Connectors

Nake our scntenoes fow nicely, we join then with connectorsor lünking

172onds.

And jols two equalLulsa speaks Engish at schoo. Mario speales Engish at schoçl.

Ideas or things Luisa and Mario speak Engsh t school

Or shows that

Ttitngs are posslble

Dr acceptable

Because gives a

Reason

But shows that he

Second half of the

In Mozambique you can speak Emalchuwa In Morambique

You can speak Xichangana

In Mozambique you can spealk Emakheuwa or Xchangana.

I want to study oversesI wll learn Engtish

Connectors

Tở THAKE Dur seehces fow smoothly, we join them with connectos ox linking words.

Jolns to equal. Ideas or hinga

A shows that diierent ideos/hings

Ore possible or accepable

Gives o reason

Shows that the second holf of the

Sertence is differert to wt yoe espect

Introduces na odverbiol casse

Fto cpress cortrost with the main douse

Despiworks in the some woy as oltfough

Describes a et

Gcomporison

Pressions

Is used lor emphasis

Is ysed o join words and

Sued io join words and

Deas tn the negofive

Luiso speks Engsha achook Mérie spks Engish at school.

Lusa ond Mórie speck English schok

Ln Monnbige yo com soeok Emokhws in Mezambicun you com speck Xichangana

Ln Moige yo can spck Emckhs o ichongona

Iwant o ucy oersaos Iwll lecorn Engish

Iwd len Engh becoune wnt o shhy ovrses

Iwant o lrs o speck Engh I Snd ita dificat kcnguesge speck.

Iwonf leors Engih bu i Snd a dificut longuoge io speck.

Hoe los of kond, w don knew hew o moximise our procuction.

Hg unber o lomers in nroi areos, our country is stil poo.

Going o giser svoer so hot Icon vofe in the generoi alections.

She is Bueet in Erglah, but cso in Potguesa, Spanish and Frech

Eder Morio ac Jose wil bolp ot he lesv

Lurdes s Anaónio wl be cbie o piay in the ourncment

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

118. Read he Sollong serntncne

I am young

Rau a young

He h

Young

4 we, yo, he, (shn, 0. Hey are c

Hree parsons,

(0 the penson speaking

(9 ho person spokn to, and

( he person spolan of.

The Pronouns /and we, which denote e pec

Peruonal Pronouns of the Finst Person.

Hey sand for

You is used both in thae singular and plural

Persons speating, are said to

The Pronoun you, wiich denotes he person or pensons spokon to, s saics to be

Personal Pronoun of the Second Person

The ponou he (she) and they, which denote the peson or persons spokan of, a

Said to be Porsonal Pronours of the Third Prson, R aithough t dancts tho ting spcler

O, ts atso caled a Personal Pronoun of the Third Parson. [The Ponal Pronouns al be Th

Person aro, strictly spaeldng. Demonstrative Pronouns]

CHAPTER 19

T17. We mey sy

Noun]

But t is beftor to avold he repeonaf Be Nun Hart, and

Hbnt be

Ward hat ls us used nned of a noun is cled Ponun (Ponoun

DelA Pronoun a word ned oad of n Moun

Yaris uned bolh in the singular and phurat.

The pronoune he be) and hey, which dencte the person or persone spokart of, a

Sald to be Personal Pronors of the Thrg Parson. Although t donoles the thng spoe

O, is also caled a PsonarPonoun of te Thd Parson [The Porsonal Pronons of he Thn

Person ara, erictly paláng, Demonstrathe Pronouns

FORMS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS

119. The followtng are the diorent forms of he Psonal Ponouns:

FRST PESCN curtne or Femininaj

Nomie

Possesohe

Aobusethe

SECOND PEROON nscle ar Feminihe

SNOULAPPLURAL

Yo

You, ys

TiD PERSOR
Singuar

Feminne

She

We

Her, hers

Pursi

At Certders

Hay

Their, theirs

Hem

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Ie nd e pn i
Here is he bock a

L pn

Let us now combans ech ot the bove pnrs nto cne sertenca. Ths :

Imt Har ho had t mo

I have kund he pen wheI k

Here e book t yo le ma

Now let us excamine the work done by ech of the wors, wha, which and that.

The wod o in Used etned at e ncun HarK, toetore, does the wok of a Prenou

Determiners

Grammar summary

Hé thot. These thone

Shê od coot

Adeterminers are ords that come te begig of noun pheses, befre ajeces Detaminers helg

W hichao how mary pyeg

Some struge k
A

Most determiners are expaned nd peed

G bo

145-158 y, your etc are epained together

Somebody ythlng, nosere etc are ncked heree

Dealhy tern in thue so

O Cirde the correct anbier.

Pre-test: whih units do you need?

Ech beth, her, nather

Yor ee)

Come bere and look at hts /enpbotp

Coutd yos pass oe hs f thạt plate?

And the hanve aeparae secrion on

Seclon Na

Pronas on pages (8Z-1ª3

O

Gh ppe

Try ths mall test. It v help you to decide which sahits you need The answwes are on page 284

S but is more covenient to

6 This tes is oo mack bot.

Ask

7Ithak youe dving l / 0

Afy oreten laguaee is dtscut

Ot re

The hird order

T we y. The man reced Sue hnoi npsos ech.

T46. In the following sarncos, ach, oither and nether ar

Lowed by nounsof the aigernumber

Ech boy uck e

Nr ende snun os ar boh

147.Skdy he lolong srrcn

L The bo man ht

Olr eeen

Thay detod nee

# we analyse them, oy ao

. The tro men han, he he o.

2 They doaled, oe dhad ae

Each and one realy belcngto he uoct, cthar and ancthar are cticta Bd ch

And one anoher have becone n prscco topound grcncns caed Pecigrcal

Nunn) and are aely soparaad en by a geposien Ths say:

The beoers quarelod th och ethe

They s gne eoe gat ane athe

The ono-n
A

Tis, iliat, titese anid those

We C

E thaand the

This that are ere, nesr to us

E can sne tho and shoe o tu abgs that ae tere, not ear

Put in ths or these.

THCSE

Up to now (3)(present perfect progressive

Thoe been workig

Have i bin worting?

Hove yoen worg

Ihove not been woingy hoot bem wortig etc

For contractions (/e, hes, hoventec se page 277.

We make the present perfect progresshe wch ve has beem

He hove been fdng here since Aort

He/fet hes been worting etc

Hat hehet been worting? Etc

Pe been learning Englh for four yrars

Hove you been walting long?

Eie been trovefing kor sià hours

He use the present perfect progresshve (wth st vgs) to say how long things have been continung

Up to now. (For be, hove and know, see pege d1

PAST Ais 4its NOW tA

Ng

Jhns bem working the bank for three months

S been raesing alt dey

N modarn Engs

Nots thatThat hass usos o shai are cóionedandional

You shal be pushed r Eia (Teg

He sal t er y hause gai Caan

Aprorisa, or Eutat;as

310. Salis sorneimes used in the scond and tird persons to epress a cotand

N presen-day Engfih, how, tere ts a groeng tendency to eu wlin pesns.

Tonoro be Sundey

We need te y m 1

Vere shal is loss coTImon na Ie

308. Shal is oed in he

Permon and wn all penor to rguretiture tod

SHALL,

SHOULD, WILL, WOULD

Wyr dd you

AFES AND ROOALS

4We tuad a gatpod cal

Fr Stugear jay

3 Will vou be

2 Her train was teilty juaiet hosaling

1 Are there ayDyd s

Paul Crashed his car becauSe he didopa thg treffốA liạt,

Mmkes heuse on Sahueday?

N Pack Steet last alght.

Thâs woek

Work

The part

A Chinese restart

The statian

The traftc lights

Put in words fram the bax with

Breakfast

The cioa
Ate theutre

Ate footbol match

At the cnerad

Ot

The stotion

Ot a party

Ote tourant

At wark

Ot (the) cnllegefuniveraity

Ot the office

17 see you thi evening ot Sarols kose

I saw Ann walting ot the bus stop Tum iet ot thg est coner.

Oc hoe t chunge planes at Karochl.

Journey

We often se ot to show where something happansor example, with meeting places or polnts o
17 meet you at the cinema

And Diot

Ot Sough Reading

The train togs

SUPER CNENA

OK

LONOFP

At (place)

Breakfe funch e

We ofen use et with wưrs lor thihga thagie de, or the pleces where they do thern

310.

311.

312 WSs

() bom

SHALL, SHOULD, WILLWOULD

O th

Deed

Md n the second and td pesona

W you nd

Sol ahal ardd shicned and forme

De

G cy you bodks

O try

Shou

Ast exanpie abus, n in strong-s

(2 Characteristic habt

() Assumption or probety;

Are sed to

Ths be e bodk you waI

Th f e e goctmar, I

D rd n te
You

313 W you? Kdicates na taion or a e

Your scaco

We sou cey the laa

S14 Shud and would are used as ie pasl oqivalania o

Tpeted hati shout mcs dta d gt a Brt casa

Ishe ou cay y boeka

P ya pra

Tthe

She cu hous serg in a eisss Past Nab

S15 Ehould is used in all persons lo epeos duly or dbigaliun

Bng

Montreal s in eastern Canag, near Ce

USA 1000es

Mortye

Near

CANADA

Near

Cohe bym.

Nnd þia,

Pat

Joe’s car h parted in frogt glur toe

There’s o bus stap oppaste ur houe

Abové

The dog in hiding under pe tatie

260 PREPOSITIONS