CHAPTER 1

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CHAPTER ONE - HEPBAR IAABA
INTRODUCTIONS - 3HAKOMCTBO
In Chapter One you will learn how to do the following:
1. to understand basic introductions
2. to use appropriate greetings
3. to recognize and to form patronymics (i.e. Russian middle names, which are
always based on the first name of one`s father)
You will learn the following points of grammar:
1. the three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
2. the possessive pronoun my`
3. regular plurals
Activity One - Hepnoe saanne
Listening/Reading Informal greetings. Listen to and read the following.
51o Oei, ena, Ha1ama n Ia. Onn c1yen1i.
- 3anc1nyn, Oei. - 3anc1nyn, ena. - Hnne1, Oei.
- 3anc1nyn, Ha1ama. - 3anc1nyn, Ia. - Hnne1, ena.
51o this is / these are c1yen1i students
n and :anc1nyn hello (informal)
onn they (are) nnne1 hi
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Activity Two - B1opoe saanne
Listening/Reading Eormal greetings. Listen to and read the following.
51o xnc1e Maxen:n,
iocnonn Ieon,
xnccnc Cxn1,
iocnoa Cycona n
xncc Toxcon. Onn
nenoana1en.
- 3anc1nyn1e, xnc1e Maxen:n. - 3anc1nyn1e, xnccnc Cxn1.
- 3anc1nyn1e, iocnonn Ieon. - 3anc1nyn1e, iocnoa Cycona.
- ,o6in eni, xncc Toxcon. - ,o6in eni, iocnonn Ieon.
- ,o6in eni, iocnoa Cycona. - ,o6in eni, xnccnc Cxn1.
Activity Three - Tpe1te saanne
Speaking Greet the following people, using an appropriate register.
1. Your lecturer / teacher
2. The person sitting nearest to you
3. Your closest acquaintance in the room
4. The person you know least well in the room
5. Someone else in the room
xnc1e Mr (used of English speakers) xncc Miss (used of English speakers)
iocnonn Mr (Russian title) nenoana1en lecturers
xnccnc Mrs (used of English speakers) :anc1nyn1e hello (formal and/or plural)
iocnoa Mrs (Russian title) o6in eni good aIternoon
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Activity Four - He1np1oe saanne
Speaking How would you respond to the following greetings? (You should fill in your
first name or surname, as appropriate, on the lines provided.)
Name of speaker His/her form of address to you
1. Aexcen - 3anc1nyn,
2. Iocnonn Hnanon - 3anc1nyn1e, xnc1e/xnccnc/xncc
3. Iocnoa Iexona - 3anc1nyn1e, xnc1e/xnccnc/xncc
4. Manna - Hnne1,
5. ,ox1o* Hyianen - ,o6in eni, xnc1e/xnccnc/xncc
* Doctor (used in titles)
RUSSIAN NAMES
Russi ans very oft en do not use any t i t l e when addressi ng one anot her, al t hough i n
formal cont ext s iocno,nn and iocnoa, fol l owed by a surname, are becomi ng
increasingly common. The title 1onanm (comrade) has largely disappeared since the
collapse of Communism.
When introducing someone in a very formal context (e.g. an official function or business meet-
ing) it is customary to use the person`s full name, i.e. first name |nx], patronymic (or father`s
name) |o1nec1no] and surname |qaxnn]. However, i f t he person bei ng
introduced is younger, it is common practice to omit the patronymic.
Russians use the first name together with the patronymic as a sign of respect in semi-formal
situations. Hence, it is normal to employ this mode of address when speaking to an older person
(e.g. to a teacher). Newly acquainted adults will also adopt this style before switching to purely
first name terms.
It is the custom to refer to young children and to friends, relatives and members of the same peer
group by just the first name. The use of diminutive or affectionate forms (as illustrated below)
and abridged forms, such as I for Ia or en for ena, is also extremely widespread.
MEN`S NAMES
First name Diminutives Endearing forms male Patronymics female
Aexcan Cama, mya, Can Camenixa,Camenxa,myonxa Aexcanonnn / Aexcanonna
Aexcen Aema, ema Aemenixa, emenixa Aexceennn / Aexceenna
Ionc Io Ioenixa, Ioenxa Ionconnn / Ionconna
Banxn Boo, Bona Booenixa, Bononxa Banxnonnn / Banxnonna
Hnan Ban Bannma, Banenxa, Bannm(en)xa Hnanonnn / Hnanonna
Hnxoan Ko Koenixa, Hnxoama Hnxoaennn / Hnxoaenna
He1 He1 He1enixa, He1ym(x)a He1onnn / He1onna
WOMEN`S NAMES
First name Diminutives Endearing forms Female Patronymics
Anna An Anenxa, Ann1(onx)a Eemale patronymics are Iormed
Lena ena enonxa Irom the Iather`s name in every
Hnna Ha Honxa, Hnm(x)a case (see above).
Ha1ai Ha1ama Ha1amenixa
Oiia O Oenixa, Oenxa
Cne1ana Cne1a Cne1onxa, Cne1anxa
Ta1ina Tan Tanenxa, Tannma
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How to form patronymics
As you can see Irom the charts above, it is quite easy to Iorm patronymics. Simply take the
Iather`s Iirst name and add the appropriate endings.
Masculine - Usual Iorms: -onnn or -(i)ennn (when name ends in -n or -i)*
Eeminine - Usual Iorms: -onna or -(i)enna (when name ends in -n or -i)*
e.g. Ionc - Ioncusn4 / Ioncusnu
A e xc e n - Aexce.sn4 / Aexce.snu
Bacnnn - Bacnz.sn4 / Bacnz.snu
Hioi - Hio.sn4 / Hio.snu
` Patronymics are Irequently shortened in everyday speech. Hence, instead oI Hnanonnn / Hnanonna you
may hear Hnanin / Hnanna.
Activity Five - Hn1oe saanne
Reading/Writing Look at the following graffiti and complete the activity below.
1. Jot down the Russian equivalents oI the Iollowing:
i) Olga, ii) Anthony, iii) Sonya, iv) Michael, v) Peter, vi) Maria, vii) Vera, viii) Andrew
2. Write out the Iollowing in Russian:
i) Natalya Ivanovna Pushkina, ii) Yuri Ivanovich Pushkin
3. Do you think Sasha Karenina is the name oI a man or a woman?
4. Could Sergei Pavlovich Borodin have a daughter called Anna Pavlovna Borodina?
5. Could Sergei Pavlovich Borodin have a son called Sergei Sergeevich Borodin?
6. What are the Iirst names oI the Iathers oI the Iollowing in Russian?
i) SoIia Sergeevna, ii) Ivan Ivanonich, iii) Nikolai Stepanovich, iv) Anna Igorevna
7. II Anton Pavlovich Pushkin has a son, Nikolai, and a daughter, Anna, what will their Iull names be
in Russsian?
8. Write out in Russian the male and Iemale patronymics Irom the Iollowing names:
i) Anton, ii) Semion, iii) Pyotr, iv) Pavel, v) Sergei
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Activity Six - mec1oe saanne
Speaking Work out with a partner suitable dialogues based on the following
situations. (In some cases more than one form of address is acceptable.)
1. Two school Iriends, Sasha and Kostya, greet each other in the street.
2. Two young women, Klara and Olga, who are already acquainted, acknowledge
each other at the hairdresser`s.
3. A mother says hi to her little daughter Lyuda (whom she knows aIIectionately as
Lyudochka). |The Russian Ior mummv is :u:u.|
4. Sergei Sergeevich meets his boss`s wiIe, Anna Pavlovna, at the bus-stop.
5. Miss Derby-Jones meets her Russian teacher, Natalya Antonovna, in the buIIet.
6. A young Russian, Igor Petrovich, says hello to his new English teacher, Mrs
CuttleIish.
7. An elderly couple, Eyodor Mikhailovich Karamzin and Lidia Vasil`evna
Lomonosova, greet each other in a queue.
8. A young Russian businesswoman, Galina Vadimovna Derzhavina, meets her
American business partner, Mr Wellsbury, at Sheremetyevo airport.
Activity Seven - Cetuoe saanne
Reading/Writing Complete the family tree.
The Prokofievs, Marina and Pavel, have a daughter and son. Eill in their names and the
names of their children, by selecting carefully from the list below.
Coqi Hanonna, Lena An1ononna, Hioi An1ononnn, Baen1nn
Hnxoaennn, Ta1ina Hnxoaenna, Hnxoan Hanonnn, Axa,nn
Hnxoaennn
11CJC01111 - 1C,C:.C11C1 ,1111C 1HE PROKOFIEJS - FAMILY 1REE
Manna deoonna Hoxo]iena Hane He1onnn Hoxo]ien


An1on anca
Aexcan,onnn An,eenna


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Activity Eight - Boctuoe saanne
Reading/Writing Marina is getting old and confused. She no longer really
remembers the family relationships. Say whether her assertions, listed below, are True
(Hannino) or Ealse (Henannino).
1. My Iather`s name was Pyotr.
2. My children are called SoIia and Larisa.
3. Nikolai is my son-in-law.
4. Igor is my daughter`s son.
5. Tatyana is Anton`s niece.
6. Tatyana`s great-grandIather was called Pyotr.
Activity Nine - enn1oe saanne
Listening/Reading Getting better acquainted. Listen to and read the following.
51o Aexcen,
Hnna,
Ta1ina
n Hnan.
- 3anc1nyn1e. - 3anc1nyn1e. - Pa:emn1e nec1ann1ic:
- 3anc1nyn1e. - 3anc1nyn1e. xen :ony1 Hnan
- Kax nac :ony1' - Kax nac :ony1' Hnanonnn ... a ]axnn
- Men :ony1 Aexcen - Mo ]axnn Kanona. Hnanon.
Ceieennn. - A nx n o1nec1no' - Oneni nn1no.
- A ]axnn' - Moe nx Ta1ina,
- Ieon. a o1nec1no Hanonna.
- A nac' - Ta1ina Hanonna
- Men :ony1 Hnna Kanona.
Maxcnxonna, a
]axnn Honona.
xax nac :ony1' what`s your name? nx Iirst name
xen :ony1 ... my name is ... o1nec1no patronymic
a nac' (formal) and yours? a:emn1e allow me to introduce
]axnn surname nec1ann1ic myselI
xon (masculine), xo (Ieminine), my oneni nn1no pleased to meet you
xoe (neuter), xon (plural) (literally: verv pleasant)
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Activity Ten - ecn1oe saanne
Listening/Reading Informal meeting. Listen to and read the following.
51o He1, Anna
n Bea.
- 3anc1nyn!
- 3anc1nyn!
- Men :ony1 He1,
nn noc1o He1.
A 1e6 '
- Men :ony1 Anna,
nn An.
- A x1o 51o'
- 51o xo noyia,
Bea.
- 3anc1nyn, Bea.
- 3anc1nyn! Kax
1e6 :ony1'
- Men :ony1 He1.
- ,o cnnann, An.
- ,o cnnann, He1.
Activity Eleven - Onnnana1oe saanne
Speaking Role-play
1. You are meeting your new Russian teacher Ior the Iirst time. Your partner will play
the role oI the teacher.
Your role Your partner`s role
Say hello. Reply appropriately.
Introduce yourselI by your Iirst name. Ask the student his/her second name.
Give your second name. Express pleasure at meeting him/her.
Say goodbye. Reply appropriately.
2. You are at a night club in Moscow and you have just met someone you quite like.
Your partner will play that person.
Your role Your partner`s role
Say hello. Reply appropriately.
Ask your partner what his/her name Choose a suitable Russian name and
is. ask what his/her name is
Give your name. Ask him/her who Say that it is your (girl)Iriend, Zina.
his/her Iriend is.
nn or a 1e6? (informal) and you? noyia (girl)friend
noc1o simply x1o 51o' who`s this o cnnann goodbye
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Activity Twelve - nenana1oe saanne
Listening/Reading In a business context. Listen to and read the Iollowing.
- Ho:naxoxi1eci, noaync1a, 51o - Ho:naxoxi1eci, noaync1a, 51o
Ceien Poxanonnn ,eannn. H5n Bn1aienna donnn:nna.
- Paa c naxn no:naxoxn1ic. - Pa c naxn no:naxoxn1ic.
Activity Thirteen - Tpnnana1oe saanne
Listening/Reading Back in the night club. Listen to and read the following.
Aexcan, - 3anc1nyn, Mama.
Man - Hnne1, Cama. A x1o 51o'
Aexcan, - 51o xo cec1a, Anna.
Man - Anna'
Aexcan, - ,a, Anna.
Man - Mi eme ne :naxoxi.
Oneni nn1no.
nna - Oneni nn1no.
Man - A 51o xon 6a1, Boo.
Bi :naxoxi'
Aexcan, - He1, xi ne :naxoxi.
Oneni nn1no.
Boo, - Oneni nn1no.
(Embarrased pause)
Boo, n nna - A xi :naxoxi!
,o cnnann!
no:naxoxi1eci let me introduce you a yes
(literally: get to know each other) xi we
noaync1a please eme ne not yet
aa (female speaker) c naxn (I`m) glad to make your :naxoxi (plural) acquainted
no:naxoxn1ic acquaintance 6a1 brother
a (male speaker) c naxn (I`m) glad to make your ne1 no
no:naxoxn1ic acquaintance a and, but
cec1a sister
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Activity Fourteen - He1mpnana1oe saanne
Listening/Reading Describing how you feel. Listen to and read the following.
KAK ,LA'
- Cnacn6o, (oneni) - Hoxaino. - Hnneio. - Hoxo. - Vacno.
xoomo.
Activity Fifteen - Hn1nana1oe saanne
Speaking Role-play
Look at the drawings below and take it in turns to play the role oI the person depicted. The
question will be the same in each case: Kax ,ea'
Activity Sixteen - mec1nana1oe saanne
Listening State how each of the following people feels.
1. Marina 4. grandmother
2. Vitaly 5. the doctor
3. Aleksandr 6. the student
Activity Seventeen - Ceunana1oe saanne
Reading Using the phrases below, state how you would most probably feel if you
had the following.
1. annennnn1 3. 1exnea1ya
2. xnnon oaon 4. nn1eecna xnnia
C111 AC1CLC AC1CLC 1.CAC JHA:1C
xax ea' how`s things? xoomo Iine, good nnneio middling noxo bad, poor
cnacn6o thanks noxaino OK (pronounced nnneno) (on) yacno (oh) awIul
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Activity Eighteen - Boceunana1oe saanne
Reading In this chapter you have already met a number of similar-sounding words
connected with getting to know people. The common element in each case is :naxox
(acquainted) which has the same root as the verb :na1i (to know).Unfortunately, in the list
below the phrases have got rather muddled up. Sort them out and match them with the
appropriate translation on the right-hand side, if possible without referring back.
let me introduce you please
I`m glad to make your acquaintance
introductions
we are not yet acquainted
Activity Nineteen - enn1nana1oe saanne
Reading/Writing The two most common Russian equivalents of bye!` are very
informal and are only used when you know someone quite well. Eind the words for bye`
(running vertically below) and also state the meaning of each of the words running horizon-
tally. (You can check whether you are right by looking at Activity Twenty-One.)
1. n n n e 1
i o c n o , n n
, o x y x e n 1
: n a x o x c 1 n o
2. : , a n c 1 n y n 1 e
o 1 n e c 1 n o
q a x n n
i o c n o a
c e c 1 a
n o a y n c 1 a
c n a c n 6 o
e n o i n e
o n e n i
Activity Twenty - nana1oe saanne
Writing Devise similar charts to the one above to illustrate each of the following
words (using the written form of the alphabet) and then try them out on someone else.
1. 6 a 6 y m x a
2. c 1 y , e n 1
3. n o : n a x o x i 1 e c i
4. n o c 1 o
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Activity Twenty-One - nana1t nepnoe saanne
Reading There are a number of ways to say goodbye in Russian. You have already
met ,o cnn,ann!, which is the most neutral expresssion and can be used in both formal
and informal situations. In Activity Nineteen you also came across noxa! (bye) and
cnac1nno! (which is rarely written and is a corrruption of cnac1nnoio ny1n! (bon
voyage!). Another alternative is ,o :an1a! (see you tomorrow).
Look at the Iollowing and say iI you think that the Iorm suggested below is appropriate.
- Hoxa! - ,o cnn,ann! - Cnac1nno! - ,o :an1a!
- ,o cnn,ann!
Activity Twenty-Two - nana1t n1opoe saanne
Speaking Which of the four forms listed above would appear most suitable in the
following situations? (You may choose more than one if you wish.)
1. A boy saying goodbye to his teacher.
2. A business woman saying goodbye to her partner.
3. A student saying cheerio to his Iriend who is returning home (beIore they go out again
in the evening).
4. A policeman saying goodbye to an old woman.
5. A schoolgirl saying goodbye to her Iriend aIter school on a Monday aIternoon.
6. A priest saying goodbye to his Ilock aIter a church service.
Activity Twenty-Three - nana1t 1pe1te saanne
Listening/Reading/Speaking Eirstly, listen twice to the following scene which takes
place at a Russian wedding and answer the questions below in English (without referring to
the text). Then read the transcript on the next page with your partner(s) and, if possible, act
out the scene.
1. What is Maria`s patronymic?
2. What is Ivan`s surname?
3. Who is Igor?
4. How is Igor Ieeling?
5. How is Petya Ieeling?
6. What diminutive is used with reIerence to Natasha?
Ha cna,i6e At a Wedding
Hnan He1onnn - 3anc1nyn1e
Man C1enanona - 3anc1nyn1e. Pa:emn1e nec1ann1ic: xen :ony1
Man C1enanona.
Hnan He1onnn - Oneni nn1no.
Man C1enanona - A xax nac :ony1'
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Hnan He1onnn - Men :ony1 Hnan He1onnn.
Man C1enanona - A nama ]axnn'
Hnan He1onnn - Cycon.
Man C1enanona - (Recogni:ing the surname) A-a-a, xonenno, Hnan He1onnn
Cycon. Paa c naxn no:naxoxn1ic.
Hnan He1onnn - A cxan1e, noaync1a, x1o 51o'
Man C1enanona - 51o xon cin, Hioi.
Hnan He1onnn - Hioi, no1 xo oni. Ho:naxoxi1eci, noaync1a.
Hioi - Kax 1e6 :ony1'
Ha1ama - Men :ony1 Ha1ama. A 51o xon yi, He1. Bi
:naxoxi'
H1 - ,a, xi :naxoxi. Kax ea, Hioi'
Hioi - Cnacn6o, xoomo. A xax 1non ea'
H1 - Hnneio.
(Several minutes later)
H1 - Hoxa, Ha1amenixa.
Ha1ama - Cnac1nno!
H1 - ,o :an1a, Hioi!
Hioi - ,o :an1a, He1! ,o cnnann, Ha1ama!
Ha1ama - ,o cnnann!
In Soviet times people either had a simple, unpretentious wedding ceremony in the local registry oIIice ( 3AIC)
or a more elaborate and grand aIIair in the so-called Wedding Palace (,non 6axocone1ann). Nowadays
there is an increasing tendency Ior people to get married in church. The Iestivities which Iollow the wedding
ceremony have always been big occasions, with an abundance oI Iood and drink, which can last anything up to
two or three days (especially in rural areas). The celebrations include numerous speeches, a great deal oI music and
dancing and countless toasts, Irequently to the accompaniment oI the reIrain ioixo! (bitter!), which is the
prompt Ior the newly-weds to kiss, thereby sweetening the atmosphere. Couples who decide to take their
honeymoon (xe,onin xcn) aIter the wedding (which is by no means the norm) will not usually leave until
all the revelry has Iinished.
nama ]axnn (formal) your surname oni (feminine) daughter
xonenno (pronounced xonemno) oI course yi Iriend
cxan1e, noaync1a tell me please xax 1non ea' (informal) how are things with
cin son (literally: how are vour you?
no1 here is/are things?)
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GRAMMAR
TO BE OR NOT TO BE?
You may have already noticed, there is no present tense of the verb to be` in Russian. You
have already met the following examples:
we are acquainted - xi :naxoxi
are you acquainted? - ni :naxoxi'
they are students / teachers - onn c1y,en1i / neno,ana1en
A / THE
Russian similarly does not have the definite article (the) or the indefinite article (a). Hence,
51o c1y,en1 means both this is the student and this is a student. The plural form 51o
c1y,en1i means both these are the students and thev/these are students.
GENDERS IN RUSSIAN
Russian, like German, has three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) in the singular and
one plural form. Normally it is possible to guess the gender of a word by looking at the
ending.
Masculine
Nouns ending in a consonant or -n are usually masculine:
e.g. 6a1 (brother), ,ox (house/block oI Ilats), xaan,am (pencil), V5ic (Wales), 1axnan
(tram)
Note: nana (dad) and ,e,ymxa (grandIather) are clearly also masculine, despite ending in a vowel
xoqe (coIIee) is also masculine, despite ending in -e
Some nouns ending in a soft sign (-t) are masculine:`
e.g. neno,ana1ei (lecturer), no1qei (brieIcase), ynn1ei (teacher), ,o,i (rain), ,eni
(day)
Feminine
Nouns ending in the letters -a or -n/ -nn / -tn are usually feminine:
e.g. cec1 (sister), xna1na (Ilat/apartment), 6a6ymxa (grandmother), ynxa (pen),
xeo,n (tune), mo1an,n (Scotland), Axenxa (America), qaxnn (surname), cexi
(Iamily)
Some nouns ending in a soft sign (-t) are feminine:`
e.g. ,oni (daughter), 1e1a,i (exercise book), nac1i (part), nannonainoc1i (nationality)
Neuter
Nouns ending in -o and -e/ -ne/ -te are usually neuter:
e.g. o1nec1no (patronymic), nncixo (letter), oxno (window), xoe (sea), ynanenne
(exercise), cnac1ie (happiness)
Note: there is a small group oI words ending in -n, including nx (Iirst name) and nex (time),
which look Ieminine but are in Iact neuter
* All words ending in soIt signs must be learnt separately. Make a note oI their gender as soon as
you come across them!
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HOW TO SAY MY`
You have already met all the different forms for my`. They are as follows:
Singular
Masculine xon - xon 6a1 my brother
Feminine xo - xo cec1a my sister
Neuter xoe - xoe o1nec1no my patronymic
Plural
Masculine, Feminine & Neuter xon - xon c1y,en1i my students
xon mo1i my shorts
Activity Twenty-Four - nana1t ue1np1oe saanne
Reading The following phrases have got jumbled up. Draw lines to indicate which
form of my` should go with which word. Each form of my` appears three times.
1. xo nncixo (letter)
2. xoe 6a1 (brother)
3. xon cec1a (sister)
4. xon cniae1i (cigarettes)
5. xon ]axnn (surname)
6. xoe xaanam (pencil)
7. xo c1yen1i (students)
8. xon o1nec1no (patronymic)
9. xon no1]ei (brieIcase)
10. xoe 1e1ai (exercise book)
11. xo nenoana1en (lecturers)
12. xon cnac1ie (happiness)
REGULAR PLURALS
Masculine
To form a plural from a masculine noun, you normally just add -m:
c1y,en1 (student) c1y,en1i (students)
xaia:nn (shop) xaia:nni (shops)
,oxyxen1 (document) ,oxyxen1i (documents)
Note the spelling rule: iI the Iinal letter is r, x, x, a, u, m or m, you must use -n instead oI -m:
n (beach) nn (beaches)
xaan,am (pencil) xaan,amn (pencils) (Note the change in stress)
II the noun ends in a soIt sign (-t) or -n, remove the Iinal letter and add -n:
no1qei (brieIcase) no1qen (brieIcases)
1axnan (tram) 1axnan (trams)
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Feminine
To Iorm a plural Irom a Ieminine noun, you normally remove the Iinal -a and add -m:
enmnna (woman) enmnni (women)
cniae1a (cigarette) cniae1i (cigarettes)
xna1na (Ilat) xna1ni (Ilats)
xa1a (map) xa1i (maps)
Note the spelling rule: iI the Iinal letter is r, x, x, a, u, m or m, aIter you have removed -a, you must use
-n instead oI -m:
xnnia (book) xnnin (books)
nnenxa (ruler) nnenxn (rulers)
II the noun ends in a soIt sign (-t) or -n /-nn / -tn, remove the Iinal letter and add -n:
nac 1i (part) nac1n (parts)
1 e 1 (aunt) 1e 1n (aunts)
c1annn (station) c1annnn (stations)
cexi (Iamily) cexin (Iamilies) (Note the change in stress)
Neuter
To Iorm a plural Irom a neuter noun, you normally remove the Iinal -o and add -a:
oxno (window) oxna (windows) (Note the change in stress)
nncixo (letter) nncixa (letters) (Note the change in stress)
xec1o (place) xec1a (places) (Note the change in stress)
II the noun ends in -e or -ne / -te, remove the Iinal letter and add -n:
xoe (sea) xo (seas) (Note the change in stress)
ynanenne (exercise) ynanenn (exercises)
ne,xec1ie (suburb) ne,xec1i (suburbs)
Activity Twenty-Five - nana1t nn1oe saanne
Writing Put the following words into the plural.
1. :ano, (Iactory)
2. c1y,en1 (student)
3. xa1a (map)
4. oxno (window)
5. an1oxo6ni (m) (car)
6. axna (light, lamp)
7. 1e1a,i (I) (exercise book)
8. 6n6no1exa (library)
9. n (beach)
10. co6anne (meeting)
11. o1nec1no (patronymic)
12. ynnnecn1e1 (university)
13. noe (Iield)
14. cexi (Iamily)
15. xeo,n (tune)
Activity Twenty-Six - nana1t mec1oe saanne
Writing The following phrases are in the plural. Put them back into the singular.
1. xon xaan,amn (my pencils)
2. no (Iields)
3. xon 6a6ymxn (my grandmothers)
4. xon nncixa (my letters)
5. xnnin (books)
6. xon an1oxo6nn (my cars)
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A new ab initio Russian course