This document describes how to prepare soap from palm oil and sodium hydroxide. It involves mixing 50 cm3 of sodium hydroxide with 10 cm3 of palm oil, heating and stirring the mixture, then adding salt to lower the solubility of the resulting soap. The document then explains how soap works by attaching its hydrophobic tail to grease on clothes while its hydrophilic head is attracted to water, allowing water to wash away the grease. It also notes that hard water containing calcium and magnesium ions forms scum that wastes soap and makes it less effective for cleaning.
This document describes how to prepare soap from palm oil and sodium hydroxide. It involves mixing 50 cm3 of sodium hydroxide with 10 cm3 of palm oil, heating and stirring the mixture, then adding salt to lower the solubility of the resulting soap. The document then explains how soap works by attaching its hydrophobic tail to grease on clothes while its hydrophilic head is attracted to water, allowing water to wash away the grease. It also notes that hard water containing calcium and magnesium ions forms scum that wastes soap and makes it less effective for cleaning.
This document describes how to prepare soap from palm oil and sodium hydroxide. It involves mixing 50 cm3 of sodium hydroxide with 10 cm3 of palm oil, heating and stirring the mixture, then adding salt to lower the solubility of the resulting soap. The document then explains how soap works by attaching its hydrophobic tail to grease on clothes while its hydrophilic head is attracted to water, allowing water to wash away the grease. It also notes that hard water containing calcium and magnesium ions forms scum that wastes soap and makes it less effective for cleaning.
Tests: 1) it has a soapy / smooth feel 2) Produces lather when mix with water 50 cm3 of sodium hydroxide + 10 cm3 of palm oil stir Heated 2) stir Heated salt 3) Residue (soap) filtrate Salt is added to lower solubility of soap b) . Identify:
. Explain: 1) Tail will be attached to grease on clothes 2) When washing, water movement will detach the soap molecules 3) The grease will be washed away.
. Hard water: 1) Hard water is tap water with calcium and magnesium ions. 2) It will form a scum and lather is hard to form 3) Scum wastes soap usage and less effective in cleaning
Hydrophilic head (attract to water) Hydrophobic tail (attract to oil/ grease)