Diabetes is treated by the administration of insulin injections in the case of type 1 diabetes and oral

hypoglycaemic medication and diet modification in the case of type 2 diabetes. Insulin is not yet
available in an oral form although the first inhaled insulin recently became available in some countries.
Insulin injection are given as a . . . injection one to four times a day. The injection should be rotated from
one area of the body to another area each time to avoid . . . . of the skin. Changing the site where
insulin is injected can also affect the . . . . of insulin : for example. It is easier for the body to . . . . insulin
from the area above the umbilicus. There are five different types of insulin. Their . . . range from rapid
onset to long acting. Some diabetics have to combine a short-acting insulin and an . . . . acting insulin. To
make it easier, they can use a . . . . insulin which contains both types of insulin in one injection. Insulin
used to be extracted from the pancreas of cattle and pigs but since 1982, . . . . engineered human insulin
has been used. Using human insulin takes away any concerns about transferring any . . . . animal
diseases into the insulin.

Pilihan jawaban: intermediate absorb piting actions genetically potential mixed absorption
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Complete exercise 1a-d below. These exercises practise the following grammer points:
Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous
Modal verbs
For help with the exercises, you can find a grammar reference for Cambridge English for nursing pre-
intermediate at the following address www.cambridge.org/elt/englishfornursing
1a look at these sentences that a nurse or patient might say. Complete the sentences by by writing verb
in bracket in the present perfect continuous.
1. Ah! Doctor Murphy there you are!lve been looking (look) for you every where!
2. What . . . . (you/do) to lose weight?
3. I . . . . (go) to the gym three times a week and counting calories.
4. I dont think she . . . . (try) hard enough to stop smoking.
5. Diabetics must be careful if they drink alcohol so I hope you . . . . (not/party) too must recently!
b. look at these sentences that a nurse or patient might say. Complete the sentences by by writing verb
in bracket in the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous
1. how long have you known (you/know) that you have diabetes?
2. I am really tired. I . . . . (work) all night and i really need a break.
3. whats the matter, Mrs Lewis? . . . . (you/cry)/
4. . . . . (you/check) Mr.Rogerss blood glucose level yet?
5. you . . . . (lose). 5kg. congratulations!
6. could you check whats wrong with the glucometer? It . . . . (make) strange noises all morning.
7. could you do my dressing later? I . . . . (not/have) my shower yet
8. I . . . . (make) an appointment for you to come back on the 14
th

9. I . . . . (already/give) my consent four times! Why do I need to do it again?
10 How long . . . . this IV bag . . . . (run)?