CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 2
MEASUREMENT
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico
CHEMISTRY
No human endeavor can be called
science if it can not be demonstrated
mathematically.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Objectives
Use the SI system.
Use and report measurements carefully.
Consider the reliability of a measurement in
decisions based on measurements.
Clearly distinguish between
precision and accuracy
exact numbers and measurements
systematic error and random error
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Objectives
Count the number of significant figures in a
recorded measurement. Record measurements to
the correct number of digits.

Estimate the number of significant digits in a
calculated result.

Estimate the precision of a measurement by
computing a standard deviation .

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
TOPIC OUTLINE
Units of measurement
Measured numbers and significant number
Prefixes
Equalities and Conversion
Problem Solving Using Conversion Factor
Temperature
Density

First Slide
Last Slide
CHEMISTRY
Units of
Measurement
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Measurement
You are making measurement when you
Check your weight
Read your watch
Take your temperature

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Measurement in Chemistry
Do experiments
Measure quantities
Use numbers to report measurements
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
SYSTEMS IN MEASUREMENT
METRIC (SI) SYSTEM
A decimal system based on 10
Used in most part of the world
Used by scientists and hospital
ENGLISH SYSTEM
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
The SI SYSTEM
Le Systme Internationale (SI) is a
set of units and notations that are
standard in science.
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Seven important SI base units
(there are others)
QUANTITY SI BASE UNITS
Length Meter, m
Mass Kilogram, kg
Time Second, s
Temperature Kelvin, K
Amount of Matter Mole, mol
Luminous Intensity Candela, cd
Electric Current Ampere, A
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Some SI derived units
Quantity Dimensions SI Units
Area length length m
2
Velocity length/time m/s
Density mass/volume kg/m
3

Frequency cycles/time s
-1
or Hertz (Hz)
Acceleration velocity/time m/s
2

Force mass
acceleration
kg m/s
2
or Newton (N)
Work/Energy force distance kg m
2
/s
2
or Joule (J)
CHEMISTRY
Measured Numbers
and Significant
Figures
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Measured Numbers and Significant
Figures
Measured and Exact Numbers
Significant Figures in Measurement
Precision and Accuracy
Rules in Determining Significant Figures
Calculations in Significant Figures
Scientific Notation
Calculations Involving Scientific Notation



CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Measured Numbers
When you use a measuring tool is
used to determine a quantity such as
your height or weight, the numbers
you obtain are called measured
numbers.

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
. l
2
. . . . I . . . . I
3
. . . .I . . . . I
4
. . cm

First digit (known) = 2 2.?? cm
Second digit (known) = 0.7 2.7? cm
Third digit (estimated) between 0.05 - 0.07
Length reported = 2.75 cm
or 2.76 cm
or 2.77 cm


Reading Meter Stick
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Known + Estimated Digits
Known digits 2 and 7 are 100% certain
The third digit 6 is estimated (uncertain)
In the reported length, all three digits
(2.76 cm) are significant including the
estimated one

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

Zero as a Measured Number

. l
3
. . . . I . . . . I
4
. . . . I . . . . I
5
. . cm

What is the length of the line?
First digit 4.?? cm
Second digit 4.5? cm
Last (estimated) digit is 4.50 cm
(not to the left or right of .5)

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Exact Numbers
Obtained when you count objects
2 soccer balls
1 watch
4 pizzas
Obtained from a defined relationship
1 foot = 12 inches
1 meter = 100 cm
Not obtained with measuring tools
CHEMISTRY
Do you want to take
a Learning Check?
No
Skip Yes
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
A. Exact numbers are obtained by
1. measuring
2. counting
3. definition

B. Measured numbers are obtained by
1. measuring
2. counting
3. definition

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
A. Exact numbers are obtained by
2. counting
3. definition

B. Measured numbers are obtained by
1. Using a measuring tool

CHEMISTRY
Another Learning
Check?
Yes
No Skip
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
Classify each of the following as an exact (1)
or a measured (2) number.
A.___Gold melts at 1064C
B.___1 yard = 3 feet
C.___A red blood cell with diameter 6 x 10
-4
cm
D.___There were 6 hats on the shelf
E.___A can of soda contains 355 mL of soda

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
Classify each of the following as an exact (1) or a
measured(2) number. Give reason.
A. 2 Requires a thermometer(measuring tool)
B. 1 From a definition in U.S. system
C. 2 Need measuring tool to determine
D. 1 Counted the hats
E. 2 Measured
CHEMISTRY
Significant Figures
in Measurement
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Significant Figures in
Measurement
The numbers reported in a measurement
are limited by the measuring tool

Significant figures in a measurement
include the known digits plus one
estimated digit
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Measurement and Significant
Figures
When measurement is recorded, all the
known with certainty are given along with
the last number which is estimated.
All the digits are significant because
removing any of the digits changes the
measurements uncertainty
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Uncertainty of Data
All measurement contain some uncertainty
We make errors
Tools have limits
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Uncertainty of Data
Uncertainty is measured using
Accuracy: How close to the true value
Precision: How close to each other
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Precision VS Accuracy
good precision &
good accuracy


poor accuracy but
good precision

good accuracy but
poor precision




poor precision & poor
accuracy

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Precision and Accuracy
Precision
Reproducibility
Check by repeating
measurement
Poor precision results from
poor technique
poor precision is associated
with 'random errors' - error has
random sign and varying
magnitude. Small errors more
likely than large errors.
Accuracy
Correctness
Check by using different
method
poor accuracy results from
procedural or equipment flaws
poor accuracy is associated
with 'systematic errors' - error
has a reproducible sign and
magnitude.
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Methods used to express accuracy and
precision
You cant report numbers better than the
method used to measure them
Example
67.2 units = three significant figures
Certain
digits
Uncertain
digits
CHEMISTRY
Rules in Determining
Significant Figures
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

Counting Significant Figures

Number of Significant Figures

38.15 cm 4
5.6 ft 2
65.6 lb ___
122.55 m ___

All non-zero digits in a measured number
are significant.
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Leading Zeros
Number of Significant Figures
0.008 mm 1
0.0156 oz 3
0.0042 lb ____
0.000262 mL ____
Leading zeros in decimal numbers are not
significant.




CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Sandwiched Zeros
Number of Significant Figures
50.8 mm 3
2001 min 4
0.702 lb ____
0.00405 m ____
Zeros between nonzero numbers are
significant.



CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Trailing Zeros
Number of Significant Figures
25,000 in. 2
200 yr 1
48,600 gal 3
25,005,000 g ____
Trailing zeros in numbers without
decimals are not significant if they are
serving as place holders.


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Trailing Zeros
Number of Significant Figures
4830 km 3
60 g 1
4830. L 4
60. K ____

If such zeros are known to have been measured,
however, they are significant and should be
specified as such by inserting a decimal point to the
right of the zero


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Some Other Rules of Zero
Number of Significant Figures
8.0 dm 2
16.40 g 4
35.000 L 5
1.60 sec ____
All zeros to the right of a decimal point
and to the right of a nonzero digit is
significant

CHEMISTRY
Learning Check?
Yes
No
Skip
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
A. Which answers contain 3 significant figures?
1) 0.4760 2) 0.00476 3) 4760
B. All the zeros are significant in
1) 0.00307 2) 25.300 3) 2.050 x 10
3


C. 534,675 rounded to 3 significant figures is
1) 535 2) 535,000 3) 5.35 x 10
5
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
A. Which answers contain 3 significant figures?
2) 0.00476 3) 4760
B. All the zeros are significant in
2) 25.300 3) 2.050 x 10
3


C. 534,675 rounded to 3 significant figures is
2) 535,000 3) 5.35 x 10
5
CHEMISTRY
Significant Figures
In Calculations
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Significant Numbers in
Calculations
A calculated answer cannot be more
precise than the measuring tool.
A calculated answer must match the least
precise measurement.
Significant figures are needed for final
answers from
1) adding or subtracting
2) multiplying or dividing

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Adding and Subtracting
The answer has the same number of
decimal places as the measurement
with the fewest decimal places.

25.2 one decimal place
+ 1.34 two decimal places
26.54
answer 26.5 one decimal place
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check?
No
Skip Yes
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
In each calculation, round the answer to
the correct number of significant figures.
A. 235.05 + 19.6 + 2.1 =
1) 256.75 2) 256.8 3) 257

B. 58.925 - 18.2 =
1) 40.725 2) 40.73 3) 40.7


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
A. 235.05 + 19.6 + 2.1 =
2) 256.8

B. 58.925 - 18.2 =
3) 40.7


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Multiplying and Dividing

Round (or add zeros) to the calculated
answer until you have the same number
of significant figures as the
measurement with the fewest significant
figures.
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check?
No Skip
Yes
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
A. 2.19 X 4.2 =
1) 9 2) 9.2 3) 9.198

B. 4.311 0.07 =
1)

61.58

2) 62 3) 60

C. 2.54 X 0.0028 =
0.0105 X 0.060
1) 11.3 2) 11 3) 0.041

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
A. 2.19 X 4.2 = 2) 9.2
B. 4.311 0.07 = 3) 60

C. 2.54 X 0.0028 = 2) 11
0.0105 X 0.060

Continuous calculator operation =
2.54 x 0.0028 0.0105
0.060
CHEMISTRY
Scientific Notation
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Scientific Notation
can be used to clearly express significant
figures.

A properly written number in scientific notation
always has the proper number of significant
figures

0.00321 = 3.21 x 10
-3
(three significant figures)
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
A typical number in notation


Z x 10
m

Where:
Z = coefficient
x = multiplication sign
10 = base
m = exponent
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation
Addition and Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation
Addition and Subtraction of Exponential Numbers
Two numbers in scientific notation can only be
added or subtracted if both expressions have
the same exponent.
The coefficient are then added or subtracted
while the exponent remains the same.
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation
Addition and Subtraction of Exponential Numbers

7.2 x 10
7
7.2 x 10
7
+ 2.1 x 10
8
+ 21.0 x 10
7
28.2 x 10
7


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation
Multiplication of Exponential Numbers
In multiplying two numbers in exponential
form, the coefficients themselves are
multiplied and the exponents are added.
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation
Multiplication of Exponential Number

(3.4 x 10
3
) x (2.2 x 10
5
) = 7.48 x 10
8

or rounded to
7.5 x 10
8


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation
Division of Exponential Numbers
To divide exponential numbers, divide the
coefficients and subtract the exponents.
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation
Division of Exponential Numbers

2
5
7
10 99 . 2
10 12 . 1
10 35 . 3
x
x
x

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation
Division of Exponential Numbers
The negative exponent means, the
coefficient is divided by the number of 10s
The exponential part of a number can be
moved from the numerator or denominator
and vice versa by simply changing the
sign of the exponent.
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Calculations Involving Scientific Notation
Division of Exponential Numbers



Example

3
3 6
6
10
1
10 10
10
1

or
4 5
2 3
2
3
10 0 . 9 10 9 . 0
1 . 2
10 10 9 . 1
10 1 . 2
10 9 . 1
x or x
x x
x
x

CHEMISTRY
Prefixes
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
PREFIXES
A multiple of a unit in the International
System is formed by adding a prefix to the
name of that unit.
The prefixes change the magnitude of the
unit by orders of ten from 10
24
to 10
-24
.
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
PREFIXES
Prefix Symbol Exponential Notation
yotta Y 10
24
= 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
zetta Z 10
21
= 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
exa E 10
18
= 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
peta P 10
15
= 1,000,000,000,000,000
tera T 10
12
= 1,000,000,000,000
giga G 10
9
= 1,000,000,000
mega M 10
6
= 1,000,000
kilo K 10
3
= 1,000
hecto h 10
2
= 100
deca da 10 = 10
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
PREFIXES
Prefix Symbol Exponential Notation
deci d 10
-1
= 0.1
centi c 10
-2
= 0.01
milli m 10
-3
= 0.001
micro 10
-6
= 0.000,001
nano n 10
-9
= 0.000,000,001
pico p 10
-12
= 0.000,000,000,001
femto f 10
-15
= 0.000,000,000,000,001
atto a 10
-18
= 0.000,000,000,000,000,001
zepto z 10
-21
= 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,001
yocto y 10
-24
= 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001
CHEMISTRY
Equalities and
Conversion Factor
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Equalities
State the same measurement in two
different units
length

10.0 in.

25.4 cm
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY


Some Metric Equalities


Length
1 m = 100 cm

Mass
1 kg = 1000 g

Volume
1 L = 1000 mL






CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

Some American Equalities

1 ft = 12 inches
1 lb = 16 oz
1 quart = 2 pints
1 quart = 4 cups
The quantities in each pair give the same
measured amount in two different units.
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Some Metric-American Equalities
1 in. = 2.54 cm
1 qt = 946 mL
1 L = 1.06 qt
1 lb = 454 g
1 kg = 2.20 lb
Remember these for exams.
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

Equalities given in a Problem

Example 1
At the store, the price of one pound of red peppers is
$2.39.
Equality: 1 lb red peppers = $2.39
Example 2
At the gas station, one gallon of gas is $1.34.
Equality: 1 gallon of gas = $1.34

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Conversion Factors
Fractions in which the numerator and
denominator are quantities expressed in
an equality between those units

Example: 1 in. = 2.54 cm

Factors: 1 in. and 2.54 cm
2.54 cm 1 in.




CHEMISTRY
Would you like to take
the Learning Check?
Yes
Skip No
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
A. 1000 m = 1 ___ 1) mm 2) km 3) dm

B. 0.001 g = 1 ___ 1) mg 2) kg 3) dg

C. 0.1 L = 1 ___ 1) mL 2) cL 3) dL

D. 0.01 m = 1 ___ 1) mm 2) cm 3) dm

Learning Check
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
A. 1000 m = 1 ___ 2) km

B. 0.001 g = 1 ___ 1) mg

C. 0.1 L = 1 ___ 3) dL

D. 0.01 m = 1 ___ 2) cm
Solution
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Give the value of the following units:

A. 1 kg = ____ g
1) 10 g 2) 100 g 3) 1000 g


B. 1 mm = ____ m
1) 0.001 m 2) 0.01 m 3) 0.1 m




Learning Check
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

A. 1 kg = ____ g
3) 1000 g


B. 1 mm = ____ m
1) 0.001 m





Solution
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
Write conversion factors that relate each
of the following pairs of units:
A. Liters and mL

B. Hours and minutes

D. Meters and kilometers


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
A. Liter and mL 1 L = 1000 mL

1 L and 1000 mL
1000 mL 1 L

B. hours and minutes 1 hr = 60 min
1 hr and 60 min
60 min 1 hr
C. meters and kilometers 1 km = 1000 m
1 km and 1000 m
1000 m 1 km
CHEMISTRY
Problem Solving
Using Conversion
Factors

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Initial and Final Units
1. A person has a height of 2.0 meters. What is that
height in inches?
Initial unit = m Final unit = _______
2) Blood has a density of 0.05 g/mL. If a person
lost 0.30 pints of blood at 18C, how many ounces
of blood would that be?
Initial = pints Final unit = _______
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

How many minutes are in 2.5 hours?

Initial unit
2.5 hr
Conversion Final
factor unit
2.5 hr x 60 min = 150 min
1 hr

cancel Answer (2 SF)





CHEMISTRY
Learning Check?
Skip No
Yes
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How long is
the snake in cm?

1) 2440 cm
2) 244 cm
3) 24.4 cm

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How long is
the snake in cm?
2) 244 cm

2.44 m x 100 cm = 244 cm
1 m

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

Learning Check

How many seconds are in 1.4 days?

Unit plan: days hr min seconds

1.4 days x 24 hr x ??
1 day
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

Solution

Unit plan: days hr min seconds


2 SF Exact
1.4 day x 24 hr x 60 min x 60 sec
1 day 1 hr 1 min

= 1.2 x 10
5
sec
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Unit Check
What is wrong with the following setup?

1.4 day x 1 day x 60 min x 60 sec
24 hr 1 hr 1 min


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Unit Check

1.4 day x 1 day x 60 min x 60 sec
24 hr 1 hr 1 min


Units = day
2
/hr
2
Not the final unit needed

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
An adult human has 4650 mL of blood.
How many gallons of blood is that?

Unit plan: mL qt gallon

Equalities: 1 quart = 946 mL
1 gallon = 4 quarts

Your Setup:

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

Solution

Unit plan: mL qt gallon

Setup:
4650 mL x 1 qt x 1 gal = 1.23 gal
946 mL 4 qt
3 SF 3 SF exact 3 SF

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Steps to Problem Solving
Read problem
Identify data
Write down a unit plan from the initial unit
to the desired unit
Select conversion factors
Change initial unit to desired unit
Cancel units and check
Do math on calculator
Give an answer using significant figures
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check?
Skip No Yes
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
If the ski pole is 3.0 feet in length, how
long is the ski pole in mm?




CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
3.0 ft x 12 in x 2.54 cm x 10 mm =
1 ft 1 in. 1 cm


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
If your pace on a treadmill is 65 meters per
minute, how many seconds will it take for
you to walk a distance of 8450 feet?

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Initial
8450 ft x 12 in. x 2.54 cm x 1 m
1 ft 1 in. 100 cm

x 1 min x 60 sec = 2400 sec
65 m 1 min
final (2 SF)

Solution

CHEMISTRY
Measuring
Temperature
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Temperature
Particles are always moving.
When you heat water, the water molecules
move faster.
When molecules move faster, the
substance gets hotter.
When a substance gets hotter, its
temperature goes up.

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Temperature
Measures the hotness or coldness of an
object
Determined by using a thermometer that
contains a liquid that expands with heat
and contracts with cooling.


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin

Water boils _____F _____C ______K



Water freezes _____F _____C ______K



CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin


Water boils 212F 100C 373 K



Water freezes 32F 0C 273 K



CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Units of Temperature between
Boiling and Freezing
Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin

Water boils 212F 100C 373 K

180 F 100C 100K

Water freezes 32F 0C 273 K



CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Fahrenheit Formula
180F = 9F = 1.8F
100C 5C 1C

Zero point: 0C = 32F

F = 9/5 TC + 32
or
F = 1.8 TC + 32

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Celsius Formula
Rearrange to find TC
F = 1.8 TC + 32
F - 32 = 1.8TC ( +32 - 32)
F - 32 = 1.8 TC
1.8 1.8
F - 32 = TC
1.8
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

Kelvin Scale

On the Kelvin Scale
1K = 1C
0 K is the lowest temperature
0 K = - 273.15C
K C
K = C + 273.15


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Kelvin and Rankine Formula
Kelvin

K = TC + 273.15

Rankine
R = TF + 460

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Temperature Conversions
A person with hypothermia has a body
temperature of 29.1C. What is the body
temperature in F?
F = 1.8 (29.1C) + 32
exact tenth's exact

= 52.4 + 32

= 84.4F
tenths


CHEMISTRY
Would you like to take
the Learning Check?
Skip No
Yes
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
The normal temperature of a chickadee is
105.8F. What is that temperature in C?
1) 73.8 C
2) 58.8 C
3) 41.0 C

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
3) 41.0 C
Solution:
C = (F - 32)
1.8
= (105.8 - 32)
1.8
= 73.8F
1.8 = 41.0C

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
Pizza is baked at 455F. What is that in C?
1) 437 C
2) 235C
3) 221C



CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
Pizza is baked at 455F. What is that in C?

2) 235C
(455 - 32) = 235C
1.8

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
On a cold winter day, the temperature
falls to -15C. What is that temperature
in R?
1) 479 R
2) 519 R
3) 465 R

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
3) 465 R
Solution:
C F
F = 1.8(-15C) + 32
= -27 + 32
= 5F
F R
R = 5F + 460
R = 465 R

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
What is normal body temperature of 37C
in Kelvin?
1) 236 K
2) 310 K
3) 342 K


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
What is normal body temperature of 37C
in Kelvin?
2) 310 K

K = C + 273
= 37 C + 273
= 310. K


CHEMISTRY
Density
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Density
Density compares the mass of an object to
its volume

D = mass = g or g
volume mL cm
3



Note: 1 mL = 1 cm
3




CHEMISTRY
Learning Check?
Skip No
Yes
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
Osmium is a very dense metal. What is its
density in g/cm
3
if 50.00 g of the metal occupies
a volume of 2.22cm
3
?

1) 2.25 g/cm
3

2) 22.5 g/cm
3

3) 111 g/cm
3



CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
2) Placing the mass and volume of the osmium
metal into the density setup, we obtain

D = mass = 50.00 g =


volume 2.22 cm
3

= 22.522522 g/cm
3
= 22.5 g/cm
3



CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Volume Displacement
A solid displaces a matching volume of
water when the solid is placed in water.





33 mL
25 mL
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check?
Skip No
Yes
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
What is the density (g/cm
3
) of 48 g of a metal if the
metal raises the level of water in a graduated
cylinder from 25 mL to 33 mL?
1) 0.2 g/ cm
3
2) 6 g/m
3
3) 252 g/cm
3





33 mL
25 mL
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
2) 6 g/cm
3

Volume (mL) of water displaced
= 33 mL - 25 mL = 8 mL
Volume of metal (cm
3
)
= 8 mL x 1 cm
3
= 8 cm
3

1 mL

Density of metal =

mass = 48 g = 6 g/cm
3

volume 8 cm
3

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

Learning Check

Which diagram represents the liquid
layers in the cylinder?
(K) Karo syrup (1.4 g/mL), (V) vegetable oil
(0.91 g/mL), (W) water (1.0 g/mL)
1) 2) 3)
K
W
V
K
W
V
K
W
V
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
(K) Karo syrup (1.4 g/mL), (W) water (1.0
g/mL), (V) vegetable oil (0.91 g/mL)

1)
K
W
V
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Density as Conversion Factors

A substance has a density of 3.8 g/mL.

Density = 3.8 g/mL

Equality 3.8 g = 1 mL

Conversion factors.

3.8 g and 1 mL
1 mL 3.8 g

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Density Connections
Mass Volume

kg L

g mL (cm
3
)

mg
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check?
Skip No Yes
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
The density of octane, a component of
gasoline, is 0.702 g/mL. What is the
mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane?
1) 0.614 kg
2) 614 kg
3) 1.25 kg



CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
1) 0.614 kg
Unit plan: mL g kg

Equalities: 1 mL = 0.702 g and 1 kg = 1000 g

Setup:
875 mL x 0.702 g x 1 kg = 0.614 kg
1 mL 1000 g
density metric
factor factor
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

Learning Check

If blood has a density of 1.05 g/mL, how
many liters of blood are donated if 575 g
of blood are given?



1) 0.548 L

2) 1.25 L

3) 1.83 L
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

Solution

1)
Unit Plan: g mL L


575 g x 1 mL x 1 L = 0.548 L
1.05 g 1000 mL
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY

Learning Check


A group of students collected 125 empty
aluminum cans to take to the recycling
center. If 21 cans make 1.0 pound of
aluminum, how many liters of aluminum
(D=2.70 g/cm
3
) are obtained from the
cans?

1) 1.0 L 2) 2.0 L 3) 4.0 L


CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
1) 1.0 L

125 cans x 1.0 lb x 454 g x 1 cm
3

21 cans 1 lb 2.70 g

x 1 mL x 1 L = 1.0 L
1 cm
3
1000 mL
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Learning Check
You have 3 metal samples. Which one will
displace the greatest volume of water?
1 2 3




Discuss your choice with another student.
25 g Al
2.70 g/mL
45 g of gold
19.3 g/mL
75 g of Lead
11.3 g/mL
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Solution
1) 25 g Al x 1 mL = 9.2 mL
2.70 g



25 g Al
2.70 g/mL
CHEMISTRY
THANKS FOR
LISTENING
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
Special thanks to the following:



Students
ChE Faculty
TIP
Karen Timberlake
Everyone not mentioned but with great help
God