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Annotated Bibliography

Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit
performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 88(2): 207-218.
In this article Bass et al. discuss how the performance of units under stressful
conditions can be predicted from leadership ratings of units operating under stable
conditions. They do this by examining the use of both transactional and
transformational leadership in 72 U.S. Army light infantry units. Bass et al. found
that it takes both active transactional and transformational leadership to be
successful in this performance context. This article is very useful to my topic, as it
examines how the use of both transactional and transformational leadership styles is
related to performance under stressful and uncertain conditions. This article is
limited to leadership in a military context only. However, it will still be useful in
comparing the effectiveness of leadership in different organisational situations since
it compares performance under stressful conditions to that of stable conditions. This
article will help form at least one main point in my essay.

Rowald, J. & Rohmann, A. (2009). Transformational and transactional leadership
styles, followers' positive and negative emotions, and performance in German nonprofit
orchestras. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 20(1): 41-59.
In this article, Rowald et al. discuss the effectiveness of transactional and
transformational leadership styles in non-profit organisations. Specifically, they
examine the positive and negative emotions of followers which result from various
leadership behaviours. Their research was based on German non-profit orchestras
and the leadership styles of the conductors. Rowald et al. found that positive
emotions were associated with both transactional and transformational leadership
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in non-profit organisations, however they also found that only negative emotions
affect the performance of such an organisation. This article is very objective and
only makes conclusions based on data. This article will be very useful for my essay
as it thoroughly compares the effectiveness of transactional and transformational
leadership styles in a specific organisational situation, that of non-profit
organisations. It will form a main point of my essay.

Samson, D. & Daft, R. (2009). Chapter 15. In Introduction to Management (3rd Asia
Pacific ed.)(pp. 550-585). South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning Australia.
In this chapter, Samson et al. define leadership, explain its relevance to the success
of organisations, discuss the differences between leadership and management, and
compare various styles of leadership. Unlike the other articles in this bibliography,
this chapter gives a broad overview of many aspects of leadership rather than
focussing on a specific part of it. It mentions various organisational situations and
suggests the style of leadership most effective for these situations. A limitation is
that it does not discuss any topic in great depth. This chapter will be useful for
defining key terms in my essay, and could help with the introduction. It may form a
main point in my essay since transactional and transformational leadership styles
are discussed, as well as various organisational situations. Much of this chapter will
not be useful, however.
Willink, E. (2009). Beyond transactional management: Transformational lessons for
pharmaceutical sales and marketing managers. Journal of Medical Marketing, 9(2):
119-125
In this article, Willink talks about the importance of transformational leaders to the
success of an organisation. Not only does he believe a transformational leadership
style is an extension of a transactional leadership style, he sees it as the only
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effective way to lead an organisation. The discussion is focussed on leaders within
pharmaceutical sales and marketing organisations. Willink states that in order to
succeed, pharmaceutical companies must awaken transformational leaders.
Although the article does seem to be biased towards a transformational style, the
transactional style is not discredited from being useful. A limitation of this article is
that it only briefly mentions the transactional leadership style. This article will be
useful for defining the transformational leadership style, and will help form a main
point in the essay.