Project 1

Digital Stopwatch
Introduction :
A Digital Stop Watch built around timer IC NE555 and 4-
digitcounter IC MM74C926 with multiplexed 7segment
display. MM74C926 consists of a 4-digit counter, an internal
output latch, npn output sourcing drivers for common
cathode,7 segment display and internal multiplexing circuitry
with four multiplexing outputs.The counter advances on the
negative edge of the clock. The clock is generated by the
timer NE555. The circuit works of a 5 volt power supply. It
can be easily assembled on a general-purpose PCB. Enclose the
circuit in the wooden box with provisions for 7-segment
displays, time varying switch S1, start/stop switch S2, and
reset switch S3.
Components used:

IC MM74C926

IC NE555N

COMMON CATHODE 7-SEGMENT DISPLAY

PRESET POT 20k

RESISTORS 10k, 4.7k, 1k, 3.9k, 200k, 330Ω

TRANSISTORS BC547, BC557

CAPACITORS 3.3µF 10V, 0.01µF

Theory:
General Description Of
MM74C926:
The MM74C925 and MM74C926 CMOS counters consist of a
4-digit counter, an internal output latch, NPN output sourcing
drivers for a 7-segment display, and an internal multiplexing
circuitry with four multiplexing outputs. The multiplexing
circuit has its own free-running oscillator, and requires no
external clock. The counters advance on negative edge of
clock. A HIGH signal on the Reset input will reset the counter
to zero, and reset the carry-out LOW. A LOW signal on the
Latch Enable input will latch the number in the counters into
the internal output latches. A HIGH signal on Display Select
input will select the number in the counter to be displayed; a
LOW level signal on the Display Select will select the number
in the output latch to be displayed.
The MM74C925 is a 4-decade counter and has Latch Enable,
Clock and Reset inputs. The MM74C926 is like the MM74C925
except that it has a display select and a carry-out used for
cascading counters. The carry-out signal goes HIGH at 6000,
goes back LOW at 0000.
PIN DIAGRAM OF MM74C926:
Functional Description
Reset — Asynchronous, active high

Display Select — High, displays output of counter

Low, displays output of latch

Latch Enable — High, flow through condition

Low, latch condition

Clock —Negative edge sensitive

NE555 Timer
General Description:
The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate
time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided
for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode
of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external
resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator,
the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately
controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The
circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and
the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive
TTL circuits.

Features:

 Direct replacement for SE555/NE555

 Timing from microseconds through hours
 Operates in both astable and monostable modes
 Adjustable duty cycle
 Output can source or sink 200 mA
 Output and supply TTL compatible
 Temperature stability better than 0.005% per °C
 Normally on and normally off output
 Available in 8-pin MSOP package
Pin Diagram:

ASTABLE OPERATION

If the circuit is connected as shown in Figure pins 2 and 6

connected it will trigger itself and free run as a multivibrator.
The external capacitor charges through RA + RB and
discharges through RB. Thus the duty cycle may be precisely
set by the ratio of these two resistors. In this mode of
operation, the capacitor charges and discharges between 1/3
VCC and 2/3 VCC. As in the triggered mode, the charge and
discharge times, and therefore the frequency are independent
of the supply voltage.
 Astable Mode

Waveforms generated in this mode of

operation.
Common Cathode 7-Segment
Display :
A seven-segment display may have 7, 8, or 9 leads on the chip.
Usually leads 8 and 9 are decimal points. The figure below is a
typical component and pin layout for a seven segment display.

The light emitting diodes in a seven-segment display are

arranged in the figure below :

DIODE PLACEMENT IN A 7-SEGMENT DISPLAY, NO

DECIMAL .
The wiring for the common cathode is shown below:

COMMON CATHODE INTERNAL WIRING

 PIN DIAGRAM OF
TRANSISTORS:
BC547:

FEATURES
• Low current (max. 100 mA)
• Low voltage (max. 65 V).

APPLICATIONS
• General purpose switching and amplification.

DESCRIPTION
NPN transistor in a TO-92; SOT54 plastic package.
PNP complements: BC556 and BC557.

PIN DESCRIPTION
1 emitter
2 base
3 collector

BC557:

FEATURES
· Low current (max. 100 mA)
· Low voltage (max. 65 V).

APPLICATIONS
· General purpose switching and amplification.

DESCRIPTION
PNP transistor in a TO-92; SOT54 plastic package.
NPN complements: BC546 and BC547.

PIN DESCRIPTION
1 emitter
2 base
3 collector
WORKING:
Circuit Diagram:
DESCRIPTION:

A Digital Stop Watch built around timer IC NE555 and 4-

digitcounter IC MM74C926 with multiplexed 7segment
display. MM74C926 consists of a 4-digit counter, an internal
output latch, npn output sourcing drivers for common
cathode,7 segment display and internal multiplexing circuitry
with four multiplexing outputs.The counter advances on the
negative edge of the clock. The clock is generated by the
timer NE555. The circuit works of a 5 volt power supply. It
can be easily assembled on a general-purpose PCB. Enclose the
circuit in the wooden box with provisions for 7-segment
displays, time varying switch S1, start/stop switch S2, and
reset switch S3.
Switching Time Waveforms
 Testing:

First, reset the circuit by pressing S3 so that the display

shows ‘0000’ . Now open the switch S2 for stop watch to start
counting the time. If you want tostop the stop watch, close
switch S2. Time varying switch S1 is used to select the
different time periods at the output of astable
multivibrator(NE555).
 Project 2

Automatic Night Lamp

&
Morning Alarm
Introduction :
This circuit automatically turns on a night lamp when bedroom
light is switched off. The lamp remains ‘on’ until the light
sensor senses daylight in the morning. A yellow LED is used as
the night lamp. It gives bright and cool light in the room.
When the sensor detects the daylight in the morning, a
melodious morning alarm sounds.

The circuit utilises light-dependant resistors (LDRs) for

sensing darkness and light in the room. The circuit is designed
around the popular timer IC NE555 , which is configured as a
monostable. NE555 is activated by a low pulse applied to its
trigger pin 2. Once triggered, output pin 3 of NE555 goes high
and remains in that position until until timer is triggered again
at its pin 2. The musical tone of the alarm is generated by
UM66 IC. The circuit can be easily assembled on a general
purpose PCB. Enclose it in a good-quality plastic case with
provisions for LDR and LED. Use a reflective holder for LED
to get a spotlight effect for reading. Place LDRs away from
the LED, preferably on the backside of the case, to avoid
unnecessary illumination. The speaker should be small so as to
make the gadget compact.
Components used:

IC NE555N

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

MUSIC GENERATOR UM66

8Ω, 4.5W SPEAKER

 RESISTORS 220Ω, 560Ω, 580Ω, 1k, 120k,
150k

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

ZENER DIODE

TRANSISTOR BC548

CAPACITOR 0.01µF
Theory:
NE555 Timer :
General Description:
The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate
time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided
for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode
of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external
resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator,
the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately
controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The
circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and
the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive
TTL circuits.
Features:

 Direct replacement for SE555/NE555

 Timing from microseconds through hours
 Operates in both astable and monostable modes
 Adjustable duty cycle
 Output can source or sink 200 mA
 Output and supply TTL compatible
 Temperature stability better than 0.005% per °C
 Normally on and normally off output
 Available in 8-pin MSOP package
Pin Diagram:

MONOSTABLE OPERATION
In this mode of operation, the timer functions as a one-shot.
The external capacitor is initially held discharged by a
transistor inside the timer. Upon application of a negative
trigger pulse of less than 1/3 VCC to pin 2, the flip-flop is set
which both releases the short circuit across the capacitor and
drives the output high. The voltage across the capacitor then
increases exponentially for a period of t = 1.1 RA C, at the end
of which time the voltage equals 2/3 VCC. The comparator
then resets the flip-flop which in turn discharges the
capacitor and drives the output to its low state. Since the
charge and the threshold level of the comparator are both
directly proportional to supply voltage, the timing interval is
independent of supply.

Monostable Mode

Waveforms generated in this mode of

operation.
MUSIC GENERATOR UM66 :
General Description:
UM66 is a pleasing music generator IC which works on a supply
voltage of 3V. the required 3V supply is given through a zener
regulator. its out put is taken from the pin no1 and is given to a
push pull amplifier to drive the low impedance lowd speker. A
clss A amplifier before pushpull amplifier can be used to
decrese the noise and improve out put. UM66 is a 3 pin IC
pakage just looks like a BC 547 transistor.

Features:
 62 Note ROM Memory
 Voltage rating: 1.3V to 3.3 V
 Power on reset
Pin Diagram:

PIN DESCRIPTION:

Pin No Designation Description

1 Out put Emitter
2 +Vcc Base
3 -Vcc Collector
Light Dependent Resistor :

A light dependent resistor or photo resistor is a resistor

whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light
intensity. It can also be referenced as a photoconductor. A
photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If
light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons
absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough
energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free
electron conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.

Photoresistors come in many different types. Inexpensive

cadmium sulfide cells can be found in many consumer items
such as camera light meters, street lights, clock radios,
alarms, and outdoor clocks.
PIN DIAGRAM OF
TRANSISTORS:
BC548:

FEATURES
• Low current (max. 100 mA)
• Low voltage (max. 65 V).

APPLICATIONS
• General purpose switching and amplification.

DESCRIPTION
NPN transistor in a TO-92; SOT54 plastic package.
PNP complements: BC558.

PIN DESCRIPTION
1 emitter
2 base
3 collector
WORKING:
Circuit Diagram:
DESCRIPTION:

This circuit automatically turns on a night lamp when bedroom

light is switched off. The lamp remains ‘on’ until the light
sensor senses daylight in the morning. A super-bright white
LED is used as the night lamp. It gives bright and cool light in
the room. When the sensor detects the daylight in the
morning, a melodious morning alarm sounds.
The circuit is powered from a 6V DC supply. The circuit
utilises light-dependant resistors (LDRs) for sensing darkness
and light in the room. The resistance of LDR is very high in
darkness, which reduces to minimum when LDR is fully
illuminated. LDR1 detects darkness, while LDR2 detects light
in the morning. The circuit is designed around the opular timer
IC NE555 (IC2), which is configured as a monostable. IC2 is
activated by a low pulse applied to its trigger pin 2. Once
triggered, output pin 3 of IC2 goes high and remains in that
position until IC2 is triggered again at its pin 2. When LDR1 is
illuminated with ambient light in the room, its resistance
remains low, which keeps trigger pin 2 of IC2 at a positive
potential. As a result, output pin 3 of IC2 goes low and the
white LED remains off. As the illumination of LDR1’s sensitive
window reduces, the resistance of the device increases. In
total darkness, the specified LDR has a resistance in excess of
280 kiloohms. When the resistance of LDR1 increases, a short
pulse is applied to trigger pin 2 of IC2 via resistor R2 (150
kiloohms). This activates the monostable and its output goes
high, causing the white LED to glow. Low-value capacitor C2
maintains the monostable for continuous operation, eliminating
the timer effect. By increasing the value of C2, the ‘on’ time
of the white LED can be adjusted to a predetermined time.
LDR2 and associated components generate the morning alarm
at dawn. LDR2 detects the ambient light in the room at sunrise
and its resistance gradually falls and transistor T1 starts
conducting. When T1 conducts, melody-generator IC UM66
(IC3) gets supply voltage from the emitter of T1 and it starts
producing the melody. The musical tone generated by IC3 is
amplified by single-transistor amplifier T2. Resistor R7 limits
the current to IC3 and zener diode ZD limits the voltage to a
safer level of 3.3 volts.

The circuit can be easily assembled on a general-purpose PCB.

Enclose it in a good-quality plastic case with provisions for LDR
and LED. Use a reflective holder for white LED to get a
spotlight effect for reading. Place LDRs away from the white
LED, preferably on the backside of the case, to avoid
unnecessary illumination. The speaker should be small so as to
make the gadget compact.