WHAT IS PHYSICS?

Physics is the science that deals with the interactions between matter
and energy. Physics is also one of the branches of Physical Science. It is
about the nature of things such as motion. force, energy, matter, heat,
sound, light, and the structure of atoms. Physics is a both way of thinking
and a vast collection of knowledge.
WHAT IS UNITS?
A unite of measurement is a definite magnitude of a quantity defined
and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for
measurement of the same kind quantity.

Physical Quantity Symbol SI UNIT

Mass m kilogram(kg)

Time t second(s)

Length 1 meter(m)

Temperature T Kelvin(K)

Amount of Substance n mole(mol)

Electric Current 1 Ampere(A)

Luminous Intensity ly candela(cd)

CONVERSION OF UNITS IN SOLVING WORD PROBLEMS

Formula: given unit x desired unit/given unit=desired unit

STEPS FOR CONVERSION OF UNITS
1.Show what are the given on the left, and what units you want at the
right.
2.Insert the conversion factors to change between units:
3.Cancel units where you can, and solve the math.
 EXAMPLE:

WHAT IS PHYSICAL QUANTITIES?

It's a physical property of a material or system that can be quantified by
measurement. A physical quantity can be expressed as a value, which is
the algebraic multiplication of a numerical value and a unit

Physical quantities can be categorized into two types: scalars and

vectors. Scalars include length, mass, time, volume, and speed while
physical quantities like force, bvelocity, acceleration are under vectors.
WHAT IS MEASUREMENT?
It s the quantification of all attributes of an object or event, which can
be used to compare with other object or events. In other words,
measurement is a process of determining how large or small a
physical quantity is compared to a basic reference quantity of the
same kind.
WHAT IS THE UNIT OF MEASUREMENT?
It is a specific magnitude of a quantity adopted by convention.
Example:3kg
Numerical value:3 Unit of measurement: kg
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE OF SCALAR QUANTITIES AND VECTOR
QUANTITIES?
A quantity which does not depend on direction is called a scalar
quantity, Vector quantities have two characteristics, a magnitude and a
direction. Scalar quantities have only a magnitude. When comparing
two vector quantities of the same type, you have to compare both the
magnitude and the direction
Scalar quantities-expressed using magnitude alone (numbers with a
corresponding unit)
Vector quantities-require both magnitude and direction
WHAT IS DISPLACEMENT?
Displacement is a vector quantity that refers to 'how far out of place
an object is'; It is the object's overall change in position.
WHAT IS VELOCITY?
According to the velocity meaning, it can be defined as the rate of
change of the object's position with respect to a frame of reference
and time. It might sound complicated, but velocity is basically
speeding in a specific direction. It is a vector quantity, which means
we need both magnitude(speed)and direction to define velocity. The
Sl unit of it is metre per second(ms-1).If there is a change in
magnitude or the direction of the velocity of a body, then it is said to
be accelerating.
WHAT IS DISTANCE?
Distance and displacement are two quantities that may seem to mean
the same thing yet have distinctly different definitions and meanings.
Distance is the total movement of an object without any regard to
direction. We can
 denne distance as to how much ground an object has covered
despite its starting of
ending point
Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to "how much ground an
object has covered" during its motion.
Let's understand the concept of distance with the help of the following
diagram:

WHAT IS SPEED?
Speed is measured as the ratio of distance to the time in which the
distance was covered. Speed is a scalar quantity as it has only
direction and no magnitude.
Speed is one such measurable quantity that measures the ratio of the
distance travelled by an object to the time required to travel that
distance.
MEASUREMENT OF SPEED
For the measurement of speed in vehicles, speedometers are used.
To measure the distance covered odometers are used. Speed can
also be calculated with the help of a graph. The Distance-time graph
helps in understanding the speed of an object.
TWO TYPES OF SPEED
Average Speed-total distance/total time. Instantaneous-
(ex.speedometer)
3 Base of Metric System 7 SI UNITS
meter(m)-length Ampere(A)-Electric current
grams(g)-mass Kelvin(K)-Temperature
Liter(L)-Volume kilogram(kg)-Mass
candela(cd)-luminous intensity
mole(mol)-amount of substance
Seconds(s)-time
Meter(m)-Length
 Base Quantity Common Unlts

Volume m*3

Density kg/m'3
Acceleration m/s^2
Force kg·m/s*2

CONVERSION OF UNITS K to °C

Example:252KtoC

°C=K-273.15

=252-273.15
=-21.15C
°C to K

Example:53 °C to K

K= °C+273.15

=53+273.15

326.15K

°F to °C

Example:212 °F to °C
C=(F-3('F-32)(5/9)

=(212-32)(5/9)
(6/5)(081)=
6/006=
=100C

°C to °F
Example:53 °C to °F
*F=*C(9/5)+32
=53(9/5)+32
=95.4+32
=127F

Kto'F
Example:100 K to °F
°F=K-273.15(9/5)+32
=100-273.15(9/5)+32
=-173.15(9/5)+32
-311.67+32

°F to K
Example:13 °F to K
K=(°F-32)(5/9)+27273.15
=(13-32)(5/9)+273.1 73.15
=(-19)(5/9)+273.15
=-10.6+273.15
=262.4K

RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT DIGITS

1.All non-zero digits are significant.
Example:968-3 significant digits
2. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are significant.
Example:079-3 significant digits
3.Zeroes within a number are significant
Example:909-3 significant digits
4.Zeroes at the end of a number before and after the decimal point are
significant.
Example:0.0980-3 significant digits
5. In whole numbers without a decimal point that end in one or more
zeroes-the zeroes may or may not be significant. Thus, ambiguity may be
removed by using scientific notation.
Example:0.090-3 significant digits
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

The conditions that must followed:

1.The coefficient must be greater than or equal to 1,and less than 10.
2.The base must be 10.
3.The exponent must show the number of decimal places that the
decimal needs to be moved to change the numbers to standard form. A
negative exponent means that the decimal is moved to the left when
changing to standard notation.
CHANGING STANDARD NOTATION TO SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
1.Place the decimal point after the first non-zero digit.
2.Count the number of places the decimal point is moved, and use
the numbers as exponent.
3.If the original number is greater than 10,the exponent is positive.
=262.4K
If the original number is between 1 and 10,the exponent is zero.
4. If the original number between 0 and 10,the exponent is
negative.
What is Energy Conversion?
Energy conversion is the process in which energy changes from one
form or type to another. Energy is always conserved in energy
conversions. Different forms of energy-such as electrical, chemical, and
thermal energy-often change to other forms of energy

TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

What is Temperature?
Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms
of any of several scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius. Temperature
indicates the direction in which heat energy will spontaneously flow-i.e.
from a hotter body(one at a higher temperature)to a colder body(one at a
lower temperature) Three temperature scales are in general use today.
The Fahrenheit(°F) temperature scale is used in the United States and a
few other English-speaking countries. The Celsius(°C)temperature scale
is standard in virtually all countries that have adopted the metric system
of measurement, and it is widely used in the sciences. The
Kelvin(K)scale, an absolute temperature scale(obtained by shifting the
Celsius scale by-273.15'so that absolute zero coincides with 0 K), is
recognized as the international standard for scientific temperature
measurement

What is Heat? Heat is the transfer of kinetic energy from one medium or
object to another, or from an energy source to a medium or object Such
energy transfer can occur in three ways: radiation, conduction, and
convection.
WHAT IS KINEMATICS?
Kinematics study the description of an objects motion using
distance by determining the total length travelled by an
object.

NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION

WORK,FORCE,ENERGY,ENERGY CONVERSION
What is Work?
The nature of work done can be categorized in three
classes. They are positive work, negative work and zero
work. The nature of work depends on the angle between
force and displacement. Positive work-if the applied force
displaces the object in its direction, then the work done is
known as positive work.
What is Force?
Force is defined as the rate of change of
momentum(momentum is mass multiplied by velocity) with
respect to time. Work is the product of displacement and the
component of force in the direction of displacement.
What is Energy?
Energy is defined as the "ability to do work, which is the
ability to exert a force causing displacement of an object
“Despite this confusing definition, its meaning is very
simple: energy is just the force that causes things to
move. Energy is divided into two types: potential and
kinetic.
What is Energy Conversion?
Energy conversion is the process in which energy changes
from one form or type to another. Energy is always
conserved In energy conversions. Different forms of
energy-such as electrical,chemical,and thermal energy-
often change to other forms of energy

TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

What is Temperature?
Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness
expressed in terms of any of several scales, including
Fahrenheit and Celsius. Temperature indicates the
direction in which heat energy will spontaneously flow-i.e.