Time and India Astrology

Time And India Satya Sarada Kandula
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Time and India
Time which is without beginning and without end, and which ordains this variety in the universe. It
is that Time which creates and swallows up all creatures. All the innumerable creatures that exist
subject to duality and according to their respective natures, have Time for their refuge. It is Time
that assumes those shapes and it is Time that upholds them Mahabharata Santiparvam.
!alah aham I am time "ri #rishna in Bhagavad Gita
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Astronomy-%E2%!%"3-Connections-to-#cript$res-Astro%o&y-and-'istory
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Table of Contents
Time and India ..................................................................................................................... 1
Table o Contents ................................................................................................................. 1
Time ..................................................................................................................................... !
Time "ine or Time Circle# .................................................................................................. !
T$o %inds o time ................................................................................................................ !
Astronomical Time Scales ................................................................................................... &
'hy should I care about %alpas( manvantaras( yugas etc# .................................................. &
'hat is a Kalpa# .................................................................................................................. &
)o$ many *anvantaras are there in a Kalpa# .................................................................... +
,ugas ................................................................................................................................... -
)o$ many solar years are there to a Caturyuga or a *ahayuga# )o$ many %inds o
,ugas are there# .................................................................................................................. -
Kaliyuga .eginning. .......................................................................................................... /1
Revati 0 ,ugas ................................................................................................................... //
Krutha 1Krita( Krta2 ,uga 3einition in 4ishnu 5uranam 11/ years2 ............................... /6
1/77 year Kaliyugam started in 5ari%shit8s time : 4ishnu 5uranam ................................. /9
Kaliyuga duration !&7777 years( 1/77 divine years( 4ishnu 5uranam. Trac%ing the
gro$th o the Kaliyugam rom 1/ to 6!/777 years ........................................................... /&
Kaliyuga started( $ith Sri Krishna8s Ascent : 4ishnu 5uranam ........................................ /-
Saptarishi Calendar ............................................................................................................ !7
'hy do $e need to study the saptarishi calendar# ............................................................ !7
5ari%shit to Nanda : 1797 years : 4ishnu 5uranam ......................................................... !7
Saptarishis in *aghaa Na%hstaram at 5ari%shit8s time : 4ishnu 5uranam ....................... !/
Saptarishi Calendar ............................................................................................................ !!
'hat is the Saptarishi *andala# ................................................................................ !!
'hat is the Saptarishi Calendar# ............................................................................... !!
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age 1 o -1
'hat happened $hen the Saptarishis pointed to *a%ha 1*agha2 Na%shatram # ..... !!
'hich Na%shatram is presently indicated by the Sapta Rishis# ................................ !6
'hich Na%shatram 5air did the 4ishnu 5uranam and .rihat Samhita reer to# ....... !6
3ate o 5ari%shit8s .irth( ,udhithira8s Coronation( Start o Kaliyuga : .................. !&
Nanda came to po$er $hen the Saptarishis indicated 5urvashaada : 4ishnu 5uranam . . . !-
3einition : Saptarishis in or indicating a na%shatram as per 4ishnu 5uranam ................ !<
Saptarishi 1=reat .ear2 5ositions according to 4arahamihira and 4ates$ara .................. 67
'hich Nanda $as indicated by the Saptarishis in 5urvashaada Na%shatram :
4ishnu 5uranam ................................................................................................................. 61
4atesvara( an ancient Kashmiri Astronomer( his Karanasara and Siddhanta : R.N.
Rai( INSA .......................................................................................................................... 6!
Calendars based on %ings. s8a%as or eras. .......................................................................... 69
)o$ many %inds o Sa%as 1>ras2 are there# ...................................................................... 69
'hat is a %aranagrantha# ................................................................................................... 6+
3ate o the *ahabharata 'ar ............................................................................................ 6-
Kalahana8s Ra?atarangini : 3ate o *ahabharata 'ar ...................................................... 91
4arahamihira : Really 6/+ o Sa%a >ra# : 5ancha Siddhanti%a ........................................ 9!
3ate o Sri Rama ................................................................................................................ 99
Agastya : Canopus ............................................................................................................ 99
3ate o Sri Rama8s birth as per .ala%anda ........................................................................ 9+
=enerations bet$een Rama and Krishna. .......................................................................... &1
=enerations previous to Sri Rama. .................................................................................... &9
@ther Important 3ates and 3iscussions ............................................................................. &-
Ca%susha *anvantaram ends $ith the *atysa Avataram ;lood( 4aivas$ata
*anvantaram .egins : Srimad .hagavatam. .................................................................... &-
4aivas$atha *anu to Revati 3evi( $ie o .alarama 3eva : Srimad .hagavatham ....... +7
3ate o 4eda *antras ........................................................................................................ +/
Age o the >arth ................................................................................................................. +!
*easurements .................................................................................................................... +6
*easurements : .hagavatham .......................................................................................... +6
*easurements : *ahabharatam ........................................................................................ +9
*easurements : Narada 5urana ........................................................................................ +&
*easurements : Kautilya ................................................................................................ ++
1 .rahma second A 1 )uman ,earBBB ................................................................................ -7
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age / o -1
Time
Time Line or Time Circle?
+osted by satyask on ,arch 1-. 2!!"
Indian script$res /p$ranas0 ta%1 o2 cyc%ic time. 3hat means that the - y$&as cyc%e. the man*antaras
cyc%e. the 1a%pas cyc%e and so on. And whi%e the ma4or e*ents repeat. the minor e*ents can *ary
2rom cyc%e to cyc%e.
2!th cent$ry physics *iew time as a dimension c%ose%y connected to space and thin1s o2 %oops and
wrin1%es and worm ho%es and the %i1e. Einstein once as1ed someone 5does station 6 stop at this
train75 Gode% said that the present co$%d in2%$ence the past.
It8s time to thin1 abo$t time9999
3he concept o2 time as a strai&ht %ine 2rom -in2ininty to : in2inity is passe.
Two kinds of time
+osted by satyask on ;$ne 2!. 2!!"
What is time?
($r own interna% $nderstandin& o2 time is rea%%y a ne*er endin& present. <ow9 3hat is the
time o2 the Self. /;i*a= Atma = >rahma0
($r own $nderstandin& o2 o$rse%*es is the $nchan&in& #e%2. ?I5 don8t 2ee% that ?I5 ha*e
chan&ed at a%%. @es. my hair is &rey and my s1in is wrin1%in&. yes. sometimes my mind is
tired and sometimes it 2or&ets thin&s.
>$t the chan&e%ess eterna% ?I5 %i*es in a ne*er endin& ?<ow5.
But then what is time?
3he tasty 2ood coo1ed yesterday is a %itt%e insipid today. 3he hot water o2 an o$r a&o has
become coo%er now and in an another ho$r it wi%% be coo%er sti%%.
,y senses detect a chan&e o2 state o2 my en*ironment. ,y en*ironment is E*er
Chan&in&. ?I5 am ne*er chan&in&9 ,y mind can remember a state when thin&s were
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age ! o -1
di22erent. It can anticpate a state when thin&s wi%% be di22erent 2rom what my senses
detect ?<ow5.
Asin& my mind ?I5 can remember the past and anticipate the 2$t$re. ,y mind can on%y
detect time based on en*ironmenta% state chan&es detected by my senses. Bhen my
en*ironment is as static as can be. or when my mind is en&a&ed in an acti*ity that is
$nmind2$% o2 en*ironmenta% state chan&es. ?I5 don8t 1now how m$ch time has passed.
What is a clock?
A c%oc1 is a de*ice that chan&es its state at a $ni2orm rate. independent o2 my menta%
acti*ity. whether I am %oo1in& at it or not. A c%oc1 can ?te%%5 me the time.
What is the most ancient of clocks?
3he risin& and settin& o2 the s$n. moon and stars.
3he waCin& and wanin& o2 the moon.
3he tides.
3he seasons.
3he re%ati*e motion o2 the %$minaries /nakshatrams and grahas0 with respect to each
other and with respect to my p%ace o2 obser*ation.
A%% these thin&s happen with a re&$%arity and repeatabi%ity. 3he s$n wi%% rise a&ain
tomorrow. it wi%% rain a&ain neCt year. the moon sha%% yet a&ain become 2$%% /p$rnima0.
3he &rahas and na1shatras sha%% once a&ain attain. their present re%ati*e positions.
I2 I de2ine their eCact a%i&nment at this sp%it second as the Dero point o2 a #atya
#arada Yuga. and i2 I speci2y which &rahas and which na1shatrams I am ta1in& into
acco$nt..
E 3hen they wi%% be bac1 to eCact%y this arran&ement in 1 #atya #arada @$&a99
I2 I am a mathematician F astronomer o2 the %e*e% o2 Aryabhatta or ,ar1andeya. then I
wi%% te%% yo$ how many so%ar years and how many %$nar months &o into 1 #atya #arada
@$&a.
What are the two kinds of time?
3he two 1inds o2 time are the time line and the time cirle.
3he time circ%e is the time o2 c%oc1s . whether modern or ancient.
3heir end is their be&innin&. In a simp%e wa%% c%oc1 with a short and a %on& arm. the time
cyc%e %asts 2or 12 ho$rs. A2ter which it is the same time a&ain.
I2 the moon is yo$r c%oc1 e*ery 2G: days. the moon is 2$%% a&ain and yo$ are bac1 to the
be&innin& /or midd%e o2 the month based on what yo$ ca%% the be&innin&0.
I2 the #$n is yo$r c%oc1. e*ery 2- ho$rs. the s$n rises a&ain and e*ery 366 days it rises in
the same spot in the s1y with respect to the na1shatrams.
#ome Hedic sa&es $sed Revati Nakshatram as their c%oc1.
3he time %ine is the time o2 my mind.
In this time. the end is not the be&innin&. ?I5 1now that peop%e enter and %ea*e my
en*ironment. >abies and +%ants come into the wor%d. >$i%din&s are b$i%t. Art. Iiterat$re
and Jnow%ed&e &row. Anima%s and peop%e die. >$i%din&s 2a%% down. Jnow%ed&e is
2or&otten. %iterat$re mis$nderstood and wor1s o2 art are destroyed. #pecies come and &o
o$t o2 the eCistence that my senses detect and that my mind interprets. ,y mind %earns
2rom other minds how it may interpret thin&s that it cannot interpret on its own. ,y mind
disco*ers that other minds too ha*e a sense and eCperience o2 the time %ine simi%ar to
mine.
(ther than the c%oc1 itse%2 nothin& in the en*ironment repeats. on the sca%e o2 my
perception.
@esterday8s b$tter2%y is dead. tho$&h the s$n has risen a&ain.
Iast month8s new dress. is now o%d and is no %on&er so bri&ht.
3his year8s s$mmer was m$ch warmer than %ast year8s.
($r #$n himse%2 is a second &eneration star. and o$r so%ar system was once b$t p%asma.
ime itself means something else near a black hole.
Astronomical Time Scales
Why should I care about kalpas, manvantaras, yugas
etc?
@ne important reason is that Ancient Indian )istory gave us dates o events using
astronomical calendars. The second is that though the names are the same or eg ta%e
%aliyuga( the duration o these yugas increased over time. A caturyga that $as 6 or 9
years old initially gre$ as long as 6(!/7(777 years as our %no$ledge o astronomy
increased. Thereore( though Sri Rama is o the Tretha ,uga and Sri Krishna is o the
3$apara ,uga( the number o solar years bet$een them is in hundreds o years and not
millions o years. @ur ancient historians $ere not $rong.. the calendar intervals gre$
over time.
What is a Kalpa?
A #alpa is -. hours of /rahma. . !alpas ma!e a day and a night of /rahma. 0e lives for -11 years
on this time scale.
What are the names of the kalpas?
from: http!!www"krishnamedia"org!e#books!Laghu$hag%ne"pdf The cycle of kalpas,
beginning with Brhma-kalpa and ending with Pdma-kalpa, is repeated a thousand times. The
present kalpa is called Seta-arha-kalpa.
from : http://www.webcom.com/ara/col/books/CLAS/bhag/2_!.html :
The Bhagavatam speaks of 30 kalpa names, one for each ay of his month! This list oes
not match the list in the "ayu #urana!
3he thirty 1a%pas o2 >rahma are:
(1) Sveta-kalpa,
(2) Nilalohita,
(3) Vamadeva,
(4) Gathantara,
(5) Raurava,
(6) rana,
(!) "rhat-kalpa,
(#) $andarpa,
(%) Sad&otha,
(1') ()ana,
(11) *h&ana,
(12) Sara)vata,
(13) +dana,
(14) Garuda,
(15) $aurma,
(16) Nara)imha,
(1!) Samadhi,
(1#) ,-ne&a,
(1%) Vi)nu.a,
(2') Saura,
(21) Soma-kalpa,
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age & o -1
(22) "havana,
(23) Supuma,
(24) Vaikuntha,
(25) ,r/i)a,
(26) Vali-kalpa,
(2!) Vaira.a,
(2#) Gauri-kalpa,
(2%) 0ahe)vara,
(3') aitr-kalpa1
Ja%pa names per *ay$ p$rana
List from the Vayu Purana (Source)
?/10 >ha*a. /20 >h$*a. /30 3apah. /-0 >ha*a. /50 Kambha. /60 Kit$. /G0 Jrat$. /0 Hahni.
/"0 'a*ya*ahana. /1!0 #a*itra. /110 >h$*ah. /120 ($shi1a. /130 J$shi1a. /1-0 Gandhar*a.
/150 Kishabha. /160 #hada4a. /1G0 ,ar4a%iya. /10 ,adhyama. /1"0 Haira4a. 3he &reat
Haira4a ,an$ was born in this 1a%pa and his son was the &reat sa&e Ladhichi. /2!0 <ishada.
3he race o2 nishadas /h$nters0 were created d$rin& this period. /210 +anchama. /220
,e&ha*ahana. 3he word me&ha means c%o$d and *ahana means to bear. In this 1a%pa.
Hishn$ adopted the 2orm o2 a c%o$d and bore #hi*a on his bac1. It is th$s that the 1a%pa
recei*ed its name. /230 Chinta1a. /2-0 A1$ti. /250 Hi4nati. /260 ,ana. /2G0 >ha*a. /20
Hrihat. /2"0 #h*eta%ohita. /3!0 Ka1ta. /310 +ita*asa. /320 #ita. /330 Jrishna /3-0
Hish*ar$pa. /5What about the rest?!
"ote# 3here are 6-.!! seconds in o$r day. 3h$s Ja%pa is a simp%e m$%tip%e o2 this 2i&$re.
&ow many 'anvantaras are there in a Kalpa?
3here are $% &anvantaras in a Ja%pa. A man$ or an Indra %i*es 2or 1 man*antara. 1 man*antara is
a 1!! years o2 Indra.
What are the names of the Manvantaras? 1Source2
1. #wayambh$*a /'.H. G.0 son o2 the se%2 born
2. #warochishta /,ar1 +.6G.-0 son o2 the se%2 shinin&
3. Athama / ,ar1.+ G3.130 son o2 the hi&hest
-. 3aamasa /,ar1.+ G3.130 son o2 Lar1ness
5. Kai*atha /,ar1.+ G5.G3.G-0 son o2 wea%th
6. Chai1sh$sa/ ,ar1.+ G6.5-0 son o2 *ision
G. HAIHA#BA3'A/ /,AKJ.+ G"."M1!0 #(< (N >KIG'3<E##
. Ar1a #a*arni1a / ,ar1.+ !.-0 re%ated to #$n&od
". La1sha #a*arni1a / ,ar1.+ "-.0 son o2 rit$a%s
1!. >rahma #a*arni1a /,ar1.+ "-.1! to 1- 0 son o2 >rahma
11. Lharma #a*arnia/ ,ar1.+ "-.1" M 2!0 re%ati*e o2 eterna% %aw
12. K$dra #a*rni1a/ ,ar1.+ "-.25 0son o2 the destroyer
13. Le*a #a*arni1a /,ar1. + "-.3!0son o2 the shinin& one and
1-. Indra #a*arni1a /,ar1.+ 1!!.310 son o2 the mi&hty Indra
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age + o -1
/3he bi& ban& is abo$t - 1a%pas a&o0. Each Ja%pa /- 32! !!! !!! earth years0 has 1-
,an*antaras. ($rs is the Gth Hai*aswatha ,an*anthara. 3his means abo$t ha%2 o2 o$r Ja%pa
/#*eta Haraha Ja%pa0 is o*er. Another 2 16! !!! !!! earth years to the end o2 this 1a%pa or
to disso%$tion. 3his is the Lwitiya +arardha or second ha%2 o2 >rahma8s %i2e. which means 5!
C 36! 1a%pas are o*er. And we are midway o2 one o2 the neCt 1a%pas. At poo4a time we say
#*eta *araha 1a%pe. dwitiya parardhe. *ai*aswatha man*antare. 1a%iy$&e. prathama
pade. Be ne*er mention the name or n$mber o2 a Chat$ry$&a or a ,ahay$&a.
(ugas
$ow many Mahayugas or %aturyugas are there in a Kalpa?
3here are &''' or &''() ,ahay$&as in a Ja%pa ,ahay$&as in a Ja%pa. Ta!ing -112, gives
23 $aturyugas in an hour of /rahma.
$ow many Mahayugas are there to a Manvantara?
3here are *+ %aturyugas to a Manvantara
%aution # ,iving -ocument # ,inking is safe. .uoting is not safe. /eproduction without
permission) and deleting data links) are likely to lead to misinformation and confusion for
which the karma rests with the reproducer) and not with me. here are no authori0ed
copies of this document on the web anywhere.
&ow many solar years are there to a Caturyuga or a
'ahayuga? &ow many kinds of (ugas are there?
1bstract# In this artic%e I eCp%ain the de2inition o2 @$&a as an a%i&nment o2 ce%estia% bodies and
show how the @$&a L$rations di22ered in Hario$s Astronomica% #iddhantas o2 India. dependin& on
the n$mber o2 %$minary bodies that were ta1en into consideration and their orbita% periods. I show
that the o%dest siddhantas %i1e the +itamaha #iddhanta had the shortest y$&a d$rations. beca$se
they considered the 2ewest %$minary bodies. 3he %atest ones siddhantas ha*e the %on&est d$rations
beca$se o2 the n$mber o2 the %ar&er n$mber o2 %$minary bodies /p%$s shadowy bodies F the nodes0.
that ha*e been ta1en into consideration. I try to 2ind the y$&a d$rations that m$st ha*e been
re2erred to by"ea "yasa in his compilations o2 the +$ranas and his a$thorin& o2 the ,ahabharata
and the #rimad >ha&a*atam. 4"ee %Kaliyuga duration 23'''' years) &+'' divine years)
4ishnu 5uranam. racking the growth of the Kaliyugam from &+ to 62+''' years 5
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age - o -1
Backgroun ' The traitional vie( is incientally the most moern one) As per this, a
mahay$&a is a period o2 -32!!!! years d$ration.
A%so ca%%ed a chat$ry$&a. it has 2o$r s$bdi*isions. 1r$tha. thretha. dwapara and 1a%i.
Lwapara is 2 times as %on& as Ja%i. 3hretha is 3 times as %on& as Ja%i and Jr$tha is - times
as %on& as Ja%i @$&a.
Jr$tha @$&a is a p$re period and Ja%i @$&a is a bad time. /#ome teCts eCp%ain that Lharma
wa%1s on 2o$r 2eet in Jr$tha/#atya @$&a. on 3 2eet in 3retha @$&a. on two 2eet in Lwapara
@$&a and one 2oot in Ja%iy$&a.0
At the end o2 this Ja%i @$&a. an a*atar o2 Hishn$ ca%%ed Ja%1i wi%% destroy a%% the e*i% doers.
It is a%so be%ie*ed that there is one main a*atar in each @$&a and se*era% minor a*atars.
3he main a*atar o2 3retha 3y$&a is Kama. the main a*atar o2 Lwapara y$&a is Jrishna.
As per the <annaya >haratam. Hyasa started writin& the ,ahabharata in @ear 1 o2 1a%iy$&a
and comp%eted it in year - o2 1a%iy$&a.
Be are now in the 2irst o2 - O$arters /padas0 o2 Ja%i@$&a. Bhen we pray. we say.
?;amb$d*ipe. bharatha *arshe. bharatha 1hande. ,eroyah da1shina di&bha&e5. Be a%so
&i*e some &eo&raphica% in2o &i*in& o$r re%ation to ri*ers and ho%y p%aces. 3hen we &i*e the
ca%endar in2ormation %i1e o$r 1a%pa. praharardha. man*anatara and y$&a pada. Svetta
"araha *alpe, +(itiya #rahararhe, "ais(ata &anvantare, *aliyuge prathama
pae. A2ter this we &i*e the name o2 the year in the 6! year cyc%e F +rabha*a. Hibha*a
etc5 /2!!"-2!1! is Hirodhi <ama #am*atsara0 and 2$rther &o on with the the tithi *ara and
na1shatra in2ormation. 1now%ed&eab%e peop%e may &i*e e*en more detai%s o2 1arana etc.
-efinition of a 7uga # A +uga means a joining or an alignment of planets and,or stars and,or their
apogees and perigees. +ugas have to do with alignment and the more celestial bodies that have to
line up, the more time it is going to ta!e and the more corrections it is going to ta!e. 6or a further
simpler explanation of the basics % "ee % wo Kinds of ime and What is the difference
between a graha yoga 8con9unction! and a yuga?
7henever any Siddhanta defines a +uga, it refers to the 8ahayuga or the $haturyuga. 7hile some
of the 'ifferent siddhantas divide up the 8ahayuga into fractions in the ratio 3%9%.%- or -%-%-%-,
all of them do not.
,ist of the 7ugas described in this article #
1. ,hanramana an Souramana Yugas' I$nar and #o%ar @ears : ApproCimate%y 1 year
d$ration. In use.
/. "eic Yugas' "eanga -yothisham' #itamaha .Brahma/ Sihantam' 0
years' 4'hanishta :a!shatram, "urya 4"un5, $handra 48oon5 are aligned% The ;itamaha
+uga starts when 'hanishta is in Amavasya.5 :o longer in use.
!. 1avam Ayanam' 8%haturyuga has - years. each o2 eCact%y 365 1/- so%ar days. or 365
days : 1 pada0 : /At the end o2 Ja%i. one pada &ets added. E at the end o2 Jr$tha - padas
&et added and the %eap day is comp%eted0. <o %on&er in $se.
6. Barhaspatyamana or Brhaspati Yugas' $2 years ' ."urya, $handra, Tishya 4;ushya5,
/rhaspati or are aligned The $2 year *umbha &ela is base on this!/
Barhaspatyamana or Brhaspati Yugas' 30 year variant ' 8"urya, $handra, ;ushya,
/rihaspati plus "ani!
9. $000 year ,haturyugas ' 4The time ta!en for the starting point of the moveable
4tropical5 *odiac, to pass one - complete na!shatram. 'erived from precession of
e<uinoxes5
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age < o -1
&. SaptaRishi Yuga ' 2G!! years. /A pointer thro$&h the bow% o2 the #aptarishi ,anda%a
mo*es to a di22erent na1shatra. by the end o2 a cent$ry0.
+. Romaka Sihantam ' 25! years
-. #oorva Surya Sihantham ' 1!.!!! years or 1.!!.!!! years.
<. Surya Sihantam ' -.32!.!!! years
17. &arkaneya Yugas, as per the &ahabharata!
11. Naveena Sihanthams ' -.32!.!!! years: /-:3:2:1 Katio 2or Jr$ta. 3reta. Lwapara and
Ja%i0. In Ase.
1/. Aryabhatiyam' -.32!.!!! years 4Alignments of grahas as well as their nodes etc, -%-%-%-
)atio for +ugapadas% #ruta, Treta, 'wapara, #ali are not mentioned by name5
&. %handramana and Souramana 7ugas # & year duration. # his section will also help you
with the basics needed understand the other sections too.
:irst concept #The moon is concerned only with months and the it is the only the sun that is
concerned with years. "o the month is concerned with the moon=s orbit and the year is concerned
with earth=s orbit. There is very little influence of the one on the other. The concept of a lunar year
creeps in, when you try to find out how many lunar months can be acomodated in - year.
What is a ,unar Month? 1 %$nar month has to do with the moon &oin& aro$nd the earth
once. 3hen yo$ say Le2ine ?(nce5.
A siereal month, is the time it ta1es. 2or the moon to %ine $p with the same star. 3his
ta1es 2G.321661 so%ar days /2G d G h -3 min 11.5 s0.
A synoic month is the time it ta1es 2or the moon to %ine $p with the s$n. 3his ta1es
2".53 so%ar days /2" days. 12 ho$rs. -- min$tes. 2. seconds0 and is meas$red 2rom <ew
,oon to <ew ,oon.
3here are many other 1inds o2 %$nar month.
What is a solar day? A so%ar day is the time d$ration o2 the earth8s orbit. In the most ancient o2
times. it was the time between two s$n rises.
What is a year ? A year is the d$ration o2 the earth8s orbit.
A so%ar year is the time it ta1es 2or the earth to come bac1 to the same point in it8s orbit
with respect to the s$n. /365.25 days0
A siderea% year is the time it ta1es 2or the earth to come bac1 to the same point in it8s orbit
with respect to the same star /na1shatras0.
3hese two di22er by a 2ew min$tes. In other words. it is the time the s$n ta1es to 2inish
one 4ttarayanam an one +akshinayanamand to come bac1 to Pthe same p%ace8. >$t
what means Pthe same p%ace87 It is the same p%ace with respect to the earth8s orbit aro$nd
the s$n. It is s%i&ht%y o22 2rom the same p%ace with respect to the stars. Bhy is this7 <ot
on%y are we spinnin& aro$nd the s$n. the s$n is dra&&in& $s aro$nd the &a%actic center. It
ta1es one siderea% year 2or the s$n to a%i&n with the same stars.
&+ lunar synodic months fit into & solar year with ;.+; days to spare.
<gadi means 7ugadi# Jannadi&as and 3e%$&$ peop%e ce%ebrate a Chandramana /I$nar0 @$&adi.
and 3ami%s ce%ebrate a #o$ramana /#o%ar0@$&adi. once a year. in sprin&. @$&adi means. the
be&innin& o2 a @$&a. In 3e%$&$. it is 2reO$ent%y ca%%ed A&adi. with Py8 dropped by scho%ars and
%aymen a%i1e.
What is a ,unar 7ear? 3he time d$ration between two %$nar y$&adis is 12 synodic months. 3his is
a chandramana year. 3he time d$ration between two so$ramana y$&adis is 365 days.
1re all lunar 8chadramana! years of the same duration? "o= 12 %$nar months are 35-.36
days i2 yo$ are $sin& synodic months or 32G.5"" days i2 yo$ are thin1in& siderea% months. Some
lunar years are &2 months long= E*ery 3 years an Adhi1a ,asam is added. to ma1e $p 2or the
di22erence in the %en&ths o2 the so%ar and %$nar years. /It is %i1e addin& a %eap day into the so%ar
ca%endar once in - years0. >$t now yo$ ha*e added -.5 days too many. #o the #$n. ,oon and #tars
are not per2ect%y a%i&ned. as be2ore. yet. 3here is a %ot o2 comp%eC arithmetic. which te%%s yo$ when
to add months /adhi1amasas0 and when to de%ete dates /tithi1shayas0. #ome %$nar days are a %itt%e
shorter than others and many other corrections are to be made. 3his is what the ;yotisha #astra
Hedan&a is a%% abo$t.
+. 4edic 7ugas# 4edanga >yothisham# 5itamaha Siddhantam# ; years# 8-hanishta
"akshatram) Surya 8Sun!) %handra 8Moon! are aligned# he 5itamaha 7uga starts when
-hanishta is in 1mavasya.! 8"ee Brahma?s 7uga @ 5aitamaha Siddhantha @
from 5ancaSiddhantika 5
In the Attara1anda o2 the Ha%mi1i Kamayana. the word +itamaha is $sed to indicate
>rahma. when $sed witho$t O$a%i2ication.
13! so%ar days. 16! %$nar tithis. 62 %$nar months. and 6! so%ar months. 3here are 2
adhi1amasas /eCtra %$nar months0. 3! tithi1shayas /de%etions o2 tithis0. 6G tra*erses o2 the
moon amon& the stars. ie . each star Pocc$rs8 6G times.
he 5itamaha 7uga starts when -hanishta is in 1mavasya.
3his wi%% reO$ire a correction o2 -.65 days in 5 years. which is done $sin& a comp%eC
method. 3he eCp%aination &i*en as per Ja$ti%ya Artha #astra is &i*en be%ow be%ow.
he names of the years are% Samvatsaramu) 5arivatsaramu) Adaavatsaramu)
1nuvatsaramu) Advatsaramu. 47here is the reference to #rutha, Tretha, 'wapara, and
#aliyugas> In modern days it is common to label every year as samvatsaramu and ta!e the
names of each of the years from the /rihaspati ?1 year yugas5
5lace# As per this #astra. on the day o2 Jata1ayanam /arri*a% o2 cancer0. the ni&ht was
2/3rds o2 the day. 3his happens in Gandhar and Jashmir. Time% P+rapadyate #ra*ishthado$.
#$ryachandramasa*$da1. sarparthe. da1shinar1astho$. ma&ha sra*anayo sada. 7hen
'hanistha Amavasya occurs, "urya is in the :orth, and when Asleshartha amavasya occurs
)avi 4"urya5 is in the "outh. 3his %ead to a date o2 2;'' years ago. /"ource % Translated
and explained from @ijnana "arasvamu, Ath "amputamu ;age B32CBB-0.
What does a Star Bccurence mean?
o There are 25 Nakshatrams that co*er 36! de&rees o2 the Dodiac. so each
na1shatram Pco*ers8 or owns 13.33 de&rees. 3he moon /Chandra0 mo*es past
each o2 these na1shatrams. once e*ery month. 3he @$&a or Anion o2 Chandra
and any <a1shtra ro$&h%y %asts 2or approCimate%y a so%ar day.
o /"ome scholars debate on whether it is midpoint to midpoint between na!shatras
that have to be considered or beginning to beginning. Thin! about the idea that the
stars are not geometrically exactly -9.99 degrees apart, but only approximately so.
If you were an astronomerCmathematician of the ancient times, what would you
have decided> 0ow would you have mar!ed the midCpoints between the
na!shatras>0 3he Chandra <a1shatra @$&a at #$nKise determines the <a1shatra o2
the day. as a &enera% r$%e. #o at the time the s$n is risin&. the moon is within the
13 de&rees o2 the <a1shatra o2 the Lay9
'ind$ Astro%o&ers $se two 1inds o2 Chandra<a1shatra @$&as in
horoscopes. 3he ;anma<a1shatra. re2ers to the Chandra<a1shatra @$&a at
birth. 3he ;anmaIa&na re2ers to the ascendant na1shatra or the na1shatra
on the horiDon at the incident o2 birth.
he Kautilya 1rthasastra eCplains the details of the corrections to be applied and &i*es
how the y$&a d$ration is 5 years. #ee A%so : &easurements ' *autilya.
At is in the month of 1shDdha that no shadow is cast in midday.
AshDdha. d$rin& the siC months 2rom "rDvana $pwards. the %en&th o2 shadow s$ccessi*e%y
increases by two angulas and d$rin& the neCt siC months 2rom 8Dgha $pwards. it
s$ccessi*e%y decreases by two angulas.
Ni2teen days and ni&hts to&ether ma1e $p one pa!sha. 3hat pa!sha d$rin& which the moon
waCes is white /su!la0 and thatpa!shad$rin& which the moon wanes is bahula.
3wo pa!shas ma1e one month /mDsa0.
3hirty days and ni&hts to&ether ma1e one month /pra!armamDsah0.
3he same /3! days and ni&hts0 with an additiona% ha%2 a day ma1es one so%ar month
/saura0.
3he same /3!0 %ess by ha%2 a day ma1es one %$nar month /chandramDsa0.
3wenty-se*en /days and ni&hts0 ma1e a siderea% month /na!shatramDsa0.
(nce in thirty-two months there comes one malamDsa de2i%ed month. i.e.. an eCtra month
added to %$nar year to harmonise it with the so%ar.
(nce in thirty-2i*e months there comes a malamDsa 2or AsvavDhas.
(nce in 2orty months there comes a malamDsa 2or hastivDhas.
3wo months ma1e one ritu /season0. "rDvana and proshthapada ma1e the rainy season
/varshD0. Asvayuja and #DrthE!a ma1e the a$t$mn /sarad0. 8DrgasErsha and ;hausha ma1e
the winter /hemanta0. 8Dgha and ;halguna ma1e the dewy season
/sisira0. $haitraand @aisD!ha ma1e the sprin&
/vasanta0. FyeshthDmGlEya and AshDdha ma1e the s$mmer /grishma0.
#easons 2rom sisira and $pwards are uttarDyana. and /those0 2rom varshD and $pwards
are the winter so%stice da!shinDyana.
3wo ayanas ma1e one year /samvatsara0. :ive years make one yuga.
3he s$n carries o22 /harati0 1/6!th o2 a who%e day e*ery day and th$s ma1es one comp%ete
day in e*ery two months /ritau0.
Ii1ewise the moon /2a%%s behind by 1/6!th o2 a who%e day e*ery day and 2a%%s behind one
day in e*ery two months0.
3h$s in the midd%e o2 e*ery third year. they /the s$n and the moon0 ma1e one adhimDsa.
additiona% month. 2irst in the s$mmer season and second at the end o2 2i*e years.
2. Gavam 1yanam# 8%haturyuga has - years. each o2 eCact%y 365 1/- so%ar days. or 365 days :
1 pada0 : /At the end o2 Ja%i. one pada &ets added. E at the end o2 Jr$tha - padas &et added and
the %eap day is comp%eted0.
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age 1/ o -1
As per an artic%e by #hama#astry the Ga*am Ayanam was in $se 2rom 31!1 >C to 126! >C.
3he word PGo8 re2ers to an interca%ary day. /%i1e the eCtra day in a %eap year0.
(ne so%ar orbit ta1es 365 and 1/- days. A O$arter is ca%%ed a pada.
3he modern way consists o2 ta1in& 365 days in an ordinary year and 366 days in a %eap
year.
(ne Hedic method was to ta1e eCact%y 365 and a pada days.
3he 2irst year was ca%%ed Ja%i or E1ata and it started in the e*enin& and ended at midni&ht
a2ter 365 days and a pada.
3he second year was ca%%ed Lwapara. or Lwita and started at midni&ht and ended in the
mornin& a2ter 365 days and a pada.
3he third @$&a was thretha or tritha. started in the mornin& and ended in the a2ternoon
a2ter 365 days and a pada.
hese 2 are called the 4isnu padas.
3he 2o$rth @$&a was ca%%ed Jrta or comp%ete @$&a beca$se it started in the a2ternoon b$t
ended in the e*enin& a2ter 365 days and a pada. #ince it ended proper%y in the e*enin&. it
was a%so ca%%ed #atya or Kta @$&a.
6. Barhaspatyamana or Brhaspati 7ugas# &+ years # 8Surya) %handra) ishya 85ushya!)
Brhaspati or are aligned. he &+ year Kumbha Mela is based on this.! Barhaspatyamana
or Brhaspati 7ugas# 3' year variant # 8Surya) %handra) 5ushya) Brihaspati plus Sani!
#ee A%so : *rutha .*rita, *rta/ Yuga +efinition in "ishnu #uranam
E*en in modern times. we $se a 6! year cyc%e. 3he names o2 the years are the same as the
names o2 the years $sed in the >arhaspatyamana @$&a #ystem.
B<) there is an offset.
o 3he >arhaspatyamana cyc%e starts with the year ca%%ed Hi4aya. 3he modern cyc%e
starts with the year named +rabha*a.
o >$t that is not a%%. 3he modern year name Hi1rama nama sam*atsaram
corresponds to Hi4aya nama #am*atsaram in the >arhaspatyamana system.
o A%so the G$r$ transit occ$rs aro$nd ,ay and does not coincide at a%% with the
,arch/Apri% be&innin&s o2 the years o2 the modern cyc%e.
G$r$ &raha /;$piter. >rhaspati0. #$n. #at$rn and ,oon come bac1 to the ori&ina% a%i&ment
e*ery 6! years. /12 years is the mean p%anetary orbit time o2 G$r$. and 3! years is the
mean orbita% d$ration 2or #at$rn. 3he I.C.,. /Ieast Common ,$%tip%e0 is 6! years. 3he #$n
and ,oon rise to&ether /Amavasya0 in each rasi on an a*era&e o2 once a year. /There are
intercalary days, months and years, to account for alignment differences, that accrue over
time.0 So a Surya, ,hanra, #ushya, Brhaspati, Sani Yuga is 30 years!
The $2 year *umbha &ela "ariant ' You have 'hanishta, Huru, $handra and "urya,
which align once in the -. years. . 'hanishta :a!shatra padas in the end of 8a!ara )asi
and . 'hanishta :a!shatra padas are in the beginning of #umbha )asi.
o Lhanishta /3rd and -th +adas /O$arters00 be&in J$mbha Kasi /AO$ari$s0. It ta1es
;$piter /G$r$0. 12 years on an a*era&e to ret$rn to the same rasi. ;$piter ta1es. on
an a*era&e. 1 year to pass by each rasi or Dodiac si&n and the s$n ta1es on an
a*era&e a month.
o E*ery 12th year J$mbha ,e%a is per2ormed on a &rand sca%e. 3he re%i&io$s be%ie*e
that the J$mbha /meanin& pot0 re2ers to a +itcher o2 Amrta /nectar o2
immorta%ity0. 3here is a story o2 Amrtam bein& spi%%ed at the % *umbha &ela
#laces! .#rayag .Allahaba/, 6ar(ar, Nasik an 477ain/! 8n a map they
look like places of e9uiistant longitue! 3he J$mbh ,e%a is &enera%%y he%d
e*ery three years in rotation. 2rom east to west at +raya&. 'ardwar. A44ain and
<asi1.
he names of the years are # Serial "umber as per modern counting.
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age 1! o -1
/+. 4i?aya 16. 4i%rama
/-. Caya 19. 4risha
/<. *anmatha 1&. ChitrabhDnu
!7. 3urmu%ha 1+. SvabhDnu
!1. )emalambin 1-. TDrana
!/. 4ilambin 1<. 5Drthiva
!!. 4i%Drin /7. 4yaya 1/77&0/77+ A3EC>2
!6. ShDrvari /1. Sarva?it 1/77+0/77- A3EC>2
!9. 5lava //. SarvadhDrin
!&. Shubha%rit /!. 4irodhin
!+. Shobhana /6. 4i%rita
!-. Krodhin /9. Khara
39. Vishvvasu /&. Nandana
67. 5arDbhava /+. 4i?aya
61. 5lavanga /-. Caya
6/. KFla%a /<. *anmatha
6!. Saumya !7. 3urmu%ha
66. SDdhDrana !1. )emalambin
69. 4irodhi%rit !/. 4ilambin
6&. 5aritDpin !!. 4i%Drin
6+. 5ramDdin !6. ShDrvari
6-. Gnanda !9. 5lava
6<. RD%shasa !&. Shubha%rit
97. Anala !+. Shobhana
91. 5ingala !-. Krodhin
9/. KDlayu%ti !<. 4ishvDvasu
9!. SiddhDrthin 67. 5arDbhava
96. Raudra 41. Plavanga
99. 3urmati 6/. KFla%a
9&. 3undubhi 6!. Saumya
9+. RudhirodgDrin 66. SDdhDrana
9-. Ra%tD%sha 69. 4irodhi%rit
9<. Krodhana 6&. 5aritDpin
&7. A%shaya 6+. 5ramDdin
1. 5rabhava 6-. Gnanda
/. 4ibhava 6<. RD%shasa
!. Shu%la 97. Anala
6. 5ramoda 91. 5ingala
9. 5ra?Dpati 9/. KDlayu%ti
&. Gngirasa 9!. SiddhDrthin
+. ShrFmu%ha 96. Raudra
-. .hDva 99. 3urmati
<. ,uvan 9&. 3undubhi
17. 3hDtri 9+. RudhirodgDrin
11. Hshvara 9-. Ra%tD%sha
1/. .ahudhDnya 9<. Krodhana
1!. 5ramDthin &7. A%shaya
16. 4i%rama 1. 5rabhava
19. 4risha /. 4ibhava
1&. ChitrabhDnu !. Shu%la
1+. SvabhDnu 6. 5ramoda
1-. TDrana 9. 5ra?Dpati
1<. 5Drthiva &. Gngirasa
/7. 4yaya 1/77&0/77+ A3EC>2 +. ShrFmu%ha
/1. Sarva?it 1/77+0/77- A3EC>2 -. .hDva
//. SarvadhDrin <. ,uvan
/!. 4irodhin 17. 3hDtri
/6. 4i%rita 11. Hshvara
/9. Khara 1/. .ahudhDnya
/&. Nandana 1!. 5ramDthin
0! &''' year %haturyugas # 4The time ta!en for the starting point of the moveable 4tropical5
*odiac, to pass one - complete na!shatram. 'erived from precession of e<uinoxes5
Leri*ed based on these 2 O$otations. which re2er the time e%apsed. since Ke*ati and her
2ather Ke*ata. &o to >rahma %o1a and ret$rn to Lwara1a. In thic conteCt. /evati is the
name of the star AAh Psc, which is the brightest star of Meena Raashi.
Bhagavatam # abhiyIta J have passedK tri J threeK nava J nineK caturCyuga J four
yugasK vi!alpita J thus measured. P2or many s$ccessions o2 a&es ha*e passed away whi%st
yo$ were %istenin& to o$r son&sters: now upon earth the twentyCeighth great age of the
present 8anu is nearly finished, and the #ali period is at hand.
4ishnu 5uranam % for many successions of ages have passed away whilst you were
listening to our songsters% now upon earth the twentyCeighth great age of the present
8anu is nearly finished, and the #ali period is at hand.
Explanation :
The fixed or the sidereal *odiac considers the na!shatras as its basis.
Its first degree begins as the first degree of 8esha 4Aries5 from a particular point in
the /evati "akshatram.
There is another *odiac, however, which is rec!oned from the @ernal e<uinox pointK here
the first point of Aries begins from the @ernal e<uinox.
This is called the movable or the tropical *odiac. The movable *odiac continues to recede
westward along the stars, which characterise the fixed *odiac.
This point, the first point of Aries or the vernal e<uinox, goes on receding westward at a
rate of approximately B1..? seconds of arc each year. This is called the precession of the
e<uinoxes. #ee A%so: http://www.aryabhatt.com/*edic%essons/*edic%esson5.htm
36! de&rees = 36!Q6! min$tes = 36!Q6!Q6! seconds o2 arc = 12"6!!! seconds o2 arc
12"6!!! seconds o2 arc/5!.26 seconds o2 arc/year = 25G5."1 years
#o it ta1es 25G5."1 years 2or 1 2$%% circ%e F P 2or Ke*ati to Pret$rn5.. /or 2or the ori&ina%
a%i&nments to be *iewed.0
I2 the techno%o&y o2 meas$rement at that time &a*e a 2i&$re o2 - seconds o2 arc per year
2or the westward recession o2 Aries. then it wo$%d ta1e 12"6!!!/- = 2G!!! years 2or
Ke*ati to ret$rn. 2G!!! years is the 2i&$re yo$ norma%%y 2ind in many artic%es. /3his wo$%d
mean a -.5% re%ati*e error in meas$rement in seconds o2 arc. Bhich is *ery sma%%0.
I2 2G!!! years &i*e $s 2G cat$ry$&as. and i2 the ratio o2 the indi*id$a% @$&a %en&ths in each
cat$ry$&a is -:3:2:1 with the Ja%iy$&a bein& a 1!! years %on&. then Each cat$ry$&a is 1!!!
years %on&.
3hat &i*es -!! years o2 Jr$tha @$&a. 3!! years o2 3hretha @$&a. 2!! years o2 Lwapara @$&a and
1!! years o2 Ja%i @$&a.
3. Sapta/ishi 7uga # 2G!! years. 4A pointer through the bowl of the "aptarishi 8andala moves to
a different na!shatra, by the end of a century5.
#aptarsi8s motion is centra% to many Indian ca%endars and was $sed eCtensi*e%y in many parts o2
Indian s$bcontinents inc%$din& Jashmir and <epa%.
@ishnu ;urana I@, .3.-1BC-1?, 8atsya ;urana, .L9, 3.C33, @ayu ;urana AA,3.-C3.9,
/hagvada ;ura, MII, ...LC9..
6or example, /hgvad ;urana, MII, ..9., @ishnu ;urana, I@, .3.--., where it is a <uestion
of movement from the 8agha to ;urvasha dha 4d and e stars in "agittarius5, which
represents -1 centuries between ;ari!shit and #ing :anda of the 8agadha dynasty.
Incidentally, this estimate agrees with @i nu ;urna, I@, .9.3., which places the period more
precisely between the birth of ;ari!sit and the royal consecration of :anda at -,1-B years5.
"arahamihira O$oted the *iews o2 Hrddha /#enior0 1arga. in the $3th chapter of his Brhat
Samhita' :here he e;plaine the movements of the Saptarishi &anala!
The periodic movement of the "aptarishis % The "ages traverse through each lunar
mansion for a period of -11 years 4satam, satam varsah5. 7hichever constellation ma!es
them conspicuous when they rise to the east of it, in that they are said to be situated
435 3here2ore the #aptarishis ha*e a period /@$&a0 o2 2G!! years. /3his is ca$sed by the
wobb%e o2 the earth8s aCis0.
3he o%dest re2erence to the #aptarsh i cyc%e is in Hi shn$ +$rana. 3he re%e*ent #h%o1a 2rom is
reprod$ced here:
?3a1e those two stars o2 #aptar shi /se*en sa&es0 which are seen 2irst a2ter the rise. 3he
na1sh atra which is seen in the midd%e o2 it at eO$a% distance at the ni&ht. is said to be
residence o2 #aptarsh i 2or 1!! years o2 man8s %i2e. (h &reat brahmin they were in ,a&ha
/Ke&$%$s. Ieo0 at the time o2 +ari1sh it.5 /Hishn$ +$rana. IH -.1!5-1!60
(ne interpretation that the pointer is passin& thro$&h centre o2 the bow% wo$%d mean that
the obser*ation was done aro$nd 32!! F 31!! >C. At that time. the 2o$r stars /o2 the bow%0
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age 1& o -1
had dec%inations o2 6G de&. 65 de&. G! de& and G- de& respecti*%y. which means the
obser*er sho$%d be certain%y be%ow 25 de& < and most probab%y be%ow 16 de& < which
passes thro$&h Goa and %ower Andhra +radesh.
*. /omaka Siddhantam # 25! years
(. 5oorva Surya Siddhantham # 1!.!!! years or 1.!!.!!! years.
E. Surya Siddhantam # 12!!! years o2 the Le*as ma1e a ,aturyuga /set o2 - y$&as0. 3hese -
@$&as inc%$din& their Sanhyasand Sanhyamsas /siCth part0 /e*es. seams. period where one
y$&a ends and another be&ins0 consist o2 -.32!.!!! so%ar years. /$2 Solar &onths = $ solar
year and this ma1es $ ay of the +evas! 330 Ahoratras of the +evas make a year.vatsara/
of the +evas!0
&'. Markandeya 7ugas) as per the Mahabharata.
Markandeya replied) <=!!( best o2 1in&s and pre-eminent o2 men. a2ter the disso%$tion o2 the
$ni*erse. a%% this wonder2$% creation a&ain comes into %i2e. :our thousand years have been said
to constitute the Krita 7uga. Its dawn also, as well as its eve, hath been said to comprise four
hundred years. The TretaC+uga is said to comprise three thousand years, and its dawn, as well as
its eve, is said to comprise three hundred years. The +uga that comes next is called 'wapara, and it
hath been computed to consist of two thousand years. Its dawn, as well as its eve, is said to
comprise two hundred years. The next +uga, called #ali, is said to comprise one thousand years and
its dawn, as well as eve, is said to comprise one hundred years. #now, N !ing, that the duration of
the dawn is the same as that of the eve of a +uga. And after the #ali +uga is over, the #rita +uga
comes again. 1 cycle of the 7ugas thus comprised a period of twelve thousand years. A full
thousand of such cycles would constitute a day of /rahma. ( ti&er amon& men. when a%% this
$ni*erse is withdrawn and ensconced within its homeFthe Creator himse%2Fthat disappearance o2 a%%
thin&s is ca%%ed by the %earned to be Ani*ersa% Lestr$ction.
#ee : $200 year *ali yugam starte in #arikshit>s time ' "ishnu #uranam
1 1a%pa />rahma8s day or 12 ho$rs o2 >rahma0 constit$tes 1!!! Cat$ry$&as or ,ahay$&as.
6.b. Maitreya 7ugas as per Srimad Bhagavatam # 8-etails!
)ishi 8aitreya learnt Time 8easurements from ;arasara 4@yasa=s father and @asishtha=s grandson5
and taught them to @idura.
&&. "aveena Siddhanthams # -.32!.!!! years: ?A%% the p%anets started their 4o$rneys at one
common point in the s1y.5 3hat is. in the be&innin&. a%% the p%anets were %ined $p a%on& a ray drawn
2rom the #$n. 3hen they be&an circ%in& /the #$n0 at di22erent speedsR di22erent speeds beca$se they
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age 1+ o -1
are %ocated at di22erent distances. 3hen the Indian astronomers s$&&ested that the common point in
the s1y be identi2ied as the %ocation where we 2ind the star ?Aswini.5 the 2irst o2 the twenty se*en
stars /rea%%y. conste%%ations0 o2 the 'ind$ ca%endar. #tated di22erent%y. they ima&ined a time when a%%
the nine p%anets /merc$ry. *en$s. earth. mars. 4$piter. sat$rn. and the two shadow p%anets Kah$
and Jet$0. the apo&ees o2 their orbits. and their nodes /i.e.. the points where their orbits intersect
the path o2 the #$n are a%% near the star Aswini /or the modern >eta o2 Aries0. 3hey s$&&ested that
we $se that instance as the be&innin& o2 time 2or ca%endar p$rposes. <ow s$ppose we co$nt the
periods o2 orbita% re*o%$tions o2 the p%anets. ro$ndo22 the periods to the nearest inte&ers. and 2ind
their %east common m$%tip%e /IC,0. 3hat n$mber t$rns o$t to be approCimate%y -.32! bi%%ion years.
a n$mber not too 2ar 2rom the %en&th o2 a Ja%pa. de2ined ear%ier. (ne tho$sandth o2 this is -.32
mi%%ion years or a ,aha @$&a. A tenth o2 this ,aha @$&a is the d$ration o2 Ja%i @$&a. Iet $s be&in at
the present time and wor1 bac1wards. 3he c$rrent era is ca%%ed Ja%i @$&a. Accordin& to tradition.
this era be&an with the death o2 Jrishna. abo$t 5.!!! years a&o. Accordin& to the ancient sa&es o2
India. Ja%i @$&a wi%% %ast 2or -.32.!!! years. Immediate%y prior to Ja%i @$&a was a stretch o2 time
ca%%ed Lwapar @$&aR it was twice as %on& as Ja%i @$&a. or 2 C -.32.!!! years. +rior to that was 3reta
@$&a o2 3 C -.32.!!! years. >e2ore that. it was Jrita @$&a with a d$ration o2 - C -.32.!!! years. A%%
these 2o$r y$&as to&ether is a ,aha @$&a. the Great Era. #o a ,aha @$&a is -.32 mi%%ion years. ten
times as %on& as Ja%i @$&a. Incidenta%%y. the be&innin& o2 the %atest ,aha @$&a coincides ro$&h%y
with. what modern science ca%%s. the emer&ence o2 h$manoids.
&+. 1ryabhatta was a genius. $e worked out the time it would take for ; planets) the
/evati "akshatram) the sun) the moon and /ahu) Ketu to align. hat is why the 7uga and
Kalpa lengths that he calculated are of the same order of magnitude as the big bang. 'e
was ab%e to do this beca$se. he was a bri%%iant astronomer and mathematician and he had a%so
2i&$red o$t that it is the earth that &oes aro$nd the s$n and not *ice *ersa.
Aryabhatta did this a HEK@ %on& time be2ore Copernic$s. /3his is we%% estab%ished.0 Aryabhatta8s
@$&a corresponds to the ,ahay$&a o2 the <a*eena #iddhanthams. 'owe*er. he did not &o with the
-:3:2:1 r$%e 2or the Jr$tha. 3retha. L*apara and Ja%i. 'e di*ided his @$&a into - parts ca%%ed
@$&apadas. In the Aryabhattiyam. he said that 6 ,an*antaras. 2 @$&as and 3 y$&apadas had
e%apsed since the be&innin& o2 this 1a%pa to the >harata war. In the <a*eena #iddhantams the %ast
y$&a Ja%i y$&a is on%y one tenth the d$ration o2 the ,ahay$&a. #o the <a*eena siddhantams
be%ie*e that " tenths o2 the 2th ,ahay$&a were o*er by the time of the Bharata (ar.
Aryabhatta says that on%y 3 2o$rths o2 the 2th @$&a /o2 -.32!.!!! years0 was o*er by the time o2
the >harata war and that he was 23 yrs o%d 36! /or36!!0 years a2ter the >harata Bar.
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Aryabhatta @$&as 2rom Aryabhattiyam
;$st as ,ar1andeya had wor1ed o$t the precession o2 eO$inoCes a HEK@ %on& time be2ore
'ipparch$s and +to%emy. /+roo2 o2 this statement is pendin&.0
1. Which 7uga System was 4yasa was using? 7e !now that Aryabhatta lived after @yasa
and could not have influenced him. 7e !now this because of a statement that Aryabhatta
made. 0e said that he lived ?O?1 years after #ali +uga started. 4"ome people say that he
said ?1O?1 years after #ali started.. is the word shahtyabdanam shadbhih or is it
shastyabdanam shahstih..> % ;age L1K Ath samputamu, @ijnana "arvasvamu, Telugu
Pncyclopedia5 7e believe that he lived 9?1 years into !aliyuga and not 9?11 years after.
Pither way, he lived after @yasa, who wrote the 8ahabharatam from - year #ali to 3 year
#ali.
/. When did 4yasa live? 7e !now that 8ar!andeya and @yasa were contemporaries. In the
8ahabharata, @yasa gives 8ar!andeya=s explanation of the +ugas and 8ar!andeya tal!s to
the ;andavas etc. 8aya 'anava=s "urya "iddhantam was a #ruta +uga composition
available to @yasa. In addition his great grand father 4asishta, his father ;arasara and
@yasa himself composed 9 of the &( 1stronomical Siddhanthams.
Some data points#
Ravana> s &rand2ather. +$%astya was o2 Jr$tha @$&a /Attara1anda. Kamayanam0
Ka*ana annoyed Heda*athi in the Jr$tha @$&a and was 1i%%ed by #ri Kama in the 3retha
@$&a. It is a%so said that Jr$tha @$&a ended at the time o2 Heda*athi8s death. /Attara1anda
F Kamaynana0
#ri Kama who 1i%%ed Ka*ana and was yo$n&er to him. was o2 3hreta @$&a. 4"ource %
general deduction5.
#ri Jrishna was o2 Lwapara @$&a. 'is death mar1ed the be&innin& o2 Ja%i@$&a
/,ahabharatam and >ha&a*atham0
"ea "yasa was born in the Tretha Yuga as the +(apara Yuga was approachin&.
&aya +anava composed the Surya Sihantam towards the end o2 Jrta @$&a. 'e &a*e
his da$&hter ,andodari in marria&e to Ka*ana. 'e b$i%t the ,aya #abha 2or the +anda*as
in Indra+rastha in the Lwapara @$&a. #o he %i*ed 2or a part o2 Jr$ta @$&a. the entire 3retha
@$&a and a part o2 Lwapara @$&a. /I2 we ass$me that he live for $20 years . and that
3retha @$&a %asted 2or 6! years. then we can ima&ine that he %i*ed 2or the %ast 3! years o2
Jrta. the 6! years o2 3retha and the 2irst 3! years o2 Lwapara.. do we ha*e any basis to
ass$me that the >rhaspati /G$r$0 @$&as were meant7
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8ar!andeya was present at "ri )ama=s wedding and till the end of the /harata war.
4If we ta!e a ?1 year long duration for #aliyuga -.1 for 'wapara, .31 for Tretha and 321
for "atya +ugas., then 8ayasura and 8ar!andeya would have to live for more than 911
yearsQ.5
8Krishna?s -escent and 1scent# It has been ca%c$%ated by others that #ri Jrishna was
born on Bednesday. the ei&hth day o2 second 2ortni&ht in #ra*ana month in the year of
4isvavasu /on ;$%y 1"th 322 >C />CE00. 'e %i*ed 2or 125 years and discarded his morta%
coi%s on Nebr$ary 1th 31!2 >C on the new moon ni&ht o2 +ha%&$na. 'is death was the
onset o2 the c$rrent a&e 1nown as *aliyuga!3he year o2 his death m$st ha*e been the
#a$mya <ama Hatasara.
In the "th year o2 o2 ;ayabhy$daya @$dhisthira #a1a. in the +%a*an&a A1hya /#am*atsara
0. -aname7aya, a great?granson of Ar7una .*rishna>s cousin/ gave a gift of
lan to some m$nis.0
SB @!$%!%@ : ( &ahara7a #ariksit. at the beginning of retaFyuga) Jin& +$r$ra*a
ina$&$rated a karma-kana sacri2ice.
?In the 3reta a&e a *io%ent war bro1e o$t between the Le*as and the As$ras. in which the
2ormer were *anO$ished. 3hey conseO$ent%y had reco$rse to HishS$ 2or assistance. and
propitiated him by their adorations. 3he eterna% r$%er o2 the $ni*erse. <TrTyaSa. had
compassion $pon them. and said. ?Bhat yo$ desire is 1nown $nto me. 'ear how yo$r
wishes sha%% be 2$%2i%%ed. 3here is an i%%$strio$s prince named #uran7aya. the son o2 a roya%
sa&eR into his person I wi%% in2$se a portion o2 myse%2. and ha*in& descended $pon earth I
wi%% in his person s$bd$e a%% yo$r enemies.5 /"ishnu #urana0
,aksusha &anvantaram ens (ith the &atysa Avataram Aloo, "aivas(ata
&anvantaram Begins ' Srima Bhagavatam!
"aivas(atha &anu to Revati +evi, (ife of Balarama +eva ' Srima Bhagavatham

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Kaliyuga $eginning"
The *ahapralaya 1Iniversal 3issolution2 that *ar%andeya told the 5andavas about $as
1/77 short o 1/777 years beore their time( it $as 17(-77 years ago as per *ar%andeya.
I Kaliyuga did start in !17/ .C as indicated above then The *ahapralaya $as 19(<17
years ago. See:http:EEnature.caEnoteboo%sEenglishEiceage.htm
Aryabhata never mentioned either %aliyuga( or sa%a era by name in the Aryabhatiyam. )e
spo%e o The 3ate o the .harata 'ar $ith respect to the ourth ,uga 5ada and his o$n
age $ith respect to that event. There is an incorrect or alse attribution : correlation
loating around the internet.
)evati # (ugas
Ke*ati8s 2ather and Ke*ati %ost 2G chat$ry$&as /1! y$&as0. d$rin& a *isit to >rahma:
.abhiyIta J have passedK tri J threeK nava J nineK caturCyuga J four yugasK vi!alpita J thus
measured.http'BBbhagavata!orgBcanto@Bchapter3!html
P2or many s$ccessions o2 a&es ha*e passed away whi%st yo$ were %istenin& to o$r son&sters: now
upon earth the twentyCeighth great age of the present 8anu is nearly finished, and the #ali period
is at hand. http#GGwww.sacredFteCts.comGhinGvpGvp'E2.htm
6o( traitionalists e;plain this'
1. 3o eCp%ain this. we can &o into the 3ime-Li%ation story to%d in the >ha&a*atam. Abo$t how
Ke*ati8s 2ather and Ke*ati %ost 2G chat$ry$&as /1! yugas0. d$rin& a *isit to >rahma.
beca$se >rahma is on a di22erent time-sca%e.
2. (r we can &o into another p$ranic theory which says that each o2 these stories too1 p%ace
in di22erent 1a%pas. or di22erent man*antaras. Accordin& to this the main e*ents o2 the
stories ta1e p%ace in e*ery 1a%pa and there are 2inite *ariations in any speci2ic 1a%pa. 3hat
way e*eryone &ets to be ri&ht in some para%%e% $ni*erse or some time cyc%e.
A propose that an astronomical story has been overlaid with a legend. At is my thinking
that /evati) here refers to the star and not to the woman.
/evati is the name of the star ""h )/, 2hi/h i) the 3ri-hte)t )tar o4 Meena Raashi1 5here are
2! )tar), in the 6indu 7odia/1 5he )tor& i) one o4 Revati "ret#rning$ to a pla/e a4ter 2! unit) o4
time, 2! 0aha&u-a) or 8hatur&u-a)1 (t demon)trate) a kno2led-e o4 the pre/e))ion o4
e9uino:e)1
Some background and calculations:
!. The fi"ed or the sidereal #odiac considers the nakshatras as its basis. $ts first degree begins as the first
degree of %esha &'ries( from a particular point in the )eati group of stars.
*. There is another #odiac, howeer, which is reckoned from the +ernal e,uino" point- here the first point
of 'ries begins from the +ernal e,uino". This is called the moable or the tropical #odiac.
.. The moable #odiac continues to recede westward along the stars, which characterise the fi"ed #odiac.
/. This point, the first point of 'ries or the ernal e,uino", goes on receding westward at a rate of
appro"imately 01.*2 seconds of arc each year. This is called the precession of the e,uino"es.
5. 36! de&rees = 36!Q6! min$tes = 36!Q6!Q6! seconds o2 arc = 12"6!!! seconds o2 arc
2. !*32111 seconds of arc401.*2 seconds of arc4year 5 *0670.3! years
6. So it takes *0670.3! years for ! full circle 8 9 for )eati to 9return:., &or for the original alignments to be
iewed.(
-. Af the technology of measurement at that time gave a figure of 6( seconds of
arc per year for the westward recession of 1ries) then it would take &+E3'''G6(
H +*''' years for /evati to return. 2G!!! years is the 2i&$re yo$ norma%%y 2ind in many
artic%es. /3his wo$%d mean a -.5% re%ati*e error in meas$rement in seconds of arc.
Which is very small0.
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". I2 2G!!! years &i*e $s 2G cat$ry$&as. and i2 the ratio o2 the indi*id$a% @$&a %en&ths in
each cat$ry$&a is -:3:2:1 with the Ja%iy$&a bein& a 1!! years %on&. then Each cat$ry$&a is
1!!! years %on&.
:or -etails See 1lso# http#GGwww.aryabhatt.comGvediclessonsGvediclesson;.htm
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Krutha *Krita, Krta+ (uga ,efinition in
-ishnu .uranam */0 years+
Reference : +ishnu Puranam Page : ../- /th 'msa - */th 'dhyaya.
;ruta <uga =efinition in +ishnu Puranam
>hen the sun, moon, and ?upiter come together with Tishya &Pushya( @akshatram in
one rasi, then you hae a kruta yugam. (This occurs once in every 12 years approx.
Jupiter spends an average of a year per rasi, during which time the sun spends one
month in that rasi and the moon spends approx. 2 days in that rasi.
Tishya Nakshatram is in arkataka !asi, which approximate"y over"aps #ancer in
$ng"ish, %ut it may not %e an exact match&.
So as per this definition, this kind of ;ruta <uga Accurs eery !* years.
Notes :
!. Af the /th 'msa, the *!st 'dhyaya to the first hundred and one shlokas of the
*/th 'dhyaya, the description is about the kings of the ;aliyuga who
controlled %agadha, ;asi etc.
*. The tense used is future, the narration is in the oice of Parasara
.. The style is prosaic and not poetic.
/. $t is my iew that these adhyayas were updated from time to time as time
went on, to keep the te"t updated as well as to presere the time stamp of
the original puranam.
0. Brom the !1*nd erse ,uoted aboe, we are back to the poetic form of the
original Parasara.
2. Coweer since the ne"t erses demonstrate a knowledge of %ahapadma
@andaDs coronation, $ think that some of them must be of that period or later.
/011 year Kaliyugam started in .arikshit2s time
-ishnu .uranam
Reference :
1. +ishnu Puranam Page : ../- /th 'msa - */th 'dhyaya.
/. 'n the (aha%harata, (arkandeya gives a"i)uga "ength as 12** years
!*11 year ;aliyuga duration : +ishnu Puranam
'nd Then, oh brahman, began ;ali &)uga( of twele hundred year duration,
(+ next+ when the ,msa of -ishnu, (.ri rishna& went to heaven.&
>hen $ compare this with ;rutha &;rita, ;rta( <uga =efinition in
+ishnu Puranam which we can calculate to !* years appro"imately, it strikes me that
this update was made after ParikshitDs time and the rishi of this shloka accepted a
kaliyuga length of !*11 years.
Kaliyuga duration 341111 years, /011 divine years,
-ishnu .uranam" Tracking the growth of the
Kaliyugam from /0 to 530111 years
Reference :
These are the shlokas that tell us the duration of the ;aliyuga.
It is Important to note :
1. The !* year length of ;rutha <uga in Shloka !1* : ;rutha &;rita, ;rta( <uga
=efinition in +ishnu Puranam
/. The !*11 year duration of the ;aliyuga in single line Shloka !16 : !*11 year
;aliyugam started in ParikshitDs time : +ishnu Puranam
.. The .21,111 year length of the ;aliyuga in Shloka !!/
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6. 'nd the !*11 diine year &year of the =eas( length of the ;ali<uga 5
/.*111 human years in shloka !!0. This is the alue accepted and used
today.
$ hae preiously written in Cow many kinds of <ugas are thereE , that the yuga
durations grew as the calculations became more precise and accounted for more
celestial luminaries. The 'ryabhatiyam and theSurya Siddhantham of %aya use this
final number.
Also Interesting to Note :
1. Fokamanya Sri Balagangadhar Tilak, said that the original home of the =eas
&and 'ryans( was near the north pole, where one day and night of the
inhabitants would e,ual one year of the people in the temperate #ones.
*. Ce therefore said that ! arctic day and night 5 ! arctic year 5 ! diine year
5 ! temperate year 5 ! human year.
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Kaliyuga started, with 6ri Krishna2s 7scent
-ishnu .uranam
Reference :
Brom these shlokas, we learn that ;aliyuga began at the instant of Sri ;rishnaDs
ascent and in the preious shloka we learned that, this happened duting the time of
Parikshita, when the Saptarishis indicated %aagha. >e speculate that these shlokas
were composed at the time of ;ing @anda or later and further that this @anda >'S
@AT %ahpadma @anda, but @andiardhana of the Pradyotanas.
See Also :
1. Parikshit to @anda 8 !101 years 8 +ishnu Puranam
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/. Saptarishis in %aghaa @akhstaram at ParikshitDs time : +ishnu Puranam
!. =efinition : Saptarishis in or indicating a nakshatram as per
+ishnu Puranam
6. Saptarishi &Great Bear( Positions according to +arahamihira
and +ateswara
9. !*11 year ;ali yugam started in ParikshitDs time : +ishnu Puranam
&. ;aliyuga started, with Sri ;rishnaDs 'scent : +ishnu Puranam
+. @anda came to power when the Saptarishis indicated Purashaada :
+ishnu Puranam
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Saptarishi Calendar
Why do we need to study the saptarishi calendar?
The saptarishi calendar helps us to connect the time o Ra?a 5ari%shit the grandson o the
5anadavas and King Nanda 1probably o the 5radyotana dynasty2.
.arikshit to 8anda 9 /1:1 years 9 -ishnu .uranam
leae a comment H
Reference : +ishnu Puranam Page : ../- /th 'msa - */th 'dhyaya.
This
shloka tells us that !101 years was the gap between PariskshitDs birth, the end of the
%ahabharata >ar and the coronation of @anda.
Who was Parishit!
Parikshit was the son of 'bhimanyu and Ittara. 'bhimanyu was the son
of 'r?una and Ittara was the daughter of +irata )a?a, where the Pandaas spent their
year of e"ile in disguise. &See : BrihannalaJ(
See Also : Kaname?ayaDs =ana Sasana Patram : Kaname?aya was the son of Parikshit
who performed the Sarpa <aga.
When was Parishit "orn !
Parikshit was born at the end of the %ahabharata >ar, Sri ;rishna saed his life while
he was yet in his motherDs womb. Based on other data we beliee that this was .!.7
BLM.
Who was Nan#a !
Fet us look for a @anda who lied !101 years after Parikshit.
There is a @andiardhana among the Pradyotanas who comes close to this
date. Ce had a son called @andi. See Karasandha to 'sokaardhana %aurya to
'ndhra ;ings: +ishnu Puranam
o $t is one possibility that the @anda in the erse aboe could refer to the
Pradyotana @andiardhana and not at all to %ahapadmananda as has
been suggested.
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o This is because both references come from the same amsa and
adhyaya of the +ishnu Puranam.
o This gies a period of !101 years for *. kings appro" (or a%out /0
years per king&.
o The other possibility will become clear after studying the rest of the
shlokams which refer to the Saptarishi positions.
$ou can also see :
%agadha kings as per Bhaishyat Purana
%agadha after Karasandha : Srimad Bhagaatham
Karasandha to 'sokaardhana %aurya to 'ndhra ;ings: +ishnu Puranam
'ndhra historical eidence before the Sataahanas
;alahanaDs )a?atarangini : ;ings from Sri ;rishnaDs time to Gonanda . the
founder of Gonanda dynasty : The =ate of %ahabharata >ar
Tirualangadu Lopper-Plates of )a?endra-Lhola $: $kshakus to ;arikala
&;alikala( Lhola:
$ndia after Sri ;rishna
6aptarishis in 'aghaa 8akhstaram at .arikshit2s
time -ishnu .uranam
Saptarishi %agha Parikshit +ishnu Puranam
Reference :
This sloka tells us that the Saptarishis indicate each nakshatram for a century and
that in ParikshitDs time they pointed to %aghaa @akshatram.
6ee 7lso
1. =efinition : Saptarishis in or indicating a nakshatram as per
+ishnu Puranam
/. Saptarishi &Great Bear( Positions according to +arahamihira
and +ateswara
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6aptarishi Calendar
7hat is the "aptarishi 8andala>
,anda%a means Circ%e. #aptarishi means G sa&es. 3he G stars o2 what we ca%% the Great
>ear /Arsa ,a4or0 or >i& Lipper in En&%ish. ha*e been ca%%ed or named a2ter 3he #e*en
#a&es or the #apta Kishis in Indian Astronomy.
/Interestin&%y #apta Ksha /#e*en #a&es0. can ha*e been distorted to #apta K1sha /#e*en
>ears0 which co$%d ha*e %ed to the name Great >ear. Arsa. Arsa. Arsha. Ksha are di22erent
ways o2 writin& words with en&%ish spe%%in&s that act$a%%y ha*e *ery c%ose prono$nciation.0
?3he se*en sa&es are ,arici to the east /a%pha0. Hasishta /beta0 to his west. then An&iras
/&amma0. then Atri /de%ta0. then +$%astya /epsi%on0. then +$%aha /Deta0. and Jrat$ /eta05 /5
and 60 : Brihat Samhita of "arahamihira!
Astrophotograph % Big -ipper) 1lcor and Mi0ar.
Saptarishi 8Big -ipper! %lock .
Where are the Saptarishis today?
"eic &eaning of Saptarishis!
7hat is the "aptarishi $alendar>
3he #aptarishi Ca%endar is a con*enient way o2 namin& cent$ries. Each cent$ry is named a2ter one
o2 the 2G na1shatras. to which the #aptarishis point in that cent$ry.
?3he #a&es tra*erse thro$&h each %$nar mansion /na1shatram0 2or a period o2 1!! years
/satam. satam *arsah0.
Whichever constellation makes them conspicuous when they rise to the east of it)
in that they are said to be situatedI @ 86! "arahamihira O$oted the *iews o2 Hrddha
/#enior0 1arga in the 13th chapter o2 >rihat #amhita.
-efinition # Saptarishis in or indicating a nakshatram as per 4ishnu 5uranam
3here2ore the #aptarishis ha*e a period /Yuga0 o2 2G!! years. /3his is ca$sed by the
wobb%e o2 the earth8s aCis0.
7hat happened when the "aptarishis pointed to 8a!ha 48agha5 :a!shatram >
?3he #aptarishis were stationed in &agha Nakshatram. when @$dhisthira was 1in&.
3he Saka year commenced 2526 years a2ter that 1in&.5 F /30 >rihat #amhita
?(h &reat brahmin they were in ,a&ha /Ke&$%$s. Ieo0 at the time o2 +ari1sh it.5 /Hishn$
+$rana. IH -.1!5-1!605
3he >ha&*ad +$rana. 6II. 2.32. Hishn$ +$rana. IH. 2-.112. re2ers to a mo*ement 2rom the
,a&ha to +$r*asha dha /d and e stars in #a&ittari$s0.
5arikshit to "anda @ &';' years @ 4ishnu 5uranam
Saptarishis in Maghaa "akhstaram at 5arikshit?s time # 4ishnu 5uranam
Saptarishi .1reat Bear/ #ositions accoring to "arahamihira an "ates(ara
Nana came to po(er (hen the Saptarishis inicate #urvashaaa '
"ishnu #uranam
:hich Nana (as inicate by the Saptarishis in #urvashaaa Nakshatram '
"ishnu #uranam
"ote # @$dhisthira was crowned 1in& a2ter the end o2 the >harata Bar. 'e &a*e $p his 1in&dom and
went on his Pwa%1 to hea*en8 F ,ahaprasthanam. at the be&innin& i2 *aliyuga a2ter #ri Jrishna
abandoned that partic$%ar body o2 his. 'e was a%so a 1in& o2 Indraprastha /%ocation : <ew Le%hi0 13
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age !! o -1
years be2ore the >harata Bar /2rom the time o2 Lra$padi8s weddin& ti%% the &amb%in& a2ter the
Ka4as$ya Ya7na0. b$t $s$sa%%y e*eryone re2ers to the 36 year r$%e a2ter the >harata Bar.
Which "akshatram is presently indicated by the Sapta /ishis?
As yo$ can see in the ima&e be%ow. di22erent na1shatra-pairs o2 the #aptarishis indicate di22erent
na1shatras. In the pict$re be%ow. yo$ can see that. today. it is not a%pha and beta. b$t &amma and
de%ta that point to Ke&$%$s or ,a1ha <a1shatram. today. Eta indicates Arct$r$s /#wati0 /ye%%ow
%ine0. 3he pin1 %ine 2rom #wati ta1es yo$ to #pica /Chitra0. 3he &reen %ine 2rom epsi%on ta1es yo$ to
Lenebo%a /Attara/Attara +ha%&$ni0. (2 co$rse the %ine 4oinin& the a%pha and beta %ine a%ways points
to po%aris /Lhr$*a0. north po%e star. 4"ee %Saptarishi 8Great Bear! 5ositions according to
4arahamihira and 4ateswara 5.
http://so$%edo$t.or&/ni&hts1y/bi&dipperna*i&ation/bi&dipperna*i&ation.htm%
Which "akshatram 5air did the 4ishnu 5uranam and Brihat Samhita refer to?
A%pha and >eta are the stars seen 2irst a2ter s$nrise.
3he mid point o2 this. perpendic$%ar to the %ine 4oinin& them points /approC0 to A% 'ena as
per the <orthern 'emisphere #1y Charts. A% 'ena is or is c%ose to Ar$dra.
http://www.ni&hts1yin2o.com/mapsUima&es/htm%/s1yUmapUnorth.htm
3he saptarishis re*o%*e in the same direction as the 2G na1shatrams b$t m$ch more s%ow%y
beca$se they are c%oser to the aCis thro$&h the po%e star /Lhr$*a0.
#ome #cho%ars (pine that this is the basis o2 the a$spicio$s swasti1a symbo% $sed in 'ind$
prayers.
'ate of ;ari!shit=s /irth, +udhithira=s $oronation, "tart of #aliyuga %
,a1in& #ome #imp%e Ca%c$%ations: 4sing this list of stars. we ha*e approC : 2G!! :
2G!! F 3!! = 51!! years between ,a1ha /,a&ha0 and Ar$dra.
3his approCimate%y con2irms the o2 31!2 >C/>CE 2or Ja%iy$&a 2G years a2ter +ari1shit8s
birth.
3here2ore the #a1a Era re2erred to by Harahamihira is 612 >C.
Ja%iy$&a Dero @ear 31!2 >C.
#a1a @ear Ke2erred to by Harahamihira : 612 or 5G6 >C />CE0
<anda8s Ascension : 31!2 : 2G F 1!15 = 211- >C/>CE
Saptarshis Movement through "akashatras# 1 subtle effect of the earth?s 5recession#
http122www.tifr.res.in23vahia2saptarshi.pdf :
/3wo o2 the a$thors are 2rom 3INK and Astrophysics Instit$te. Germany respecti*e%y0. /I a%so 2o$nd
that many 1"th cent$ry co%onia% historians tho$&ht that #aptarishi mo*ement was 2a%se beca$se
?these stars don8t mo*e5. 3hey were i&norant o2 the research done abo*e. and i&norant o2 the
correct way to interpret the statements.0
"otes based on the 1rticle 1bove# http:44www.tifr.res.in4Nahia4saptarshi.pdf
3he be%ie2 in India in a re*o%$tion o2 the Great >ear is mentioned not in
treaties on astronomy or e*en o2 astro%o&y b$t in teCts &i*in& chrono%o&y. It is
$sed to mar1 the di22erent cent$ries.
Hishn$ +$rana IH. 2-.1!5-1!6. ,atsya +$rana. 2G3. -2---. Hay$ +$rana
"".-21--23. >ha&*ada +$rana. 6II. 2.2G-32.
Nor eCamp%e. >ha&*ad +$rana. 6II. 2.32. Hishn$ +$rana. IH. 2-.112. where it
is a O$estion o2 mo*ement 2rom the ,a&ha to +$r*asha dha /d and e stars in
#a&ittari$s0. which represents 1! cent$ries between +ari1shit and Jin& <anda o2
the ,a&adha dynasty. Incidenta%%y. this estimate a&rees with Hi n$ +$rna. IH.
23.-2. which p%aces the period more precise%y between the birth o2 +ari1sit and
the roya% consecration o2 <anda at 1.!15 years.
#aptarshi8s motion is centra% to many Indian ca%endars and was $sed
eCtensi*e%y in many parts o2 Indian s$bcontinents inc%$din& Jashmir and <epa%.
,ore recent%y. there ha*e been attempts to eCp%ain this concept o2 #aptar si
era emp%oyin& modern star chart so2tware. 3hese ca%c$%ations ha*e not been
chec1ed 2or error mar&ins and &i*e 2a%se sense o2 acc$racy. Apparent%y. most
commercia% so2tware $se simp%i2ied a%&orithms and &i*e acc$rate res$%ts on%y 2or
a period o2 abo$t 25! years on either side o2 year 2!!! A.L.
At this point. we m$st note that the mention o2 the ?rise o2 #aptarsh i5 is a critica% detai%.
At 22!! F 21!! >C era. the dec%inations o2 a and b o2 Arsa ,a4or were both G2 de& and
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age !& o -1
6 de& respecti*%y. 3his means that their rise co$%d on%y be obser*ed 2rom the %atit$des
%ess than 1 de&. 3o this we can add some &race Done o2 2o F 3o to ta1e into acco$nt
imper2ect conditions at horiDon or other sma%% errors. 3his wo$%d mean that obser*er was
%ocated in penins$%ar India be%ow tropic o2 cancer which passes thro$&h G$4arat. ,adhya
+radesh. ;har1hand and Best >en&a%. Nor a%% the p%aces north o2 2- de& < the 2irst two
stars o2 the #aptarshi wo$%d be circ$mpo%ar and the O$estion o2 risin& won8t arise.
A%ternate interpretation that the pointer is passin& thro$&h centre o2 the bow% wo$%d
mean that the obser*ation was done aro$nd 32!! F 31!! >C. At that time. the 2o$r stars
had dec%inations o2 6G de&. 65 de&. G! de& and G- de& respecti*%y. which means the
obser*er sho$%d be certain%y be%ow 25 de& < and most probab%y be%ow 16 de& < which
passes thro$&h Goa and %ower Andhra +radesh.
QQA2ter doin& the ca%c$%ations abo*e. the a$thors $se a 2a%se basis to re4ect it. 3hey ass$me witho$t
proo2 that no ci*i%iDation co$%d ha*e eCisted prior to #indh$ Ci*i%iDation and no ci*i%iDation eCisted to
the #o$th o2 the Hindhyas. 3his is in direct opposition to the 2act that A&astya had a%ready
interacted with the #o$thern Ci*i%iDations in the Jr$ta and 3retaYugas. ,ayas$ra /&aya +anava0
had a%ready composed theSurya Sihanta at the end o2 the Jr$ta @$&a. and the ,anopus star
had been named a2ter A&astya9 E*en the best astronomers o2 thekaliyuga %i1e Aryabhatta were
2rom the so$th /Jera%a0. A%so ;aname4aya was enthroned in *ishkina in 1a%iy$&a year "! as per
-aname7aya>s ana sasana patram QQ
So instea of correctly concluing that the
observations (ere mae from the south, they
re7ect the ate of 3200?3$00 B,!
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age !+ o -1
8anda came to power when the 6aptarishis indicated
.urvashaada -ishnu .uranam
@anda came to power when the Saptarishis indicated Purashaada
Reference :
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age !- o -1
,efinition 6aptarishis in or indicating a nakshatram
as per -ishnu .uranam
+osted by satyask on ;an$ary 1G. 2!1!
/eference # "ishnu #uranam +a&e : 33-R -th Amsa - 2-th Adhyaya.
ime of this shlokam # /ased on the shlo!as that this verse is with, we can assume that it was
written after the coronation of :anda. See #5arikshit to "anda @ &';' years @
4ishnu 5uranam .
It is relatively easy to understand the terms, when the sun or moon are in this na!shatram or the
other. "ee % "akshatras It is much harder to understand how a set of L stars outside the *odiac
belt can be Rin= or can Rpoint to= one of the fixed stars. &oo! at the diagrams in the section on
saptarishi calendar.
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age !< o -1
6aptarishi *;reat $ear+ .ositions according to
-arahamihira and -ateswara
+osted by satyask on ;an$ary 1G. 2!1!
"ote # I am in the process of finding and verifying some original sources 4@ishnu ;uranam etc5.. in
order to clear up some matters. 6or eg % from the data below it appears that #aliyuga )aja
@rttantam is counting bac!wards from 8a!ha to Aslesha and that @ishnu ;uranam is counting
forwards from 8a!ha to ;oorvashada.
#aptarishi +osition at the 3ime o2 +ari1shit8s >irth and @$dhisthira8s Coronation : G-/G5
years a2ter ,a1ha be&innin& : 313 >CE
o "arahamihira Ps >rihat #amhita. and Hishn$ #urana. IH -.1!5-1!6 : o1
#aptarishi +osition at ! *aliyuga : 31!2 >CE
o Aslesha .given ' compute by author /' direction counting backwards by
+; years
o Ja%iy$&a Ka4a Hr$ttantam
#aptarishi +osition at ,aha+adma <anda /%hanakya0: #oorvashaa mile /observe0:
o This is calculated as -1.B centuries.. direction of counting forwards..
o Ta!ing the direction of counting bac!wards, and using -11 year per :a!shatra
)ule, I get -?B1 years after #aliyuga to the middle of ;urvashada 4-BB. /$P5K
Hishn$ +$rana. IH. 2-.1120
o :or resolution see : :hich Nana (as inicate by the Saptarishis in
#urvashaaa Nakshatram ' "ishnu #uranam
#aptarishi +osition at the be&innin& o2 the Saka Cra re2erred by Harahamihira : 4beginning
.B.? years after +udhisthira.. as calculated by @arahamihira, using the -11 year per
na!shatra rule given by 4rddha Garga and Juoted by 4arahamihira5.
o Be ca%c$%ate As%esha co$ntin& 2orwards.
o Be ca%c$%ate +oor*apha%&$ni co$ntin& bac1wards.
/rihat "amhita
#aptarishi +osition at the be&innin& o2 #a1a Era re2erred by Hateswara :
o "ates(ara Sihanta
o -!!!-31!2 = " >CE
o -!!! years corresponds to a mo*ement o2 -2.3 na1shatras as per HateswaraR
-2.3-2G=15.3
o This brings us to the beginning of Sttarashada 4counting bac!wards5.
o This brings us the to the beginning of Sttarabhadra 4counting forwards5.
Saptarishi 5osition presently # +oor*a +ha%&$ni as per Hateswara. 'asta as per Harahamihira.
co$ntin& bac1wards.
Ar$dra accordin& to me.. 4$st %oo1in& at the s1y map.. I may be wron&
I2 Ar$dra is ri&ht then >harata Bar is 5 cent$ries a&o. not 51 cent$ries a&oE
Which 8anda was indicated by the 6aptarishis in
.urvashaada 8akshatram -ishnu .uranam
leae a comment H
References :
1. =efinition : Saptarishis in or indicating a nakshatram as per
+ishnu Puranam
/. Saptarishi &Great Bear( Positions according to +arahamihira
and +ateswara
!. Saptarishi Lalendar
6. Parikshit to @anda 8 !101 years 8 +ishnu Puranam : &Nandivardhana
4radyotana(
9. Saptarishis in %aghaa @akhstaram at ParikshitDs time : +ishnu Puranam
&. @anda came to power when the Saptarishis indicated Purashaada :
+ishnu Puranam : &5hich Nanda6(
Apparent %onflict :
>ilson assumed that both shlokas !1/ and !!* of the /th 'msa, */th
'dhyaya of +ishnu Puranam refered to the same @anda. ((aha 4adma
Nanda& This conflicted with totals from the *.rd 'dhyaya.
>hile Shloka !1/ (4arikshit to Nanda 7 1*0* years 7
-ishnu 4uranam & mentions !101 years 8 the totals in *.rd 'dhyaya
gie (.ee 1 (agadha from Jarasandha to .atavahanas as per -ishnu 4uranam & :
*agadhJ %ings 1777 yrs.
5radyota( Kc. 1!-
LiMunJga( Kc. !&/
1977
Athers hae assumed that Saptarishis in Purashaada @akshatram refers to
the same @anda. This creates een a bigger problem, because the only way to
get !101 years from %aghaa to Purashaada is to count forwards, whereas
;aliyuga )a?a +rttantam tells clearly that we should count backwards. Lounting
back wards gie us !201 years. Bor =etails See : Saptarishi &Great Bear(
Positions according to +arahamihira and +ateswara
Resolution :
The shorter duration of !101 years refers to the @anda of the Pradyotana
dynasty
The longer duration of !011 or !201 years refers to %ahaPadma
@anda (whose chi"dren were rep"aced %y #hanakya&. That is why the phrase
Nandat 4ra%hrutyah in sho"ka 112.
&iscrepancy "etween '()) an# '*() years :
The period of Sahadea, the son of Karasandha was at least partly in =wapara
<uga
+atesara also gae a correction for the duration of Saptarishis indicating
each @akshatram from /11, as gien by +arahamihira and +rddha Garga to
<5 years 4 months and 01 days. (.ee 1 -atesvara, an ancient ashmiri
,stronomer, his aranasara and .iddhanta 1 !.N. !ai, 'N., & This e"plains a
difference of 31 years &appro"( in the total.
'ssuming that there must be some more small correction figures, arried at
by later astronomers, we can take the figure of !011 years between Parikshit
and %ahapadma @anda as ,uite accurate.
-atesvara, an ancient Kashmiri 7stronomer, his
Karanasara and 6iddhanta )"8" )ai, I867
Reference :

araNasAra of +a,es-+ara. "y R/N/ Rai. INSA/
Wor an# References :
1. 'l Biruni wrote a book on $ndia, in which he referred to the works of
many ancient $ndian mathematicians and astronomers.
*. kara@as'ra of aTesDara is one of those books, which was not
aailable in $ndia to the knowledge of this author in !361.
.. ' book by +atesara called +atesara Siddhanta has been partially
recoered and published in $ndia.
6. Ce was a follower of 'ryabhata. Cis astronomical constants mostly
agree with 'ryabhata and he refutes Brahmagupta the way Brahmagupta
criticised 'ryabhata.
,ime an# Place :
1. Ce says that he was born in Saka Mra 71* and that he was */ years
old (.aka $ra 829& when he wrote the +atesara Siddhanta. &See : Cow many
kinds of Sakas &Mras( are thereE (
/. Ce belonged to a city called 'nandapura. (5rong"y identified as
m,kh:v,", in 4un;a%, which got the name ,nandapura on"y in 199/ ,<&. Based
on the ./ deg 3 min latitude he gies, which is close to latitude of Srinagar and
based on the fact that n'garapathari &lat .. deg 00 min(, might be n'garapura,
the place of +atesaraDs birth, )ai concludes that +atesara must be a
;ashmiri, named after +atesara &Sia(, worshipped by ;ashmirDs )aana. &'
agree(
!. <ear of the ;aranagrantha referred to by +atesara is 7*! Saka Mra.
&.ee 1 -arahamihira 7 !ea""y /2= of .aka $ra6 1 4ancha .iddhantika 7
-arahamihira referred to a arana >rantha )ear of /2= .aka $ra(. $n this case
also, 'l Biruni 'ssumed that the year of the ;aranagrantha referred to was the
year of composition of the ;aranasara and this was incorrect as per Sri )ai. &'
agree.(
Vates+ara an# the SaptaRishis :
See Saptarishi Lalendar and See @akshatras
Marly translators did not understand the significance of any references to the
Saptarishi Lalendar and were ery dismissie of it. This reflects their
ignorance of a alid calendar of those times, and we canDt waste much time
here about it.
Kust as the sun, moon and other grahas point or indicate
different @akshatras with some periodicity, so do the munis or
saptarishis. (.apta !shi 7 .apta !sha 7 ?rsa (a;or@ >reat Aear&.
, Brevo"utionC of the sun means the time it takes for the sun to point to each
of the fixed stars and come %ack and point to the first one again, say !evathi
Nakshatram. The sun takes 1 siderea" year and the moon takes 1 siderea"
month to do this.
, Brevo"utionC of the .aptarishis means the time it takes for the .aptarshis to
indicate each of the fixed stars in turn and come %ack to the first one.
-arahamihira te""s us that the .aptarishis indicate one nakshatram every one
hundred years.
-atesvara gives us a corrected figure for this+ read on+
Cere Brahma refers to The Brahma. &.ee Arahma .iddhanta.(
'l Biruni, who had the help of the ;aranasara which we do not hae, e"plained this in
his book and )ai e"plains this to us.
.ee Dow many kinds of )ugas are there6
!23* reolutions of the Saptarishis take place in /.*1111 years. &'
%aha<uga.( as per +atesara.
-arahamihira gave the num%er 19** and ,rya%hata (26& gave the num%er
10EE.EE8.
Therefore, for one rasi, the time period is *!* years, 3 months and 2 days.
Bor one degree, the period is 6 years, ! month and .days.
'nd through one @akshatram it is 3/ years, 2 months and *1 days.
Authorship an# %opyright Notice : All Rights Reser+e# : Satya Sara#a
0an#ula
Calendars based on kings. s$akas or eras.
&ow many kinds of 6akas *=ras+ are there?
#a1am means Era in #ans1rit. 3o say #a1a Era is to repeat yo$rse%2 in 2 %an&$a&es.
3he word #a1a or #a1am must "B be confused with the #a1a peop%e /#cythians F #a1ai..0
tho$&h in en&%ish their spe%%in& is the same.
A%% o2 $s 1now abo$t Christ$ /Craista*a0 #a1am. that means era o2 Christ. Its Dero point is !
AL. 3ime be2ore that is meas$red as >C be2ore Christ.
3his has been renamed as common era CE and be2ore common era >CE. and $ses the same
Dero point as the Christ$ #a1am.
Yugas ha*e to do with graha a%i&nments F astronomica% e*ents.
#a1as ha*e to do with h$man e*ents.
3he >harata Bar /,ahabharata @$ddham0 occ$red 36 years be2ore the start o2 the *aliyuga! Be
1now this 2rom the ,ahabharata.
3he >harata war was s$ch a si&ni2icant year in Indian history that it is $sed as a re2erence point 2or
a%% #a1ams.
"arahamihira spea1s o2 a #a1a or Era that commenced 2526 years a2ter the period o2 the
Jin& @$dhisthira. d$rin& whose time the m$nis /saptarishis0 were in ,a&ha Nakshatram.
3hese m$nis tra*erse each %$nar mansion 2or a peiod o2 1!! years. /3hat is how the
#aptarishi @$&a = 2G!! years. Bhiche*er conste%%ation /na1shatram0 ma1es them
conspic$o$s when they rise to the eat o2 it. in that they are said to be sit$ated. 3he Hishn$
+$ranam a%so te%%s $s that the d*i4ottamah / best o2 brahmins F the saptarshis0 were in
,a&ha. in the time o2 +ari1shit. F +ari1shit was born soon a2ter the >harata war. in the
same year that @$dhisthira became the 1in&. As per thissource. the #aptarishis are in
Hisa1ha <a1shatram now. 3his &i*es 2 possib%e dates o2 the >harata war 3!! >C and 3!!!
>C.0.
+$%a1esin spea1s o2 a di22erent #a1a or Era when he says ? H. 33.0 /<ow0 when thirty /and0
three tho$sand and 2i*e years besides. 4oined with se*en h$ndred years. ha*e passed since
the >harata warR /H. 3-.0 And when 2i2ty /and0 siC and 2i*e h$ndred years o2 the #a1a 1in&s
a%so ha*e &one by in the Ja%i a&e5 in the Aihole Dnscription!
#o +$%a1esin eO$ates 3G35 years a2ter the >harata Bar with 556 years o2 the #a1am that he was
%i*in& in. 3here2ore the Dero point o2 that #a1am was 31G" years a2ter the >harata war. whi%e
Harahamihira is spea1in& o2 a #a1am which is 2526 years a2ter +udhisthira was made !ing.
4/harata 7ar5.
4yasa said that #aliyuga began 9? years after the /harata war.
Therefore 9-39 #aliyuga is the *ero point of the Aihole inscription "a!am and .3A1
#aliyuga was the *ero point of @arahamihira referenced "a!am.
/eference &# he 4i9nana Sarvaswamu Eth Samputamu gives an eCplanation of Sakams
on pages ;;E onwards.
3here are 6 #a1a Jarthas in the Ja%iy$&a
1. @$dhisthira
2. Hi1ramaditya and
3. #a%i*ahana are 3 that ha*e &one by.
-. Hi4ayanda
5. <a&ar4$na
6. and >a%i are yet to come.
3he *erb root o2 the word #a1a is 2rom #a1 F which means competence /#a1yati F can do. Sakra F
Indra F the power2$% one.0
3he #a1a -athi were a peop%e o$tside the Hedic #ystem. Any Ka4ap$tra /son o2 a 1in&0 who 1i%%ed or
de2eated the #a1a ;athi wo$%d become a #a1a-1artha /the ma1er o2 an Era0. E%se he had to 1i%% a
#a1a-1artha to &et a #a1a started 2rom his time.
>ayaFabhyudaya 7udhisthira Sakam started in year 1 o2 Ja%iy$&a. de2ined by the year in which
Hyasa started writin& the ,ahabharatam. with the name ?;aya5.
7udhisthira Sakam or ,oukikabdam
3he 1a%iy$&a ra4a *rttantam says 5 In year 25 o2 Ja%iy$&a. a2ter stayin& 2or 1!! years in
,a&ha <a1shatram. the #aptarishis wi%% attain As%esha <a1shatram. In memory o2
@$dhisthira who attained #*ar&am in his mahaprasthana yatra. a2ter his bh$ prada1hsina
yatra. a period o2 2G!! years ca%%ed Ia$1i1abdam.5 3he Ka4ataran&ini $ses this sa1am.
#ee : *alahana>s Ra7atarangini ' +ate of &ahabharata :ar
Buddha Sakam) Kou9ada Sakam) Kkta9ana Sakam) Malavagana Sakam) Kanishka Sakam)
Sri $arsha Sakam etc are some more Sakas mentioned in the reference &.
<sing various puranas and itivrttis) the article arrives at the Satavahana king Mekha
Swati or the King Mahasatakarni as the Sakakarta of the Saka referred to by
4arahamihira) Brahmagupta) and Bhattotpala.
1l Biruni # Kaliyuga ) Saka Kala conversion # 8based on 4ateswara Karanasara!
As per A% >ir$ni. -!!! Ja%iy$&a = 21 #a1a Ja%a : Reference
3hat &i*e $s 31G" Ja%iy$&a = ! #a1a 1a%a.
Ja%iy$&a ! is 31!2 >CE. /As accepted by many mi%%enia o2 Indian Astronomers.0
3here2ore GG CE /AL0. is #a1a Era as per A% >ir$ni
'is basis is Hates*ara8s Jaranasara : "atesvara, an ancient *ashmiri Astronomer, his
*aranasara an Sihanta ' R!N! Rai, DNSA
1. -!!! Ja%iy$&a is the basis o2 the karanagrantha $sed by Hateswara. /#ee : Al Biruni '
*aliyuga , Saka *ala conversion 0
/. 9111 #aliyuga must be the basis of the #aranagrantha used by @arahamihira.
!. In terms of @atesvara=s "a!a Pra, 9111 #aliyuga is minus -LA "a!a Pra.
6. This means -LA year before the "a!a!arta considered by @atesvara.
9. 9111 #aliyuga was 3.L in @arahamihira=s "a!a Pra.
&. Therefore @arahamihira=s "a!a Pra started ?1? years before @ateswara=s "a!a Pra.
+. -111 T 2.-C3.L U xK x T ?1?K
What is a karanagrantha?
+osted by satyask on ;an$ary 1!. 2!1!
What is a karanagrantha?
In a !aranagrantha, a certain year is ta!en as the starting year. The positions for the celestial
bodies etc are given for that year. And then methods are given for calculating these in the
succeeding years. /eference
The base year ta!en by 4arahamihira was 6+* Saka Kra.
That ta!en by 4atesvara was 2.- "a!a Pra.
/oth of them possibly referred to different "a!a Pras.% "ee $ow many kinds of Sakas
8Kras! are there?
1. -!!! Ja%iy$&a is the basis o2 the karanagrantha $sed by Hateswara. 4"ee % 1l Biruni #
Kaliyuga ) Saka Kala conversion 5
/. 9111 #aliyuga must be the basis of the #aranagrantha used by @arahamihira.
!. In terms of @atesvara=s "a!a Pra, 9111 #aliyuga is minus -LA "a!a Pra.
6. This means -LA year before the "a!a!arta considered by @atesvara.
9. 9111 #aliyuga was 3.L in @arahamihira=s "a!a Pra.
&. Therefore @arahamihira=s "a!a Pra started ?1? years before @ateswara=s "a!a Pra.
+. -111 T 2.-C3.L U xK x T ?1?K
he dates for the Karanagranthas must have been)
! 1a%iy$&a : 31!2 >CE
1!!! Ja%iy$&a : 21!2 >CE
2!!! Ja%iy$&a : 11!2 >CE
3!!! Ja%iy$&a : 1!2 >CE 43.L 4different5 "a!a Pra referred by @arahamihira5
-!!! Ja%iy$&a : " CE /2.- "a!a Pra referred by @atesvara0
5!!! Ja%iy$&a : 1" CE
6!!! Ja%iy$&a : d$e 2" CE
%ate of the &ahabharata 'ar
1uthorship and %opyright "otice# 1ll /ights /eserved # Satya Sarada Kandula
"ea "yasa wrote the ,ahabharata.
whi%e 3he #araswathi Ki*er was sti%% 2%owin& b$t not as 2orce2$%%y as be2ore.
a2ter the >harata war was o*er. and
a2ter Lwara1a was s$bmer&ed in the ocean.
a2ter #ri Jrishna died and
a2ter the +anda*a ,ahaprasthanam F wa%1 to #war&a /Indra0 Io1a. 'e too1 3 years to
write it.
raditional -ate # 4edic %osmography and 1stronomy By Richard L. Thompson
(n Neb 1th. 31!2 >C. at midni&ht on the meridian o2 A44ain. the se*en &rahas /&ra*-
itationa% bodies F s$rya. chandra. 1$4a. &$r$. sani. b$dha and s$1ra0 %ined $p. on the other
side o2 the earth in s$ch a way that they co$%d not be seen. 3he chaya /shadow0 &raha
Kah$ was direct%y o*erhead.
A%% the G &rahas were %ined $p with Ke*ati <a1shatram at this time. 3his is the start point o2
the Ja%iy$&a. Acc. to Aryabhatta. Ja%iy$&a started at s$n-rise /not mid-ni&ht0.
Asin& Comp$ter pro&rams. it has been determined that. at that time. 5 &rahas were within
1! de&rees o2 the Hedic re2erence star /Ke*ati0 . with ,erc$ry />$dha0 at 1" de&. #ani
/#at$rn at -2G de&rees0 and Kah$ bein& within 1 de& o2 the position opposite to Ke*athi.
#$ch a%i&nments or e*en near a%i&nments are rare. (n%y 3 ten year a%i&nments ha*e been
2o$nd 2rom then to now.
Saraswathi /iver -rying <p -ate #
An important 2actor to consider in datin& the Hedas is Geo&raphy.
#ee: http'BBancientinians!(orpress!comBsaras(athi?riverB
Bhat emer&es 2rom a &eo%o&ica% ana%ysis is that the #arswathi which 2%owed in 2$%% 2orm
aro$nd "!!! >C started dryin& $p 2rom aro$nd 5!!! >C to 3!!! >C. 3he &eo%o&ica% e*ents
that contrib$ted to the rise o2 the 'ima%ayas. a%so c$t o22 the the tri3utarie), ma.or and minor, to
Sara)2ati and the mar/h to o3livion /ommen/ed around 3''' "81
<niJue Kclipse 5air %ombination 9ust before the Bharata War and other events.
See: (ni)#e eclipse pair combination *#st before the +harata 'ar, : based on
- http://www.bolo*i.com/astro/!!.2/a.htm : %r S.+alakrishna ;e3ruar& 23, 2''2
<The first and oldest eclipse pair 4rom 312% "8 i) uni9ue1 5he)e 4it
the Puranic de)/ription that Sri $ri)hna pa))ed a2a& in 31'2 "8=, 2hi/h i) 2!
&ear) a4ter the 2ar1 5he )tud& /on4irm) that Kaliyuga /ould have )tarted in 31'2
"8=1 5here are 5 other pair) that ma& 4it the 3ill, thou-h not a) 2ell a) thi) one1
Saptarishi %alendar.
"ee %
Where are the Saptarishis 8Big -ipper! today?
5arikshit to "anda @ &';' years @ 4ishnu 5uranam
Saptarishis in Maghaa "akhstaram at 5arikshit?s time # 4ishnu 5uranam
Saptarishi 8Great Bear! 5ositions according to 4arahamihira and 4ateswara
"anda came to power when the Saptarishis indicated 5urvashaada #
4ishnu 5uranam
:hich Nana (as inicate by the Saptarishis in #urvashaaa Nakshatram '
"ishnu #uranam
3he #aptarishi Ca%endar is a way o2 namin& the cent$ries a2ter the <a1shatras.
@$dhisthira8s period was ?#aptarishis in the ,a&ha5. <anda was ?#aptarishis in
+$r*ashada5 and this cent$ry is ?#aptarishis in ,a1ha5. >ased on this ca%endar. the >harata
war too1 p%ace abo$t 31!! >C.
-ate of the Mahabharata War as per 1ryabhatta
It is *ery important to note that no re2erence is made either to #a1a Era as some c%aim or to
Ja%iy$&a as others c%aim. It is a%so important to note that as per traditiona% estimates 1/1!th o2 a
,ahay$&a /Ja%iy$&a d$ration0 was remainin& at the end o2 the >harata war and as per Aryabhatta
1/-th o2 the ,ahay$&a /@$&a +ada0 was remainin& at the end o2 the >harata Bar. >rahma&$pta did
not a&ree with Aryabhatta on this point. It is certain that Aryabhatta had access to the
>ha&a*atham and the >haratam. since he %i*ed a2ter the >harata war. It is important a&ain to note
that the phrase trans%ated as 6! times 6! in the ima&e be%ow is debated and trans%ated as 6 times
6! by one schoo% o2 tho$&ht.
Late o2 ,ahabharata Bar as per Aryabhatta
Winter solstice at Dhanishtha. -1! B". 8 # need to $eri%y this&.
%ahabharata >ar occurs &dated from reference in the Mahabharata citing
winter solstice at =hanishtha, which occurs around this time(. &conflicts
with the .!.3 BL( 8 # need to $eri%y this&.
Kalahana2s )a>atarangini ,ate of 'ahabharata War
Reference : ;alahanaDs )a?atarangini. Translation by )an?it Sitaram Pandit,
Boreword by Pandit Kawaharlal @ehru, Publishers : Sahitya 'kademi. $SB@ : 7!-*21-
!*.2-2, )s *11, first published in !3.0, latest reprint *112. The expert .cho"ar .ri
!... 4andit is incidenta""y and interesting"y the hus%and of .mt. -i;aya"akshmi
4andit, the first woman 4resident of the ?nited Nations >enera" ,ssem%"y ((y
mother was named after her &.
Who was 0alahana! ;alahana was a ;ashmiri Cistorian, who composed the history
of ;ashmiri ;ings &)a?atarangini( in Sanskrit.
Why is it important to us! Ce has proided a links between the ;ashmiri ;ings,
and the <adaa kings as well as his estimate of the date of the Bharata war.
What #oes he tell us!
King ;onanda / was a great ;ashmiri king. Ce was inited by Karasandha to
attack %athura after the death of ;amsa. $n the battle between $alarama *Sri
0rishna-s "rother+ and ;onanda, Balarama won &em%raced the goddess of
victory( and Gonanda $ died &em%raced the earth(.
King ,amodara / inherited the kingdom of ;ashmir from his father Gonanda $ and
was waiting for an opportunity to hit back at the <adaas. 't this time the <adaas
were inited to Gandhar, on the banks of the Sindhu, for a swayamar of a princess.
Ce attacked the <adaas with a huge army before the Swayamar. $n the battle, 6ri
Krishna killed him with his chakram &%att"e - disc(.
(asovati was the widowed and pregnant wife of =amodara $. 6ri Krishna had her
crowned the ,ueen of ;ashmir, by brahmans. The yadaas did not like this. They
wanted to press their adantage and take oer the kingdom. But Sri ;rishna
e"plained to them that the land of ;ashmir is Parati =eiand that the ruler is an
'msa of Sia and he should not be disregarded een if he is a bad man.
;onanda 0, the son of mother <asoati was crowned king while yet a boy whose
dangling legs could not reach the foot stool from the throne. Ce was not inited
either by the ;auraas or the Pandaas to fight in the war, because he was a
kid. Thus Kashmir did not participate in the 'ahabharata War.
3: were the kings after ;onanda 0 whose names and deeds disappeared without
a trace.
Lava, the ne"t king constructed 7/ lakhs of stone houses and founded the city of
Folor.
Kusa, Khagendra, 6urendra, ;odhara, 6uvarna, ?anaka, 6acinara were the
kings who followed Faa. Both Faa and ;usa gifted 'graharas to brahmanas.
;hagendra waged wars against the @agas. The others e"panded in kashmir founding
iharas and gifting agraharas. Suarna constructed the canal Suarnamani in
0erala/ Sacinara died without a son.
7soka was the great grandson of Sakuni and the son of SacinaraDs great-uncle. Ce
was the ne"t king. Ce accepted Buddhism, and coered sDuSkaletra and itast'tra
with stupas. Ce built a ery large Laitya in =harmaranya +ihara. he founded the
magnificent city of Srinagari with 32 lakh houses. Ce rebuilt the prakaras of +i?ayesa
with stone and built * temples to 'sokeswara within the stone rampart.
?alauka was born to 'soka with the blessings of Sia. >hen the mlecchas &foreigners
7 peop"e of indistinct speech ( oerran his country, 'soka performed a penance to
please Bhutesa and was blessed with Kaluaka. Kalauka could transform materials and
had plenty of gold to gift. Ce fro#e the waters, entered the @aga kingdoms and
delighted many @aga girls. $n his court, was an erudite philosophers who defeated
many puffed up, powerful, buddhist debators. Kalauka was deoted to +i?ayeswara
and Kyestesa in @andisa kshetra. Ce had a naga friend. Ce #ro+e out the
mlecchas/ ,he place where the in+asion was repelle# is calle#
122hata#im"a/ Ce instituted theconstitutional system of <udhisthira.
OO and so onO.. this brings us to Gonanda .- who became the first of the Gonanda
dynasty.
;alahana tells us that 0* kings passed into obliion from the time of the
;auraas and The Pandaas to this Gonanda ..
Ce tells us that, some people hae calculated **27 years from the
%ahabharata >ar to the time of this Gonanda .. &>iving on an average of
/F@// years per king(
This he says is based on the wrong assumption that %ahabharata >ar took
place at the end of the =wapara <uga.
Ce says that the Bharata war took place in year 20. of ;aliyuga &not F9
years %efore a"iyuga, which is the assumption made %y others. .ee <ate of
the (aha%harata 5ar (
Ce says : Af the laukika era, in the */th year at present, !161 years of the
Saka Mra hae gone by. &See : Cow many kinds of Sakas &Mras( are thereE (
P)oughly commencing from Gonanda ., *..1 autumns hae now elapsed.:
P!*22 years is the duration of time which, it is belieed is the duration of 0*
kings P
Then he refers to +arahamihiraDs Brhat Samhita and says that since the
Saptarishi %andala moes from one nakshatra to the other in !11 years, and
the Saptarishis stood in &indicated( %agha &)egulus( during the time of
<udhisthira, P*0*2 years prior to the Saka Mra was the epoch of his reign:.
See Saptarishi Lalendar .
+arahamihiraDs Pancasiddhantika refers to /*6 Saka Mra (1.8.1* of
pancasiddhantika&, in a ca"cu"ation to arrive at the ,hargana. 1 -arahamihira
7 !ea""y /2= of .aka $ra6 1 4ancha .iddhantika
Notes:
!. $n giing !**2 years for 0* kings, ;alahana is assuming an aerage of
*.-*/ years per king, which is close to the assumption that many historians
make.
/. !**2Q*..1 5 .002 years is ;alahanaDs estimate for the time between
The Bharata >ar and himself.4u"akesin eGuates F=F0 years after the Aharata
5ar with 009 years of the .akam that he was "iving in The ,iho"e 'nscription.
!. ;alahana says that he is in !161 Saka Mra., which gies .002-!161
5 05@4 years between the $harata war and the start of Kalahana2s
6aka =ra. Pulakesin says that 002 years of the Saka era hae passed, this
gies us 3/A< years between the $harata war and the start of the saka
=ra referred by .ulakesin.
o 'f 4u"akesiCs .aka !eference H a"ahanaCs .aka !eference, then date
of Aharata 5ar as per 4u"akesin is F1=E years %efore the start of the
.akam, and 2/89 years as per a"ahana. 4u"akesin who "ived %efore
a"ahana, c"ear"y used -yasaCs date for the Aharata 5ar.
6. $n the Brihat Samhita +arahamihira is speaking of a 6akam whose
Bero point is 0:04 years after(udhisthira was made king" *$harata
War+.
9. +yasa said that Sri ;rishnaDs ascent and ;aliyuga beginning was .2
years after the Bharata war. ;alahana says that the Bharata war took place in
year 20. of ;aliyuga. This implies that his date for Sri ;rishnaDs ascent is 273
kaliyuga.
&. ,ra#itional In#ian calen#ars gi+e the start of 0aliyuga as 3')4
5%6/ (5%)
o +yasaDs date for Bharata >ar : .!.7 BLM. (21*2IF9&
o ;alahanaDs =ate for Bharata >ar : *//3 BLM (F1*2@90F&
o Start of Saka Mra referred to by +arahamihira : 2!* BLM (F128@2029&
(,ssuming -yasaCs date for the war&
o Start of Saka Mra referred to by +arahamihira 1 == #$ (,<& (2//E@2029&
(,ssuming a"ahanaCs date for the war. a"ahana took it that
-arahamiharaCs .aka was the same as his own .aka and post dated
the Aharata 5ar. .o this is a circu"ar reference.&
o Start of Saka Mra referred to by Pulakesin : /! LM &'=( &.6.0-.!.7-
002( (,ssuming -yasaCs date for the war&
o Start of Saka Mra )eferred to by ;alahana : 6. LM &'=(
o 'rybhattaD s date for himself &.211 or .21 years after Bharata >ar( :
*667 BLM or /2* '= &LM(: &using -yasaCs date for the war(
o +arahamihira referred to /*6 Saka Mra in Panca Siddhantika . (a"ahana
took it that -arahamiharaCs .aka was the same as his own .aka and
post dated the Aharata 5ar.& Ising +yasaDs date for the war,
+arahamihiraDs date is later than !70 BLM (912@/2=&. ?sing a"ahanaCs
assumption of the .aka eGuiva"ence, -arahamihiraCs date is "ater than
0** #$ (,<&. This is the ca"cu"ation that ,"@Airuni used. This
eGuiva"ence is not accepted %y many scho"ars., %ut appears to have
%een accepted %y mainstream historians.
o PulakesinDs date for himself : 036 '= &LM( &using -yasaCs date for the
war(
o ;alahanaDs =ate for himself : !!/. '= &LM(
+. 7o#ern In#ian calen#ars gi+e 89 %6 (A&) as the start of the
Saa 6ra/
-arahamihira 9 )eally 50A of 6aka =ra?
.ancha 6iddhantika
+arahamihira was one of the 3 gems of +ikramadityaDs court. There is a famous
shlokam which says this. ;alidasa was one of the other nine. ;alidasaDs %egha
Sandesam demonstrates a clear knowledge of +arahamihiraDs obserations on
meteorology. So to get +arahamihiraDs date is also to fi" the date of ;alidasa and
+ikramaditya.
The date assigned to +arahamihira is based on these erses of the
PanchaSiddhanthika. Lhapter !, +erse 7 to !1. &Page *77 in the )eference : The Te"t
and Translation of The PanchaSiddhantha by %ahamohopadhyaya Sudhakara
=wiedi and G. Thibaut, !773. aailable at the =igital Fibrary of $ndia(.
+arahamihira gies a way to calculate the ahargana, or the Pcount of days: from the
beginning of the releant epoch to the present day. Bor that he says that /*6 must
be subtracted from the present Saka Mra. This merely implies that /*6 Saka Mra was
the start of the ;aranagrantha in use at the time. $t does not specify +arahamihiraDs
birth, death or the date of the pancha siddhanthika.
'lberuni made two 'ssumptions both are possibly wrong:
!. /*6 Saka Mra is the date of the Panchasiddhanthika
*. The saka era of kalahana is the same as the saka era of +arahamihira.
o See : ;alahanaDs )a?atarangini : =ate of %ahabharata >ar , =ate of the
%ahabharata >ar and Cow many kinds of Sakas &Mras( are thereE
Based on those * assumptions, he computed that the date for +arahamihiraDs
Panchasiddhantika was 0*2 years before his time. 'nd based on this statement,
+arahamihira is assigned a date in the 2th century LM &'=(.
%onclusion :
1. $ear :48 of the Saa 6ra referre# to "y Varahamihira in the
Panchasi##hanthia is the year of the 0aranagrantha/
/. 4(4* years separate the 5harata War an# the start point of
this Saa 6ra (5rhat Samhita)
!. 0alahana an# Al5eruni assume# that Varahamihira-s Saam
was the same as 0alahana-s saam/
6. ,hus. Al5eruni calculate# that (4* years separate# him from
Varahamihira an# 0alahana calculate# that 5harata War was in *(3
0aliyugam// "oth were possi"ly wrong/
9. ,aing 3'*9 5%6 (3* aliyuga) as the &ate of the 5harata war.
we conclu#e that the Saa referre# to "y Varahamihira starte# in *'4
5%6/
&. 0arana ;ranthas ha+e astronomical significance an# Saas
ha+e historical significance/
+. So we must loo for an important astronomical e+ent in *'4<
:48='9( 5%6 an# an important ingly +ictory in *'4 5%6/
-. We now that Varahamihira coul# not ha+e li+e# prior to '9(
5%6/ ,his gi+es us an upper "oun#/
%ate of Sri 0ama
#ri Kama was born in the Tretha Yuga.
+%ease see the artic%es be%ow 2or the data I ha*e &athered so 2ar and the ana%ysis done so 2ar.
7gastya 9 Canopus
1ll /ights /eserved# Satya Sarada Kandula
he article in the link Juoted below makes a connection between canopus and 1gastya. At
makes + sets of assumptions and calculations arrives at a date for 1gastya around 6'''
B%.
1ssumption set 1#
3he na1shatram Canop$s was named A&astya a2ter the Kishi A&astya.
3his was so beca$se he was the 2irst sans1rit northerner to si&ht it.
'e si&hted it as soon as he crossed the Hindhyas.
%alculations#
A&astya /Canop$s0 was *isib%e in the north o2 the Hindhyas on%y a2ter 52!! >C and in
J$r$1shetra /Le%hi0 on%y 2rom 31!! >C ass$min& that 2or a star to be *isib%e its meridian
a%tit$de has to be at %east 5V.
A&astya /Canop$s0 was *isib%e in the north o2 the Hindhyas on%y a2ter -!!! >C ass$min&
that 2or a star to be *isib%e its meridian a%tit$de has to be at %east -V.
%onclusion 1#
A&astya Kishi8s Hindhya Crossin& was between -!!! >C and 5!!! >C.
1ssumptions B#
A&astya started the 2irst #an&am.
3he %ast #an&am ended aro$nd ! >C.
Each +andyan 1in& r$%ed 2or 2! years.
%alculations B#
3here were ". 5" and -" +andyan 1in&s in each o2 the #an&ams.
/":5" : -"0 Q 2! = 3"-! years
%onclusion B: A&astya8s time was -!!! >C
"otes #
from# http'BB(((!ias!ac!inBcurrsciBec202000B2$5%!pf by K.-. 1bhyankar.
1. A&astya. is the a$thor o2 25 hymns /nos 166 to 1"!0 o2 the 2irst Pmanda%a8 o2 the Ki&*eda.
2. Canop$s. the second bri&htest star in the ni&ht s1y. is ca%%ed A&astya in India.
3. 3his star is c%ose to the ec%iptic so$th po%e. ha*in& an ec%iptic %atit$de o2 FG6V.
-. As the ce%estia% po%es &o ro$nd the ec%iptic po%es d$e to the phenomenon o2 precession o2
the earth8s aCis o2 rotation. this star becomes *isib%e 2rom di22erent %atit$des on the &%obe at
di22erent times. I2 we ass$me that 2or a
star to be *isib%e at a p%ace its a%tit$de at the meridian passa&e sho$%d be at %east 5V. then
ca%c$%ations &i*e the *isibi%ity c$r*e 2or A&astya /Canop$s0.
5. A&astya was not *isib%e 2rom any part o2 India be2ore 1!.!!! >C.
6. Nirst it became *isib%e at Janya1$mari aro$nd that epoch. 3herea2ter. as it was bro$&ht
more and more northwards by precession. it became *isib%e at *ario$s p%aces in India.
+. It became *isib%e in the east coast /in the present Chennai re&ion0 in 5!! >C. and in the
present day 'yderabad in G2!! >C. in the Hindhya re&ion in 52!! >C. at -elhi in 2&''
B%.
. At present it is *isib%e 2rom most parts o2 India 2or %on&er or shorter d$rations. 3his cyc%e
wi%% repeat a2ter e*ery 25.G25 years. It is th$s c%ear that aro$nd 5!!! >C. the star A&astya
was *isib%e 2rom the so$th o2 the Hindhyas. b$t not 2rom the north o2 it.
". I2 sa&e A&astya was the 2irst to cross the Hindhyas 2rom the north. he wo$%d ha*e been the
2irst northerner to see the star. 'ence the star has been named a2ter him. 4$st as the
,a&e%%anic c%o$ds in the so$thern s1y are named a2ter the na*i&ator ,a&e%%an. who 2irst
saw them as he sai%ed so$thwards.
1!. 3his 2iCes an epoch o2 5!!! >C 2or sa&e A&astya. 3his date is based on the ass$mption that
2or a star to be *isib%e its meridian a%tit$de has to be at %east 5V.
11. I2 we ma1e V meridian a%tit$de as the criterion 2or *isibi%ity. the date o2 A&astya wo$%d be
shi2ted to abo$t -!!! >C. 3he dates 5!!! and -!!! >C sho$%d there2ore brac1et the
probab%e epoch o2 A&astya crossin& the Hindhyan mo$ntains.
3ami% %iterat$re te%%s $s abo$t the three #an&ams which were patroniDed by ". 5" and -" +andyan
1in&s respecti*e%y. 3he 2irst #an&am was s$pposed to ha*e been started by A&astya and the %ast
#an&am ended sometime at the be&innin& o2 the Christian era. we ha*e 1"G 1in&s between these
two dates. I2 we ass$me a span o2 2! years 2or each 1in& on an a*era&e. we &et a tota% period o2
abo$t -!!! years. which wo$%d p%ace A&astya8s epoch aro$nd -!!! >C. in a&reement with the
astronomica% datin&.
,ate of 6ri )ama2s birth as per $alakanda
+osted by satyask on ,arch 16. 2!!"
hese are the slokas in the balakanda which refer to the positions of the grahas at the
time of Sri /ama?s Birth # 8Source!
? :
1.1.

1.1."
!
1.1.1!
!"
: then. when sacri2ice. was comp%eted. o2 seasons. siC. : were
spent. : then. #$% % in twe%2th month.
1. &!% in Chaitra month.
2. on the nineth day o2 the risin& ,oon.
3. " presided by Aditi as de*ata. when the star was .
-. and the 2i*e &rahas in their own (K eCa%ted p%aces.
5. '% (% in Jar1ata Ia&na.
6. ) when the 2 %ords o2 speech.
G. # a%on& with ,oon. was risin&.
Ja$sa%ya. %ord o2 the entire $ni*erse. !bowed to by a%% the wor%ds.
$adorned with a%% the characteristics. : Hishn$8s. "%2acet. ha%2. &hi&h%y
2ort$nate. * " perpet$atin& the I1sh*a1$ race. Kama. as his son. "&a*e
birth . ?
The 8oon=s 4$handra=s5 &ocation % 3he na1shatra presided by Aditi is +$nar*as$ and on%y
+$nar*as$ : Ke2er: http'BBolthoughts!(orpress!comBnakshatras?masas?
specialitiesB
o 3he 2irst 3 padas o2 +$nara*s$ 2orm the %ast part o2 ,ith$na and the %ast +ada o2
+$nar*as$ 2orms the 2irst one-ninth o2 Jar1ata Kasi. #ince the moon was in
Jar1ata /Cancer0. we 1now that Chandra was in the %ast pada /O$arter0 o2
+$nar*as$. /+o%%$C0 .
&ocation of &agna, Huru and /udha 4Ascendant, Fupiter and 8ercury5 % ) when the 2
%ords o2 speech F 3his m$st be G$r$ and >$dha . # a%on& with ,oon.
'% (% in the risin& F ascendant Jar1ata Ia&na.
&ocation of other grahas % and the 2i*e &rahas in their own
(K e;alte places/ho$ses. : #o we ha*e : Ia&na /The Ascendant ;oint0. G$r$. Chandra.
and >$dha were in Jar1ata Kasi.. o2 which G$r$ is eCa%ted in Jar1ata.
&ocation of #uja, "u!ra, "ani> J$4a was in ,a1ara. #$1ra was in ,eena. #ani was in 3h$%a.
he debate is about Surya. 8Source! # %ould Surya have been in KCaltation?
The Tithi 4or lunar day5 is :avami.
:act# 6or 8oon to be in ;unarvasu :a!shatra and in the Vodiacal sign $ancer, the degree
of 8oon must be between 1.1 to 9..1 of $ancer.
1ssertion#
o <a*ami means F the distance between #$n and ,oon is between "6 to 1!
de&rees.
o #$btractin& this 2rom the de&ree o2 ,oon. the possib%e de&ree o2 #$n 2a%%s between
12 de&rees +isces to 2G.2! +isces.
$onclusion % #$n can not be in Aries and hence can not be in eCa%tation.
o /eFAnterpretation of the shlokam #
o sva uc$ha samsthP"hu panchasu grahP"hu this only means that there are B
planets either in eCaltation or in own signs. /ut this was interpreted as B
exaltations by Astrologers and that was the mista!e. It turns out to be only 3
exaltations 4 Fup, @en, 8ars, "aturn5 and one 48oon5 own house.
1ction "eeded # 3he date m$st be reca%c$%ated with the #$n in ,eena.
Bther Bbservations #
Kasis were in $sa&e be2ore the ,aha>harata Bar Itse%2 ri&ht in the time o2 Heda "yasa5s
2ather. +arasara.
o >rihat +arasara 'ora #astra. eCp%ained Kasis. It was to%d by +arasara to &aitreya.
.
o +arasara himse%2 O$otes 1arga on P>ha*as8. /'o$ses.0 #o this 1nowed&e was prior
to +arasara himse%2. Gar&a8s son p%ayed a part in Bharata>s con9uest of
1anhara. Gar&a named #r Jrishna.
o 3he >aa%a1anda s%o1a re2ers to '% in Jar1ata Kasi: Jar1ata1a is not on%y the
#ans1rit name 2or Cancer. it ,EA<# Cancer. /This is one more factor that supports
that the hypothesis that Ancient Hree!s &earned about rasis 4*odiac signs5 from
Indians.5
#ri Rama>s ate was on%y 3-- &enerations away 2rom *rishna>s ate. +%ease
#ee: 1enerations bet(een Rama an *rishna!
:a!shatradhipatis shifted from @edic deities to Hrahas, after @almi!i=s )amayana% #o
+arasara8s 'ora #astra had not yet attained tota% acceptance. /#ee Letai%s >e%ow0. Gar&a8s
ideas m$st ha*e been we%%-1nown tho$&h.
Why ;&&6 B%K -ate for Sri /ama must be re9ected #
/ecause it is calculated using erroneous data and limited accuracy software.
3his date: ?Sri Rama Navami E $0th -anuary 0$$% B,C F >irth Lay o2 Kama
(bser*ation at 12.3! p.m.5 was comp$ted $sin& p%anetari$m so2tware based on the *erses
abo*e. $sin& the #$n in Aries and comp%ete%y i&norin& ,erc$ry. tho$&h it is mentioned that
,erc$ry was in Cancer.
L1pparently) most commercial software use simplified algorithms and give
accurate results only for a period of about +;' years on either side of year +'''
1.-.I
There were not more than 9 or 3 Generations between Sri /ama and Sri Krishna.
8ercury W "un cannot be separated by more than one sign,house. Therefore, if 8ercury
was in $ancer then, the "un could not have been in Aries.
4erification %alculations /elated to the -ebate #
<a*ami 3ithi is the "th s$nrise o2 the moon.
3he s$n and moon are in %ine e*ery ama*asya. 3he d$ration between two new moons is
2".53!5" so%ar days.
3he moon m$st comp%ete 2E' degrees in this time. between 2 ama*asyas. 3his is
beca$se. the moon on%y needs 2G.3 days to co*er the 36! de&rees o2 the Dodiac. In the
eCtra 2.2 days. it m$st co*er approCimate%y an additiona% rasi or 3! de&rees more.
3he s$n itse%2 mo*es thro$&h approC 3! de&rees d$rin& this time.
(n Chaitra Ama*asya. the #$n and ,oon were on the same %on&it$de. Be ass$me Chaitra
#$1%a +a1sha <a*ami and a masa start date o2 Ama*asya.
(n each day 2rom there 2or " days. the moon mo*ed ahead by 13 de& and the s$n by one
de&. 3he di22erence between them increased approC 12 de& per day. ti%% they reached the
mornin& o2 <a*ami.
W12 de&rees between each s$nrise. " Q12 = 1! de&rees o2 separation between the s$n
and the moon. <a*ami %asts 2rom 1! to 12! de&rees o2 separation.
#ince the moon was between ! to 3.33 de& /1st pada0 o2 Cancer. ie "! and "3.3 de& o2 the
Dodiac. the sun must definitely be in Meena 85iesces!.Br must it? Mercury M Sun
cannot be separated by more than one signGhouse. herefore) if Mercury was in
%ancer then) the Sun could only be in ,eo or aurus?
o he Juestion also to be resolved is the shift between the tropical and the
sidereal 0odiac. Af the debate is in reality caused by an eJuinoCFprecession
effect or an eCaltation precession effect) then we are close to an accurate
date for Sri /ama.
o The latitude dependence on exaltation must also be ta!en into account.
It is a%so possib%e that at %east 3 o2 the other - p%anets were in #*a #amstha and not Accha
#amstha. I2 this is the case. then this s%o1a can on%y be $sed to &enerate a%ternate dates
2or Kama8s birth and not 3he (ne ECact Late. 3he one that matches my ana%ysis based on
brahmin %inea&es : 1enerations bet(een Rama an *rishna. wi%% be the ri&ht one.
"akshatradhipatis shifted from 4edic deities to Grahas) after 4almiki?s /amayana #
$ontemporary 0indu Astrology ascribes the adhipatyam /%ordship0 o2 the <a1shatras to Grahas.
3he *imsottari dasa ca%c$%ations are based on this. 3his probab%y happened when thebrihat parasara
hora sastra became pop$%ar.
An the 4almiki /amayanam. we 2ind many re2erences to Nakshatras! 3he adhipatyam o2 the
na1shatras is ascribed to "eic deities.
Ka4a ;ana1a said that the second o2 the two days o2 +oor*a+ha%&$ni and Attara
+ha%&$ni where the >ha&a /deity0 was +ra4apathi. was recommended by the wise 2or
marria&e. /#ee : Sita +evi 0
' ( brahmin9 ()&* on the %atter day o2 the two +ha%&$nis. in
which day. : +ra4apati. &: >ha&a. ! to per2orm marria&e. )$: wise peop%e.
are praisin&.
#imi%ar%y Ra7a +asaratha se%ected the +$shya <a1shatram o2 Chaitra ,asam
2or Rama>s coronation. /#ee : Arrangements (ere mae for Sri Rama>s coronation as
a cro(n prince and Lasaratha sent 2or Rama to tell him about his coronation! 0
3here are re2erences to rasis in the ba%a1anda : : then. when sacri2ice.
was comp%eted. o2 seasons. siC. : were spent. : then. #$% % in twe%2th
month. &!% in Chaitra month. on the nineth day o2 the risin& ,oon.
" presided by Aditi as de*ata. when the star /+$nar*as$0 .
and the 2i*e &rahas. in their own eCa%ted p%aces /ho$ses0. '% (% in Jar1ata
Ia&na. ) when >rihaspati. # a%on& with ,oon. was risin&.
Ja$sa%ya. %ord o2 the entire $ni*erse. !bowed to by a%% the wor%ds.
$adorned with a%% the characteristics. : Hishn$8s. "%2acet. &
hi&h%y 2ort$nate. *" perpet$atin& the I1sh*a1$ race. Kama. as his son.
"&a*e birth . 5 Source
<ote that there is a mention o2 &rahas / 0 and o2 rasis / '% (% 0 b$t the
na1sharadhipati was Aditi : ? " when the na1shatra presided by Aditi as
de*ata5
Lasaratha. Ja$sa%ya and their sons were a%ways compared to Hedic Leities s$ch
as Dnra. Aiti. @ama. Har$na etc.
Another Note' 3he m$h$rta se%ection. in the Kamayana was done by the 1in&s themse%*es and not
their priests and the m$h$rtam was s$n-rise in both cases. <owadays. the m$h$rta is se%ected any
time o2 the day or ni&ht. It may a%so be noted that then a m$h$rta was a time $nit o2 - min
d$ration. b$t many modern 'ind$ weddin&s ha*e to be per2ormed at an eCact instant. which is
%abe%%ed the m$h$rtam.
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age &7 o -1
;enerations between )ama and Krishna"
Sri )ama : Photograph by Satya Sarada ;andula : 'll )ights )esered
1. Brahmarshi +asishtha lied from the time of Satyarata %anu, to the time
of Sri )ama. $n PCow long did 'ncient $ndians lieE: we worked out that it
was reasonable to suppose that the long lied people of ancient $ndia lied
for about !*1 years. $t is possible, that they lied longer, but it is not
necessary to assume it, if you look at the brahman lineages instead of the
kingly lineages.
/. >e know that +asishthaDs son Sakthi, had a son called Parasara and that
Parasara had a son called +eda +yasa. So we know that +asishtha was the
great grandfather of +yasa.
.. +eda +yasa was the great grandson of +asishtha and Sri )ama
was +asisthaDs ery young student.
6. Sri ;rishna was the cousin of the Pandaas, younger than <udhisthira and
Bhima, but older than the 'r?una. So Sri ;rishna was of the age of +yasaDs
grandsons.
9. Sri ;rishna was named by Garga, the son of Bharadwa?a , who was ,uoted
by Parasara in the *!st chapter of the Brihat Parasara Cora Sastra. So
Garga was at least of Sri ;rishnaDs great grandfatherDs generation if not
older.
&. +iswamitra was Sri )amaDs teacher and taught him all about the weapons
of the =eas. +iswamitraDs sister, Satyaati, was the grandmother
of Parasurama. So +iswamitra was the grand-uncle of Parasurama.
+. +iswamitra and +asishtha were contemporaries, they lied at the same
time and fought each other and became friends. Af the two, +iswamitra is
younger. >hen Parasurama fought a lot of kings, he spared =asaratha, the
father of Sri )ama. So Parasurama was one generation earlier to Sri )ama.
't Sri )amaDs wedding, Parasurama challenged him to hold the +ishnu
Lhapam 8 the bow of Sri +ishnu. Parasurama killed ;arthairya 'r?una, who
had preiously defeated the mighty )aana.
-. ParasuramaDs student was 'gniesha and 'gnieshaDs student was =rona.
Parasurama gae his a"e to =rona. =rona was the teacher of +yasaDs
grandchildren, the ;auraas and the Pandaas. =ronaDs father was the sage
Bharadwa?a, and Bharadawa?a was the student of +almiki. =ronaDs son
'shwathhama was a friend of the ;auraas. =rona was like an uncleDs
age to the Pandaas, ;auraas and Sri ;rishna andBharadwa?a was of a
grandfatherDs age to them, like +yasa. Though Bharadwa?a was +almikiDs
disciple, he may hae been older than +almiki. Bharadwa?aDs daughter was
+israasDs wife, the mother of ;ubera, the elder half-brother of )aana, so
she must hae been much older to =ronacharya. =rona was born late
to Bharadwa?a.
<. +almiki was a friend of Sri )ama. Ce not only wrote the )amayanam, but he
also looked after )amaDs wife Sita and raised )amaDs children. The
Ittarakanda of the +almiki ramayana also tells us that +almiki was a friend
of =asaratha.
!1. So far, we hae worked out that +yasa, Sri )ama and +almiki were of the
same generation, which makes Sri )ama of the grandfather generation of
Sri ;rishna. >e also know that +yasa was senior to Sri )ama.
!!. BhishmaDs father Santanu, married +yasaDs mother Satyaati after both of
them were born. +yasaDs parents were Parasara and Satyaati., and
BhishmaDs parents were Santanu and Ganga =ei. So Bhishma was a
brother to +yasa and of the same generation as Sri )ama.
1/. )aanaDs grandfather Pulastya, e"plained the story of creation
to Bhishma at Gangadwar. &Padma Puranam(. Since Sri )ama and )aana
were of the same generation, and as Bhishma was of the same generation
as Sri )ama, Pulastya was of a grandfatherDs generation to BhishmaJ
!.. Bhishma fought the older Parasurama, oer 'mbaDs marriage issue.
!/. Sahadea, the youngest Pandaa, went on a ictorious campaign of the
South after <udhisthiraDs campaign. >hen he came up to )ameswaram, he
sent a respectful message to +ibhishana of Sri Fanka, asking about his
welfare and paying his respects. +ibhishana, )aanaDs brother was Sri
)amaDs generation and of a grandfather generation to Sahadea and the
Pandaas.
!0. =haumya who was the priest of the Pandaas, isited Sri )ama at the time
of his coronation. &Ittarakanda, +almiki )amayana(
1&. %any )ig +edic )ishis, the authors of the )ig +eda, were Sri
)amaDs elders. They were +asishtha, +iswamitra, ;ana &who raised
+iswamitraDs daughter(, 'gastya &who gae Sri )ama, weapons
from $ndra and directed him southward(, 'tri &whose wife 'nasuya, gae Sita
ornaments and adice(, Bhardwa?a &grandfather of )aanaDs half brother
and +almikiDs disciple(, ;asyapa, &$ndraDs father(, Bhrigu &ParasuramaDs
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age &/ o -1
great grandfather &Parasurama-Kamadagni-)ichika-Bhrgu((,
and Gauthama &Sri )ama redeemed his wife 'halya(.
1+. =urasa was the son of 'tri and 'nasuya. Ce predicted Sri )amaDs
separation from Sita. &Ittarakanda(. Ce gae ;unthi the mantra for inoking
the =eas to beget sons. Ce isited the Pandaas when they were in e"ile.
&%ahabharata(. Ce pronounced a curse on Sakuntala, the daughter of
+iswamitra. &'bhignyana Sakuntalam(.
1-. +aiaswatha %anu &Satyarata %anu( was a contemporary of +asishtha
&%atsya 'atara(. Cis son Saryati was of SakthiDs generation, grandson,
'narta was of ParasaraDs generation, great-grandson )eata was of +yasaDs
generation. )eataDs son, )aiata ;akudmin was of PanduDs generation.
)aiataDs son-in-law Balarama and PanduDs sons, the Pandaas were of the
same generation and ery close together in age as well.
1<. Kambaantha fought alongside $ndra, when young, fought in Sri )amaDs
army when he was old enough to feel his age, and had a wrestling match
with Sri ;rishna and gae his daugther, Kambaathi, in marriage to Sri
;rishna. Ce was of a grandfatherDs generation to Sri ;rishna.
/7. Kaname?aya , the greatgrandson of <udhisthira, and great grand nephew of
Sri ;rishna was enthroned in ;ishkinda. %ainda and =wiida, +anara heroes
who fought alongside, Sri )ama, were killed by Balarama when they
attacked =waraka. &Sri )ama had left ;ishkinda with the +anaras,
Sugria and 'ngada, but the <adus4Purus took control of it(.
/1. The Ipanishadic period oerlapped with the +edic period and e"tended
slightly beyond it. Sri ;rishna gae us the Bhagaad Gita which is said to be
the essence of all the Ipanishads. The ;atha Ipanishad itself is a
conersation between GauthamaDs great grand son @achiketas and %rtyu
&the god of death(. @aachiketas was of =ronaDs generation, one generation
before Sri ;rishna.
//. %aya =anaa composed the Surya Siddhantam towards the end of ;rta
<uga. Ce gae his adopted daughter %andodari in marriage to )aana. Ce
built the %aya Sabha for the pandaas in $ndraPrastha in the =wapara
<uga.
/!. Balarama, the brother of Sri ;rishna, isited )a?a Kanaka, Sita =eiDs father,
at %ithila. $t was there that he trained =uryodhana in Gada <uddha &battle
with the maces(.
5rahmanas. +ery accurately preser+e# their own lineages without
#istortion/ ,he father<son an# the teacher<#isciple relationships are
consistent across the puranas/ ,he possi"le causes of errors ma#e "y other
historians are gi+en "elow/
Birst cause of commonly made errors: The defenceless brahmins of the later
periods may hae been under a lot of pressure from the armed rulers, trying to claim
kshatriya lineage, to include the names of their ancestors into important lineages. So,
the Puranas put so many kings into this duration, and each purana put in a different
number of kings. This is because, all kings wanted to derie their descent from Surya,
the sun, and Lhandra, the moon. 'nd Meryone wanted to belong to the $kshwaku
=ynasty and eeryone wanted to be the directly related to either Sri )ama or Sri
;rishna. Some historians, looked at the lineage of the kings, got confused and said
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age &! o -1
that $ndians did not respect history. 'dding lots of kings into the direct ancestry of Sri
)ama and Sri ;rishna, made it necessary to meaninglessly prolong the lifespan of the
brahman rishis, to thousands of years.
Second Lause of Lommonly %ade Mrrors: $n addition, Sri )ama was said to be of the
Tretha <uga, which can also be translated as the Third <uga, though it
generally refers to the second yuga. Sri ;rishna is said to be of the =wapara <uga, or
the yuga after the second. 'ctually both of them could hae been of the third yuga.
&$nterestingly in another manner of counting, ;ali is ekatha, the first, =wapara is the
second, Thretha is the third, and ;rutha is the /th, the complete or Satya yuga:
please see the link below on how many kinds of <ugas are there.(
Third Lause of Lommonly %ade Mrrors : Today we use 'ryabhatta9s durations for <uga
lengths. 'ryabhatta lied either .21 or .211 years after +yasa. So the yuga
durations referred to in the Ittarakanda and the%ahabharata, are likely to be
different from the yuga durations we use today. $n this article on 9how many kinds of
yugas are thereD we see that there are many different kinds of yugas and durations.
+yasa Siddhantam 8 his astronomical treatise is not aailable to us, to my knowledge.
1. $n <oga +asishtam, +almiki reports a conersation between +iswamitra
and Sri )ama, where +iswamitra narrates an incident where Suka, the son of
+yasa approaches )a?a Kanaka, the father of Sita =ei for a philosophical
discussion. 't this time =asaratha is alie and +yasa is sitting ne"t to him. $ am
currently re?ecting this incident because Sakthi, the father of Parasara was
present at SitaDs oath taking ceremony, as per Ittarakanda of the +almiki
)amayanam. +yasaDs father, Parasara was born shortly after the death of his
father Sakthi, the son of +asishtha.(
;enerations previous to 6ri )ama"
5rahma:
!. BrahmaDs son was Pulastya, PulastyaDs son was +israas, +israasDs son was
)aana, who Sri )ama killed. Brahma gae +arams &boons( to )aana and
his brothers.
*. BrahmaDs son was +asishtha, his son was Sakthi, his son was Parasara and
his son was +yasa who was older than Sri )ama.
.. Brahma gae arams &boons( to Ciranyakasipu, PrahladaDs father.
/. Brahma was the grandfather of ;asyapa who was the father of the =eas.
0. The =eas were his great grandchildren as were the =aityas, =anaas, as
also )aana and his siblings and +yasa.
2. BrahmaDs children, the sanatkumaras and @arada are known as
brahmacharis.
5hrgu: (5hrigu also calle# 0a+i)
!. Bhrgu was the son of Brahma. &%ahabharata, Pauloma Para(
*. Bhrgu was the father of Sukracharya, the grandfather of =eayani and the
great-grandfather of <ayati and the great-great-grandfather of <adu. $ndraDs
daughter Kayanti was married to BhrguDs son Sukracharya &also called
;aya(. &=ei Bhagaatham(
.. Bhrgu was the grandfather )chka &)ichika(, great-grandfather of
Kamadagni, great-great-grandfather of Parasurama. )chka was the son of
Lyaana. &%ahabharata(. This makes Parasurama and <adu cousins.
6. RParasurama killed ;artairya 'r?una in reenge for his murder of
Kamadagni. ;artairya 'r?una is said to be a Caihaya and Caihayas are said
to be a branch of <adaas. ' think that may%e Daihayas c"aimed to %e
)adavas %ut were not )aduCs descendants exact"y. Parasurama may hae
been a ery young cousin of <adu. ;artairya 'r?una proed far more
powerful than )aana in a small challenge.
0. BhrguDs wife Pauloma was the mother of their son Lyaana, who married
Sukanya. Sukanya was 'nartaDs sister. 'narta was )aiataDs
grandfather.LyaanaDs father-in-law, ie SukanyaDs father was Saryati, and
his father was +aiaswatha %anu. That makes Saryati and Bhrgu:
sambandhis or iyankulu..
2. Bhrgu and Bharadwa?a had discussions on many sub?ects. &%ahabharata(.
Vasishtha:
!. +asishtha was a son &manasa putra( of Brahma.
/. Ce was one of the rishis present at the time of the ;sheera Sagara
%athanam and ac,uired the cow @andini that was the daughter of the cow
;amadhenu that emerged from the ;sheera Sagara %athanam.
.. Ce was a contemporary of Satyarata %anu of the %atsya 'atar and was
one of the saptarishis that was saed on the boat.
/. Ce was a contemporary of $kshwaku, %anuDs son.
0. Cis wife was 'rundhati.
&. +asistha was a contemporary of Sri )amaDs ancestors and Sita =eiDs
ancestors.
6. Ce was great grandfather to +yasa and therefore, the 2th generation
ancestor of the ;auraas.
-. -aivaswatha (anu (.atyavrata (anu& was a contemporary of -asishtha
((atsya ,vatara&. Dis son .aryati was of .akthiCs generation, grandson,
,narta was of 4arasaraCs generation, great@grandson !evata was of -yasaCs
generation. !evataCs son, !aivata akudmin was of <hritarashtraCs
generation. Rai+ata-s son<in<law 5alarama an# &hrtarashtra-s sons.
the 0aura+as were of the same generation an# +ery close together
in age" *This is as per $hagavatham"+
<. 'kshvaku .akthi and .aryati must have %een of the same generation.
<asaratha must have %een of 4arasaraCs and ,nartaCs generation. !evata
must have %een of -yasaCs and .ri !amaCs generation. !aivata akudmin of
<hrtarashtraCs and Java usaCs generation. Aa"arama, .ri rishna,
4andavas and the auravas must have %een of the generation of chi"dren
of Java and usa. (This is my specu"ation 7 needs to %e verified with data 7
.atya.&
!1. +asishtha may hae been 01-21 years older than Sri )ama and may hae
sered as a purohita for .-/ generations of $kshakus prior to Sri )amaDs
time. =asaratha was definitely one of them. Therefore between =asaratha
and $kshwaku, we cannot count too many kings.
11. +asistha was angry with ;ing @imi, KanakaDs ancestor that he employed
Gauthama %aharshi in his stead for a <a?na. Satananda the KanakaDs puro-
hita was the son of Gautham and 'halya. =earata the eldest son of @imi
receied the Sia =hanus from the =eas after the =aksha <a?na
nasanam. (.o .akthi and <evarata may have %een of the same
generation&. Gauthama was a contemporary of @imi and Satananda was a
contemporary of )a?a Kanaka. =earata may hae been of the generation
between @imi and Kanaka, but again, we cannot count too many kings
between @imi and Kanaka.
1/. -asishtha, -aivaswata and NimiK .akthi, 'kshvaku and <evarataK 4arasara,
<asaratha and JanakaK -yasa, !ama and .ita. (This is my specu"ation 7
needs to %e verified with data 7 .atya.&
1!. Nahusha, -asishthaK )ayati, .akthiK )adu, uru, 4uru, 4arasaraK (No one
from vasishthaCs generation6 #heck& .antanu, <ushyanta, >anga,
.atyavati, .akunta"aK Ahishma, -yasa, .arvadamana Aharata, !ama+.
some issue here++.
16. artavirya ,r;una was ki""ed %y 4arasurama, he was a Daihaya, a
descendant of )adu as per -ishnu 4urana.
Viswamitra :
!. %adhai, the daughter of <ayati was the wife of +iswamitra and the mother
of . lines of kings.
.ossible causes of errors in the .uranic Lineages as variously listed
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age && o -1
1. .urva>a Pura?a simply means the one born earlier. $t can be an elder
brother, uncle or ancestor. $t need not always be taken as ancestor.
/. .ressure on brahmans Brahmans had to eschew wealth and power to
continue their intellectual pursuits. =ependent on the ;shatriyas they had
to modify the lineage lists to suit the rulers. Bre,uently, it only meant
adding a few names in a list without altering the te"ts. %any Kains and
Buddhists also find themseles swelling the ranks of the $khsakus.
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age &+ o -1
1ther Important %ates and %isc#ssions
Caksusha 'anvantaram ends with the 'atysa
7vataram Clood, -aivaswata 'anvantaram
$egins 6rimad $hagavatam"
There was a flood at the end of the Lakshusha %anantaram &2th %anantaram(.
Then the =raidesara, Satyarata, +aiasatha %anu, the ancestor of Sri )ama and
disciple of +asishtha, was rescued by %atsya 'ataram. 'fter this it was the
+aiaswatha %anantaram. &See 'lso:http:44oldthoughts.wordpress.com4kalpas-
yugas-manantaras4 (.
Please find below the original sanskrit sloka and translation from the Srimad
Bhagaatham.
Significance :
Traditiona""y, we are at the %eginning of the ka"iyugam of the 28th caturyugam of the
-aivaswata (anvantaram. Thus there are 28 caturygas minus the duration of 1
ka"iyuga, that separate us in time from the (atsya ,vataram f"ood. Lor the different
durations types and durations if yugas you may see 1 Dow many kinds of )ugas
are there6
%alculations : We ha+e to select the right scale an# origin/
Fet us suppose that the Brahma <ugam of 0 years was used from the time of Brahma
till the beginning of our ;ruta <uga. Then for the;rutha, Tretha and =wapara <uga,
the 21 year Barhaspatya <uhas were used.
!. Then we hae *6R&0R/( 5 0/1 years till the beginning of our ;rutha yuga,
from the %atsya 'ataram Blood.
*. 'nd we hae 21R. 5 !71 years, from the ;rutha <uga beginning to the end
of =wapara <uga &the 'arohanam &'scent( of Sri ;rishna( and the
beginning of our ;aliyuga
!. $ think that at this time, we adopted the astronomical scale. that
inclu#es more astronomical "o#ies/ So our 0aliyuga is :34))))
years long instea# of *) years long/ It is possi"le that some of the
early/
>e hae indpendent reasons for agreeing with .!1* BLM as the start date of our
;aliyuga. &See : =ate of the %ahabharata >ar (.
,ranslating to %ommon 6ra &ates : using the scales a"o+e/ (5e can
reca"cu"ate various"y using different sca"es and origins. ,nd pick the one that
matches the evidence of the .aptarishi ca"endar, the.araswathi river and other
astronomica" and geographica" data.&
Beginning of +aiwasatha %anantaram : 3')4 5%6 > '9) > (:) = 3944
5%6
Starting of the *7th Laturyugam : 3')4 > '9) = 3494 5%6
Beginning of our Tretha <ugam : 3')4 > '4) = 344) 5%6
Beginning of our =wapara <ugam : 3'*4 5%6
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age &- o -1
Beginning of our ;aliyugam : 3')4 5%6
' 21 year dwapara yuga is too short to accomodate all the eents that took place in
it.
Source : Srima# 5haga+atham : '/3/'(
PrSpaT sa ?agUhe mVtsyaT
cVkWuWodadhi-samplae
nVy Vropya mahX-mayyVm
apVd aiasataT manum :
rSpam Y form- saZ Y Ce- ?agUhe Y accepted- mVtsyam Y
of a fish- cVkWuWa Y LVkWuWa- udadhi Y water- samplae Y inundation- nVi Y on the
boat- VropyaY keeping on- mahX Y the earth- mayyVm Y drowned in- apVt Y
protected- aiasatam Y +aiasata- %anum Y %anu.
>hen there was a complete inundation after the period of the LVkWuWa %anu and the
whole world was deep within water, the Ford accepted the form of a fish and
protected +aiasata %anu, keeping him up on a boat.:
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age &< o -1
-aivaswatha 'anu to )evati ,evi, wife of $alarama
,eva 6rimad $hagavatham
Source Srima# 5haga+atham ?th %anto :
+aiaswatha %anu undertook meditation, to get more sons after Sudyumna
&$la( entered +anaprastha 'srama.
Fet us consider two of the famous sons of +aiaswatha, $kshaku, the ancestor of Sri
)ama and Saryati, the ancestor of )eati =ei, the sister-in-law of Sri ;rishna.
SaryatiDs daughter Sukanya married BhrguDs son Lyaana.
Saryati had a son called 'narta, a grandson called )eata, a great grandson called
)aiata ;akudmi and a great-great- grand daughter called )eati =ei. Thus )eati
=ei is the 6th generation from Saryati and 7th from +aiaswatha %anu.
)eata built ;usasthali in the ocean, which Sri ;rishna later conerted into =waraka.
)aiata ;akudmi and )eata isited Brahma. $n the duration of listening to a concert,
while waiting for him, *6 Laturyugas passed as well as the ;rutha and Treta <ugas of
the *7th caturyuga. An BrahmaDs adice, )eati =ei was gien in marriage to
Balarama.
!. $ initially tried using relatiistic e,uations to determine how fast Brahma loka
was moing away from Bhu Foka. But $ later felt that the e"planation may
hae been simpler.
*. $ later did an analysis based on precession., treating this story as an
Poerload: on the term )eati as the lady and the nakshatram so that this
was a story that encoded astronomy.
a. )eathi @akshatram
b. )eati and *6 Latur<ugas
!. $ think currently that +yasa needed to e"plain what happened in the *6
missing caturyugas between the%atsya 'ataram and the start of our
Laturyuga. +yasa had no problem in conceptualising time trael and $ndians
beliee in time cycles as opposed to time lines. An# he use# this to mae a
scale an# origin correction in the calen#ar. To my mindO it is the %atsya
'ataram that had to be Pback-dated: to sole some other problem. ((ay %e
to accomodate his greater know"edge of astronomy, after a"" -yasa composed
one of the astronomica" .iddhantas(.
/. Lurrently, $ think that that the %atsya 'ataram and the end of the Laksusa
%anantaram, took place at the beginning of our ;ruta <ugam.
a. See : Laksusha %anantaram ends with the %atysa 'ataram Blood,
+aiaswata %anantaram Begins : Srimad Bhagaatam.
b. See 'lso : Cow many kinds of <ugas are thereE
9. This puts the historic +aiaswatha %anu, spanning time from the end of the
historic Laksusa %anantaram to the beginning of our ;rutha <uga, which is
the first Laturyuga of the +aiaswata %anantaram. (The astronomica"
#aksusa (anvantaram is sti"" 2=.E caturyugas ago.&
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age +7 o -1
&. The ;ruta and Tretha <uga together coered 2 generations. +aiwasatha,
Saryati, 'narta from ;rutha <uga., )eata, )aiata and )eati from Tretha.
This causes no difficulty if we take 214!11 year yugas. >e also hae to decide
whether to take the /:.:*:! or !:!:!:! ratios for the yuga durations. &Cow
many kinds of <ugas are thereE (
6. $t also alidates these analyses.
a. Generations between )ama and ;rishna.
b. Generations preious to Sri )ama.
c. Cow long did ancient $ndians lieE
,ate of -eda 'antras
/eference & # 0istory of Astronomy in India% "en and "hu!la % Indian :ational "cience Academy %
:ational $ommission for the $ompilation of the history of sciences in India -A2B
-. A survey of source materials % ;rof. #.@. "arma, 6ormerly'irector, @isvesvarananda @edic
)esearch Institute, 0oshiarpur, ;unjab.
3he harbin&ers o2 the a$t$mna% eO$inoC are &i*en in di22erent mantras o2 the Ki& Heda as.
Aditi /+$nar*as$. +o%%$C 113 %on&0 : W 62!! >C/>CE
La1sha /Abhi4it. He&a. 2- %on&0 : W 5-!! >C/>CE
K$dra /Ardra. >ete%&$ese. %on&0 : W -35! >C/>CE
Kohini /A%debran. %on& 6" de&0 : W 3!G! >C/>CE
4X )ough calculations done by "ri "arma using L. years per degree approximately % .L :a!ashatras
9?1 degrees Y -9.99 deg per na!shatra Y A?1 years% 'epending on which point of the star,
beginning, end or middle was meant there can be an offset not eCceeding ;'' @ &''' years in
the dates given. "o based on other data such as the date of the Bharata War , we have to fine
tune the offset error.5
K.H : 3."" : Jritti1a is the a$tmn star c 235! >CE /ass$min& a 1!!! year o22set error. we are
%oo1in& at 335! >CE F which better corre%ates with the date ca%c$%ated 2or the >harata Bar0
Hiswamitra
K.H. 1.16- A$t$mn #tar A&ni /Jritti1a. A%cyon 5".5 %on&0 : Lir&ha tamas.
K.H. 5.-!--". the tota% ec%ipse o2 the s$n determined by +.C. #en G$pta as 32" >CE.
The )@ references do not seem to be mandala su!tha mantra but some other numberingQ so I
can=t verify them at this instantQ
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age +/ o -1
7ge of the =arth
Scriptures# A Ja%pa /'ind$0 is eO$a% to -.32 bi%%ion years. a day /day on%y - not ni&ht0 o2 >rahma.
3his has been ca%c$%ated as the time when a%% 1nown p%anets /at that time0. stars /se%ected0 and the
apo&ees and peri&ees o2 the orbits were in %ine. .SeeF ho( many kins of yugas are thereF for
further etails!/ >rahma creates at the be&innin& o2 his day and disso%*es his creation at the
be&innin& o2 his ni&ht5. (ne second o2 >rahma = 1 h$man year9
Science# ?3he o%dest roc1s which ha*e been 2o$nd so 2ar /on the Earth0 date to abo$t 3. to 3."
bi%%ion years a&o /by se*era% radiometric datin& methods0. #ome o2 these roc1s are sedimentary.
and inc%$de minera%s which are themse%*es as o%d as -.1 to -.2 bi%%ion years. Koc1s o2 this a&e are
re%ati*e%y rare. howe*er roc1s that are at %east 3.5 bi%%ion years in a&e ha*e been 2o$nd on <orth
America. Green%and. A$stra%ia. A2rica. and Asia. EEBhi%e these *a%$es do not comp$te an a&e 2or
the Earth. they do estab%ish a %ower %imit /the Earth m$st be at %east as o%d as any 2ormation on it0.
3his %ower %imit is at %east concordant with the independent%y deri*ed 2i&$re o2 -.55 bi%%ion years 2or
the Earth8s act$a% a&e.5 E.2rom http'BB(((!talkorigins!orgBfa9sBfa9?age?of?earth!html
E5 3he most direct means 2or ca%c$%atin& the Earth8s a&e is a +b/+b isochron a&e. ,ost o2 the other
meas$rements 2or the a&e o2 the Earth rest $pon ca%c$%atin& an a&e 2or the so%ar system by datin&
ob4ects which are eCpected to ha*e 2ormed with the p%anets b$t are not &eo%o&ica%%y acti*e /and
there2ore cannot erase e*idence o2 their 2ormation0. s$ch as meteorites.5 >ased on these methods.
the tab%es at the abo*e %in1s &i*e *a%$es o2 -.21 to -.5" bi%%ions o2 years as the a&e o2 the earth.
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age +! o -1
&eas#rements
'easurements 9 $hagavatham
Reference $' as ,aitreya to%d Hid$ra.
A%% matter is an assemb%y o2 +arama an$s. /N$ndamenta% partic%es F atoms70. 3he time o2 a
+araman$ is re%ated to its siDe.
2 an$s ma1e a paraman$.
tryah /trio0 ma1e 3 ren$s F trasaren$.
3hese tiny partic%es can be seen thro$&h when s$nshine passes thro$&h the tiny 4o%es o2 a
sie*e or net.
3 trasaren$s ta1e $p the time that is remembered as 3r$ti.
1!! o2 those is a Hedha
3hrice that is a Ia*a
3he d$ration o2 time o2 three %a*as is eO$a% to one nime a D .
3he combination o2 three nime as ma1es one W k a a D E .
Ni*e 1 a as combined to&ether ma1e one W [ kG hG DF .
Ni2teen 1X hXs ma1e one W\ laghu.
Ni2teen %a&h$s ma1e one nG ikG G .
3wo nadi1as ma1e one muhHrta.
6 or G +raharas ma1e a @aamaah.
3here are - yaamaah in the day and - yaamaah in the ni&ht o2 morta%s.
15 days ma1e the 1rshna pa1sha and 15 days ma1e the s$1%a pa1sha.
3wo pa1shas ma1e a masa which ma1es a day and ni&ht o2 the +itrs.
2 masas ma1e a rt$.
6 s$ch masas /months0 ma1e an ayanam F the 4ttarayanam and the La1shinanayanam
the Li*i /#1y F hea*en0
An ayanam is a day o2 the Le*as.
12 masas is a *atsara.
A h$man %i*es 2or a 1!! years.
3he names o2 the *atsaras are #am*atsara. pari*atsara. ida*atsra. an$*atsra and *atsara.
12 di*ine years /*arshas0 2orm the cat$ry$&as o2 1rta. tretha. d*apara and 1a%i.
,$%tip%yin& by -.3.2.1 in Jrta etc @$&as. n$mberin& tho$sands and 2 h$ndreds. /'e is
as!ing @idura to multiply -.11 by 3,9,.,-, etc to get the duration of the different yugas as
confirmed by 8ar!andeya in the 8ahabharata0.
3he y$&a sandhya periods are in h$ndreds o2 years /not in thousands in the same ratio.
8atches with 8ar!andeya0
1!!! o2 the cat$ry$&as o2 the tri%o1as. 2orm the day o2 the >rahma and he has a ni&ht o2
eO$a% period.
3here are 1- man$s in a day o2 >rahma.
Each ,an$ %asts a %itt%e o*er G1 ,ahay$&as.
A 1!! years o2 >rahma is %ess than a nimisha o2 #ri Hishn$.
ime Measuring Anstrument and Method#
A copper pot weighing six palas has a hole bored in it by a gold probe weighing 3 masas, measuring
3 angulas.The time it ta!es to fill up with water is a called a prastha.
'easurements 9 'ahabharatam
Bhishma O$otes "ea "yasa in the Santi#arva &ahabharata Section 23$!
P(n%y Brahma. which is witho$t be&innin& and witho$t end. $nborn. b%aDin& with e22$%&ence. abo*e
decay. imm$tab%e. indestr$ctib%e. inconcei*ab%e. and transcendin& 1now%ed&e. eCists be2ore the
Creation.
3he /ishis. meas$rin& time. ha*e named partic$%ar portions by partic$%ar names.
Ni*e and ten win1s o2 the eye ma1e what is ca%%ed a #ashtha.
3hirty #ashthas wo$%d ma1e what is ca%%ed a #ala.
3hirty #alas. with the tenth part o2 a #ala added. ma1e what is 1nown as a 8uhurta.
3hirty 8uhurtas ma1e $p one day and ni&ht.
3hirty days and ni&hts are ca%%ed a month. and twe%*e months are ca%%ed a year.
+ersons con*ersant with mathematica% science say that a year is made $p o2
two ayanas /dependent on s$n8s motion0. vi*.. the northern and the so$thern. 3he s$n
ma1es the day and the ni&ht 2or the wor%d o2 man.
3he ni&ht is 2or the s%eep o2 a%% %i*in& creat$res. and the day is 2or the doin& o2 action.
A month o2 h$man bein&s is eO$a% to a day and ni&ht o2 the ;itris.
3hat di*ision /as re&ards the ;itris0 consists in this: the %i&hted 2ortni&ht /o2 men0 is their
day which is 2or the doin& o2 actsR and the dar1 2ortni&ht is their ni&ht 2or s%eep.
A year /o2 h$man bein&s0 is eO$a% to a day and ni&ht o2 the &ods.
3he di*ision /as re&ards the &ods0 consists in this: the ha%2 year 2or which the s$n tra*e%s
2rom the *erna% to the a$t$mna% eO$inoC is the day o2 the deities. and the ha%2 year 2or
which the s$n tra*e%s 2rom the %atter to the 2ormer is their ni&ht.
Comp$tin& by the days and ni&hts o2 h$man bein&s abo$t which I ha*e to%d thee. I sha%%
spea1 o2 the day and ni&ht o2 >rahman and his years a%so. I sha%%. in their order. te%% thee
the n$mber o2 years. that are /th$s0 2or di22erent p$rposes comp$ted di22erent%y in respect
o2 the Jrita. the 3reta. the Lwapara. and the Ja%i yugas.
No$r tho$sand years /o2 the deities0 is the d$ration o2 the 2irst or Jrita a&e. 3he mornin& o2
that epoch consists o2 2o$r h$ndred years and its e*enin& is o2 2o$r h$ndred years.
As re&ards the other yugas. the d$ration o2 each &rad$a%%y decreases by a O$arter in
respect o2 both the s$bstanti*e period with the con4oinin& portion and the con4oinin&
portion itse%2.
/3h$s the d$ration o2 the 3reta is three tho$sand years and its mornin& eCtends 2or three
h$ndred years and its e*enin& 2or three h$ndred0.
3he d$ration o2 the Lwapara a%so is two tho$sand years. and its mornin& eCtends 2or two
h$ndred years and its e*enin& a%so 2or two h$ndred. 3he d$ration o2 the Ja%i yuga is one
tho$sand years.
and its mornin& eCtends 2or one h$ndred years. and its e*enin& 2or one h$ndred. 3hese
periods a%ways s$stain the ne*er-endin& and eterna% wor%ds.
3hey who are con*ersant with /rahma. ( chi%d. re&ard this as Imm$tab%e /rahma.
In the Jrita a&e a%% the d$ties eCists in their entirety. a%on& with 3r$th. <o 1now%ed&e or
ob4ect came to men o2 that a&e thro$&h $nri&hteo$s or 2orbidden means.
In the other yugas. d$ty. ordained in the Hedas. is seen to &rad$a%%y dec%ine by a O$arter in
each. #in2$%ness &rows in conseO$ence o2 the2t. $ntr$th. and deception.
In the Jrita a&e. a%% persons are 2ree 2rom disease and crowned with s$ccess in respect o2
a%% their ob4ects. and a%% %i*e 2or 2o$r h$ndred years.
In the 3reta. the period o2 %i2e decreases by a O$arter. It has a%so been heard by $s that. in
the s$cceedin& yugas. the words o2 the"eas. the periods o2 %i2e. the b%essin&s /$ttered
by Brahmanas0. and the 2r$its o2 Hedic rites. a%% decrease &rad$a%%y.
3he d$ties set down 2or the Jrita yuga are o2 one 1ind. 3hose 2or the 3reta are otherwise.
3hose 2or the Lwapara are di22erent. And those 2or the Ja%i are otherwise. 3his is in
accordance with that dec%ine that mar1s e*ery s$cceedin& yuga.
In the Jrita. +enance occ$pies the 2oremost p%ace. In the 3reta. Jnow%ed&e is 2oremost. In
the Lwapara. ya4nya has been said to be the 2oremost. In the Ja%i yuga. on%y Gi2t is the one
thin& that has been %aid down.
3he %earned say that these twe%*e tho$sand years /o2 the deities0 constit$te what is ca%%ed
a yuga. A tho$sand s$ch yugas compose a sin&%e day o2 >rahman.
3he same is the d$ration o2 >rahman8s ni&ht. Bith the commencement o2 >rahman8s day
the $ni*erse be&ins to start into %i2e. L$rin& the period o2 $ni*ersa% disso%$tion the Creator
s%eeps. ha*in& reco$rse to yoga-meditation. Bhen the period o2 s%$mber eCpires. 'e
awa1es.
3hat then which is >rahman8s day eCtends 2or a tho$sand s$ch yugas. 'is ni&hts a%so
eCtends 2or a tho$sand simi%ar yugas. 3hey who 1now this are said to 1now the day and the
ni&ht.
(n the eCpiry o2 'is ni&ht. >rahman. wa1in& $p. modifies the indestructible chit by causing it
to be overlaid with 1vidya. 'e then ca$ses Conscio$sness to sprin& $p. whence proceeds ,ind
which is identica% with the ,ani2est.
'easurements 9 8arada .urana
Source #
3he sma%% $nit o2 time is a nimesha.
2i2teen nimeshas constit$te one 1ashtha.
thirty 1ashthas ma1e a 1a%a and
thirty 1a%as are one 1shana.
3here are siC 1shanas in one danda.
two dandas in one m$h$rta and
thirty m$h$rtas in one day.
3here are thrity days in a month and
each month is di*ided into two pa1shas o2 2i2teen days each.
3wo months constit$te a season /rit$0 and
three rit$s constit$te an ayana.
3here are th$s siC seasons and two ayanas in a year.
3he two ayanas are 1nown as $ttarayana and da1shinayana.
(ne year 2or h$mans is eO$i*a%ent to one day 2or the &ods.
Attarayana corresponds to day 2or the &ods and dashinayana to ni&ht.
3we%*e tho$sand years o2 the &ods are 1nown as a mahaya$&a.
Each mahay$&a is di*ided into 2o$r s$b-periods o2 satya y$&a. treta y$&a. d*apara y$&a
and 1a%i y$&a.
3wo tho$sand mahay$&as are mere%y one day 2or >rahma.
3here are 2o$rteen eras /man*antara0 in each o2 >rahma8s days.
>rahma8s ni&hts are 4$st as %on& and it is d$rin& >rahma8s ni&ht that the wor%d is destroyed
and 2%ooded with water.
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age +& o -1
Each o2 >rahma8s days is ca%%ed a 1a%pa.
A h$ndred years 2or >rahma are eO$i*a%ent to a sin&%e day 2or Hishn$.
'easurements 9 Kautilya
Ke2erence: *autilya Arthasastra ' Translation by Shama Shastry
,6A#TCR II! &CAS4RC&CNT 8A S#A,C AN+ TD&C!
3'E #$perintendent o2 %inea% meas$re sha%% possess the 1now%ed&e o2 meas$rin& space and time.
- atoms 1paramnavah2 are eNual
to
1 particle thro$n o by the $heel o a chariot.
- particles are eNual to 1 liksh.
- likshs are eNual to the middle o a yka 1louse2 or a yka o medium siOe.
- ykas are eNual to 1 yava 1barley2 o middle siOe.
- yavas are eNual to
! angu"a &] of an Mnglish inch( or the
middlemost ?oint of the middle finger of a
man of medium si#e may be taken to be
e,ual to an angu"a.
6 angulas are eNual to 1 dhanurgraha.
- angulas are eNual to 1 dhanurmushti.
1/ angulas are eNual to 1 vitasti( or 1 chhypaurusha.
16 angulas are eNual to 1 sama( sala( pariraya( or pada.
/ vitastis are eNual to 1 aratni or 1 prjpatya hasta
/ vitastis plus 1 dhanurgraha are
eNual to
1 hasta used in measuring balances and cubic measures(
and pasture lands.
/ vitastis plus 1 dhanurmusti 1 kishku or 1 kamsa.
6/ angulas are eNual to
! kishku according to sawyers and
blacksmiths and used in measuring the
grounds for the encampment of the army,
for forts and palaces.
96 angulas are eNual to 1 hasta used in measuring timber orests.
-6 angulas are eNual to
1 vyma( used in measuring ropes and the depth o
digging( in terms o a man8s height.
6 aratnis are eNual to 1 danda( 1 dhanus( 1 nlika and 1 paurusha.
17- angulas are eNual to
! garhapatya dhanus &i.e., a measure used
by carpenters called grihapati(. This
measure is used in measuring roads and
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age ++ o -1
fort-walls.
The same 117- angulas2 are
eNual to
1 paurusha( a measure used in building sacriicial altars.
& kamsas or 1</ angulas are
eNual to
1 danda( used in measuring such lands as are gited
to Brhmans.
17 dandas are eNual to
! ra;;u.
/ rajjus are eNual to 1 paridesa 1sNuare measure2.
! rajjus are eNual to 1 nivartana 1sNuare measure2.
The same
1! rajjus2 plus / dandas on one
side only are eNual to
1 bhu 1arm2.
1777 dhanus are eNual to 1 goruta 1sound o a co$2.
6 gorutas are eNual to 1 yojana.
3h$s are the %inea% and sO$are meas$res dea%t with.
3hen with re&ard to the meas$res o2 time:Y
/3he di*isions o2 time are0 a truti. lava. nimesha. !DshthD. !alD. nDli!D. muhGrta. 2orenoon.
a2ternoon. day. ni&ht. pa!sha. month. ritu/season0. ayana /so%stice0R samvatsara /year0. and yuga.
/ trutis are eNual to 1 lava.
/ lavas are eNual to 1 nimesha.
9 nimeshas are eNual to 1 kshth.
!7 kshths are eNual to 1 kal.
67 kals are eNual to
1 nlik( or the time during $hich one dhaka o $ater passes out
o a pot through an aperture o the same diameter as that o a $ire
o 6 angulas in length and made o 6 mshas o gold.
/ nlikas are eNual to 1 muhrta.
19 muhrtas are eNual
to
1 day or 1 night.
#$ch a day and ni&ht happen in the months o2 $haitra and Asvayuja. 3hen a2ter the period o2 siC
months it increases or diminishes by three muhGrtas.
Bhen the %en&th o2 shadow is ei&ht paurushas /"6 angulas0. it is 1/1th part o2 the day.
Bhen it is 6 paurushas /G2 angulas0. it is 1/1-th part o2 the dayR when - paurushas. 1/th partR
when 2 paurushas. 1/6th partR when 1 paurusha. Zth partR when it is angulas. 3/1!th part
/trayodasabhDgah0R when - angulas. 3/th partR and when no shadow is cast. it is to be considered
midday.
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age +- o -1
Ii1ewise when the day dec%ines. the same process in re*erse order sha%% be obser*ed.
It is in the month o2 AshDdha that no shadow is cast in midday. A2ter AshDdha. d$rin& the siC
months 2rom "rDvana $pwards. the %en&th o2 shadow s$ccessi*e%y increases by two angulas and
d$rin& the neCt siC months 2rom 8Dgha $pwards. it s$ccessi*e%y decreases by two angulas.
Ni2teen days and ni&hts to&ether ma1e $p one pa!sha. 3hat pa!sha d$rin& which the moon waCes is
white /su!la0 and thatpa!sha d$rin& which the moon wanes is bahula.
3wo pa!shas ma1e one month /mDsa0. 3hirty days and ni&hts to&ether ma1e one wor1-a-month
/pra!armamDsah0. 3he same /3! days and ni&hts0 with an additiona% ha%2 a day ma1es one so%ar
month /saura0.
3he same /3!0 %ess by ha%2 a day ma1es one %$nar month /chandramDsa0.
3wenty-se*en /days and ni&hts0 ma1e a siderea% month /na!shatramDsa0.
(nce in thirty-two months there comes one malamDsa pro2ane month. i.e.. an eCtra month added
to %$nar year to harmonise it with the so%ar.
(nce in thirty-2i*e months there comes a malamDsa 2or AsvavDhas.
(nce in 2orty months there comes a malamDsa 2or hastivDhas.
3wo months ma1e one ritu /season0.
"rDvana and proshthapada ma1e the rainy season /varshD0.
Asvayuja and #DrthE!a ma1e the a$t$mn /sarad0.
8DrgasErsha and ;hausha ma1e the winter /hemanta0.
8Dgha and ;halguna ma1e the dewy season /sisira0.
$haitra and @aisD!ha ma1e the sprin& /vasanta0.
FyeshthDmGlEya and AshDdha ma1e the s$mmer /grishma0.
#easons 2rom sisira and $pwards are uttarDyana. and /those0 2rom varshD and $pwards are the
winter so%stice da!shinDyana. 3wo ayanasma1e one year /samvatsara0. :ive years make
one yuga.
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age +< o -1
3he s$n carries o22 /harati0 1/6!th o2 a who%e day e*ery day and th$s ma1es one comp%ete day in
e*ery two months /ritau0. Ii1ewise the moon /2a%%s behind by 1/6!th o2 a who%e day e*ery day and
2a%%s behind one day in e*ery two months0. 3h$s in the midd%e o2 e*ery third year. they /the s$n and
the moon0 ma1e one adhimDsa. additiona% month. 2irst in the s$mmer season and second at the end
o2 2i*e years.
[3h$s ends Chapter 66. ?,eas$rement o2 #pace and 3ime5 in >oo1 II. ?3he L$ties o2 Go*ernment
#$perintendents5 o2 theArthasDstra o2 Ja$ti%ya. End o2 the 2orty-2irst chapter 2rom the be&innin&.\
he above calculations give us about half a mile to a yo9ana.
/ $rahma second H / &uman (earIII
+osted by satyask on (ctober G. 2!!
,y entire %i2e is abo$t a min$te and a ha%2. in re%ation to >rahma.
E*en bacteria %i*e %on&er in re%ation to $s.
<o wonder he needed a creati*e process that is se%2 s$stainin&. 3hat is why he m$st ha*e $sed the
1arma F L<A F e*o%$tionary mode% etc. 'e has done his creation and %e2t $s to %i*e it. It r$ns itse%2
down by End o2 /his0 Lay /Ja%pa0. 'e &oes to s%eep at ni&ht and ma1es a brand new creation the
neCt mornin&.9
3his is a%so why no one prays >rahma. ,any >rahma8s &o into the time o2 "ishnu an Siva. >$t
Hishn$ and #i*a F act$a%%y descend onto earth and %i*e with $s in o$r time sca%e. ,ay be that is why
we %o*e Jrishna so m$ch. beca$se he &ot down /a*atar0 to o$r %e*e% and sca%e and time 2rame.
+eop%e who &o a&ainst >rahma8s creation threaten it. Either %i1e those 3apas*is. who re2$se to eat.
drin1. mate etc. or %i1e the rakhsasas who &o aro$nd wa&in& wars. 1i%%in& 2o%1s and dominatin&
wor%ds.
'e tries to distract the 3apas*is with DnraPs he%p and ha*e the Ka1shasas 1i%%ed with Hishn$8s he%p.
3here are 1- Indras to a Ja%pa. Each Indra %asts abo$t 3!6 >rahma seconds or abo$t 51 >rahma
min$tes. that is abo$t 5! F 1!! h$man &enerations7
1!! years o2 Indra = 311!-!!!!! Indra seconds = 3!6 seconds o2 >rahma
1!!G"!G Indra seconds W 1 mi%%ion Indra seconds = 1 >rahma second = 1 h$man year = 11.6 W12
Indra Lays = 12 h$man months.
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age -7 o -1
#o Indra has abo$t a day 2or e*ery month o2 my %i2e. #o possib%y peop%e prayed to the Le*as 2or
two reasons F one they are meant to %oo1 a2ter $s and we are meant to o22er them prayers. and
two. we may &et re%ie2 2rom o$r prob%ems at %east in a month. ($r %i2e time is abo$t 2 or 3 years 2or
Indra.
All Rights ;or Sourced *aterial 4est 'ith the Source 5age -1 o -1

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