Trng i hc xy dng

B mn c t nn mng

Bi tp
c t

H ni 2007

Chng 1:
Cc cng thc tnh i cc ch tiu thng dng:
Ch tiu cn xc nh
H s rng e

Cng thc

e=

n (1 + 0,01w)

e = h 1
k

n
100 n
e
n(%) =
100
1+ e
w 0,01w
G=
n (1 + 0,01w) w
e=

rng n
no nc G

0,01w
e

G=

h =

Trng lng ring ht h

1 0,01n

h = n

Trng lng ring kh k

k = h (1 0,01n)
k =

w
1 + 0,01w

dn =

Trng lng ring y ni n

( 1) n
1+ e

dn = nn n

Bi 1:
1.Kt qu th nghim phn tch ht mt mu t ct cho trong bng sau:
Kch thc ht
(mm)
Trng lng
trn ry (g)

>10

10-4

4-2

2-1

1-0,5

0,5-0,25

0,25-0,1

<0,1

10

15

20

30

50

60

10

Hy v ng cong cp phi ht ca loi t .

Hy xc nh hm lng ring ca nhm ht c kch thc t 0.3mm n 4.0mm
trong mu t th nghim.
Hy xc nh h s ng u v h s cong ca mu t .
Bi lm
A. V ng cong cp phi ht ca loi t :
Tng khi lng t: 200g
+ Xc nh hm lng ring ca tng nhm ht.
V d: Nhm ht ct th 4, nhm c: 4 d <2 c hm lng:
(20/200) 100 (%) = 10 %
Nhm ht
H.Lng
ring(%)

>10
5

[10;4)
7,5

[4;2)
10

[2;1)
15

[1;0,5)
25

[0,5;0,25)
30

[0,25;0,1)
5

<0,1
2,5

+ Xc nh hm lng tch lu n cc c ht khc nhau:

+ Hm lng cc ht:
d 0,1
P 0,1 = 2,5%
d 0,25
P 0,25 = 2,5 + 5 = 7,5%
d 0,5
P 0,5 = 7,5 + 30 = 37,5%
d 1,0
P 1 = 37,5 + 25 = 62,5%
d 2,0
P 2 = 62,5 + 15 = 77,5%
d 4,0
P 4 = 77,5 + 10 = 87,5%
d 10
P 10 = 87,5 + 7,5 = 95%
+ Kt qu:
Kch thc
d(mm)
Hm lng tch
lu p0(%)

10

4,0

2,0

1,0

0,5

0,25

0,1

95

87,5

77,5

62,5

37,5

7,5

2,5

+ V ng cong cp phi:

B. Xc nh hm lng ring ca nhm ht:

+ Kch thc t 0,3mm n 4mm
+ T dA = 0,3mm P dA = 13%; dB = 4mm P dB = 87%, do :
p (0,3 d < 4) = 87 - 13 = 74%.
C. Xc nh h s ng u, h s cong:

d 302
d 60
Cc =
Cu =
d 10
d 60 .d 10
Cu- H s ng u.
Cc - H s cong.
d60 /knh ng vi hm lng tch lu 60% : p d60 = 60%
d10 /knh ng vi hm lng tch lu 10%: p d10 = 10%
d30 /knh ng vi hm lng tch lu 30%: p d30 = 30%
Theo biu :

Vi p = 10% d10 = 0,28mm

Vi p = 60% d60 = 0,90mm
Vi p = 30% d30 = 0,44mm

Cu =

0,9
=3
0,28

Cc =

0,44 2
= 0,77 Phn phi lch
0,9 0,28

t c cp phi xu.

Bi 2:

Phn tch 1 mu t st nguyn dng trong phng th nghim cho cc s liu ban
u nh sau:
Th tch dao vng : V = 59cm3
Trng lng dao: G = 55,4g
Trng lng t t ( k c dao) : G* = 171,84g
Trng lng sau khi sy: Gk = 157,51g
T trng ht = 2,8
Hy xc nh m W; trng lng th tch t t nhin W, trng lng th tch
t kh k, h s rng e v mc bo ho G
Bi lm:

Trng lng th tch t nhin: =

m t nhin:

171,84 157,51
G Gk
W=
100 =
= 0,14 100(% ) = 14%
157,51 55,4
Gk G

Trng lng th tch t kh:

H s rng: e =

bo ho:

G G 171,84 55,4
=
= 1,97 g / cm3
V
59

k =

1 + 0,01w

19,7
= 1,73g / cm3
1 + 0,14

h (1 + 0,01w)
(1 + 0,01w)
2,8 10(1 + 0,14)
1 = 0
1 =
1 = 0,62

19,7

G=

0,14 19,7 2,8

w 0,01w
=
= 0,63
h (1 + 0,01w) w 28 1,14 19,7

Bi 3:

C mt loi t sau khi th nghim ta c cc ch tiu vt l sau

Dung trng t nhin: w = 1,85 g/cm3; t trng = 2,68 v m w = 24%
Tnh h s rng t nhin e; bo ho G v dung trng y ni n

Bi lm:

e=
w

h k
k

1,85
= 1,49 g / cm3 .
1 + 0,01w 1 + 0,01 24
2,68 1,49
= 0,798
e=
1,49
0,01w 0,01 24 2,68
=
= 0,8
G=
e
0,798

Trong : k=

n =

( 1) n = (2,68 1) 1 = 0,93g / cm3

1+ e

1 + 0,798

Bi 4:

Mt khi t st nng 250g vi dung trng w = 2 g/cm3; t trng =

2,7v m w = 32%. By gi mun tng m ca ton b khi t ln ti
35%, hi phi thm lng nc l bao nhiu ?
Bi lm:

Tm lng nc ng vi m 32% v lng nc ng vi m 35%

k =

1 + 0,01w

Gh= V k =

2
= 1,52 g / cm3 .
1 + 0,01 32

250
1,52 = 190 g .
2

Lng nc ng vi m 32%:
Gn32=250-Gh = 250-190=60g
Lng nc ng vi m 35% l:
Gn32=35%Gh = 35% 190 = 66,5g
Do lng nc phi thm vo l:
Gn35 Gn32 = 66,5 60,0=6,5g
Bi 5:

Mun ch b mt loi t c e= 0,65 cho mt dao vng t th tch 500cm3

hi phi dng mt lng t kh bao nhiu v lng nc vo l bao nhiu ?
Bit rng t ny c t trng = 2,7
5

Bi lm:

Mun tm trng lng ht t ta phi tm dung trng kh:

k=

2,7
h k
=
= 1,62 g / cm3 .
1 + 0,65
k

Vy trng lng ht t cn dng l:

Gh= V k =500 1,62 = 810 g
Do c th tnh c trng lng nc phi vo l:
Gn= V Gh = 0,25 810 = 202,5 g
Bi 6:

C 3 loi t vi cc kt qu sau:
Hy xc nh tn v trng thi ca mi loi t.
Thnh phn ht.
Hm lng % ca nhng ht c ng knh d (mm).
Loi

>10

1
2
3

105
-

5-2

2-1

4
-

3,5
-

Cc ch tiu vt l:
Loi
w
1
2,02
2
1,81
3
1,65

10.5
33
-

0,50,25
38,5
-

2,68
2,72
2,7

0,250,1
5
1
4

W%
24,2
29,1
55

0,10,05
12
26,3
5

0,050,01
3
30,7
6,5

Wd%
23
18

0,010,005
1
15,5
17,5

<0,005
0
26,5
67

Wnh%
36
42

H s rng ln nht ca lp 1 l : 0,75

H s rng nh nht ca lp 1 l : 0,57
Bi lm:

Loi 1:
Loi ny do khng c tr s Wnh v Wd nn ta xc nh tn t theo kt qu phn
tch ht.
Trng lng ht c d > 10mm l p=0%
Trng lng ht c d > 2mm l p=4% cha phi l t si hoc t ct si v
cha tho mn iu kin nu ra trong bng.
Trng lng ht c d > 0.5mm l p=4+3,5+33=40,5% cng khng phi l ct to
v cha tho mn iu kin nu ra trong bng:
Trng lng d > 0,25mm l p= 4+3,5+33+38,5 = 79%. Vy t ny l loi t
ct va v tho mn iu kin nu ra trong bng.
6

V trng thi t ct ta phn loi theo cht D

Trc ht ta tnh:

h k
2,02
w
. Trong k =
=
= 1,626 g / cm3 .
1 + 0,01w 1 + 0,01 24,2
k
2,68 1,626

e= h k =
= 0,648 .
1,626
k

e=

D=

emax e
0,75 0,648
=
= 0,57 . Ct cht va.
emax emin
0,75 0,57

phn bit trng thi m t ta s tnh bo ho G

G=

0,01w 0,01 24,2 2,68

=
=1
e
0,648

G >0,8 vy t trng thi bo ho.

Loi 2:
xt tn t ta da vo ch s do
= wnh wd = 36 23 =13 t ny l loi t st
phn loi trng thi phi da vo st B:
B=

w wd

29,1 23
= 0,47
13

t do cng

Loi 3:
Tng t: = 42-18=24 t st
B=

55 18
= 1,54 t st nho.
24

t st c w > wnh nn ta xem c phi l t bn khng. Mun th ta xc nh e:

e=

h k
1,65
w
. Trong k =
=
= 1,065 g / cm3 .
1 + 0,01w 1 + 0,01 55
k

e=

h k 2,7 1,065
=
= 1,535 .
1,065
k

Nh vy t ny thuc loi bn st nho.

Bi 7:

Hy xc nh trng thi ca t ct sau:

Mu t nhin c th tch V = 62 cm3
Cn c trng lng: G =109,32g
Xy kh cn c Gk = 90g
Ct c t trng = 2,64
Th tch xp nht c th to c l 75 cm3 v cht nht l 50cm3.
7

Bi lm:

emax e
emax emin
(1 + 0,01w)
2,64(1 + 0,01 21,5)
1 =
e= h
1 = 0,822

1,76

+ cht tng i: D =

Vi: W =
=

109,32 90
G1 G2
100(% ) =
100(% ) = 21,5%
90
Gk

G 109,32
=
= 1,76 g / cm3
V
62

H s rng ln nht emax , xc nh tng t vi = min

G
109,32
=
= 1,458
Vmax
75

min =

H s rng b nht emin , xc nh tng t vi = max

max =

G
109,32
=
= 2,186
Vmin
50

emax =

h (1 + 0,01w)
2,64(1 + 0,01 21,5)
1 =
1 = 2,2 1 = 1,2
min
1,458

emin =

2,64(1 + 0,01 21,5)

h (1 + 0,01w)
1 =
1 = 1,467 1 = 0,467
2,186
max

cht tng i D =

1,2 0,82
emax e
=
= 0,52
emax emin 1,2 0,47

0,33 D = 0,52 < 1 Cht va.

+ Trng thi m:
G =

0,01w
0,215 2,64 1,76
=
= 0,69
h (1 + 0,01w) 2,64(1 + 0,215) 1,76

0,5 < G =0,69< 0,8 Cha bo ho nhng rt m.

Bi 8

Khi th nghim xc nh gii hn nho ca mt mu t st bng dng c chu

xuyn Vaxilip ngi ta thu c kt qu sau:
Thi gian
xuyn
10mm/s

2,4

4,1

4,8

5,3

6,1

m(%)

60

48

40

36

21

Hy xc nh gii hn nho ca t .
Bi lm:

V quan h W= f(t) nh sau:

t(s)

6
5s
4

W=38%
20

40

60

W(%)

Cn c vo biu : Wnh= 38%.

Bi 9:

10

11

Th nghim xc nh gi hn chy bng cho Cazagrang

Miu t mu:
V tr ly mu
Th nghim bi:

S hiu mu: No.

Ngy thng

Th nghim
Hp s
Trng lng hp:
W1(g)
Trng lng hp +
t m W2(g)
Trng lng hp +
t kh W3(g)
m

1
8
15,26

2
21
17,01

3
25
15,17

29,30

31,58

31,45

25,84

27,72

26,96

32,7

36,04

38,1

S ln p

35

23

17

W W3
W (%) = 1
100
W3 W1

Gii hn nho:

12

Bi 10:
Th nghim xc nh gii hn Atterberg ca mt loi t dnh cho kt qu:
Wd = 15%
Wnh = 34%
Hy xc nh trng thi t nhin ca t nu bit rng phn tch mu nguyn dng
cho kt qu m t nhin
W = 30%
Trng thi t nhin ca t s thay i nh th no nu tri ma lm
tng m ln 40%.

Bi lm:

Ta thy (Wd=15) < ( W=30) <( Wnh=34). Vy trng thi t nhin ca t l trng
thi do.
Khi W tng ln 40%, do bn cht ca t khng thay i, do cc gii hn
Atterberg cng khng thay i.
Ta thy ( W=40) > ( Wnh=34) do t chuyn t trng thi do qua trng
thi nho.

Bi 11:
Mun ch b 1 loi t c e = 0,65; W = 25% cho mt dao vng t th tch
500cm3 Hi phi dng 1 lng t kh l bao nhiu, v lng nc vo l
bao nhiu. Bit t c = 2,7.
Bi lm:

e=

h k
2,7

k= h =
= 1,63 g / cm3 .
1 + e 1 + 0,67
k

Vy trng lng ht t cn dng l:

Gh= V k = 500 1,63 =815g
Vy trng lng nc phi vo l:
Gn= w Gh = 0,25 815 =203,85g

Bi 12:
13

Hy xc nh tn t trong bi tp 1 v 5 theo quy phm Vit nam.

Bi lm:
V d 1:
Cc ht c d > 10mm chim 5% khng tho mn loi 2.
Cc ht c d >2mm chim(5 +7,5 + 10) = 22,5% khng tho mn loi 3 v 4.
Cc ht c d > 0,5mm chim (22,5 + 15 +25) = 62,5% Tho mn yu cu t
loi 5: t ct th.
V d 5:
A= Wnh-Wd = 34-15 =19
(A=19) > 17. Vy t thuc loi t st.

Bi 13:

Kt qu phn tch thnh phn ht ca hai mu t cho cc ng cong cp phi

ht trn th sau. Hy xc nh tn t v trng thi theo cch phn loi USCS

Bit cc gii hn Alterberg c kt qu nh sau vi ng 2 .

Hm lng hu c khng ng k
Gii hn do Wd = 24%
Gii hn nho Wnh = 47%

14

Bi lm:

a, Mu th nht (ng1):

Bc1:
Lng ht qua ry No200 l 3% hay trn ry No200 l 97%. Nh vy t thuc
loi t ht th
Bc 2:
Lng ht qua ry No4 l 88% hay trn ry No4 l 12%. Nh vy y l t ct,
ch k hiu u tin l S.
Bc 3:
Lng ht qua ry No200 l 3%<5%. Nh vy y l t ct sch, ln t ht mn,
khng c tnh do.
Bc 4:
H s ng u Cu =
H s cong Cc =

d 60
= 4,2 > 4
d10

(d30 )2 = (0,35)2

d 60 d10

0,85 0,2

= 0,72

Cu < 6 nhng Cc ngoi khong(1-3) do t ny c cp phi xu. K hiu ch

th 2 l P.
Kt lun mu1: Ct ln t ht mn, cp phi xu. Tn t k hiu SP.

a, Mu th hai (ng2):
15

Bc1:
c 57% lng ht qua ry No200 (0,074mm) hay 43% trn ry No200. Nh vy
y l t ht mn.
Bc 2:
Wnh = 47% < 50% do y l t c tnh do thp. Ch th hai k hiu tn t
l L.
Bc 3:
Ch s do IP = Wnh-Wd = 47-24= 23
Bc 4:
Trn biu tnh do, im c trng (47,23) nm trong vng CL.
Vy t ny k hiu CL: t st v c c ln ct, tnh do trung bnh.

16

17

18

bi tp chng 2:

Bi I:
a tng mt khu vc gm cc lp ct v bi xen k nhau; cc lp ct dy
150mm c h s thm ng hng k = 6.5 10-1mm/s. Cc lp bi dy 1800mm
c h s thm ng hng k = 2.5 10 4 mm/s. Hy xc nh t s gia h s
thm ng v ngang ca t nn gm 2 lp trn ( mt i)
Bi lm:
Cc lp t xen k nhau. Nu ghp mt lp ct v mt lp bi lm mt i th
cc i u c h s thm tng ng nh nhau do t s gia h s thm
ng vi h s thm ngang ca nn ng bng t s ca mt i.
+ H s thm ngang tng ng ca mt i:
1
( k1h1+ k2h2+ .....+ knhn)
H
6500 150 + 2.5 1800
knt =
10 4 = 502.3 10 4 mm / s
150 + 1800

knt =

+ H s thm ng tng ng ca mt i:
kt =

kt =

H
vH
=
h1 h2
h
h
+ + ... + n
k1 k2
kn

150 + 1800
10 4 = 2.7 10 4 mm / s
150 1800
+
6500 2.5

+ T s gia hai h s thm:

kt / knt = 2.7/502.3 = 0.005

Bi 2:

Cho mt ct ngang ca h mng to bi cc dy mn c song song ng vo lp

ct ng hng. Tnh h s an ton i vi s ph hoi y h mng do y tri (
Trng lng n v ca t bo ho l 20,4 KN/m3)
Bi lm:

F=

dn
U th

dn.
I n

n Trng lng ring y ni ti

mp tng y h mng.
Uth p lc thu ng ln phn t
ti mp tng y h mng.
n = bh-n = 20.4kN/m3 - 10kN/m3
= 10.4 kN/m3
I=

h
L

I=

7.5m
7.5
=
= 0.68
5m + 3m + 3m 11

p lc thm:
Uth = I n= 0.68 10 = 6.8 kN/m3
H s an ton xi ngm:
F=

dn
U th

dn. 10.4
=
= 1.53 . Nu ly h s an ton = 2 th t y b xi ngm.
I n
6.8

Bi 3:
Tin hnh th nghim bng thm k ct nc c nh c c cc s liu sau
y. Hy xc nh gi tr k trung bnh. Bit ng knh ca mu l 100 mm,
khong cch gia cc im gn p k l L= 150mm.
Lu lng thu c trong 2 pht ( ml)

541

503

509

479

 chnh ca mc p k (mm)

76

Bi lm:
Din tch tit din ngang ca mu A = 1002
Lu lng thm Q = Q(ml) 103 mm3
Thi gian thm t = 2 60s = 120s
T ta c: k =

72

68

65

= 7854 mm2

Q 103 150
QL
= 0.159Q / h mm/s
=
Aht 7854 h 120

Kt qu nh bng sau:
Lu lng thm Q(ml)
541
503
506
474
K trung bnh 1.15mm/s
( Hnh v sau)

chnh ct nc
h(mm)
76
72
68
65

K= 0.159Q/h(mm/s)
1.13
1.11
1.19
1.16

Bi 4:
Trong th nghim dng thm k ct nc gim, ghi c cc s liu sau y,
hy xc nh gi tr k trung bnh. Bit ng knh mu t l 100mm, chiu di
mu 150mm

Bi lm:
Din tch mt ct ngang ca mu t:

A = 1002

Din tch mt ct ngang ca ng o p:

a = d2

Ph/trnh:
2.3aL log(h1 / h2 )
A(t2 t1 )

( Hnh v sau)

aL loge (h1 / h2 ) d 2 150 loge (h1 h2 ) 0.015d 2 loge (h1 h2 )

mm / s
=
=
A(t2 t1 )
t2 t1
1002 (t2 t1 )

Bi 5:
Cho li thm:

Yu cu xc nh:
1. ng xut trung ho ( p lc nc l rng) ti im C.
2. Lu lng nc chy qua li gch cho cho 1m b rng ca tng c
v tng lu lng nc chy v h lu.

Bi lm:
1.Xc nh ng xut trung ho ti im C:
Theo ng dng AB nc s thm t bin thng lu v h lu qua 8
c phn cch bi 7 ng ng th. Mi c biu th mt gim ct
nc h. nu gi N l s li th N= 8 v do gim ct nc h sau
khi vt qua 1 li s l:
h =

h h
=
N 8

Khi nc thm n im C th tn tht ct nc s l 6 h hoc 6 h/8.

2
8

Vy ct nc o p ti C ch cn z + d + h .

Do ng xut trung ho ti C l:

2
uc = n ( z + d + h)
8

2.Xc nh lu lng nc chy qua li gch cho.

Theo nh lut Darcy lu lng thm c th tnh theo cng thc sau:
q= kiF
Trong :
F: din tch nc thm qua F = a1
i=

h
h 1
h
; a di ng thm qua 1 li, hoc i = =
a
8 a 8a

vy: q= kiF=

1
kh
; q = kh
8
8

Vi bi ton cho s lng dn s l 4. Nu gi M l s lng dn ta c M= 4 v

do tng lu lng nc chy v h lu s l:
Q = 4q =

4
kh
8

Mt cch tng qut:

q=

1
kh
N

v q =

M
kh
N

Trong :

M- s lng dn dc theo ng ng th.

N - s li dc theo ng dng.
Kho st li thm hnh trn thy rng dng thm l ra ti cc im nh E hay
B theo hng thng ng i ln.
V d ti E dc thu lc s l:
i=

h
DE

Nu gi tr ny vt qu dc thu lc gii hn cho cng thc igh =

th t pha h lu s b ph hoi, hin tng chy t s xy ra.

Bi 6:

dn
n

Trn l li thm trong thn p t

Yu cu tnh ton:
1. Gi tr p lc nc l rng ti im a v b.
2. Lc thm trung bnh ti li 1,2,3,4
Cho bit:
Ct nc p lc thc o ti a v b l ha = 13.33m ( l khong cch thng ng
gia hai im a v a) hb = 10.76m ( l khong cch thng ng gia hai im b
v b)
di ng thm trung bnh thc o ca li 1,2,3,4 l L= 9.33m

Bi lm:
1.Tnh gi tr p lc nc l rng ti a v b
Ti a:

ua = n ha =9.81 13.33 = 130.7 kN/m2

ua= 130.7kN/m2
Tib:

ub = n hb = 9.81 10.76 = 105.6kN/m2

ub = 105.6kN/m2
2.Tnh lc thm trung bnh ti cc li 1,2,3,4
j = i n =

h
n
L

Trong :
h - chnh lch ct nc ca hai li ln cn
T hnh v thy s li theo ng dng N=12. chnh mc nc
thng h lu l H=24m
Vy chnh lch ct nc p lc ca 2 li ln cn s l:
h =

H 24
=
= 2m
n 12

Thay cc i lng vo cng thc nhn c:

j=

2
9.81 = 2.10kN / m3
9.33

j = 2.1 kN/m3

Bi 7:

Trn l li thm trong nn cng trnh c ng vn c:

Yu cu xc nh:
1. Ct nc trong ng o p ti im a
2. Lc thm trung bnh ti li 1,2,3,4
3. H s an ton chy t ti im 1 v 2.
Cho bit:
1. Trng lng ring bo ho ca t nn bh = 20kN/m3
2. Gi tr thc o: ha' = 3.0m
3. di ng thm trung bnh thc o ca li 1,2,3,4: L=4m

Bi lm:
1. Xc nh ct nc o p ti im a

ha = ha' + ha''
Trong :
ha' = 3.0m
ha'' = H h vi H= 4.0m
4
H
h =
=
= 0.4m
N 10

Thay cc gi tr vo cng thc trn ta nhn c:

ha= 3.0 + (4-0.4) = 6.6m; ha = 6.6m
2. Tnh lc thm trung bnh ca li 1,2,3,4
j =in =

h
0.4
n =
9.81 = 0.981kN / m3
L
4

j =0.981kN/m3

3. Xc nh h s an ton chy t ti im 1 v 2:
n 20 9.81
igh = bh
=
= 1.04
n
9.81

Trong lc gi tr dc thu lc thc t

i=

h 0.4
=
= 0.1
4
l

Vy h s an ton chy t F s l:
F=

igh
i

1.04
= 10.4
0.1

F= 10.4

Bi 8:
mt l khoan trong t dnh, ti nhng khong thi gian l 24 gi cc mc
nc ngm sau y ghi c:
su mc nc ngm t mt t
8.62
7.77
7.07
6.57
(m)
Ngy
0
1
2
3
Hy tnh mc nc ngm n nh

Bi lm:
Xem hnh v

h1= 8.62-7.74=0.88m
h2=7.74-7.07=0.67m
h3=7.07-6.57=0.5m

Ta c:
Do =

0.882
= 3.69m
0.88 0.67

0.67 2
= 2.14m
0.88 0.67
0.52
D2 =
= 1.47 m
0.67 0.5
D1 =

Dw = 8.62 - 3.69 = 4.93m

Dw = 8.62 - 2.14 - 0.88 - 0.67 = 4.93m
c tnh
Dw= 8.62 -1.47 - 0.88 - 0.67 - 0.5 = 5.10m
Trung bnh: 4.99m
Mc nc ngm n nh di nmt t l 5m

c tnh:

Lu : Quan trc ch bt u khi dng khoan ti thiu 24 gi

Bi 9:

Th nghim nn khng n hng 1 mu t st nguyn dng c chiu cao H=

2cm, vi ti trng nn p = 150kN/m2 gy ra ln n nh = 0.266 cm
Yu cu xc nh h s rng ca mu t sau khi nn v h s nn ln a, cho
bit h s rng ban u ca mu t eo= 0.92
Bi lm:
1. Xc nh h s rng e sau khi nn:
e = eo (1 + eo )

S
0.266
= 0.92 (1 + 0.92)
= 0.665
H
2

2. Xc nh hh s nn ln a:
e e
0.92 0.665
a= 1 2 =
= 1.7 103 m 2 / kN
p2 p1
150 0

Bi 10:
Lm th nghim nn khng n hng mt mu t st nguyn dng c chiu
cao H= 2cm nhn c kt qu ghi bng di y:
0
50
100
150
200
pi(kN/m2)
Si
0
0.507
0.872
1.215
1.42
Yu cu xc inh:
1.Cc h s rng ei ca mu t sau khi nn di tc dng ca cc cp ti
trng pi

1. H s nn ln a ca mu t trong phm vi ti trng 50150kN/m2

2. Cho bit h s rng ban u ca t eo= 0.97
Bi lm:
1. Xc nh h s rng ei
p dng cng thc sau:
S
ei = eo (1 + eo ) i
H
0.507
= 0.92
20
0.872
= 0.97 (1 + 0.97)
= 0.88
20
1.215
= 0.97 (1 + 0.97)
= 0.85
20
1.42
= 0.97 (1 + 0.97)
= 0.83
20

e1 = 0.97 (1 + 0.97)
e2
e3
e4

Kt qu tnh ton c ghi bng sau:

pi(kN/m2)
Si
ei

0
0
0.97

50
0.507
0.92

100
0.872
0.88

150
1.215
0.85

200
1.42
0.83

2.Tnh h s nn ln a:
p dng cng thc:
e e
0.92 0.85
a= 1 2 =
= 7 10 4 m 2 / kN
p2 p1
150 50

Bi 11:
Th nghim nn khng n hng mt mu t nhn c kt qu nh sau:
Cp ti trng
pi
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5

Gi tr ti trng
pi(N/cm2)
0
10
20
40
80

cao mu sau khi

nn Hi(mm)
20
19.6
19.34
18.77
18.2

Yu cu xc nh:
1. H s rng ban u eo ca mu th nghim.
2. Cc h s rng ei sau khi nn t di cc cp ti trng pi
3. H s nn ln a trong phm vi ti trng 2040N/cm2

Cho bit sau khi th nghim xong mu t bo ho nc, m w=

30.6%, t trng ht t = 2.71
Bi lm:
1.Xc nh h s rng e4 ca mu t sau khi th nghim xong
p dng cng thc:
e4 =

0.01W 0.306 2.71

=
= 0.83
G
1

2.Xc nh h s rng ban u eo ca mu t

p dng cng thc:

Hoc:

e e
Si = o i H 0
1 + eo
e e
H 0 Hi = o 1 H0
1 + eo

Rt ra:
(1 + ei ) H o H i
Vi i= 4 ta c:
Hi
(1 + e4 ) H o H 4 (1 + 0.83) 20 18.2
eo =
=
= 1.01
H4
18.2
eo =

3.Xc nh cc h s rng ei ca mu t:
p dng cng thc:
S
ei = eo (1 + eo ) i
Ho

Trong :
Si - ln ca mu t di tc dng ca cp ti trng pi
Si = Ho- Hi
Vi

i=1
i=2
i=3

(1 + 1.01) 0.4
= 0.97
20
(1 + 1.01) 0.66
e2 = 1.01
= 0.94
20
(1 + 1.01) 1.23
e3 = 1.01
= 0.89
20

e1 = 1.01

Kt qu nh bng sau:
Cp ti
trng pi

Gi tr ti
trng pi
(N/cm2)

cao mu
sau khi nn
Hi(mm)

po

20

ln ca
mu sau
khi nn
Si(mm)
0

ei

1.01

P1
P2
P3
P4

10
20
40
80

19.6
19.34
18.77
18.2

0.4
0.66
1.23
1.8

0.97
0.94
0.89
0.83

Xc nh h s nn ln a:

e e
0.94 0.89
a= 1 2 =
= 2.5 103 cm2 / N
p2 p1
40 20

Bi 12: S liu th nghim nn mt mu t thu thp c nh sau :

ng sut nn, (kG/cm2)

0.5

1.0

2.0

4.0

8.0

ln, S (mm)

0.96

1.39

1.75

2.08

2.24

Hy v ng cong nn e = f() v xc nh h s nn ca t khi ng sut nn

thay i t 1 = 0.75 kG/cm2 n 2 = 2.0 kG/cm2. Bit rng chiu cao ban u
ca mu h0 = 20mm v h s rng ban u e0 = 1.050.
Bi lm:
bc 1: Tnh h s rng ca t ng vi cc cp ng sut nn theo cng thc
sau:
vi 1 = 0.5 kG/cm2, S1 = 0.96mm:
e = e0 -

S
0.96
(1 + e 0 ) = 1.050 (1 + 1.050) = 0.952
h0
20

tng t ta c kt qu ghi trong bng sau:

ng sut nn, (kG/cm2)

0.5

1.0

2.0

4.0

8.0

ln, S (mm)

0.96

1.39

1.75

2.08

2.40

H s rng, e

0.952

0.908

0.871

0.837

0.804

bc 2: Da vo kt qu tnh, v th ng cong nn
e

1
1.0

0.924 0
0.9
0.871

0.8
0.5 1.0
0.75

2.0

4.0

ng cong nn e = f ()
bc 3: Tnh h s nn theo cng thc (II.13)
a=

e1 e 2
0.924 0.871
=
= 0.042 cm2/kG
2 1
2.00 0.75

8.0

Bi 13.

Hy v ng cong nn v xc nh ch s nn vi s liu th nghim cho trong

v d 12:
tin vic biu din trn trc s gi tr lg, gi tr ng sut nn nn theo n
v chun SI. H s chuyn n v t kG/cm2 sang kN/m2 l 100: 1kG/cm2 = 100
kN/m2.
Bi lm:

bc 1: x l s liu th nghim:
ng sut nn, (kN/m2)

50

100

200

400

800

log()

1.70

2.00

2.30

2.60

2.90

ln, S (mm)

0.96

1.39

1.75

2.08

2.40

H s rng, e

0.952

0.908

0.871

0.837

0.804

bc 2: v ng cong nn e = f(lg())

e
ng cong nn nguyn thy
ng cong nn li

ng cong d ti
lg()
ng cong nn d ti dng e = f(lg())
bc 3: xc nh cc c trng bin dng Cc v Cr

 = 12.5, log(12.5) = 1.097, e = 0.98

= 100, log(100) = 2.000, e = 0.92
Cr =

0.98 0.92
= 0.066
2.000 1.097

= 200, log(200) = 2.301, e = 0.88

= 800, log(800) = 2.903, e = 0.804
e
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
12.5

25

50

100

200

400

800
Cc =

0.88 0.804
= 0.126
2.903 2.301

Bi 14:

a tng mt thung lng bng phng gm lp st bo ha dy 4m nm trn

tng gc v trn cng l mt lp ct dy 2m. Ngi ta tin hnh san lp khu
vc bng ct c = 17kN/m3. Chiu cao san lp l 5m. Th nghim mu t
ly gia lp st cho bit e0 = 1.15; a = 0.154 cm2/kG v k = 6*10-8 cm/s.
Hy xc nh ln ca lp st sau khi san lp c 1 nm. Cho rng vic p
thc hin xong trong thi gian khng ng k; gc khng thm nc.

Bi lm:

Ti trng gy ln nn chnh l trng lng t san nn:

p = h = 17*5 = 85 kN/m2
H s nn th tch ca t st xc nh theo cng thc (II.17):

mv = a/(1+e0) = 0.154/2.15 = 0.0716

ln cui cng ca lp st xc nh theo cng thc (II.27):
S = mvpH = (0.0716/100)*85*4 = 0.2435 m
H s c kt ca t xc nh theo cng thc (II.23):
Cv = k/(mv0) = 6*10-10/(0.00556) = 1.1*10-7 (m2/s)
i thi gian 1 nm ra n v giy: 365*24*3600 (s) = 3.15*107
Nhn t thi gian sau 1 nm xc nh theo cng thc (II.29):
N=

2 C v
t = 2.467*(3.15*107)*(1.1*10-7)/16 = 0.535
2
4 h

U(N) = U(0.535) = 0.57 (tra bng)

ln sau 1 nm S (1nm) tnh theo cng thc (II.30)
S(1 nm) = 0.57*0.2435 = 0.1388m = 13.9 cm

Bi 15:
Kt qu th nghim nn c kt cho s liu sau:
Thi gian (pht)
Thay i b dy
mu (mm)
Thi gian (pht)
Thay i b dy
mu (mm)

0.00

0.04

0.25

0.50

1.00

2.25

4.00

6.25

9.00

0.00 0.121 0.233 0.302 0.39 0.551 0.706 0.859 0.970

12.25 16.00 25.00 36.00 64.00 100
360
1440
1.065

1.127 1.205 1.251

1.3

1.327 1.401

1.482

Lc kt thc giai on cui (1440 pht) b dy mu l 17,53 mm ng xut tng

ln ti 100kN/m2 v m l 24,7%.
Dng phng php cn bc hai ca thi gian Phng php Taylor, hy xc
nh:
a, H s c kt cv;
b, H s nn ban u v giai on mt;
c, H s nn th tch mv v h s thm, gi thit Gs = 2,7
Bi lm:
V quan h:

Thay i b dy mu v t
V cc im ca ng cong th nghim

V ng thng tt nht qua cc im trong 60% u tin hoc cng nh

th ca th. ng ny ct trc b dy mu ti v tr U = 0 im F tng

ng vi s thay i b dy mu l ho (ho= 0.078mm)
Tip v ng thng vi honh 1.15 ln honh ca ng thng th
nht. Gi thit ng thng hiu chnh ny ct ng cong th nghim ti

im C c U = 0.9
A, T th t90 = 3.79 nn t90 = 14.36 pht
T bng t90 = 0.848
Trong giai on ny, b dy trung bnh ca mu = 17.53 +
mm
Chiu di ca ng thot nc d=

18.27
= 9.14mm
2

V th, tnh h s c kt cv theo ph/trnh:

T d 2 0.848 9.142
cv = 90
=
= 4.93mm 2 / ph
t90
14.36

h90 = 1.108mm v ho = 0.078mm

1.108 0.078
Nn c:
h100 =
+ 0.078 = 1.222mm
0.90
Tng:
h = 1.482mm
0.078
Bi vy h s nn ban u:
ri =
= 0.053
1.482
1.222 0.078
Bi vy h s nn giai on mt: rp =
= 0.772
1.482

b, T th

1.482
= 18.27
2

c, H s rng cui cng:

e1=m1 Gs = 0.247 2.70 = 0.667 ( bo ho G=1)
B dy ban u:
ho= 17.53 + 1.482 = 19.00mm
S thay i h s rng:

e =

h
ho

(1 + e1 ) =

1.482 1.667
= 0.13 0
19.00

H s rng ban u:
eo=0.667 + 0.13 = 0.797
H s nn th tch tnh theo ph/trnh:
mv =

1
0.130 103
=
= 0.723m 2 / MN
' 1+ e
100 1.797

o
e

H s thm xc nh theo ph/trnh:

k= cv mv w = 4.93 10-6 0.723 10-3 9.81 = 3.5 10-8 m/pht

Bi 16:
Dng phng php lg thi gian lm li v d trn ( Phng php Casagrande)
Bi lm:

Chon t l thch hp lp cc trc lg thi gian v trc bin i b dy v th

theo cc im ca ng cong th nghim

a, nh v tr U = 0 ; chn hai im P v Q trn ng cong sao cho tQ = 4

tp. V ng cong xp x ng parabon nn song song vi trc b dy:
FP = PQ.
T th:
ti tp= 0.25 pht, hp = 0.233

ti tq = 1,00 pht hq = 0.390

V th hF = ho = 0.233 - (0.390 - 0.233) = 0.076mm
By gi v hai ng thng: mt i qua mt s im cui cng ca ng
cong v ng kia qua cc im phn gia. im E t ti giao im ca

hai ng ny, ti U = 1.0

h100 = 1.224 mm

T th:
Nn

h50=

1.224 0.076
+ 0.076 = 0.650mm
2

By gi nh v tr h50trn th, lg t50 tm c l 0.525 cho t50 = 3.35 pht

T bng trn: ta c T50 = 0.197
Chiu di ng thot nc:

d= 9.14 mm

H s c kt cv c tnh cv =

T50 d 2 0.197 9.142

=
= 4.91mm 2 / ph
t50
3.35

b, T th h100 = 1.224 mm v ho= 1.482 mm

Do h s nn ban u:

ri =

0.076
= 0.051
1.482

v h s nn ca c kt s cp:

rp =

1.224 0.076
= 0.775
1.482

c, Phn li gii ny ging ht phn c ca bi trn

Bi 17:

H s c kt cv cho mt t st tm c l 0.955 mm2/ph. ln cui cng do

c kt cho lp t st ny c b dy 5m tnh c l 280mm. Gi thit trn v
di lp st l lp thm nc v c p lc nc l rng d ban u phn b
ng u, hy tnh thi gian ln cho:
a, 90% c kt s cp
b, ln t 100mm
Bi lm:

V l mt lp m, ng thot nc d = 5/2 = 2.5m v do s phn b u ban

u l ng u nn m = 1

a, T bng U-Tv vi U = 0.9 th T90 = 0.848 thi gian t 90% ln:

T d 2 0.848(2.5 103 ) 2
t90 = 90
=
= 5.55 106 ph = 10.55 nm
cv
0.955

b, ln t 100 mm th U =

100
= 0.357
280

T bng U-Tv ni suy tuyn tnh c T35,7 = 0.102

Thi gian ln 100mm t35.7=

0.102(2.5 103 ) 2
= 0.668 106 ph = 1.27nm
0.955

Bi 18.

Hy xc nh cc c trng chng ct ca t t s liu kt qu th nghim ct

trc tip mt mu t sau y

ng sut nn, (kG/cm2)

ng sut ct, (kG/cm2)

0.61

0.93

1.19

1.40

* Gii thch: Gi tr ca ng sut ct o c v ghi trong bng ng vi thi im mu b

ph hoi tc chnh bng sc khng ct ca t, s. Cn phn bit r iu ny.

Bi lm:

Da vo cc cp s liu (, ) trong bng, ta v th xp x s = f() trn h ta

{s,} nh trn hnh II.34. T th cc gi tr c trng khng ct ca t
c xc nh: c = 0.30 kG/cm2 ( = 30 kPa) v = 17030'
2

s(kG/cm )

s=0.315 +0.30

2.0
1.5

=17 o 30'

c=0.30kG/cm 2

1.0
0.30 0.5
1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

(kG/cm 2 )

Bi 19:

Lp t st ti mt cng trng c b dy 6m; yu cu tnh thi gian t 50%

ln cui cng do c kt. Th nghim nn trong phng cho mt mu t st c
b dy 19mm., im c kt 50% t c sau 12 pht. Hy xc nh thi gian
ln hin trng cho c kt 50% khi lp st:
a, Thot nc hon ton nc v y lp.
b, Ch thot nc t mt mt.
Bi lm:

a, Phng th nghim:

tA = 12 pht,
tB = ?

Cng trng:

19
mm
2
6000
dB =
mm
2

dA =

Tv t A
t
=
= B
cv d A2 d B2

T phng trnh:
y:

tA thi gian ln mu t lp A
tB thi gian ln mu t lp B
Tng ng vi cng gi tr Tv
Ta c:

t d 2 12 60002
= 1.197 106 pht
tB = A B =
2
2
19
dA

= 2.28 nm
b, Phng th nghim:

tA = 12 pht,
tB = ?

Cng trng:
tB =

12 60002
19

19
mm
2
d B = 6000mm
dA =

22 = 9.12 nm

bi tp chng 3:

Bi I:.
Kt qu th nghim xuyn tiu chun cho trong trang bo co sau. Hy tin hnh xc
nh cu trc a tng v cc ch tiu c l ca cc lp t c trong phm vi kho st.

Bi lm:
Da theo kt qu th nghim v m t khi khoan, ta thy t nn gm 3 lp c chiu dy
v tr s trung bnh N theo th t trn xung nh sau:
Lp th nht: t st yu dy 4m (t mt t n su 4m),
N = ( 2+2)/2 = 2
Lp th hai: ct ht trung dy 7m (t su 4m n su 11m),
N = (16+17+19)/3 =18;
Lp th ba: (lp cui cng trong phm vi kho st): ct ht trung,
N = (31+33+35+34+33+35+34)/7 = 38.
Tra bng trang 5: ta c:
sc khng nn n ca t thuc lp th nht: (t dnh N =2); q = 0.25 kG/cm2
q
do lc dnh n v khng thot nc ca t cu = = 0.12 kG/cm2
2
(Trang 51- C t- V Cng Ng)
Tra bng trang 5: ta c E = 83 42.4 kG/cm2.

Lp th hai (N = 18) l ct cht va c = 370

Tra bng trang 5: E = 39 + 4.5*18 36.4 = 120 36.4 kG/cm2
(C1 = 39; C2 = 4.5 v SE = 36.4)
Lp th ba (N = 34) l ct sn cht c = 400
Tra bng trang 5: E = 43 + 11.8*34 42.3 = 444.2 42.3 kG/cm2
(C1 = 43; C2 = 11.8; SE = 42.3)
Cc kt qu x l trn c tp hp trong bng tm tt sau:
No.

Tn t

1
2
3

Bn st nho
Ct ht trung cht va
Ct sn cht

Chiu
dy (m)
4
7
-

Ntb
2
18
34

()
37
40

c
(kG/cm2)
0.12
-

E
(kG/cm2)
83 42
120 36
444 42

Lu :
Kt qu N trn y vn dng s c th ch cha a v s c chun ho:
Tc l:
Phi chun ho N v mt gi tr c cng nng lng hiu qu.
H s iu chnh su v Cng mt loi t su khc
nhau N khc nhau nhiu.
Tuy nhin rt nhiu tng quan thc nghim ngy nay vn ang dng li
ly s c th lm thc o.
2

Bi 2:
Kt qu th nghim xuyn tnh ti mt im kho st c cho trong biu bo co di
y. Hy s dng kt qu tin hnh xc nh cu trc a tng khu vc v cc c
trng c - l quan trng ca tng lp t bit rng cc lp ln lt l bn st, st pha, ct
va, si ln ct ht th
kt qu th nghim xuyn tnh

Cao trnh mt t:
Tng su xuyn:
su
(m)
0.0
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
.. .
6.4
6.8
7.2
7.6
8.0
8.4
8.8
9.2
9.6
10.0
10.4
10.8
11.2
12.4
12.8
13.2
13.6
14.0
.. .
17.6
18.0
18.4
18.8
19.2
19.6
20.0
20.4
20.8
21.2

Thit b th nghim:
Ngi th nghim:

Sc khng
(kG/cm2)
qc
fs

15
6
2
4
2
2

21
9
4
5
3
4

30
12
4
8
4
4

0.8
0.4
0.27
0.13
0.13
0.27

2
2
2
5
3
3
6
7
6
16
16
6
5
16
13
10
15
10
...
18
13
6
10
28
27
32
17
30
26

3
4
5
6
6
6
10
11
10
22
22
10
6
22
20
16
20
19
...
29
23
15
15
35
35
42
32
38
35

4
4
4
10
6
6
12
14
12
32
32
12
10
32
26
20
30
20
...
36
26
12
20
56
54
64
34
60
52

0.13
0.27
0.40
0.13
0.40
0.40
0.54
0.54
0.54
0.81
0.81
0.54
0.13
0.81
0.94
0.81
0.67
1.20
...
1.47
1.35
0.67
0.67
0.93
1.07
1.34
2.00
1.07
1.20

S c

Biu sc khng theo su

0

20
0.5

12

15

18

21

24

(m)

40
qc
1.0 fs(kG/cm2)

Bi lm:

Cu trc a tng:
a tng trong phm vi kho st ti v tr xuyn gm 3 lp nh sau
Lp bn st: dy 8.5m (t mt t n su 8.5m), qc = 3 kG/cm2;
Lp st pha: dy 10.5m (t su 8.5m n su 19.0m) c qc = 13 kG/cm2;
Lp ct ht va th ba c qc = 28 kG/cm2.
Lp th nht:
Lp th hai:
Lp th ba:

c lc dnh khng thot nc cu = qc/15 = 3/15 = 0.2 kG/cm2;

mun bin dng E0 = qc = 5 qc= 3 5 = 15 kG/cm2.
c lc dnh khng thot nc cu= qc/15 = 13/15 = 0.87 kG/cm2;
mun bin dng E0= qc =5qc = 5 13 = 65 kG/cm2.L
qc = 28 kG/cm2 ct trng thi ri, gc ma st trong = 300;
mun bin dng E0 = qc =2qc = 56 kG/cm2.

Cc kt qu x l trn c tp hp trong bng tm tt sau:

No.
1
2
3

Tn t
Bn st nho
St pha do
Ct ht trung, ri

Chiu
dy (m)
8.5
10.5
-

qc
3
13
28

()
30

cu
(kG/cm2)
0.14
0.60
-

E
(kG/cm2)
15
65
56

Bi 3:

Kt qu th nghim bn nn kch thc 70.7 x 70.7 (cm2) nh sau. Hy xc nh mun

bin dng ca t ng vi ti trng d kin tc dng ln nn p = 1.2 kG/cm2 v ti trng
cho php tc dng ln nn.
t(ph)

15

30

60

120

180

240

300

360

1.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
8.0

2.5
5.1
6.7
9.0
9.0
11.0
14.0

3.3
6.2
8.9
11.7
13.8
15.5
20.1

4.1
7.4
10.8
14.1
16.8
20.1
26.5

4.6
8.3
12.7
16.0
19.6
24.2
31.2

4.7
8.7
13.4
16.9
21.0
27.2
38.0

4.7
8.9
13.9
17.4
22.0
30.4
42.3

4.7
8.9
14.1
17.7
22.5
33.1
50.2

4.7
8.9
14.1
17.7
22.7
36.0
66.0

p
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75

Tng
(mm)
4.7
13.6
27.7
45.4
68.1
104.1
177.0

Bi lm

T kt qu th nghim: Quan h ln ti trng cho trong bng v c biu din

trn th sau:
Quan h S =f(p) c lp thnh bng sau
p(kG/cm2)

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

S (mm)

4.7

13.6

27.7

45.4

68.1

104.1

177.0

1.2kG/cm

0.5

1.5

p(kG/cm )

20
40
60

64mm

80
100
120
140
160
180
200
S(mm)

T th trn hnh, ng vi p = 1.2 kG/cm2 ta c S = 64.0 mm v m un bin dng ng

vi p = 1.2 kG/cm2 xc nh nh sau:

pb(1 02 ) 1.2 * 70.7 * 0.88(1 0.32 )

= 10.6 kG/cm2
=
E0 =
6.4
S
xc nh ti trng cho php, ta chn khong thi gian c trng t 15 pht n 60
pht. ln trong khong thi gian c trng St = (S60 S15) v quan h St = f(p) cho
trong bng. th St = f(p) trn hnh III.13
Bng quan h St = f(p)
p(kG/cm2)

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

St (mm)

1.6

2.3

4.1

5.1

7.8

9.1

12.5

Biu quan h:

St = f(p)

0.88kG/cm
0
0

0.5

1.5

p(kG/cm )

20
40
44mm

60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
S(mm)

Da vo th St = f(p) ta c pcd = 0.88 kG/cm2 v ti trng cho php [p] = 0.8*0.88 =

0.7 kG/cm2.
ng vi ti trng cho php, ln bn nn xc nh c S = 24mm, mun bin dng

tng ng:
0.7 * 70.7 * 0.88(1 0.3 2 )
= 9 kG/cm2
E0 =
2.4

bi tp chng 4

Bi I:
Cho P=100kN
Yu cu:
1. Tnh v v biu ng xut z trn trc thng ng ti cc im A(r=0), B(r=1m), C(r=2m)
nm trn mt phng ngang a-a su cch mt nn Z=2m.
2. Tnh v v biu phn b tng thm z thng ng ti im O(z=0), D(z=1m); A(z=2m),
E(z=3m), F(z=4m) nm trn ng thng ng oz, i qua im t lc P
3. V cc ng ng ng xut z =10;5;2;1 kN/m2 do ti trng P=100kN gy ra
4. Nu c thm mt lc tp trung thng ng th 2 p=100kN tc dng cch lc th nht 2m,
hy tnh v v biu phn b ng xut tng thm z do c hai lc gy ra ti cc im nm
trn mt phng ngang a-a
Bi gii:
1. Tnh v v biu ng xut

ti cc im trn mt phng ngang a-a

Dng cng thc sau: z = K

P
z

tnh z ti A,B,C;

r
Tra bng
z

Kt qu nh sau:
im tnh

r(m)

z(m)

r/z

P
z2

A
B
C

0
1
2

2
2
2

0
0.5
1

0.4775
0.2733
0.0844

25
25
25

z (kN / m2 )

12
7
2

z ti B,C ( i xng vi B,C qua trc Oz) bng tr s z ti cc im B,C. Biu phn b ng
xut ti cc im CBABC nm trn mt phng ngang a-a nh sau:
2. Tnh v v biu z trn ng thng ng Oz (r=0)
y mi im trn ng thng ng Oz u c r=0, do r/z lun bng 0; tra bng ta c h s
ng xut K=0.4775. Tnh /s theo cng thc z = K

P
z2

ti cc im ODAEF cho kt qu sau:

im tnh

r(m)

z(m)

r/z

P
z2

O
D
A
E
F

0
0
0
0
0

0
1
2
3
4

0
0
0
0
0

0.4775
0.4775
0.4775
0.4775
0.4775

Biu nh sau:

100
25
11.1
6.25

z (kN / m2 )

48
12
5.3
3

3. V cc ng ng /s z = 10,5,2,1 kN/m2 do P =100kN.

Gi nh trc r sau dng cng thc z = K

P
z2

tnh ra z ng vi cc gi tr z cho

Gi nh tng gi tr z ri tnh ngc tm gi tr r ng vi cc gi tr z cho. Do ta tm

c to r, z ca cc im c z= 10,5,2,1 kN/m2
Kt qu nh sau:
z(m)
2.19
3.09
4.89
6.91
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
6

r(m)

r/z

z (kN / m2 )

0
0
0
0
0.94
1.22
1.60
1.92
0.54
1.28
2.04
2.60
0.48
2.07
2.94
1.68
2.96
2.70
2.04

0
0
0
0
0.94
1.22
1.60
1.92
0.27
0.64
1.02
1.30
0.16
0.69
0.98
0.42
0.74
0.54
0.34

0.4775
0.4775
0.4775
0.4775
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.40
0.20
0.08
0.04
0.45
0.18
0.09
0.32
0.16
0.25
0.36

10
5
2
1
10
5
2
1
10
5
2
1
5
2
1
2
1
1
1

V ng ng ng xut z

5. Tnh v v biu /s z trn mt phng a-a do 2 lc tp trung gy ra P1=P2=100kN gy ra

Dng cng thc sau: z =
Vi 2 lc ta c: z =

z2

1 n
Ki Pi
z 2 i =1

[P1K1 + P2 K 2 ]

Kt qu nh sau:
im
tnh
C
B
A
B
C
B
A

z2

1/z2

r1

2
2
2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4
4
4
4

0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25

2
1
0
1
2
3
4

K1
r1
K1P1
r2
r2
/z
/z
1
0.0844
8.44
4
2
0.5
0.2733
27.33
3
1.5
0
0.4775
47.75
2
1
0.5
0.2733
27.33
1
0.5
1
0.0844
8.44
0
0
1.5
0.0251
2.51
1
0.5
2
0.0085
0.85
2
1
2
n v: z,r1,r2 (m); P(kN); z (kN/m )

K2

K2P2

0.0085
0.0251
0.0844
0.2733
0.4775
0.2733
0.0844

0.85
2.51
8.44
27.33
47.75
27.33
8.44

2.3
7.5
14
13.7
14
7.5
2.3

V biu ng xut:

Bi 2:
Cho ti nh hnh v
Yu cu:
Tnh v v z v ( Tng ng xut) trn ng
thng ng i qua gc mng A,B v tm O n su
6m
Cho bit: h s n hng ca t o = 0.4
Bi lm:
1. Tnh v v z v trn ng thng ng qua
gc A
Chia biu ti trng thnh 3 dng c bn sau

A, kt qu tnh ton z ti cc im thng ng i qua gc mng: im A

m=

l 10
=
=2
b 5
Dng1

z(m)

n=z/b

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2

Dng2

Dng3

z (kN / m 2 )

k1

z = k1 p

k2

z = k2 pT

k3

z = k 3t

0.250
0.249
0.244
0.233
0.218
0.200
0.182

50
49.8
48.8
46.6
43.6
40.0
36.4

0
0.031
0.055
0.070
0.076
0.077
0.075

0
3.1
5.5
7.0
7.6
7.7
7.5

0.159
0.153
0.136
0.116
0.095
0.077
0.062

7.95
7.65
6.8
5.8
4.8
3.85
3.1

57.95
54.35
50.10
45.50
40.80
36.15
32.00

B, Kt qu tnh ton ti cc im trn ng thng ng i qua gc: im A

Dng1
z(m)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

n=z/b
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2

m=

Dng2

Dng3

= (1 + o ) 1 p

= (1 + o ) 2 pT

= (1 + o ) 3t

0.500
0.430
0.364
0.307
0.258
0.218
0.185

140.00
120.40
101.92
85.96
72.24
61.04
51.80

0.000
0.100
0.119
0.117
0.107
0.095
0.083

0.00
14.00
16.66
16.38
14.98
13.30
11.62

0.500
0.298
0.194
0.133
0.095
0.069

35.00
20.86
13.58
9.31
6.65
4.83

l 10
=
=2
b 5

1+o =1+0.4=1.4

(kN / m 2 )

141.40
106.12
83.16
66.57
54.39
45.01

2. Tnh v v biu /s z v trn ng thng ng i qua gc mng B

Chia ra nh sau:

A, kt qu tnh ton z ti cc im thng ng i qua gc mng: im B

m=

l 10
=
=2
b 5
Dng1

z(m)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

n=z/b
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2

Dng2

Dng3

z (kN / m 2 )

k1

z = k1 p

k2

z = k2 pT

k3

z = k 3t

0.250
0.249
0.244
0.233
0.218
0.200
0.182

25.0
24.9
24.4
23.3
21.8
20.0
18.2

0.000
0.031
0.055
0.070
0.076
0.077
0.075

0.0
3.1
5.5
7.0
7.6
7.7
7.5

0.159
0.153
0.136
0.116
0.096
0.077
0.062

7.95
7.65
6.8
5.8
4.8
3.85
3.10

17.05
20.35
23.10
24.50
24.60
33.85
22.6

B, Kt qu tnh ton ti cc im trn ng thng ng i qua gc: im B

m=

l 10
=
=2
b 5

1+o =1+0.4=1.4
Dng1

Dng2

Dng3

Z
(m)

n=z/
b

= (1 + o ) 1 p

= (1 + o ) 2 pT

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2

0.500
0.430
0.364
0.307
0.258
0.218
0.185

70.00
60.20
50.96
42.98
36.12
30.52
25.90

0.000
0.100
0.119
0.117
0.107
0.095
0.083

0.00
14.00
16.66
16.38
14.98
13.30
11.62

0.500
0.298
0.194
0.133
0.095
0.069

(kN / m 2 )

= (1 + o ) 3t

35.00
20.86
13.58
9.31
6.65
4.83

39.20
46.76
45.78
41.79
37.17
32.69

3.Tnh v v biu /s z v trn ng thng ng i qua tm mng O

Dng im O lm im gc chung chia din tch chu ti thnh 4 hnh ch nht bng nhau
vi cnh di 5m, cnh ngn 2.5m, ti trng thng ng trung bnh
p
pmin 200 + 100
ptb = max
=
= 150kN / m 2
2
2

ng xut z v ti O do ti trng ngang t gy ra bng khng.

Vy:
z = 4k1 ptb
= 4(1 + o ) 1 ptb
m=

l'
b

'

5
= 2 ; 1+o =1+0.4=1.4
2.5

Kt qu:
z(m)

n=

0
1
2
3
4
5
6.25

z
'

b
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.5

z
2.5

z = 4k1 ptb

k1

= 4(1 + o ) 1 ptb

0.500
0.364
0.258
0.185
0.136
0.102
0.075

(kN/m2)
420.00
302.40
216.72
155.40
114.24
85.68
63.00

(kN/m )
150.0
146.4
130.8
109.2
88.8
72.0
55.8

0.250
0.244
0.218
0.182
0.148
0.120
0.097

Biu nh sau:

Bi 3:
Mng bng b=1.4m chu ti phn b u p=200kN/m2. Tnh biu /x tng thm z trn
ng thng ng i qua cc im O,B,C,D v trn cc mt phng ngang OO, aa,bb v cc

10

Bi gii:
1. Kt qu tnh ton /x z trn ng thng ng i qua O:
z(m)

x/b

z/b
11

k=

z
p

z = kp (kN/m2)

0
1.4
2.8
4.2

0
0
0
0

0
1
2
3

1
0.55
0.31
0.21

200
110
62
42

2. Kt qu tnh ton /x z trn ng thng ng i qua B:

z(m)

x/b

0
1.4
2.8
4.2

z/b

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

k=

0
1
2
3

z = kp (kN/m2)

0.5
0.41
0.28
0.2

100
82
56
40

3. Kt qu tnh ton /x z trn ng thng ng i qua C:

z(m)

x/b

0
1.4
2.8
4.2

z/b

1
1
1
1

k=

0
1
2
3

z = kp (kN/m2)

0
0.19
0.2
0.17

0
38
40
34

4. Kt qu tnh ton /x z trn ng thng ng i qua D:

z(m)
0
1.4
2.8
4.2

x/b
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5

z/b

k=

0
1
2
3

z = kp (kN/m2)

0
0.07
0.14
0.13

0
14
28
26

T kt qu tnh ton ghi trong bng ta v c biu phn b /x trn cc ng thng ng i

qua O (ng 1) B(ng 2), C (ng 3), D(ng 4) v trn cc mt phng nm ngang OO,
aa,bb, cc.

12

Bi 1. Xc nh ng sut nn z ti su 10m trong nn t ng nht c thay i theo

qui lut (z) = 17.5 + 0.01z trong tnh theo kN/m3, z theo kPa v z theo m.
Bi lm:
S dng cng thc IV.1 dng:
dz = (z) dz
hay
dz = (17.5 + 0.01z)dz
Gii phng trnh vi phn ' 0.01 = 17.5 vi iu kin bin = 0 ti z = 0 ta c
phng trnh xc nh z sau y:
z = 1750( e 0.01z 1)
Ti su z = 10m: z = 1750(e0.1 1) = 184 kPa
(S dng cng thc IV.1a c th tnh gn ng nh sau: Trc tin gi s tb = const =
17.5, ta c z = 175 kPa. (z) ti z = 10m phi l (17.5 + 1.75) = 19.25 do chn li tb
= (17.5 + 19.25)/2 = 18.38 cho ln th th hai ta c z = 183.8. Tip tc vi z = 17.5 +
1.84 = 19.34 ta c tb = (19.34 + 17.5) /2 = 18.42 ta c z = 184.2 kPa cho ln th th
ba. So snh ln th th hai vi th ba ta thy sai s khng ng k do c th xc nh
gn ng z = (183.8 + 184.2)/2 = 184 kPa.)

13

Bi 2:
a tng trong phm vi kho st gm 3 lp (k t mt t t nhin) nh sau:
- t 0 3m: t ct pha c trng lng th tch = 18 kN/m3
- t 3 8m: t ct mn cht va c trng lng th tch = 17 kN/m3
- t 8m tr i: t st c trng lng th tch = 21 kN/m3 ( coi t khng thm nc)
a, Hy xc nh ng sut nn z do trng lng bn thn t gy ra cc su 2m, 5m
v 11m k t mt t t nhin.
b, V biu ng sut z theo su.
Bi lm
a, Tnh ng xut:
* su z1 = 2m t thuc lp th nht c 1 = 18 kN/m3, ta c:
z1 = 1z1 = 18*2 = 36 kN/m2
* su z2 = 5m, t thuc lp th hai c 2 = 17 kN/m3, ta c:
z2 = 1h1 + 2(z h1) = 18*3 + 17*2 = 88 kN/m2
* su z3 = 11m, t thuc lp th ba c = 21 kN/m3, ta c:
z3 = 1h1 + 2h2 + 3[( z (h1 + h2)] = 18*3 + 17*5 + 21*(11 - (3+5)) = 202 kN/m2
b, xy dng biu z = f(z):
Ta cn xc nh z ti cc su phn lp v ti mt im bt k thuc lp cui cng l
c. Trong trng hp ny chng ta xc nh gi tr z ti cc im c z = 0 (bt u
lp th nht); z = 3m (im kt thc lp th nht, bt u lp th hai); z = 8m (im kt
thc lp th hai v bt u lp th ba) v z = 11m (im bt k thuc lp th ba). Biu
z =f(z) nh trn hnh v IV.4
ti z = 0, z = 0 kN/m2
ti z = 3m, z = 3*18 = 54 kN/m2
ti z = 8m, z = 54 + (8-3)*17 = 139 kN/m2
ti z = 11m, z = 139 + (11-8)*21 = 202 kN/m2

14

0 .0 m
Lp1: ct pha

-3 .0 m

5 4 k N /m

L p 2 : c t m n
-8 .0 m
1 3 9 k N /m

Lp 3: st

2 0 2 k N /m

-1 1 .0 m
2

Bi 2:
a tng tng t trong v d I
- t 0 3m: t ct pha c trng lng th tch = 18 kN/m3
- t 3 8m: t ct mn cht va c trng lng th tch = 17 kN/m3
- t 8m tr i: t st c trng lng th tch = 21 kN/m3.
Mc nc ngm su 4m. Hy v biu ng sut hu hiu theo su bit rng
trng lng th tch t ct bo ha bh = 20 kN/m3.

15

Bi lm:

v biu ng sut ta phi tnh gi tr ti cc su bt u c s thay i ca

t v mt im bt k thuc lp cui cng.
su tng ng trong v d ny l z = 3, 4, 8 v 12 (m).
ti z = 3m: z = 3*18 = 54 kN/m2; uz = 0 kN/m2;
z = z - uz = 54 kN/m2.
ti z = 4m: z = 54 + (4-3)*17 = 73 kN/m2;
uz = 0 kN/m2; z = 73 kN/m2.
ti z = 8-0m: z = 73 + (8-4)*20 = 153 kN/m2;
uz = 10*(8-4) = 40 kN/m2; z = 113 kN/m2.
ti z = 8+0 m: z = 153 kN/m2;
uz = 0 kN/m2; z = 153 kN/m2
ti z = 12m: z = 153 + (12-8)*21 = 234 kN/m2;
uz = 0; z = 234 kN/m2
Tr a cht m t a tng v biu ng sut hu hiu nh sau:
0.0m
Lp1: ct pha
54

-3.0m
-4.0m
MNN

73
Lp 2: ct mn
40

113

-8.0m

153
-12.0m
Lp 3: st
234

16

Nu sau mc nc ngm b h thp n su 7m th hin tng g s xy ra?

Khi nc ngm h thp n su 7m :

Trng lng th tch n v ca t ct pha khng thay i, ng sut trong t trong
phm vi lp t ny khng thay i. Mc nc ngm h t su 4m (k t mt t t
nhin) xung su 7m, lp ct ht mn gm phn trn dy 1m (t su 3m n
su 4m) c trng lng th tch n v khng i, phn tip theo dy 3m (t su 4m
n su 7m) c trng lng th tch n v thay i, p lc nc l rng thay i; lp
di dy 1m trng lng th tch n v khng i nhng p lc nc l rng thay i.
Nhng thay i ny nh hng lm thay i trng thi ng sut trong lp t st cui
cng mc d trng lng th tch n v v p lc nc trong lp t ny khng thay
i. Kt qu s thay i ny c th hin trn biu ng sut hu hiu, ng sut hu
hiu trong lp ct ht mn tng lm cho t b ln. Vic h thp mc nc ngm trong
t s lm cho t b ln.

17

Bi 3:
Lc tp trung thng ng P = 500 kN ( 50 Tn) tc dng im O trn mt t. Hy
tnh ng sut nn thng ng z ti cc im A, B, C nm ti su 3m v cch trc
ng Oz nhng khong 0m, 2m, 4m v im D su 4m v cch trc ng Oz mt
khong 2m.
Bi lm:
Cng thc chung tnh ng xut do lc tp trung gy ra: z = K

r
= 0; tra bng ta c kP = 0.4475,
z
500
z = 0.4475* 2 = 26.5 kN/m2
3
r
ti im B (2,3): = 0.67; tra bng ta c kP = 0.1890,
z
500
z = 0.1890* 2 = 10.5 kN/m2
3
r
ti im C (4,3): = 1.33; tra bng ta c kP = 0.0376,
z
500
z = 0.0376* 2 = 2.1 kN/m2
3

ti im A (0,3):

P =500kN
x
O

A ( 0 ,3 )

B ( 2 ,3 )

C ( 4 ,3 )

D ( 2 ,4 )

r
= 0.5; tra bng ta c kP = 0.2733,
z
500
z = 0.2733* 2 = 8.5 kN/m2
4

ti im D (2,4):

18

P
z2

Bi 4 :

Ba lc tp trung thng ng P1 = 500 kN, P2 = 700 kN v P3 = 300 kN tc dng ti ba

im O1, O2 v O3 cch nhau ln lt 2m v 4m nh trn hnh. Hy xc nh ng sut
nn thng ng z ti im A su 3m trn trc ng Oz v im B su 3m
cch Oz mt khong 3m nh trn hnh.
Bi lm:
Trong h ta Oxyz, ta cc im A, B xc nh: A(0,0,3); B(4,3,3); cc im
O1,O2, O3: O1(0,0,0); O2(2,0,0); O3(4,0,0)

P1
=500kN

2m

2m

P2
=700kN

P3
=500kN

O
B'(4,3,0)
3m

A(0,0,3)
y

B(4,3,3)

ng sut z ti im A xc nh theo cng thc:

n
P
z = k P i 2i trong , n = 3; kPi = f(ri/z) tra theo bng.
z
i =1
r1 = khong cch t A n trc ng qua O1 (trc O1z), r1 = 0,

19

r1 0
= =0
z 3

r2 2
= = 0.67
z 3
r 4
r3 = khong cch t A n trc ng qua O3, r3 = 4m, 3 = = 1.33
z 3
Tra bng ta c kP1 = 0.4775; kP2 = 0.1890; kP3 = 0.0376.

r2 = khong cch t A n trc ng qua O2, r2 = 2m,

Thay vo ta c:
500
700
300
zA = 0.4775* 2 + 0.1890* 2 + 0.0376* 2 = 42.5 kN/m2
3
3
3
ng sut ti im B xc nh tng t:
r 5
r1 = khong cch t B n trc ng qua O, r1 = 5m, 1 = = 1.67
z 3
r2 = khong cch t B n trc ng qua O2,
r2 = (x B x O 2 ) 2 + (y B y O 2 ) 2 = (4 2) 2 + (3 0) 2 = 3.6m,
r2/z = 3.6/ 3 = 1.2
r3 = khong cch t B n trc ng qua O3,
r3 = (x B x O 3 ) 2 + (y B y O 3 ) 2 = (4 4) 2 + (3 0) 2 = 3m
r3/z = 3/3 = 1
Tra bng ta c: kP1 = 0.1890; kP2 = 0.0513; kP3 = 0.0844.
500
700
300
zB = 0.1890* 2 + 0.0513* 2 + 0.0844* 2 = 17.3 kN/m2
3
3
3

20

Bi 5:
Ti trng phn b u mt t vi cng p = 150 kN/m2 trn hnh ch nht kch
thc 3 x 5 (m). Hy xc nh ng sut nn z ti cc su 1, 2, 5 (m) trn trc ng
qua tm hnh ch nht.
p = 1 5 0 k N /m 2

l= 5 m

b=3m

Bi lm:

= 1.67;
b 3
Gi cc im cn tnh ng sut cc su 1, 2, 5m ln lt l I, II, III.
z 1
ti I: z = 1m; = = 0.33. Tra bng ta c k0 = f(1.67, 0.33) = 0.9077,
b 3
z = 0.9077*150 = 136.1 kN/m2
Ni suy:
[k(1.6, 0.3) = 0.9261; k(1.7, 0.3) = 0.9281 k(1.67, 0.3) = 0.9275;
k(1.6, 0.4) = 0.8589; k(1.7, 0.4) = 0.8628) k(1.67, 0.4) = 0.8616
k(1.67,0.33) = 0.9077]
z 2
ti II: z = 2m, = = 0.67, k0 = 0.6564, z = 0.6564*150 = 98.5 kN/m2
b 3
Cch 1: Theo cc d kin ban u ta c chung

[k(1.6, 0.6) = 0.7030; k(1.7, 0.6) = 0.7108 k(1.67, 0.6) = 0.7084;

k(1.6, 0.7) = 0.6276; k(1.7, 0.7) = 0.6370) k(1.67,0.7) = 0.6342
21

 k(1.67,0.67) = 0.6564]
ti III:

z = 5m,

z 5
= = 1.67, k0 = 0.2235, z = 0.2235*150 = 33.5 kN/m2
b 3

[k(1.6, 1.6) = 0.2318; k(1.7, 1.6) = 0.2415 k(1.67, 1.6) = 0.2386;

k(1.6, 1.7) = 0.2107; k(1.7, 1.7) = 0.2199) k(1.67, 1.7) = 0.2171
k(1.67,1.67) = 0.2235]

Cch 2:
l=5m
p=150kN/m2

2.5m

O (I,II,III)

B'

1.5m

D'

C'

b=3m

A'

1.5m

2.5m

Din phn b ca ti trng ABCD l tng hp ca ti trng trn 4 hnh AAOD;

ABBO; BCCO v OCDD c din tch nh nhau,
l
b
kch thc l = = 2.5m; b = = 1.5. Cc im cn tnh ng sut nm trn ng
2
2
thng ng qua gc ca 4 din do , p dng cng thc,lu n tnh i xng qua
O, ta c:
l' z
l'
2.5
z = 4kc*p, trong kc = f( ; );
=
= 1.67
b' b'
b' 1. 5
z
1
ti I: z = 1m,
=
= 0.67. Tra bng ta c
b' 1.5
kc = f(1.67; 0.67) = 0.2264; z = 4*0.2264*150 = 135.8 kN/m2
[kc(1.6; 0.6) = 0.2315; kc(1.6; 0.7) = 0.2236 kc(1.6; 0.67) = 0.2260; kc(1.7; 0.6) =
0.2320; kc(1.7; 0.7) = 0.2243 kc(1.7; 0.67) = 0.2266 kc(1.67; 0.67) = 0.2264]
22

tng t, ti II, z = 2m,

z
2
=
= 1.33, kc = f(1.67; 1.33) = 0.1649; z =
b'
1.5

4*0.1649*150 = 98.9 kN/m2

[kc(1.6; 1.3) = 0.1662; kc(1.6; 1.4) = 0.1569 kc(1.6; 1.33) = 0.1634; kc(1.7; 1.3) =
0.1683; kc(1.7; 1.4) = 0.1593 kc(1.7; 1.33) = 0.1656 kc(1.67; 1.33) = 0.1649]
z
5
=
= 3.33, kc = f(1.67; 3.33) = 0.0582; z = 4*0.0582*150 = 34.9
ti III: z =5m,
b' 1.5
kN/m2
[kc(1.6; 3.0) = 0.0640; kc(1.6; 3.5) = 0.0503 kc(1.6; 3.33) = 0.0552; kc(1.8; 3.0) =
0.0689; kc(1.8; 3.5) = 0.0546 kc(1.8; 3.33) = 0.0594 kc(1.67; 3.33) = 0.0582]

23

V d IV.6. Cho ti trng trong v d IV.5. Tnh ng sut nn thng ng ti cc im

M, N trn trc ng qua gc A, cc su ln lt 2 v 5 (m); cc im V, W trn
ng thng ng qua im J, su 0.5 v 1m nh trn hnh IV.12.
Gii:
i vi cc im M, N, ta p dng cng thc im gc (IV.14):
z z
l 5
z = kc*p, trong kc = f( = = 1.67; = ).
b 3
b 3
z 2
Ti im M, z = 2m, = = 0.67; kc = f(1.67; 0.67) = 0.2264;
b 3
z = 0.2264*150 = 34.0 kN/m2
z 5
Ti im N, z = 5m, = = 1.67; kc = f(1.67; 1.67) = 0.1359,
b 3
z = 0.1359*150 = 20.4 kN/m2
i vi cc im V, W nm ngoi vng t ti: Tng tng vng phn b ca ti
trng p ko di n tn A*J ta thy ng sut do ti trng trn ABCD gy ra ti V, W
chnh bng ng sut ti do ti trng trn A*BCJ gy ra tr ng sut do ti trng trn
A*ADJ gy ra:
z = z(A*BCJ) - z(A*ADJ)
T ta c cch tnh nh sau c gi l phng php im gc
z = p*(kc(A*BCJ) kc(A*ADJ)) = p*(kc1 kc2)
l
l
z
z
);kc2 = kc(A*ADJ) = f ( A*ADJ ;
).
trong , kc1 = kc(A*BCJ) = f( A*BCJ ;
b A*BCJ b A*BCJ
b A*ADJ b A*ADJ
Thay lA*BCJ = A*B = 8m; bA*BCJ = 3m; lA*ADJ = 3m; bA*ADJ = 3m, ta c:
z z
z z
kc1 = f(2.67; = ); kc2 = f(1; = )
b 3
b 3
Ti im V, z = 0.5m: kc1 = f(2.67; 0.33) = 0.2467; kc2 = f(1; 0.33) = 0.2430; z =
150*(0.2467 - 0.2430) = 0.5 kN/m2
Ti im W, z = 1m: kc1 = f(2.67; 0.67) = 0.2290; kc2 = f(1; 0.67) = 0.2152; z =
150*(0.2290 - 0.2152) = 2.1 kN/m2
Phng php im gc c p dng tnh ng sut ti mt im bt k theo
nguyn l cng tc dng. Khi p dng cn lu du ca ng sut do tc dng ca ti
trng trn cc vng khng c thc gy ra !!!

24

Bi 7:

Ti trng phn b tam gic trn hnh ch nht nh hnh v. Tnh ng sut nn z ti cc
im M, nm trn trc ng qua gc A, su 3m v N nm trn trc ng qua gc
B, su 2m.
Bi lm:
p = 1 8 0 k N /m 2

z
b=4m

l=2m

B
y

Ti trng thay i theo chiu cnh 4m: b = 4m; l = 2m l/b = 2/4 = 0.5.
Ti im M nm trn trc ng qua A l qua gc ca din t ti ng vi ti trng b,
ng sut ti M xc nh nh sau vi z = 3m l su ca im cn tnh ng sut:
kB = f(l/b; z/b) = f(2/4; 3/4) = f(0.5; 0.75) = 0.0502
z = kB*p = 0.0502*180 = 9.0 kN/m2
Ti im N, z = 2m: im N nm trn trc ng qua gc chu ti trng ln, ng sut ti
N xc nh nh sau
kA = f(l/b; z/b) = f(2/4; 2/4) = f(0.5; 0.5) = 0.1502 tra bng
z = kA*p = 0.1502*180 = 27.0 kN/m2

25

V d IV.8

Ti trng phn b hnh thang trn din ch nht nh hnh IV.14. Hy xc nh ng sut
nn z ti su 2m ngay di tm ch nht chu ti.
Gii:
V im cn tnh ng sut (im N) nm trn trc ng qua tm din chu ti ch nht,
ta coi din chu ti gm 4 ch nht nh kch thc 1 x 2 (m) cho im N thuc vo
gc ca c 4 hnh: nh hng ca ti trng trn hnh 1 v 2 ln im N l nh nhau;
ca hnh 3 v 4 ln N l nh nhau.
a, i vi nh hng ca hnh 1: ti trng c coi gm 2 phn. Phn ti trng phn b
u cng p1 = 140 kN/m2 v phn phn b tam gic cng ln nht p = (p2 p1)/2 = (200 - 140)/2 = 30 kN/m2
a1, ng sut ti trng phn b u p = p1 = 140 kN/m2 gy ra
z(a1) = kc*p = 0.1202*140 = 14.3 kN/m2
trong , kc = f(l/b; z/b) = f(2/1; 2/1) = f(2; 2) = 0.1202 (Tra bng IV.3)
a2, ng sut do ti phn b tam gic p = 30 kN/m2 gy ra, im N nm trn gc ti
trng ln, ti trng thay i theo chiu cnh di: b = 2m; l = 1m l/b = 1/2 = 0.5
z (a2) = kA*p = 0.0755*30 = 2.7 kN/m2
trong kA = f(l/b; z/b) = f(0.5; 1) = 0.0755 (Tra bng IV.4b)
* Tng ng sut do ti trng trn hnh 1 gy ra:
z(1) = z(a1) + z(a2) = 14.3 + 2.7 = 17.0 kN/m2

b, i vi nh hng ca hnh 3, tng t ta coi ti trng gm hai phn: ti trng phn

b u cng p = (p1 + p ) = ( 140 + 30 ) = 170 kN/m2 v ti trng phn b tam gic
p = (p2 - p) = ( 200 - 170) = 30 kN/m2.
b1, ng sut do ti trng phn b u cng p gy ra:
z(b1) = kc*p = 0.1202*170 = 20.4 kN/m2
trong , kc = f (l/b; z/b) = f(2/1; 2/1) = f(2; 2) = 0.1202
b2, ng sut do ti trng phn b tam gic cng p = 30 kN/m2 gy ra, im N nm
trn gc ti trng b, ti trng phn b theo chiu cnh di: b = 2m; l =1m l/b =
0.5
z(b2) = kB*p = 0.0447*30 = 1.3 kN/m2
trong , kB = f (l/b; z/b) = f(0.5; 1) = 0.0447 (Tra bng IV.4a)
* Tng ng sut do ti trng trn hnh 3 gy ra:
z(3) = z(b1) + z(b2) = 20.4 + 1.3 = 21.7 kN/m2
c, ng sut do yng ti trng ngoi phn b hnh thang gy ra
z = 2*[z(1) + z(3)] = 2*[17.0 + 21.7] = 77.4 kN/m2

26

Bi 6:
Ti trng hnh bng phn b u cng p = 300 kN/m2 trn b rng b = 4m. Hy xc
nh ng sut ti cc im A, B, C, D, E trn hnh su 1, 2, 3.5m.
b=4m
p=300kN/m2

A(0,1)

B(0,2)

C(2,2)

D(2,4)

E(0,3.5)

Bi lm:

Ti im A: x = 0; z = 1m x/b = 0; z/b = 0.25

(Tra bng ),, z = 0.9570*300 = 287.1 kN/m2
kz = f(0; 0.25) = 0.9570
kx = f(0; 0.25) = 0.4566 (Tra bng ), x = 0.4566*300 = 137 kN/m2
k = f(0; 0.25) = 0 (Tra bng ), zx = 0
Ti im B: x = 0; z = 2m x/b = 0; z/b = 0.5
kz = f(0; 0.5) = 0.8183; z = 0.8183*300 = 245.5 kN/m2
kx = f(0; 0.5) = 0.1817; x = 0.1817*300 = 54.5 kN/m2
k = f(0; 0.5) = 0; zx = 0
Ti im C: x = 2m; z = 2m x/b = 2/4 = 0.5; z/b = 2/4 = 0.5
kz = f(0.5; 0.5) = 0.4797; z = 0.4797*300 = 143.9 kN/m2
kx = f(0.5; 0.5) = 0.2251; x = 0.2251*300 = 67.5 kN/m2
k = f(0.5; 0.5) = 0.2546; zx = 0.2546*300 = 76.4 kN/m2
Ti im D: x = 4m; z = 2m x/b = 4/4 = 1; z/b = 2/4 = 0.5
kz = f(1; 0.5) = 0.0839; z = 0.0839*300 = 25.7 kN/m2
kx = f(1; 0.5) = 0.2112; x = 0.2112*300 = 63.3 kN/m2
k = f(1; 0.5) = 0.1273; zx = 0.1273*300 = 38.2 kN/m2
27

Ti im E: x = 0; z = 3.5m x/b = 0; z/b = 3.5/4 = 0.875

kz = f(0; 0.875) = 0.6058; z = 0.6058*300 = 181.7 kN/m2
kx = f(0; 0.875) = 0.0558; x = 0.0558*300 = 16.7 kN/m2
k = f(0; 0.875) = 0

28

Bi 8:

Tnh ng sut z ti cc im M, N v Q do ti trng hnh bng thng ng phn b

hnh thang trn hnh gy ra.

b=4m

p=300kN/m2

p=200kN/m

2m

2m
B(0,2)

2m
C(2,2)

D(2,4)

E(0,4)
z

Bi lm:

Ti trng tc dng c coi l tng ca hai ti trng: ti trng phn b u cng p1

= pmin = 200 kN/m2 v ti trng phn b tam gic cng ln nht p2 = (pmax - pmin) =
100 kN/m2. ng sut ti mt im bt k l tng ng sut do hai ti trng ni trn gy
ra.
Ti im C: (x,z) = (2, 2) x/b = 0.5; z/b = 0.5.
theo bng ti ch nht ta c:
k1= f(0.5; 0.5)= 0.4797;
theo bng ti tam gic ta c:
k2 = f(0.5; 0.5) = 0.409.
Vy ng sut ti C, z = 0.4797*200 + 0.409*100 = 136.8 kN/m2.
Ti im D: (x,z) = (4, 2) x/b = 1.0; z/b = 0.5.
theo bng ch nht ta c:
k1= f(1.0; 0.5)= 0.0839;
29

theo bng tam gic ta c:

k2 = f(1.0; 0.5) = 0.352.
Vy ng sut ti D, z = 0.0839*200 + 0.352*100 = 52.0 kN/m2.
Ti im E: (x,z) = (0, 4) x/b = 0.0; z/b = 1.0.
Theo bng ch nht ta c:
k1= f(0.0; 1.0)= 0.5498;
Theo bng tam gic ta c:
k2 = f(0.0; 1.0) = 0.159.
Vy ng sut ti E, z = 0.5498*200 + 0.159*100 = 125.9 kN/m2.
V d IV.11. Mt mng n BTCT y hnh ch nht kch thc 2 x 3(m) t su 1.5m
trong nn t c = 1.8 T/m3 tip nhn ti trng 58.2T mc mt t. Hy v biu
ng sut z trong t theo trc ng i qua tm mng.
Gii:
S bi ton nh trn hnh IV.23. Ti trng mc mt t, P0 = 58.2T. Ti trng tip
xc, ptx, xc nh theo (IV.22a):
58.2
ptx = (
+ 2*1.5) = 12.7 T/m2
6
Ti trng gy ln, pgl, xc nh theo (IV.26):
pgl = 12.7 1.8*1.5 = 10 T/m2
v c biu ng sut, ta xc nh gi tr ti mt s im cc su khc nhau.
Ti z = 0: ng sut trng thi ban u do trng lng bn thn t gy ra, 0 = *(z +
hm) = 1.8*1.5 = 2.7 kN/m2; ng sut gy ln, gl = k0*pgl= 1*10 = 10 T/m2 ;ng sut
trng thi n nh, 1 = 0 + gl = 12.7 T/m2.
Ti z = 1 (m): ng sut trng thi ban u 0 = 1.8*(1.0 + 1.5) = 4.5 T/m2;ng sut
gy ln, gl = k0*pgl = 0.7746*10 = 7.75 T/m2
ng sut trng thi n nh, 1 = 0 + gl = 12.25 T/m2.
Tng t, cc su khc (z = 2; 3; 4; 6...) chng ta xc nh v lp thnh bng sau:
su (m)
0 (T/m2) gl(T/m2)
1 (T/m2)
0
2.70
10.00
12.70
1
4.50
7.75
12.25
2
6.30
4.28
10.58
3
8.10
2.45
10.55
4
9.90
1.53
11.43
6
13.50
0.74
14.24

30

2
(T/m )

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

31

z (m)

Bi tp chng 5:
Bi 1:
Tnh ln n nh ca mt mng ch nht c kch thc a=8,0m; b=4,0m. su
t mng hm=2,0m. Mng xy trn nn 2 lp, trong lp th nht c chiu dy 7,5m.
p lc ca cng trnh tc dng trn nn t y mng l po = 2,4kg/cm2. Cc s liu
tnh ton khc cho trong bng sau y.
Lp1: = 2T/m3
Th nghim nn cho kt qu nh sau:
P(kg/cm2)
H s rng e

0
0,544

1
0,360

2
0,268

3
0,218

4
0,205

Lp 2: Ct ht nh 1,8T/m3; qc=50kg/cm2
Bi lm:
* Xc nh p lc gy ln:
p=po- hm;
p = 2,4

kg
kg
kg
0,002 3 .200cm = 2,4 0,4 = 2 2
2
cm
cm
cm

* V biu p lc bn thn ca t v biu ng xut ph thm:

Chia nn t ra thnh tng lp phn t vi chiu dy hi < b/4; y ta chia lp I thnh
6 lp phn t vi 5 phn t u hi = 1m; cn lp phn t cui hi =0,5m. Lp II thnh 4
lp phn t vi hi = 1m.
Tnh p lc bn thn ca t ti cc im 1,2,3.... theo cng thc:
bt= i( hm + zi)
trong
bt - p lc bn thn ca t ti im i
i - trng lng n v ca lp t cha im i
zi- chiu su k t y mng ti im i
hm- su t mng
Tnh ng xut ph thm ti cc im 1,2,3.... theo cng thc
i= ko p
trong
zi - ng xut ph thm ti im th i
p - p lc tnh ln
ko - h s ng xut tm mng, ph thuc vo cc t s a/b v z/b

4000

0.000

po=2,4 kg/cm2
-2.000
0

2 kg/cm2
1000

0,4 kg/cm2

1
0,6 kg/cm2

1000

1,816 kg/cm2
2

st pha
0,8 kg/cm2

1,468 kg/cm2

3
1,204 kg/cm2
1000

1 kg/cm2

1000

Phn t

1,2 kg/cm2

-7.500

1,4 kg/cm2

0,698 kg/cm2

0,648 kg/cm2
1000

1,5 kg/cm2

500

1000

0,94 kg/cm2

7
1,68 kg/cm2

1000

0,508 kg/cm2
8

1,86 kg/cm2

0,304 kg/cm2

Ct ht nh

Phn t

0,8 kg/cm2

1,468 kg/cm2
z

1000

P1

1,0 kg/cm2 1,204 kg/cm2

P 2 = P1 + z

Kt qu tnh ton c lp thnh bng nh sau:

Lp
I

II

im
tnh
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

Zi(m)

bt(kg/cm2)

a/b

z/b

ko

zi

0
1
2
3
4
5
5,5

0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,5

2
2
2
2
2
2
2

0
0,25
0,5
0,75
1,0
1,25
1,375

1
0,908
0,734
0,602
0,470
0,349
0,324

2,0
1,816
1,468
1,204
0,940
0,698
0,648

7
8

6,5
7,5

1,68
1,86

2
2

1,625
1,875

0,254
0,152

0,508
0,304

Tnh ln:
* Xc nh chiu su vng chu nn:
Ta thy chiu su z = 7,5m tng ng vi im 8 th tr s ng xut bn thn
bt8 = 1,86 kg/cm2 v tr s ng xut ph thm z8 = 0,304 kg/cm2 tho mn iu kin:
0,2 bt8 > z8. Do vy, ta ly chiu su vng chu nn Hc = 7,5m.
* Tnh ln theo cng thc:
n

S =
1

e1i e2i
hi
1 + e1i

Cho lp t 1 - t dnh

Trong : S - ln n nh cui cng ca trng tm y mng

e1i; e2i h s rng ca t ng vi p1i v p2i
Trong :
p1i =

bti 1 + bti
2

p 2i = p1i + zi

zi =

zi 1 + zi
2

hi - chiu dy lp t th i
3

S=

Eo

zi hi

Cho lp t 2 - t ri

Trong : - h s tnh t h s poisson ca t:

2 2
= 1
1

C th ly = 0,8

zi =

zi 1 + zi
2

hi - chiu dy lp t th i
Eo = ; qc Ct ht nh qc= 50kg/cm2 tra bng chn ;=2
Eo = 2 50 = 100 kg/cm2

Kt qu tnh ton c trnh by trong bng sau y:

Tng
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

hi(m)
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
0,5
1,0
1,0

p1i(kg/cm2)
0,5
0,7
0,9
1,1
1,3
1,45

zi(kg/cm2)
1,908
1,642
1,336
1,072
0,819
0,673

P2i(kg/cm2)
2,408
2,342
2,236
2,172
2,119
2,123

e1i
0,44
0,4
0,37
0,35
0,33
0,31

Eo(kg/cm2)
100
100

z(kg/cm2)
0,578
0,406

e2i
0,25
0,246
0,253
0,255
0,260
0,268

Si(cm)
13,2
11,0
8,5
7,0
5,3
1,6
4,6
3,2

Vy ln bng: S = Si = 54,4cm
Bi 2:
Xc nh ln n nh ca mt mng ch nht c kch thc a=4m, b=2m nm trn
mt lp t st dy 4m, di l lp ct.
Lp st c Eo = 10 103 kN/m2, = 0,3; = 0,18 102 kN/m3
su t mng hm=1,5m.
p lc tnh ln phn b u trn mng l p = 1102 kN/m2

Bi lm:
0.000

p0 = 100 kN/m2
-1.500

5500

2000

-5.500

bt = 0,18102 5,5 = 1,034 102 kN/m2

z = 0,1881102 kN/m2
Tc l tho mn iu kin z 0,2bt, do chiu su vng chu nn ly n y lp
t st

Ti su z=4m

Vi:

l
z
= 2; = 2 tra bng ta tm c:
b
b

k i= 0,773; k i-1 =0,000

5

 ln n nh tnh theo cng thc: S =

Thay s vo:

S=

pb
(ki ki 1 )
C

trong :

C=

Eo
1 o2

1 102 2 (1 0,32 )
(0,773 0,000) = 0,014m = 1,4cm
10 103

Bi 3:
Xc nh ln n nh theo phng php lp tng ng ca mt mng khi ch
nht c kch thc (1,6 3,2) m2, chn su 1,5m, t trn nn t gm nhiu lp nh
sau. Ch tiu c l trong bng:
Lp
Chiu dy(m)
H s nn a (10-2
m2/kN)
H s rng e

I
1,5

II
2,0
0,013

III
1,5
0,02

IV
0,025

0,63

0,74

0,81

p lc tnh ton phn b u trn y mng l: p = 2102kN/m2

Bi lm:

0.000

1500

B=1,6m

Hm=-1,5m

h = 4,76m

3760
2010
630

1260

1500

2000

p= 2x10 kN/m2

-6.260

Tnh ln cui cng:

S=aomphs
Tnh chiu cao H=2hsca biu p lc ln tng ng.
Mng tuyt i cng =

l
=2
b

Nn c c cc loi t ct v st tc = 0,3 tra bng c Aconst = 1,49

Vy hs = Aconst b = 1,49 1,6 = 2,38m
H= 2 hs= 2,38 2 = 4,76m
Tnh h s nn bnh qun aom
Tnh h s nn tng i cho tng lp
ao 2 =

a2
0.013.102
=
= 0.008.10 2 m 2 / kN
1 + e2
1 + 0.63

ao3 =

a3
0.02.102
=
= 0.0115.10 2 m 2 / kN
1 + e3
1 + 0.74

ao 4 =

a4
0,025 10 2
=
= 0,0138 10 2 m 2 / kN
1 + e4
1 + 0,81

Xt khong cch z t nh biu /s n im gia ca mi lp

7

1
z 4 = 1,26 ( 1,26) = 0,63m
2
1,5
z 3 = 1,26 +
= 2,01m
2
2
z 2 = 1,26 + 1,5 + = 3,76m
2
aoi hi zi tc l:
aom =
2hs2

a om =

2.0.008.10 2.3.76 + 1.5.0.0115.10 2.2.01 + 1.26.0.0138.10 2.0.63

= 0.0093.10 2 m 2 / kN
2.2.38 2

Vy ln n nh cui cng l
S=aomphs

S = 2.38 0.0093.102 2.102 = 0.0442m = 4.42cm

Bi 4:
A

1m

2m

4m

2m

3m
2m

Hai mng A v B xy cng mt lc. Kch thc nh trn hnh. Dng phng php
cng biu /s tnh ln tm mng A c xt n nh hng ca mng B, bit nn
t l st pha vi cc c trng nh sau: = 1,8 103kN/m3; =0,25;
H s rng thin nhin eo= 0,680;
Kt qu th nghim nn:
P(kN/m2)
H s rng e

1102
0,617

2102
0,590

3102
0,580

4102
0,573

hm= 2.5m; Ti phn b u: po= 2102 kN/m2

Bi lm:
p lc gy ln: p = po - hm = 2102 2,51,8101= 1,55102kN/m2
V ng xut bn thn.
bt= ( hm + zi)
ng xut ph thm:
ziA = 4 K gi p
Mng A:
I
II
ziB = 2( K gi
K gi
)p

Mng B:

I
II
zi = ziA + ziB = 2(2 K gi + K gi
K gi
)p

Tng cng:

II
K gi = K gi
v cc hnh ch nht ang xt c cc t s

Xt thy:

a
z
v
bng nhau,
b
b

I
zi = 2( K gi + K gi
)p

do :

Kt qu:
im

hi(m)

zi(m)

bt(kN/m2)

0
1
2
3
4
5

2,5
3,5
4,5
5,5
6,5
7,5

0
1
2
3
4
5

0,45102
0,63102
0,81102
0,99102
1,17102
1,35102

zi
b
0
1
2
3
4
5

kgi

kgiI

K gi+kgiI

z(kN/m2)

0,2500
0,1999
0,1202
0,0732
0,0474
0,0328

0,2500
0,2044
0,1363
0,0950
0,0712
0,0547

0,5000
0,4043
0,2565
0,1691
0,1186
0,0875

1,550102
1,253102
0,795102
0,524102
0,368102
0,271102

Chiu su phm vi vng chu nn: Hc=5m ti : z 0,2 bt

n

S =

Tnh ln:

Tng
1
2
3
4
5

hi(m)
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0

e1i e2i
hi
1 + e1i

p1i(kN/m2)
0,54102
0,72102
0,90102
1,08102
1,26102

P2i(kN/m2)
1,94102
1,74102
1,56102
1,53102
1,58102

e1i
0,641
0,630
0,627
0,615
0,608

Si(m)
0,024
0,021
0,015
0,011
0,006

e2i
0,591
0,595
0,607
0,597
0,508

Si = 0,077m= 7,7cm

Bi 5:

1m

2m

4m

2m

3m
2m

10

Dng phng php im gc lp tng ng tnh ln trng tm mng A trong v

d trn .
Bi lm:
Tnh chiu dy lp tng ng:
Mng A:
l/b= 4/2=2; =0.25 Bng Ao =1.72
hs= Ao b=1.72 . 2.0=3.44m
Mng B:
l/b=5/1=5; =0.25 Bng Ac =1.184
hs hnh I:
hs = 1.184 . 1.0 = 1.184m
l/b=2/1=2; =0.25 Bng Ac =0.862
hs hnh o II:
hs = 0.862 . 1.0 = 0.862m
Vy chiu dy lp tng ng cho ton b ti trng tm mng A l:
hs = hso + 2 hsI 2 h s II = 3.44+2 1.184 2 0.862 = 4.08m
p lc tnh ln: p = 1.55.102kN/m2
T ng cong nn p: ta tm c ao= 0.012. 10-2 m2/kN
ln n nh ti tm mng A:
S= hsaop = 4.08 . 0.012.10-2.1.55.102 =0.076m= 7.6cm.

Bi 6:
Tnh ln theo thi gian ca mt lp t st ng nht dy 8m, nm trn lp
khng thm nc. ng xut phn b theo dng hnh thang t p1 = 2.4. 102 kN/m2 mt
trn n p2 = 1.6 . 102 kN/m2 su z=8m.
Cho bit h s rng trung bnh ca t ng vi lc ban u l e1=0.88, v ng vi p
lc p = 2.102 kN/m2 l e2=0.83; h s thm ca t k= 0.6 10-10 m/s
Bi lm:

11

 ln n nh l:
G

e e
0.88 0.83
S = 1 2h=
8 = 0.218m
1 + e1
1 + 0.88

Tnh biu thc ca N theo cng thc:

2 k (1 + e1 )
N=
t
4h 2 n a

8m

F
B

trong :

a=

2
e1 e2
0.88 0.83
2 m
=
=
0
.
025
.
10
p
kN
2.10 2 kN / m 2

k= 0,6. 10-10 m/s = 0.6 10-10.3.107 m/nm=1,8.10-3m/nm

Vy:
N=

3.14 2.1,8.10 3 (1 + 0.88)

1
t= t
2
2
1
19
4.8 .0,25.10 .1.10

S c kt ng vi trng hp 0-2, do :
t=19 N 0-2
T s:
V =

p1 2,4.10 2
=
= 1.5
p 2 1,6.10 2

Tra bng ng vi trng hp 0-2 ta c J = 0.83.

Vy St = Ut .S = 0,25 . 21,3=5,3cm
Gi thit Ut = 0.25
ng vi Ut = 0,25 tra bng ta c N0= 0,12 N2= 0,04
N 0-2 = N2 + (N0-N2)J
N 0-2 = 0,04 + ( 0,12 - 0,04) 0,83 = 0,105
Vy: t 0,25=19 N 0-2 = 19 . 0,105 = 2 nm.
Tng t, ta c:
Vi:

Ut = 0,5;
Ut = 0,75;
Ut = 0,85;

St = 10,7cm v t 0,5 = 8,5 nm

St = 16cm
v t 0,75 = 21,5 nm
St = 18,1cm v t 0,85 = 31 nm

12

Bi tp chng 6:
Bi 1:
2m
p=100kPa

2m

M1(0,2)

M2(1,2)

Z
1m

Kim tra trng thi cn bng ca cc im M1 v M2 trong trng hp bi ton phng

sau y, bit rng ti trng tc dng trn nn c cng phn b u p = 100 kPa;
nn t ng nht c = 18 kN/m3; c = 15 kPa v = 240, = 0,4
Bi lm:
Trc ht xc nh cc thnh phn ng sut ti cc im cn kim tra.
i vi im M1:
Nm trn trc i xng, cc thnh phn ng sut z, x do ti trng ngoi gy ra
cng ng thi l cc ng sut chnh 1 v 3 do ta p dng cng thc sau xc
nh cc gi tr ng sut ny.
ng sut chnh do trng lng bn thn t gy ra:
1() = z() = z = 2*18 = 36 kPa
3() = x() = z() = 0,4*36 = 14,4 kPa
ng sut chnh do ti trng ngoi, p, gy ra
p
100
1(p) = (2 + sin 2) =
(0,928 + 0,801) = 55,04 kPa

3.14
p
100
3(p) = (2 sin 2) =
(0,928 0,801) = 4,04 kPa

3.14
Tng ng sut chnh ti M1
1 = 36 + 55,04 = 91,04 kPa
3 = 14,4 + 4,04 = 18,44 kPa
1

Gc lch ng sut ln nht c th c c trn cc din qua M1 xc nh nh sau:

sinmax =

91,04 18,44
= 0,410
91,04 + 18,44 + 2 *15 / tg 24 0

max = arcsin(0,410) = 24010

So snh vi gi tr ca gc ma st trong ta thy max > do c th kt lun rng
im M1 ri vo tnh trng cn bng gii hn.
C th so snh sinmax vi sin c kt lun tng t trong
sin = sin(240) = 0,407
i vi im M2:
Cc thnh phn ng sut chnh do p gy ra khng trng vi cc hng thng ng v
nm ngang (tc l khng trng vi hng ca cc ng sut chnh do trng lng bn
thn t gy ra). Cc ng sut thnh phn do p gy ra xc nh theo phng php ph
bin nu trong Chng IV; ng sut thnh phn do trng lng bn thn t gy ra
chnh l cc gi tr ng sut chnh v khng thay i.
z = kz*p = 0,4092*100 = 40,92 kPa
x = kx*p = 0,0908*100 = 9,08 kPa
xz = kxz*p = 0,1592*100 = 15,92 kPa
trong , k l h s ng sut ly theo bng (a,b,c) ph thuc vo
x/b = 0,5 v z/b = 1.
Tng ng sut thnh phn:
z = 40,92 + 36 = 76,92 kPa
x = 9,08 + 14,4 = 23,48 kPa
xz = 15,92 kPa
Gc lch ng sut cc i c tnh
sin2max =

(76,92 23,48) 2 + 4 * 15,92 2

= 0,1375
(76,92 + 23,48 + 2 * 15 / tg (24 0 )) 2

sinmax = 0,371
Kt qu so snh sinmax vi sin cho thy im M2 n nh ( cn bng bn)
Bi 2:
Hy nh gi mc an ton ca mt mng n BTCT kch thc 1,8 2,5 (m) t
su 1,2m trong nn t ct ng nht c = 18,5 kN/m3, = 320 tip nhn ti
trng 1450 kN ( mc mt t). Mc nc ngm su 7,5m.

Bi lm:
No
0.000

1800

-1.2

2500

Mc an ton ca nn c nh ga thng qua h s an ton thc t:

Fs =

p gh
ptx

trong pgh = ti trng gii hn ln nn; ptx = ti trng tip xc di y mng.

Theo Tersaghi,
1
N .b. .s + N q .q.s q + N c .c.s c
2
1
= .25.1,8.18,5.0,856 + 27.18,5.1,2 = 957kPa
2

p gh =

p gh

trong , Ni = f() = f(320):

N = 25; Nq = 27 v Nc = 43 (theo th hoc bng)
b = 1,8m
= 18,5 kN/m3 (do mc nc ngm rt su di y mng)
q = .hm = 18,5.1,2 = 22,2kPa

c = 0 (t ct)
l
2,5
s = 1 0,2. = 1 0,2.
= 0,856
b
1,8
l
2,5
s q = 1 + 0,2. = 1 + 0,2.
= 1,28
b
1,8
N
1450
ptx = + .hm =
+ 20.1,2 = 346,2kPa
F
1,8.2,5

Thay cc gi tr pgh v ptx tm c, ta c :

Fs =

957
= 2,76
346,2

Bi 3.

Hy xc nh ti trng gii hn ca nn trong bi 2 theo cng thc ca Xokolovxki

Bi lm:

Tra bng vi = 0, ta c N = 23,3; Nq = 24,4

p gh ,0 = N q . .h + N c .c = 24,4.18,5.1,2 = 541,7 kPa

p gh ,b = p gh ,0 + N . .x = 541,7 + 23,3.18,5.1,8 = 541,7 + 775,9 = 1317,8kPa

Gi tr trung bnh: p gh =
p gh =

1
1
( p gh ,0 + p gh ,b ) = (541,7 + 1317,8) 930kPa
2
2
pgh,0= 541,7kPa

pgh,b= 930kPa

-1.2m

b=1800

Bi 4:
Mt ng p cao 6m bng t st pha c d = 1,8T / m 3 ( coi nh l bng ch nht)
b rng b=36m, p nhanh. Nn t yu c kt chm c k t = 5.10 9 cm / s ; cu = 0,9t / m 2 .
Nn c sc chu ti khng?
Bi lm:

Mt ct ngang ng
p= 6mx1,8T/m3=10,8T/m2
0.000

36m

1
N .b. + N q .q + N c .c
2
t nn c: cu = 0,9T / m 2
p gh =

Do: gc ma st trong = 0 nn N = 0 ; N c = 5,14

hm = 0 nn q = .hm = 0

Vy: p gh = N c .c = 5,14.0,9T / m 2 = 4,626T / m 2

Nu chn: Fs = 2 th sc chu ti ca nn: R =
2

p gh
Fs

4,626T / m 2
= 2,313T / m 2
2

Trong khi p lc t ln nn l: 10,8T / m Nn khng sc chu ti.

Bi tp chng 7:
1, Mt tng chn c lng tng nhn, thng ng chn gi mt khi t c b mt
nm ngang ti su 6,4m. Hy tnh ln ca tng p lc t ch ng ln tng v
ng tc dng ca n. t c gc ma st trong = 30o ; trng lng n v =
1,8T/m3 ; mc nc ngm nm di chn tng.

2140

H=6400

4260

Bi lm

Xc nh p lc ch ng ca t ln tng:

Ec =

1
1

1
30 o
H 2 .K c .1m = H 2 .tg 2 (45 o ).1m = 1,8.6,4 2 tg 2 (45 o
).1m = 38,86.0,2679 = 10,4T
2
2
2
2
2

Xc nh p lc ch ng ca t ln tng:
p lc t ln tng su z:
pc = zK c
p c = zK c = 0

Ti z=0

p c = zK c = 1,8.6,4.tg 2 45 o = 11,52 0,2679 = 3,1T / m 2

2

Ti z=H=6,4m
Ec

t im trn lng tng ng vi trng tm biu cng ca p lc t,

ngha l cao cch chn tng

H 6,4
=
2,14m ; v nghing vi lng tng mt gc
3
3

bng gc ma st gia t v tng ( gi l gc ma st ngoi) y tng nhn nn gc

ma st ngoi = 0 o

Bi 2: Mt tng chn c lng tng nhn, thng ng su 6,4m chn gi mt khi t

c b mt nghing ln t nh tng vi dc 1:3. Hy tnh ln ca tng p lc
t ch ng ln tng v ng tc dng ca n. t c gc ma st trong = 30o ;
trng lng n v = 1,8T/m3 ; mc nc ngm nm di chn tng.
Bi lm
Cng thc tnh p lc t ch ng ca t ri:
Ec =

Kc =

1
H 2 K c
2
cos 2 ( )

sin( + ) sin( )
cos cos( + ) 1 +

cos( + ) cos( )

y lng tng thng ng nn gc = 0 o ; tng nhn nn gc = 0 o

Mi t nghing vi dc 1:3 nn gc = 18 o 20'
Thay s K c =

cos 2 30 o

sin 30 o sin(30 o 18 o 20 ' )

cos 30 1 +

cos(18 o 20' )

Kc =

0,8572 2

0,5.0,2022)
0,8572 2 1 +

0,9474

0,7347

0,7347.[1 + 0,326]

0,7347
= 0,569
0,7347.1,758

1
E c = 1,8.6,4 2.0,569.1m 21T
2

im t cng trng vi bi trn Ti trng tm ca biu cng p lc t.

Bi 3:
Mt tng chn c lng tng nhn thng ng chn gi khi t ti su 12m.
Khi t gm 2 lp nm ngang:
Lp trn: c = 0; = 25 o ; = 1,85T / m 3 dy 8m.
Lp di: c = 0; = 34 o ; = 1,90T / m 3
Mc nc ngm nm di chn tng. Hy xc nh ln v cng p lc ch
ng.
Bi lm
Chia tng ra thnh 2 on:
Vi an AB ta coi nh 1 tng c lp, tng t nh bi 1 ta tnh cng p lc ch
ng nh sau:
t ri, lng tng nhn, thng ng: pc = zK c
p c = zK c = 0

Ti z=0
Ti z=H=8,0m

o 25 o
= 14,8.tg 2 32 o 30 ' = 14,8.0,63712 = 6T / m 2
p c = zK c = 1,85.8.tg 45
2

Vi on BC: ta chuyn on AB thnh on AB cng cha t nh lp 2, vy chiu

cao AB s l: A' B =

AB.1,85
= 7,79m , vy a A A l 8m-7,79m=0,21m
1,9

By gi ta coi nh c mt tng chn AC chn gi khi t ng nht nh lp 2, tnh

ton v v bnh thng sau ta b on BA i, v ghp vi kt qu on AB trn
s cho kt qu ton b ca bi ton.
Ti z=0,21m

p c = zK c = 0

Ti z=H=8,0m


34 o
p c = zK c = 1,90.7,79.tg 2 45 o
2

= 14,8.tg 2 28 o = 14,8.0,5317 2 = 4,18T / m 2

Ti z=H=12,0m

4000

H=1200

8000

210

34 o
= 22,4.tg 2 28 o = 22,4.0,5317 2 = 6,3T / m 2
p c = zK c = 1,90.11,79.tg 2 45 o
2

Bi 1:
Cho tng cao 6m, lng tng thng ng . t p l t ct c cc ch tiu sau: =
18 kN/m3, = 30o. Mt t p nghing gc = 25o. Gc ma st gia t p v lng
tng = /2.
Yu cu:
- xc nh p lc t ch ng theo l lun Coulomb
- xc nh p lc t ch ng theo l lun Rankine
- So snh hai kt qu tnh ton.
Bi lm:

1. Xc nh p lc ch ng theo l lun Coulomb:

- Tnh h s p lc t ch ng:
Kc =

cos2 ( )

sin( + ) sin( )
cos cos( + ) 1 +

cos( + ) cos( )

cos 2 (30o )

sin(45o ) sin(5o )

1. cos(15o ) 1 +
o
o

cos(
15
)
cos(
25
)

0.8662

0.7071.0.0872
1.0.9659.1 +

0.9659.0.9063

= 0.4849

Tnh p lc t ch ng:
Ec =

1 2
1
H K c = .18.62.0.4849 = 157,1kN / m
2
2

im t ca Ec cch chn tng:

H 6
= = 2m
3 3

Phng tc dng ca Ec nghing mt gc = 15o so vi php tuyn ca lng tng

2. Xc nh p lc ch ng theo l lun Rankine
Tnh h s p lc t ch ng

K c = cos

cos cos 2 cos 2

cos + cos 2 cos 2

= cos(25 )

= 0.9063

cos(25o ) cos 2 (25o ) cos 2 (30o )

cos(25o ) + cos 2 (25o ) cos 2 (30o )

0.9063 0.90632 0.86662

0.9063 + 0.90632 0.8662

= 0.4935

Tnh p lc t ch ng:
Ec =

1 2
1
H K c = .18.62.0.4935 = 159.89kN / m
2
2

im t ca Ec cch chn tng:

H 6
= = 2m
3 3

Phng tc dng ca Ec nghing mt gc = 25o so vi mt phng nm ngang (tc l

song song vi mt t p)
6

3. Nhn xt:
Hai kt qu xp x nhau.

Bi 2:
.Xc nh p lc t ch ng ln tng chn BTCT c thit k thng ng chn
gi khi t ri cao 6m vi mt t nm ngang trong hai trng hp: b qua ma st
gia t vi tng v xt n ma st gia t vi tng bi gc ma st = 3/4. Bit
rng trng lngth tch n v t sau tng = 17 kN/m3; gc ma st trong ca t
= 320. Ap lc t s thay i nh th no khi t sau tng c nc ngm dng cao n
su 3m (k t mt t) trong iu kin trng lng th tch n v t trn nc
ngm khng thay i cn trng lng th tch t bo ha bng 20 kN/m3.
Bi lm:
Vn c m t trn hnh. Khi b qua ma st gia t vi tng, h s p lc t
xc nh theo cng thc :
Kc1 = tg2(450 - 320/2) = 0.307
Trng hp xt n ma st gia t vi tng, h s p lc t xc nh theo cng
thc
cos 2 32
Kc2 =
= 0.36
2

sin(32 + 24) sin 32

cos 241 +

cos 24

a) Trng hp khng c nc ngm:

cng p lc t ln nht nu b qua ma st gia t vi tng
pmax = 0.307*17*6 = 31.31 kPa
p lc t ln 1m di tng
1
Ec = 31.31*6 = 93.94 kN/m
2
Ec c im t cch chn tng 2m, tc dng vung gc vi tng.
xt n ma st gia t vi tng,
pmax = 0.36*17*6 = 36.72 kPa
p lc t ln 1m di tng
1
Ec = 36.72 * 6 = 110.16 kN/m
2
Ec c im t cch chn tng 2m nhng tc dng theo hng nghing vi tng mt
gc 240. Gi tr ca p lc t ln tng chn trong trng
7

hp c xt n ma st gia t tng tng ln dng k cn phi c lu

khi thc hnh thit k tng chn.

6m

110.16kN/m
24o

Pmax

6m

b) Trng hp c nc ngm su 3m :

15.66

84.28kN/m
24o

24.87
z

MNN

30

54.87

Khi c nc ngm, ng sut nn thng ng thay i lm cho p lc t ln tng

chn thay i.
Ti su 3m, ng sut nn thng ng hu hiu z = 17*3 = 51 kPa.
p lc t ln tng chn (trng hp khng xt n ma st gia t
tng) xc nh theo VII.11:
pz = 3m = 51*0.307 = 15.66 kPa
su 6m, ng sut nn hu hiu z = 51 + (20 - 10)*3 = 81 kPa. Ap
lc t ln tng chn tng ng:
pz = 6m = 81*0.307 = 24.87 kPa
Tng p lc t ln 1m di tng xc nh theo biu phn b cng
p lc t:
1
1
Ec = 15.66*3 + (15.66 + 24.87)*3 = 84.28 kN/m
2
2
ng thi, p lc nc ln tng xut hin t su 3m v su 6m
c gi tr:
pw = 10*3 = 30 kPa
tng ng vi p lc ln mt 1m di tng l
1
Ew = 30*3 = 45 kN/m
2
do , tng p lc ca t v nc ln 1m di tng s l
Ec = 84.28 + 45 = 129.28 kN/m
So snh gi tr p lc t ln tng trong hai trng hp c ngp nc v khng ngp
nc ta thy p lc t tng ln ng k do trong thit k tng chn, nht thit
phi thit k cc h thng thot nc sau tng mt cch hon chnh v ng tin cy,
c bit l theo thi gian.

10