National Monument (Indonesia)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coordinates: 61031.4!" 1064#3$.61!%
&'onas& redirects here. For scientific nomenclat(re meanin) &(nicell(lar&, see *monas.
Monumen Nasional
'on(men +asional
General information
Type ,-elisk 'on(ment
Location Central .akarta, /ndonesia
Construction started 1$ 0()(st 1#61
Inaugurated 11 .(ly 1#$
Client 2o3ernment of /ndonesia
Owner 4ep(-lic of /ndonesia
Height 131m
esign and construction
!rchitect
Frederich "ila-an,
4.'. "oedarsono
Main contractor
5.+. 0dhi 6arya
7fo(ndation piles8
9he National Monument 7/ndonesian: Monumen Nasional, a--re3iated Monas8 is a 131 m
7433ft8 to:er in the centre of 'erdeka ";(are, Central .akarta, sym-oli<in) the fi)ht for
/ndonesia. /t is the national mon(ment of the 4ep(-lic of /ndonesia, -(ilt to commemorate the
str())le for /ndonesian independence.
Constr(ction -e)an in 1#61 (nder the direction of 5resident "(karno. 'onas :as opened to the
p(-lic in 1#$. /t is topped -y a flame co3ered :ith )old foil. 9he mon(ment and the m(se(m
are open daily from 0=.00 * 1.00 Western /ndonesia 9ime 7>9C?$8 thro()ho(t the :eek e@cept
for the last 'onday of each month :hen the mon(ment is closed.
Contents
1 Aack)ro(nd
1 Constr(ction
3 'on(ment desi)n
4 4eliefs of /ndonesian history
9he +ational Bistory '(se(m
6 9he Ball of /ndependence
$ 9he o-ser3ation deck and Flame of /ndependence
= 2ettin) there
# 4eferences
10 Cihat p(la
11 +otes
"ac#ground
0fter the /ndonesian )o3ernment ret(rned to .akarta from Do)yakarta in 1#0 follo:in) the
E(tch reco)nition of /ndonesian independence, 5resident "(karno -e)an to contemplate the
constr(ction of a national mon(ment compara-le to the %iffel 9o:er on the s;(are in front of the
5residential 5alace. ,n 1$ 0()(st 1#4, a +ational 'on(ment Committee :as esta-lished and a
desi)n competition :as held in 1#. 9his attracted 1 entries, -(t only one desi)n, -y Frederich
"ila-an, met any of the criteria determined -y the committee, :hich incl(ded reflectin) the
character of /ndonesia in a -(ildin) capa-le of lastin) for cent(ries. 0 repeat competition :as
held in 1#60, -(t once a)ain, none of the 136 entries met the criteria. 9he chairman of the F(ry
team then asked "ila-an to sho: his desi)n to "(karno. Bo:e3er, "(karno did not like the
desi)n as he :anted the mon(ment to -e in the form of a lin)a and yoni. "ila-an :as asked to
desi)n s(ch a mon(ment, -(t his desi)n :as for a mon(ment so lar)e that it :o(ld ha3e -een
(nafforda-le )i3en the economic conditions at the time. "ila-an ref(sed to desi)n a smaller
mon(ment, s())estin) that constr(ction -e delayed (ntil the /ndonesian economy impro3ed.
"(karno then asked the architect $%M% &oedarsono to contin(e :ith the desi)n. "oedarsono
incorporated the n(m-ers 1$, = and 4, representin) the 1$ 0()(st 1#4 5roclamation of
/ndonesian /ndependence, in the dimensions of the mon(ment.
G1HG1HG3H
Construction
Constr(ction of 'onas.
9he constr(ction of 'onas proceeded in three sta)es. 9he first period, from 1#61I1#61J
1#64I1#6 -e)an :ith the official start of constr(ction on 1$ 0()(st 1#61 :ith "(karno
ceremonially dri3in) in the first concrete pile. 0 of total of 1=4 piles :ere (sed for the
fo(ndation -lock. 0 f(rther 360 piles :ere dri3en in for the m(se(m fo(ndations, :ith :ork
-ein) completed in 'arch 1#61. 9he :alls of the m(se(m in the -ase :ere completed -y
,cto-er. Constr(ction of the o-elisk than commenced and :as finished in 0()(st 1#63. Work in
the second sta)e, from 1#66 to 1#6= :as delayed -y shorta)es of f(ndin) and the aftermath of
the 30 "eptem-er 'o3ement co(p attempt. /n the final phase, from 1#6#J1#$6, the dioramas for
the historical m(se(m :ere added. 5ro-lems remained once constr(ction :as complete, and
:ork :as needed to sol3e pro-lems :ith :ater leakin) into the m(se(m. 'onas :as officially
opened to the p(-lic on 11 .(ly 1#$.
G4HGH
9he location of 'onas is kno:n as 'erdeka ";(are.
Monument design
&Monas& and the .akarta skyline
9he to:erin) mon(ment encaps(lates the philosophy of Cin))a and Doni. Cin))a resem-les an
alu rice pestle and Doni resem-les a lesung rice mortar, t:o important traditional /ndonesian
tools. Cin))a and Doni also sym-oli<e harmony, -alance, fertility and eternal life :ith the lin))a
phallic sym-ol, representin) masc(linity, positi3e elements, and daytime and the Doni the female
or)ans sym-ol, representin) femininity, ne)ati3e elements, and ni)ht. 9he mon(ment consists of
a 11$.$m o-elisk on a 4m s;(are platform at a hei)ht of 1$m, the )o-let yard. 9he o-elisk itself
is clad :ith /talian mar-le.
G6HG$H
9he northern pond meas(rin) 1K1 m :as desi)ned to cool :ater for the air conditionin)
system of 'onas as :ell as to enhance the -ea(ty of the s(rro(ndin) area. 9o the north, there is a
stat(e of /ndonesia national hero 5rince Eipone)oro -y /talian sc(lptor Co-ertaldo.
G=H
$eliefs of Indonesian history
/n the o(ter yard s(rro(ndin) 'onas there are reliefs of /ndonesian history. 9he story -e)ins in
the northeastern corner and descri-es e3ents d(rin) eras s(ch as the "in)hasari and 'aFapahit
empires. 9he reliefs e@tend alon) the fo(r :alls sho:in) the %(ropean coloniali<ation of the
/ndonesian archipela)o, 3ario(s pop(lar local (prisin)s, modern /ndonesian or)ani<ations in the
early 10th cent(ry, the .apanese occ(pation in World War //, the 5roclamation of /ndependence,
and post*independence de3elopments. 9he reliefs :ere made from molded cement altho()h
se3eral of the stat(es are dama)ed and ha3e decayed d(e to :eatherin).
The National History Museum
Eiorama of /ndonesian history
9he /ndonesian +ational Bistory '(se(m has a display of dioramas in the lar)e mar-le*lined
hall -elo: 'onas. 9here are a total of 1 dioramas aro(nd the :alls and in the centre of the hall.
9he dioramas -e)ins in the northeastern corner, displayin) the scenes from /ndonesian history
from the -e)innin) d(rin) the earliest days of 5rehistoric /ndonesia, the constr(ction of
Aoro-(d(r, the "ri3iFaya and 'aFapahit eras, follo:ed :ith e3ents from the period of %(ropean
coloni<ation and (prisin)s a)ainst E(tch %ast /ndies Company and E(tch %ast /ndies r(le. 9he
dioramas contin(e :ell into the 10th cent(ry sho:in) the .apanese occ(pation, the proclamation
of /ndonesian independence in 1#4, the str())le for independence of /ndonesian re3ol(tion, and
on to e3ents d(rin) the +e: ,rder era of "(hartoLs re)ime.
The Hall of Independence
Ball of /ndependence, 2ate of /ndependence in the left :all and 2ar(da 5ancasila on the ri)ht
side
9he Ball of /ndependence 7/ndonesian: Ruang Kemerdekaan8 is sit(ated inside the )o-let or
&c(p& part of 'onas 7/ndonesian: Cawan8. 9he hall, :hich contains 3ario(s sym-ols of
independence, can -e reached thro()h spiral stairs at the north and so(th doors.
G1HG#H
9he ori)inal
te@t of the 5roclamation of /ndependence is stored in a )lass case inside the )olden door on the
:est side of the inner :all. 'echani<ed -ron<e doors :ei)h 4 tons and are coated :ith )old
adorned :ith the ima)e of a Wijaya Kusuma flo:er, sym-oli<in) eternity, and a lot(s flo:er,
sym-oli<in) p(rity. 9he doors, kno:n as Gerbang Kemerdekaan or the 2ate of /ndependence,
open slo:ly :hile the nationalist Padamu Negeri son) plays follo:ed -y a recordin) of "(karno
readin) the te@t of the 5roclamation. ,n the so(thern :all there is a lar)e -ron<e )old*coated
stat(e of the coat of arms of /ndonesia :ei)hin) 3. tons. ,n the eastern side is the te@t of the
proclamation in -ron<e letterin). ,ri)inally the eastern side displayed the most sacred
/ndonesian fla), Sang Saka Merah Putih, ori)inally raised on 1$ 0()(st 1#4. Bo:e3er -eca(se
it is fra)ile and in poor condition it is no lon)er displayed. 9he :all on the northern side displays
a map of the /ndonesian archipela)o coated in )old.
9here is a middle platform on top of the cawan 7)o-let8 :hich pro3ides 3isitors :ith 3ie:s from
a hei)ht of 1$ metres. 9his middle platform is accessi-le thro()h the ele3ator on the :ay do:n
from the main o-ser3ation deck 7the lift stops on the :ay do:n at the cawan to allo: 3isitors to
e@it8 or thro()h stairs from -elo:.
The o'ser(ation dec# and )lame of Independence
0 lift on the so(thern side carries 3isitors to the 3ie:in) platform at a hei)ht of 11 metres a-o3e
)ro(nd le3el. 9he capacity of the ele3ator is a-o(t 11 people. 9he top platform can accommodate
a-o(t 0 people. 9here is also a staircase for (se in emer)encies. 9he total hei)ht of the
mon(ment is 131 metres. 9he distance from the 3ie:in) platform to the tip of the flame is 1$
metres. 9he ticket to o-ser3ation deck is 4p.$,00 7ad(lts, mid*10118.
'onas is topped -y a 14. ton -ron<e Flame of /ndependence containin) the lift en)ine. 9he
-ase of the flame, in the shape of a )o-let, is 3 metres hi)h. 9he -ron<e flame str(ct(re meas(res
14 metres in hei)ht and 6 metres in diameter, /t consists of $$ sections. ,ri)inally the -ron<e
flame str(ct(re :as co3ered :ith 3 k)
G1H
of )old foil. Bo:e3er d(rin) the 0th anni3ersary of
/ndonesian independence in 1##, the )old foil :as recoated and increased to 0 k)
G10H
)old foil.
9he o-elisk and flame sym-oli<e the /ndonesia peopleLs str())le for independence.
9he 3ie: of Central .akarta from the 'onas 3ie:in) to:er
Getting there
9he o-ser3ation desk and other facilities are open daily from 0=.00*1.00 daily 7e@cept for the
last 'onday of each month8. 9he entrance to 'onas is located aro(nd 100 meters a:ay to the
northern side of the mon(ment. Misitors enter -y steps do:n to a t(nnel :hich leads -ack
to:ards the -ase of the 'onas. 9here is a ticket office 74p ,000 for ad(lts, mid*10148 at the end
of the t(nnel. 9ickets allo: access to the +ational Bistory '(se(m display of dioramas as :ell
as se3eral other parts of the area. 9ickets for access to the o-ser3ation desk cost another 4p
10,000 for ad(lts 7mid*10148 and may -e p(rchased at a second -ooth after passin) thro()h the
hall sho:in) the diorama display.
/t is -est to )o early, prefera-ly arri3in) -efore 0=.00am, and proceed directly to the lift to the
o-ser3ation to:er. 9he lift has a capacity of perhaps 160 people per ho(r so lon) ;(e(es -(ild (p
;(ickly. 9he other parts of the mon(ment, incl(din) the dioramas in the hall -elo: the 'onas,
can -e 3ie:ed later.
$eferences
Be(ken, 0, 7100=8 Medan Merdeka - antung !bukota R! 7Merdeka S"uare - #eart o$ the
!ndonesian Ca%ital8, Dayasan Cipta Coka Caraka, .akarta, +o /"A+ 7Indonesian8
.akarta Cocal 2o3ernment :e-site: '(se(ms in .akarta 7Indonesian8
+ational 'on(ment ,ffice, .akarta Capital City 0dministration 71##68, National
Monument& 'he Monument o$ the !ndonesian National Struggle /"A+ #$#*#1$1*0*6
Lihat pula
+ational 5ress 'on(ment in "(rakarta
Notes
Indonesia portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monas.
1. Be(ken 7100=8 p1
2. +ational mon(ment ,ffice, .akarta 71##68 pp. 3*#
3. 9he hei)ht of the )o-let yard at the -ase of the plinth is 1$m, the :idth of the plinth at
the -ase is =m and the :idth of the )o-let yard is 4m
4. +ational mon(ment ,ffice, .akarta 71##68 pp. 11*13
5. .akarta 0dministration :e-site
6. 'on(ment +asional -roch(reN Einas 5ari:isata dan 6e-(dayaan 5ro3insi E6/ .akarta,
>nit 5en)elola 'on(men +asional
7. +ational mon(ment ,ffice, .akarta 71##68 p.
8. +ational mon(ment ,ffice, .akarta 71##68 pp. 1=*1#
9. +ational mon(ment ,ffice, .akarta 71##68 pp. 14*1=
10. +ational mon(ment ,ffice, .akarta 71##68 p1=