtained from a mixed modified KdV (MKdV) equation which includes the quadratic and the negative cubic nonlinearity. The double layers inform us of the reason why energetic ions are accelerated during the propagation in interplanetary space. The spiky solitary wave is closely related to energetic precursor events in space,3p4 and the occurrence of these solitary waves are associated with the disruption of the double layer. The explosive solution explains the explosive events such as the ejection of solar energetic particles. the longitudinal ion-acoustic wave propagates parallel to the electric field, we observe the electrostatic ion-acoustic wave in a relativistic plasma. We assume that the ion flow velocity is relativistic, and thereby there exist only high- speed streaming ions in an equilibrium state when longitu- dinal ion-acoustic waves propagate in one dimension. The basic equations are described by the fully relativ- istic ion fluid equations for the conservation law of the mass, the momentum equation, and the energy equation for the adiabatic ions. For longitudinal waves, the dynam- ics of the relativistic ion fluid in nondimensional form are written as -g(,,+& The layout of this paper is as follows. In Sec. II, we derive the MKdV equation at the critical point where the nonlinear term of the KdV equation does not contribute to forming the solitary wave. In addition, we derive a mixed MKdV equation from the basic equations associated with the fluid description of a relativistic plasma with a finite ion temperature. Section III is divided into two parts. We de- rive relativistic double layers and explosive solutions in Sec. III A and show relativistic spiky solitary waves and explosive solutions in Sec. III B. Dependency of double layers and solitary waves on both the ion temperature and the relativistic effects is illustrated. We derive the relativ- istic oscillatory wave solution in the small wave-number region in Sec. IV. The last section (Sec. V) is devoted to the concluding discussion. (&+u~)P+3lJP(~+gJ~) u=o, where the Lorentz factor is y=[l- (u/c)~]-~. The sys- tem of equations is closed with the help of the Poissons equation, II. DERIVATION OF A MIXED MKdV EQUATION with We consider small but finite-amplitude ion-acoustic waves propagating in a collisionless relativistic unmagne- tized plasma. The dimensions of the system are much larger than the electron Debye length, and the plasma is quasineutral. Since the electron inertia and the electron trapping phenomena are neglected for low-frequency oscil- lations of ion-acoustic waves, the electron velocity is can- celed with the help of the Poissons equation; the motions of electrons can be ignored. The fluid description used in this study can be justified by the fact that we are interested in the macroscopic, average nonlinear behavior of the rel- ativistic plasma rather than the microscopic properties; that is, the motion of individual particles. This justification can be further supported by space and time scales involved in this nonlinear problem. It is assumed that the velocity distribution of each species is Maxwellian everywhere and the relativistic plasma is composed of a mixed fluid with hot and isothermal electrons and hot ion species. To sim- plify the discussion we do not take into account kinetic effects such as the deviation from the Maxwellian distribu- tion, Landau damping, etc. Since we consider the low- frequency motion of the ion-acoustic wave and assume that The right-hand side of y is approximated by its expansion up to the second term; n, v, p, 4, n,, and c denote the proper ion density, the ion flow velocity, the pressure, the electrostatic potential, the electron density, and the veloc- ity of light, respectively. The densities are normalized by the unperturbed background electron density no, velocities by the sound velocity (KTJM) 2, where M is the ion mass; p and 4 by n&T, and KTJe; the time t and the distance x by the ion plasma frequency up; = ( e&/noe2) l* and the electron Debye length &, = ( qcTJq,e2> *, respectively. The parameter CY is the ratio of the positive ion temperature Ti to the electron temperature To that is, T/T,. In order to solve Eqs. (la)4 le), we use the reductive perturbation method. We expand the dependent physical quantities n, u, p, 4, and n, around the unperturbed uni- form state as power series in terms of the small parameter e: 2831 Phys. Fluids B, Vol. 4, No. 9, September 1992 ynv) =o, (la) (lb) (ICI (IdI (le) Yasunori Nejoh 2831 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 103.27.8.43 On: Thu, 29 May 2014 12:29:08 m m n=l+ 2 &, u=uo+ C dvl, I=1 I= 1 m m s=s-VQ, yQ = I+ l&/2& yI = 1 + 3@2& y2 = 3~~22, 7/3 = vQc4. p=l+ c 4% 4=0+ c E&, (2) I=1 I=1 m ne= 1+ C En,. I=1 If we expand the frequency o in a power series around the wave number k=O, the phase factor of the plane wave depends on the small displacement of the wave number Ak. When we take Ak- O( e*), we introduce the stretching coordinates &=P(x--St), P== e3/*t, (3) where E measures the weakness of dispersion and s refers to the phase velocity, respectively. We substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eqs. (la)-( le). To the lowest order of E, we obtain #1=n1= 01 YQwY* -tY*s) PI =3Yo(l -b/*s-Y3SMY&y*d (4) and -ioyI~Z+- 3oyo Y1- SY2S Y1- 52s ( I-;y*s-y3s fl=O, ) where The solution of the quadratic equation for S is s-,y2* YI + 3QYo ( 3ayoy3s + 3y2d Yl YOYI - + cr22 YOYl ( 1 Yi * (5) When we take the positive sign of Eq. (5), the phase velocity is obtained as s=uo+ J Yl+ 3cyo YQYI -;(l+vOJzJ 3cycy$yLo ;. (6) We used the approximations &-O(vQc4) zo, Y*Y3-WW)~oo, y$-0(&2)~0, y;-o(vg/c6)~0, Yz?$-O(~~C~)~O, and (yzy3)2-O(~~~12)~o. To the second order of E, we have the KdV equation a#1 d~F~O~??~~2?~4) x+ N with (7) dw0,yby,,y4)=~+~ (--$$-)2+k (I-----&) (l--f$$+& (*-~s)2-Y2S (ss) +,ff( 2-$2Y$) ( +SS+(Yz-sYb) (y,:;zS)I? (8) and 1 1 N=- Y1- iY2s YoYIs+~ M+qoY* . (9) Here we note that the coefficient a( cr,yo,y1,yz,y4) is positive-whatever the values the ion temperature and the relativistic effects may take. In order to take into account the higher-order nonlin- earity, we assume that the displacement of the wave num- ber Ak of the plane wave is of the order of E, that is, 2832 Phys. Fluids 6, Vol. 4, No. 9, September 1992 I Ak - 0( e ) . We hence use the following modified stretching coordinates: f;=e(x-st), (10) 7=e3t. Substituting Eqs. (2) and (10) into Eqs. (la)-( le), we have reduced Eqs. (4) to the lowest order in E. To the next order in E, we have (Ila) Yasunori Nejoh 2832 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 103.27.8.43 On: Thu, 29 May 2014 12:29:08 v2=- y,:;2s+$& (;+(-) (yl:~2s~2)~~9 (lib) 3Yo( l-iY2S-YP) I %o( 1 -&#-Y3d P2= $2+ - ( 1+2(y2-y4s) Yl -iY*s Y1-3YzS (y,:;2s~2)+3( l-jyls-y+)(&) ( ~YO( 1 --~YzS-Y~S) * + ) +2,( 2-~-2y2s) (&)I ;ot (llc) Y1 -?Y*s and adI Wwww24f4M z=O. (12) To the next higher order in E, we can eliminate n3, v3, and &$,/a( by Eq. (5) and have YI($I) +~2(~~,~2,n2,~2,p2)=0, (13) where vs ~I(#,) = Yl -ti*s I Y~YI~+;Y~+%Yo(~+$)]~+,(-;+~+~~Y~-~Y~~(~)~ 3YS + (YrsY*s)* ( Y2-sY4+ 53+(,,~;2s~2 [Y*(+Y*s)( -I+$3 YOS II 2 ah a% +3oy4(1--2y*s) - hyg+/osjp Yl -+Y*s i a 3~0(1-3Y+Y3y3s) ah 1 I 2 ~2W742,n29u21P2 2(?z-s?&& 1 =yoS g Wln2) - Y1 -+Y*s n*jg + yl-ps+ y*z)/s (Ys)* w4Y2S i )I 36% 1 -?Y*S-Y34 & (Au*) + i ah +(y1-2y*S) ___ - 2-$-2y*s Yr~*~+Y*-~W v2 -Fig- Yl -;r*s .,( I-&-Yjr)d+=%j +$--)# i$+,dl--~;;y)sPz~ a -YS g (h#2)7 where y4= (Zc*)-. When we substitute Eqs. (4), (6), and (lla)-( llc) into Eq. (13), Eq. (13) is reduced to the MKdV equation @I fl(6YO,Y,,YZ,Y4) 2 a+l 1 a% ar+ 4, pzlyqT=Q (14) 2N where f%~,yO,y,,~2,~4~ = -2+5 _ ~-(*)2-qi-2~)-~+[~-4&+(&)i +~(5-~)+zbi~s-~(5-~+~)(~s)2+~(~)3 2833 Phys. Fluids B, Vol. 4, No. 9, September 1992 Yasunori Nejoh 2833 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 103.27.8.43 On: Thu, 29 May 2014 12:29:08 +2[ Y20Y0(2-$2Y2S)-(Y2-sY+)( -l+$.)] [ _I+-&+& (-l+S$ -6[ WYo( +%) +?Mj (;+;-r) ,,,( -s+s-zs Yii$ +2a( 1-2Yz.s) - Yr512S * )I It is noticed that the nonlinear coefficient /3( a,Y0,Y,,y2,y4) of the MKdV equation is always negative whatever the values the ion temperature and the relativistic effects may take. Nonlinear waves in the region of /3(o,Yo,Y,,y2,Y4) < 0 have not yet been considered. Thus the author will discuss relativistic ion-acoustic waves propa- gating in this region. In order to take higher-order nonlinear effects into ac- count, we derive a mixed MKdV equation with quadratic and negative cubic nonlinearity. Combining Eqs. ( 1 la)- ( 1 lc) and ( 12), we convert the momentum equation ( lb) to (15) Assuming that the order of cr(a,Yo,yl,y2,y4)-O(E), the order of the right-hand side of Eq. ( 15) becomes 0(e4) and is zero in 0(e3). In this situation, the term cr(~,Yo,Yl,Y2,y4)461(d~,/d~) has to be included in the next higher-order equation of momentum. In these circum- stances, Eq. (lb) is reduced to -Yts~+oap3+~+(Y,-2Y2s) d (v,q) a{ 3 ai- ( ap2 ai- au1 -0 n1-tnz- x. a6 ) au1 +y,a7f2y,v:- x a a au2 -y$s-g (v*)3+m2~-yIs-+~~+~ * at ag a6i 4s Yl + T-Y2S a6 ( ) 2 (v*)2- apI ml7g=O. (16) Eliminating third-order terms u3, p3, QIs, and second-order terms v2, p2, $z, by using Eqs. (4) and (lla)-( 1 lc) and normalizing r by N, we obtain a mixed MKdV equation from Eq. (16), I (17) where #=&. We abbreviate a(a,Yo,yl,yz,Y4) and P(a,y~,yt,Yz,y~) to a and P, respectively. III. STATIONARY SOLUTIONS OF EQ. (I?) In this section, we present a relativistic double layer, a new spiky solitary wave, and an explosive solution associ- ated with the mixed MKdV equation derived in the pre- ceding section. We introduce a variable q=c----UT in a sta- tionary frame, where u is a constant velocity. Inserting 7 into Eq, (17) and integrating it twice, we obtain and +Y(a,P,w$) =O (18) (19) under the boundary conditions (p, &$/a$ -+ 0 at 177 I--* CO, when n=l and 2. Equation (18) with Eq. (19) can be regarded as an equation of motion of a particle with unit mass under the potential function \I/ (a,p,u,$) ( (O), or as an equation of an anharmonic oscillator provided that we interpret q and # as time and space coordinates, respec- tively. A. Relativistic double layers and explosive solutions We consider, in this section, that Y (cr,~,u,~) has two double roots, In order to obtain solutions of Eq. ( 18) with Eq. (19), we transform Eq. (19) to ~(#,cb,) =W6)~2W-4,)2, (20) where A&,8) = -2a/rJ (214 and u= - (/3/12)&(cr,p) = -a2/3/3. @lb) fasunori Nejoh 2834 2834 Phys. Fluids B, Vol. 4, No. 9, September 1992 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 103.27.8.43 On: Thu, 29 May 2014 12:29:08 FIG. 1. The profile of the relativistic compressive double layer repre- sented by Eq. (23) with u,,/c=O.2 as a function of 7, for the ion temper- ature ratio ~7=0.02 and 0.04, marked on each curve. 6oc OO I I I I 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.c ff FIG. 2. Dependency of the potential drop Ac$ of the double layer on the ion temperature ratio a, for the relativistic effect ve/c=0.2. 2835 Phys. Fluids 6, Vol. 4, No. 9, September 1992 Here, 0, denotes the maximum potential. For the formation of double layers, the potential must behave in the following manner: Y(a,P,u,4) -0 at ~-4 d~Aa,Lk GW d~(dXw$) 4 4 at +$m(atP>, d2Y(a,P,4) d#2 -0 at $,(cr,/3)-0. (22b) (22c) Integrating Eq. ( 18) with Eq. (20), we give 1 El (q--rlo) = J Qc~~4,j=~lnl~l- We have a solution C(a,R,?;4,)=1Bl(a.B)[ l-tanh(ll ei X4,(a,P)(17--rlo) t )I (23) for 0 < $(a,P,q;hJ < dAa,P). Since (l/2) I( --p/6)12 1 +m(a,/3) has to be real in Eq. (23)) it is required that p < 0. The condition p < 0 satisfies Eq. (21a) because tl > 0. These results are not inconsistent with the assumptions. We therefore regard Eq. (23) as a compressive type of relativistic double layer. The double layer is illustrated in Fig. 1. The dependency of the poten- 25 F I 1 I 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 c u 16 FIG. 3. The double-layer thickness as a function of the ion temperature ratio a, for the relativistic effect u,,/c=O.2. Yasunori Nejoh 2835 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 103.27.8.43 On: Thu, 29 May 2014 12:29:08 6 5 it I------ f FIG. 4. The profile of the explosive solution (24) with u,,/c=O.2 as a function of 71, for the ion temperature ratio 0=0.02 and 0.04, marked on each curve. tial drop A+ on the ion temperature ratio ~7 is shown in Fig. 2. We also show the double-layer thickness L in Fig. 3. For the condition ~(MbphJ > AA@) or Cp(cr,P,rl;&J ~0, we obtain, from Eq. (18) with Eq. (19), Equation (24) implies that the potential infinitely grows at 7j-rrno, and thereby we regard JSq. (24) as an explosive solution. We show the profile of Eq. (24) in Fig. 4. B. Relativistic spiky solitary waves and explosive solutions We consider the case where Y (c@,u,~) has one dou- ble root as shown in Fig. 5. Then Y (a&,4) of Eq. ( 18) requires ~(Q,w$) = WW2W-d,H~-bd, with (25) ~o,b(a,~,J,u)=(2/P)(-a* &5m, (26) where (b, and & correspond to the positive and negative sign of the right-hand side of Eq. (26)) respectively. Here, when we put u = - a2/4@ > 0, +a and I$~ take the form of Q1,= -a@>O, Wd FIG. 5. The profile of the potential function P (a,&&) of Eq. (25) in the case where V(a,&u,+) has one double root. &=-3a/&O, (2717) provided that 4, < &. Thus one expects that Eq. ( 18) with Eq (25) has the following solution: 0 < Q, < &: solitary wave solutions, (p CO: explosive type of solutions, because Y ( CZ,&Q#B) GO. These cases are interesting. We integrate Eq. ( 18) with Eq. (25) as Equation (18) with Eq. (25) has a solution I $08f . ..^ . . .._.._..-. _-_ ___I 07 06 05 : \s 04 03i 0.2 1 ~ i b ?-- ?a FIG. 6. The profile of the relativistic spiky solitary wave represented by Eq. (301, in the case where vdc=O.Z, u=O.O3 and 4,=0.75. 2836 Phys. Fluids B, Vol. 4, No. 9, September 1992 Yasunori Nejoh 2836 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 103.27.8.43 On: Thu, 29 May 2014 12:29:08 I J-l a $ (q-q,)=.d(a,P;q$,J -arctanh for and for where d(a,B;&J =arctanh[ & (4,- Js)], and ~(a,B;B,)=a~~~o~h[g& (&-~~~)], respectively. Here 4, denotes the peak amplitude of the potential. From Eqs. (28) and (29), we obtain 3o sech2td(a,P;&J - la J-17281 (rl-rldl ~(a,8,~m)=-p1+\/3tanh[~(ap~ )-]~~3-1/2/?](~-77~)] J J m for and 3a cosech2t~(a,P;~,)+Ia~~I(rl--o)] 4(a,B,h)=~ l+ticoth[B(a,@+ )+]a\l-1/2fi](~-~o)] J m for Im-Jzpzgq>y. (28) (29) (30) (31) Equations (30) and (3 1) are a spiky solitary wave solution and an explosive type of solution, respectively. When ue/c=0.2 and 0=0.03, the maximum potential 4, is 0.75. In this case, we illustrate the spiky solitary wave in Fig. 6, and the dependency of the amplitude of the solitary wave on the ion temperature effect for vc/c=0.2 in Fig. 7. We show the explosive solution in Fig. 8, by using the same parameter. IV. RELATIVISTIC ION-ACOUSTIC OSCILLATION MODES IN A SMALL WAVE-NUMBER REGION rl=p(C--p7), (334 g=p27, (33b) where p is the small expanding parameter; S and p are determined later. We seek the relativistic ion-acoustic oscillation modes To the first order in p, we obtain the dispersion rela- of the mixed MKdV equation (17) in the small wave- tion 2837 Phys. Fluids l3, Vol. 4, No. 9, September 1992 I number region. We apply the expansion $= f, pn ,=fj ~!*(I1,S)exp[il(k~--S7)1, co (32) and the variable transformation Yasunori Nejoh 2837 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 103.27.8.43 On: Thu, 29 May 2014 12:29:08 FIG. 7. Dependency of the amplitude (b,,, of the spiky solitary wave on the ion temperature ratio B for the relativistic effect u,,/c=O.2. ij= +, for components with I= f 1 and have ~j=o, for Ilffl. To the second order in cr. the terms I= I1 require p= -Sk2 J and the term I= 2 requires ?O- 60- 50- -s 40- 30- 20- FIG. 8. The profile of the explosive solution represented by Eq. ( 3 1) , in the case where v,Jc=O.2, u=O.O3, and (p,=O.lS. #= (a/3k2)($:)2. To the third order in p the term l=O requires (g2 = -(2a/3k21(I#j)/-Cl, where C is an integration constant independent of q. Fi- nally, to the third order in p the term I= 1 implies the nonlinear Schriidinger equation, dfp 3 a2#) iT--zkF+ -$ a2c#)=o, (34) where the last term of the left-hand side of Eq. (34) van- ishes by the appropriate variable transformation. If /3 < 0, then the modulationally stable relativistic ion-acoustic wave can propagate in the small wave-number region, The oscillatory wave solution is obtained as q&(x,0 =#I p 1 [X-(S-~)+u2~~ Xexp[i[kx-k(s--&k)t]}, (35) where the ordering parameter E associated with the wave number k is taken to be 1. The phase velocity s is defined by Eq. (6). The frequency part in the phase factor of Eq. (35) agrees precisely with the dispersion relation ti=k[ uo+ Jy:,:e-f (l+~a~~c) 3WoY3 -+- iY2 X -$2 YOYI Yl 1 1 -- 2 E'YoYISS-~~ioYon(1+v~c2)l/(y,--fy2s) k2 , I of this system in the small wave-number region. Hence, Eq. (35) properly expresses the relativistic ion oscillation mode in this system. V. DISCUSSION We have derived the mixed MKdV equation associated with the fluid model and have shown the new nonlinear wave modes, that is, the relativistic double layer, the spiky solitary wave, and the explosive solutions. It should be emphasized that, only in the case of fi ~0, the MKdV equation gives rise to the double layer, the spiky solitary wave, and the explosive solutions. We note that the qua- dratic nonlinear coefficient a of the mixed MKdV equation is positive, We have derived, in Sec. III A, the relativistic com- pressive double layer and the explosive solution. We have shown the characteristic feature that the amplitude of the double layer grows as the relativistic effect and the ion 2838 Phys. Fluids B, Vol. 4, No. 9, September 1992 Yasunori Nejoh 2838 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://scitationnew.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 103.27.8.43 On: Thu, 29 May 2014 12:29:08 temperature effect increase, and its thickness narrows as both the effects increase. Moreover the potential drop of the double layer grows as the ion temperature increases. These features are shown for the first time for the relativ- istic double layer. The double layer is confined within the specified region of the positive potential, that is, 0 < 4 < 4, and does not exist in the region of 4 > 4, in Eq. (20). On the other hand, the explosive solution associated with the double layer is confined within the region of 4 > 4, and the region of 0 > 4. As a result of this, we can understand the physical process that both the double layer and the explo- sive mode complementarily generate and disappear. The relativistic spiky solitary wave is confined within the region of 0 < C# < &,, in Fig. 6 of the Sec. III B, while the explosive mode associated with this solitary wave exists within the region of 0 > 4. It is clarified that the amplitudes of the spiky solitary wave and the explosive mode grow as the ion temperature effect increases. Both modes also exist complementarily: if the spiky solitary wave exists, the ex- plosive mode disappears. On the contrary, when the explo- sive mode exists, the spiky solitary wave disappears. This is proved by the boundary condition concerning the existence of both the modes. Many investigators have considered1.7*18 that double layers damp and finally disappear when the bell-shaped solitary wave of the MKdV equation forms. As is seen in space observations and computer simulations, however, most of the solitary waves which contribute to the gener- ation and the disappearance of double layers are not bell shaped but spiky shaped. We think that the formation of the double layer is essentially associated with strong non- linearity and is a nonlinear wave mode in the system gov- erned by the higher-order nonlinearity and dispersiveness. Hence, the solitary waves that contribute to the generation and the disappearance between the solitary wave and the double layer need to be spiky shaped and need to possess the same order of nonlinearity as the order of nonlinearity of the double layer. We should identify the order of the nonlinearity of the present spiky solitary wave with that of the double layer. In addition, since the spiky solitary wave takes away the energy of the double layer, the solitary wave takes the place of the double layer. For this reason, the double layer which occurs in space disappears when the spiky solitary wave forms. Thus these two modes occur and disappear. Explosive (bursting) phenomena have been discussed as the releasing phenomenon of the energy of the magnetic field by the circuit model for the local system in space,20 and investigated as a phenomenon which occurs by the compression associated with ion beams for space particle systems.2 In such models, however, they can hardly dis- cuss the energetic nonlinear wave modes and cannot apply them to the actual situations. We present the new explosive modes associated with the relativistic effect by the fluid model. In Ref. 22, Ostriker ef al. treated nonrelativistic explosive waves and did not at all consider energetic phe- nomena concerning higher-order nonlinear waves. Za- kharov derived the solitary wave and the explosive mode with regard to the collapse of Langmuir waves.23 Its explo- sive mode is associated with the negative potential. Al- though the results of the present solitary wave and the explosive mode cannot be compared directly with those of Ref. 23 because we consider the relativistic ion-acoustic wave, it is very interesting in that the present explosive mode is analogous to the explosive mode of Ref. 23. Three kinds of nonlinear wave modes presented here have been independently studied and several examples for each mode have been reported in space observations.4920 Among these studies, the fine structure composed of spiky solitary waves and double layers is observed by satellites traveling in interplanetary space and it attracts the atten- tion of many researchers.228 Since the particle energy range in these papers lies in a comparatively low energy range, we suppose that energetic explosive events such as bursts have not been detected. Recently, the existence of ion beams, such as the streaming ion flux, is worthy of notice as a condition of the formation of spiky solitary waves and double layers.25*26 This is an idea associated with the thought that the high-speed streaming ions form solitary waves and double layers. The present investigation is associated with the point of view that not only spiky solitary waves and double layers but also explosive events are generated by the high-speed streaming ions. Very little is known about the papers referring to the relation between the nonlinear wave modes and to their generation and disappearance processes. Furthermore, there are hardly any papers that have investigated the gen- eration and the evolution of the nonlinear wave modes associated with the nonlinear wave structure. Under these circumstances, this investigation presents the peculiar fea- ture concerning the evolution process of the nonlinear wave structure in which the relativistic double layer, the spiky solitary wave, and the explosive modes form the fine structure by complementarily generating and disappearing in space. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank Professor H. Tagashira of Hokkaido University and Professor H. Sanuki of the National Institute for Fusion Science for their valuable suggestions. The author also thanks the referees for helpful comments. S. Torven, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 1053 (1981). H. Schamel and S. Bujarbarua, Phys. Fluids 26, 190 ( 1983). 3J. S. Wagner, T. Tajima, J. R. Kan, J.-N. Leboeuf, S.-I. Akasofu, and J. Dawson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 803 (1980). M. Temerin, K. Cemy, W. Lotko, and S. F. Moser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1176 (1982). S. Torven, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 15, 1943 (1982). 6N. Sato, M. Nakamura, and R. Hatakeyama, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1227 (1986). P. 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