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SSM COLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PARIHASPORA, PATTAN BARAMULLA

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
FROST FREE HEAT EXCHANGER

SUBMITTED BY
SYED NADEEM HUSSAIN


Department of Mechanical Engineering
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DEPERTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PARIHASPORA, PATTAN, KASHMIR
___________________________________________________________________________
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled

FROST FREE HEAT EXCHANGER
SUBMITTED BY
Syed Nadeem Hussain
Enroll No. 2504

For partial fulfillment of the award of degree of B.E. in
Mechanical Engineering during the period of study in 7
th

semester and the work under question has not been
submitted earlier for the same degree.

Seminar Co-ordinator HOD MECHANICAL
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DEPERTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PARIHASPORA, PATTAN, KASHMIR
___________________________________________________________________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I t gives me an immense pleasure to submit this technical
paper entitled Frost Free Heat Exchanger. I have tried my level
best to represent this topic into compact and to the point
framework.

Firstly I thank Almighty for guiding me at every step, every
time.

I would like to extend my sincere thanks with profound
gratitude to Head Of Mechanical Department for his valuable
guidance and constant encouragement. I wish to express my
sincere thanks to my coordinator and all the staff members for
inspiring me the best of their knowledge and guidance.

Last but not the least; I thank my family and friends for their
assistance and help.
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CONTENTS

CHAPTERS PAGE NO.
1 Introduction 01
2 Cryogenic automotive propulsion 03
3 Experimental facilities 05
i. Test vehicle.
ii. Liquid nitrogen storage tank.
iii. Pressurization system.
iv. Economizer
v. Ambient air heat exchanger.
vi. Expander
4 Ambient-air heat exchanger development 11
i. Design
ii. Constraints.
iii. Configuration.
5 Alternative Heat Exchanger Design 15
6 Advantages 17
7 Disadvantages 18
8 Conclusion 19
9 References 20
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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.No. FIGURE PAGE NO.
01 Liquid nitrogen propulsion system. 04
02 1984 Grumman-Olson Kubvan 05
03 Schematic of vehicle equipment layout. 07
04 Economizer units with and without shell. 08
05 Ambient-air heat exchanger assembly. 09
06 Motor and transmission assembly. 10
07 Frost free heat exchanger element. 13
08 Temperature profile of frost-free heat exchanger element. 14
09 Heat exchanger employing active frost removal. 16


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ABSTRACT
A new concept has emerged in the field of zero - emission vehicles : the cryogenic automobile .
The cryogenic automobile uses nitrogen , stored in liquid state , as its working fluid . The liquid
nitrogen is pressurized , then vaporized in an economizer through which the exhaust from the
expander runs in counter flow . The resulting gaseous nitrogen is superheated in an ambient
temperature gas which is injected into a quasi isothermal expander to produce the systems
motive work. The spent , low pressure nitrogen is exhausted back to the atmosphere. One
technical challenge which must be overcome is a heat exchange system that is structurally robust
, works well under a variety of operating conditions and is not hampered by the buildup of frost.
The formation of frost on sub ambient heat exchangers increases conductive resistance to heat
transfer , occludes air side flow passages, and contributes to structural loading . A concept is
described by which vaporization and superheating of the nitrogen is achieved in a frost free
manner .