Luminary Magazine 4 of 2

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No.
2 1
2 Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 2
“tvif;tdrf.rl0g'”
(1) ppfreS af ompmayvGwv f yfciG &hf aSd p&ef
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pmrlrsm;udk(15)&ufae h
aemufqHk;xm;jyD; ay;ydkŒ }uyg&ef
arwWm&yfct H yfygonf//
Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 2 3

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trsm;eJ n h aD tmif n‡&d wmawG&w dS ,f?
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truth)“trSew f &m;uvGjJ yD; rSew f t
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○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
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ta&;=u;D onf? awmfveS af &;orm; pma&;ol (pma&;q&m) onf vGwv f yfa&;twGuf
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xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifjzpfo jzifv h nf; ol@tm;csex f m;cJv h #if jynfph rkH mS r[kwb f ;l ? olw@kd onf
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aeonfh 0wˆKwdt k Ekynm =u,fyiG rhf sm;jzpfonf? tarSmifxak cwfukd tHwak wmufy
aeonfh tvif;yef;yGi/hf =u,fyiG rhf sm;?

(3)
,QK0wWK&Sn(f vH;k csi;f 0wWK&Sn)f tEkynmpifjrifx h ufo@kd wufa&mufvmcJo h rl mS
rif;udEk ikd ?f tpOftvm}u;D cJ=h uonfh A-u-o xdyyf ikd ;f awmfveS af omausmif;om;acgi;f
aqmifrsm;.wefb;kd ESihf *k%&f nfukd rif;udEk idk q f w G cf ;l vdu k +f yD[k aumufcsucf sro d nf?
(ud)k rif;udEk ikd /f (ud)k oufxeG ;f /(ud)k rd;k oD;ZGe/f rd;k opfr;kd /(udak tmifr;kd 0if;)ponfw h @kd . vuf&m
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udkaX;+rdKif('*kef wm&m)/udkjroef;(jroef;wifh)rtrm(vlxka':trm odk@r[kwf
jrrÍL)polw@kd onf 1936- 37-38 0ef;usiYf pmaywGif pHy,fz;l iHrk sm;jzpfc=hJ uonf?
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xdpk Ofuwnf;u ausmif;om;or*~onf vlx. k toJpjJG zpfvmonf omru
vlx. k ESv;kH onf;yGwjf zpfvmcJo h nf?awmfveS af omcGyaf 'gi;f tvHatmufwiG f pwifxeG ;f
ay:cJoh nf? olw@kd pmayuavmifrsm;onfvnf; vlxEk v S ;kH onf;yGww f iG f yefqif&rnfh
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acgi;f aqmif rsm;.pmayESit hf &nftaoG;udk qef;ppfcb hJ ;l onf?
“tu,fI udkA[def;onf EdkifiHa&;orm;rjzpfv#if {uefpma&;q&m
wpfa,muf jzpfrnf [kusaemfxifonf?”
A-u-o ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifuAkd [de;f onf t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J pepfziG chf schJ
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ordik ;f wGi&f pfatmif a&;Edil o f nfh udAk [de;f ?
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wm&mu tuJjzwfcb hJ ;l onf?
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aqmif;yg;rsm;udk udkatmifqef; a&;v#uf&Sdonf?1936 wGifolu tdk;a0 r*~Zif;
t,f'w D m?
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oydw. f trSwt f om;jzpf&o Hk mru acwfo&kyaf zmf pmay.trSwt f om;wckvnf;
jzpfvmcJo h nf?
“ocifEk 1936 ausmif;om;oydw. f trSwt f om;jzpfonf?jyZmwfrsm;udk
ta&;aumif;ol?ol. “&ufpufygayhu, G ”f udk um;t}udKuf qH;k yif? ,ckacwfpmay
avm u wGix f ;l jcm;aom &wemwckyif jzpfonf?”
q&m}uD;'*kefwm&mu xdkodk@aumufcsufcs wefbdk;ay;cJhonf?
Armjynf pmay ae0ef;yGirhf sm;xJrS wyGijhf zpfvmrnfh vlxak ':trm(tarrm)onfvnf;
e,f c sJ @ qef u sif a &; trsd K ;om;vG w f a jrmuf a &; ausmif ; om;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r S m yJ
udak tmifqef;wd@k EiS t hf wl pmay =u,fwyGijhf zpfvmcJo h ?l ae0ef;jzpfvmrnfh =u,fyiG ?hf
xdpk Ofu uavmif=u,fyiG . hf trnfrmS jrrÍL?19360ef;usiw f iG b
f momjyef0wWKwdrk sm;
a&;om;zG@J E@JG cb hJ ;l onf?
“usaemfu jrrÍL jzpfapvdo k nf?olr.tawG@t}uKEH iS q hf v
kd #if olrjzwfoef;cJh
aom/ olrjzwfoef;aeaom ordik ;f tawG@t}uHKESiq hf v kd #if jrrÍLtzG@J tEG@J rsKd ;ESiq
hf v kd #if
0wWK&Snaf &;zG@J Eidl rf nf[k xifxm;cJo h nf”
aemifwiG f jrrÍLonf vlxak ':trmtjzpfEiS hf acwfEpS af cwf.ae0ef;jzpfvmcJh
onf?,if;uavmifrsm;onf 1936-37 Auo yxrrsKd ;qufrsm;xJrS ay:xGucf o hJ nfh
oauFwtrSwftom;rsm;jzpfonf? xdk@aemuf Auo'kwd,rsdK;quf?xdk@aemuf
88rsd K ;quf [k a c:wG i f a ecJ h = uonf h Auo wwd , rsd K ;quf o d k @ a&muf v mcJ h
onf?ordik ;f tpOftvm }uD;rm;cef@x,fco hJ nfh vlxw k yfO;D ozG,v f nf; jzpfco hJ nf?
Auoonf u avmif & S i f r sm;ud k ygarG ; xk w f a y;onf ? wcsd K @uavmif & S i f r sm;rS m
aemifwiG t f azbk&m;rsm;jzpfvmcJo h nf?yxr rsKd ;qufEiS w hf wd,rsKd ;qufonf(1936-
1988)ESpfaygif; ig;q,fESpfESpf&Snf=umonf?uGmjcm;onf?acwftajctaejcif;rwl
jzwfoef;yHk/ v_yf&Sm;yHkrSmvnf;rwl?e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif
Adv
k af tmifausmEf iS t hf xufArmjynfrS rE aW v;ausmif;om; tygt0if toufay;

cJhonfh yxrrsdK;qufol&Jaumif;ta&twGufonf wwd,rsdK;quf ol&Jaumif;
ta&twGuu f kd vdu k rf rSaD wmh?xd@k aemuf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif ocifatmifqef;
zrf;0&rf;xkwf xm;onf?udAk [de;f ESiahf usmif;om;acgi;f aqmif;rsm; axmifusco hJ nf?
ESptf a&twGuu f vnf; udrk if;udEk ikd Ef iS ahf usmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; axmifusco hJ nfh
ESpt f a&twGuu f kd vdu k I f rrDES idk af wmh?ESpaf ygi;f 65 ESpaf v?rif;udEk ikd f onf udAk [de;f /
udak tmifqef;wd@k . awmufyaompmay*k%&f nfEiS hf pmaywefb;kd rsm;udk cJc, J Of;,Of;
qGwcf ;l vdu k af vonf?h
ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_wiG f ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifwOD; jzpfonfh
azaomif;udk ol.ausmif;aezuf rdwaf qG rcifat;utm;rvdk tm;r& rauseyfcJ ?h
oHa,mZOf +idw, G cf o hJ nfh rde;f uav; “!d”k udk azaomif;ar v h , G &f aumif;vm;qd+k yD;
“aemuf=unfrh eS w f csyv f LS csiw f m”[k rcifat; aqmif}h u;D atmif}h u;D ajymvdu k of nfukd
tpGjJ yK+y;D pma&;ol rif;udEk ikd u f ol 0h wWKudk “aemuf=unfrh eS ”f [lI trnfay;xm;onf?
88 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;rjzpfyGm;rSD / rD;v#Hrkefwdkif;}uD; twGuf rD;v#Hrkefwdkif;
uav;rsm; &efukefwuUodkvf0ef;usifESifh a'otcsdK hwGif awmufavmifaoG;pGef;
cJh=uonf? aemufawmhta&;awmfyHk}uD; jzpfvmcJhonf? rD;yGifhrD;v#Hi,frsm;onf
rD;awmuf}u;D jzpfomG ;umae0if; ppftyk pf u k kd o+* Kõ vjf ymcsvu
kd =f uonf? xdt k a&;awmfykH
ordik ;f udk aemufcjH yKum wuUov kd af usmif;om; v_y&f mS ;r_ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif.
Zmwfvrf;udk vSyonfxuf vSyatmif a&;zGJ x h m;onfukd awG &h onf? ausmif;om;
v_yf&Sm;r_udk t"duxm; az: jyxm;ojzifh Zmwfaumifrsm;rSm ausmif;om;
rsm;omjzpfonf? azaomif;/ xGef;ouf/ ol&/ rcifat;ESifh ndKwdk honf t"du
Zmwfaumifrsm; jzpfonf? Zmwf&rH sm;rSm udjk rifah Zmf/ udck ifarmifvwf wdk jh zpfonf?
xdZk mwfaumifrsm;onf awmfveS w f uf=uo G nfh ausmif;om;&kyyf v kH mG ESihf trSwf tom;
rsm;jzpfonf?
pma&;olrif;udEk ikd u f v#Kd 0h u S ef mrnfay;xm;aom azaomif; odk rh [kwf
ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifwOD;. &mZ0ifuckd if;usi;f jyo&if; Zmwfaumifausmif;om;
rsm;udak z:xkwo f mG ;onf? ppftm%m&Sipf ESpf qef u h siaf &;twGuf ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;
r_ukd pwifco hJ nf? xdv k y_ &f mS ;r_ ESrd Ef iS ;f cH&+yD;wJah emuf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifwdk h
udk,fa&mifajzmufum aus;vufa'owGif ykef;uG,fcdkatmif;=uonf? wdkufyGJrsm;
qufwu kd f jzpfvmatmif qufvufvy_ &f mS ;=uonf? TwGiaf zodr;f onf &Gmw&Gm od@k
a&mufvmonf? ZmwfjrKyfxm;aomfvnf; xdk&GmwGif ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsif;
rcifat;u &Sad eonf? azaomif;u bke;f }uD;ausmif;wGif cdu k yf yke;f atmif;ae&if; ndK
ESifh oHa,mZOf jzpfvmcJhonf? rcifat;ajymjyojzifh azaomif; ausmif;om;
acgi;f aqmif wOD;jzpfreS ;f odomG ;onf?
azaomif;. oHa,mZOf }udK;r#if ndKonf azaomif;twGuf taumif;qH;k
&Jazmf jzpfvmonf? &yfuu G af umifpv D }l uD;.om; tke;f ode;f u ndKudk wzufowf
cspaf eonfh vli,f? aiGa=u;/ "e/ tm%m =uG,0f aeol rdom;pkraS yguzf mG ;vmol
tke;f ode;f ? azaomif;/ ndK ESihf tke;f ode;f . tm;+yKd ifrE_ iS hf aemufxyf ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;
r_twGuf ajratmufvyk if ef; a&maESm(p&e,f)ar$aESmufojzifZh mwf&edS t f wuf tus
v_id ;f wHy;kd ay:wGif pmzwfou l &kd ifcek af ponf?
Zmwfvrf;udk OD;pm;ay;onfh 0wWKoufoufawmhr[kkwf? Zmwfvrf;
oabmuyg+y;D om;? odk ah omf Ekwcf rf;eD}uKd u/f q,fausmo f uft}uKd u/f csp}f uKd u/f nm;/
uGJ ponfh ESpyf iG q hf ikd /f oH;k yGiq hf ikd f Zmwfvrf;rsm;xJrS vrf;cGx J u G vf mcJo h nhf Zmwfvrf;?
Zmwfvrf;}uKd u=f uonf0h wWK zwfy&dw f o
f wfonf azaomif;ESihf ndK wdk u h ckd spIf / oem;um
&ifxx J cd u kd +f y;D / wpdrphf rd hf tawG;jzifh use&f pfc=hJ urSmjzpfonf? wu,fvnf; rif;udEk ikd rf mS
pmta&;aumif;ojzifh &kyf&SifZmwfum; wum;udk ydwfum;ay:wGif odk hr[kwf
wDArD eS o f m;jyifay:wGif =unf&h ovdk cHpm;&onf?
ol h0wWKudk zwf&_+yD;aomtcg ol. udk,fydkifa&;[efudk awG h&onf?
ol@ub kd ,fpma&;q&mu v$r;f xm;oenf;? v$r;f aeoenf;? rv$r;f bl;vm;? twdtus
tcdik t f rm rajymEdik ?f pma&;ol ud, k w f ikd rf oS rd nf? wcsKd v h il ,fpma&;q&mrsm;onf
ol u h kd b,fou l v$r;f aea=umif; zGi[ hf 0efcw H wf=uonf? rnfokd yh ifjzpfap ol ah &;[efrmS
ol. &ifcek o f u H kd pmzwfy&dwo f wf. f &ifokd x h rd eS af tmif wdk xh d wdk x
h jd zifh &Gi&f iG vf ef;f vef;
jyonhf [efukd awG &h onf? ol rh mS [mo&So d nfukd awG &h onf? v#Kd 0h u S o f zJ kd Zmwfvrf;
rsKd ; ta&;tom;rsKd ;r[kw?f pmzwfy&dwo f wf twGuf pdwt f aESmuft,Sujf zpfaponfh
pum;vH;k topftqef; wDxiG rf /_ ud;k vdk u h ef v h ef h ta=umif;zGJ ph nf;r_rsm; rawG &h ojzifh
rif;udEk ikd u f kd aus;Zl;wifae&onf? ol ph um;ajy ta&;tom; a&;[ef ponfh 0wWK
yHko¾efonfausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ ta=umif;t&m/ ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_p&ku d t
f zG@J
t
h EGJ w h kd Eh iS hf tH0if*iG u f sjzpfaeojzifh vSyaom0wWK wyk'f jzpfonf?

olzefw;D a&;oDxm;onfh Oyrm tvuFmrsm;/ pdwu f ;l yH&k yd v
f mG rsm;rSm vSy =u&G G
uAsmqefveG ;f um ol.0xKˆ Ypde=f u,fyiG rhf sm;ES,f awmufvufaeonf? xdpk ed yf iG rhf sm;
onf ol.0xˆKoDu;kH r_/ udak y:vGiaf pcJ o h nf? wcsKd t h a=umif;t&mrsm;udq k xJG wk jf y
yg&ap? vSvkd x h w k jf ycsiw f myg?
“wcg wcg &Siw f kd ah ,musmF ;awG[m rde;f rom;qdw k hJ twdr;f tapmif;rcHwhJ
jzpfwnfru _ kd av;eufzkd ah rhaewwfw,f? bmeJ w h o l vJqakd wmh a&pd&k if ysuw f wfwhJ
a&aq;yef;csu D m;udk rd;k &GmxJacgi;f ay:wif+yD; ud, k v f &kd mc&D;oGm;ovdak yg?h ”
“ndK qdw k hJ Al;pifrmS aysm&f i$ jf cif; Al;oD;av;awG trsm;}uD;eJ h a0a0qmqm
aecJ hyg?udk,fha=umifhykwfoGm;wJh aysmf&$ifjcif; wckudkawmh udk,f=unfh+yD; aemifw
&aeygr,f?”
“pdr;f um;jcif; "g;yg;ESihf olr&ifwiG ;f tr$e;f cHae&onfh a0'emudk todtrSwf
rjyKcsiyf J jyKvdu k &f +yDjzpfonf?”
“ndK &h ifxJ ZGwEf pS x f m;&aom t&mwck bGm;ueJ ay:vmonf? xdt k &monf
pdr;f um;jcif; }urd v f ;kH jzifh emem tESucf x H m;&aom oHa,mZOf uav;yif? uav;i,f.
rsu&f nfpkd rsuEf mS / wd;k wdrw f rd f &du
_ o f yH ifjzpfonf[v k nf; olrbmomodc+hJ y;D om; yifjzpf
onf?”
“tar. pdk;&drfr_ rD;awmuf}uD;udk xif;rsm;xyfrxdk;awmhaomfvnf;
tyl&eSd rf ukeaf o;bJ w0ke;f 0ke;f avmifaeqJ?”
“rvdr;f bJxm;aom temudk vufjzifv h mzdovdk jzpfvmonf?”
“iSuaf ysmoD;ay:&mrSm aysmaf ewJah rsmufvykd ”J
“olrud, k w
f ikd f csKyaf y;cJah om tvHrmS azaomif;vG,t f yd x f J acguo f rd ;f ch&J +yD
jzpfovdk olrESifh azaomif;wdk ht=um; qufqHr_tm;vHk;onf acgufI &ifxJ
odr;f qnf;&awmhrnf?”
“ndK toHrmS rd;k ayguu f saom a&ajrmif;rsuEf mS jyifvkd v_ycf gv#u”f
“tarSmifxJrSm xGufaygufudkprf;aeaom vufacsmif;rsm;ESifhwlaom
rsu0f ef;rsm;jzif=h unfu h m”
“,Hk=unfcsufwck arsmfvifhcsufwckESifh twl ajcvSrf;rsm;oGufaeonf?
aumif;uifwckv;kH ndKaeonfuykd if awmufyaomt+yHK;[k olowfrw S xf m;onf?”
xdu
k o hJ kd ah om pdwu f ;l &kyyf vkH m$ pmtvuFm a&mifpykH ef;yGirhf sm;u ol.pum;ajy
e,ferdwpf nf;awG axmife&H H
jzpfaeao;oa&G h tif-uif;ar
(1)
rrD;rD;udk uomaxmifo@kd ajymif;vdu k +f yDv@kd {&m0wD0ufbq f u
kd of wif;rSm
zwfvdkuf&w,f qdk&ifyJ ol@rdom;pk0ifawG cifyGefonfeJ@om;/orD;awG 'kuQa&muf
awmhr,fqkd tvdv k o
kd v d u
kd rf w
d ,f?
'DtjzpfawGudk &ifqdkifausmfv$m;zdk@ b,favmuf 'kuQa&mufawmhr,f
b,fvv kd yk u
f ikd f ajz&Si;f &awmhr,f qdw k mudk yg&rDjznfzh uf rrD;rD;&Jch ifyeG ;f udv k rS ;kd ae&mu
pOf;pm;=unf&h if; &ifxaJ rmvmw,f?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
ta&;tom; oDzJG h yef;wcif;udk pdv k ahJ om ta&mifwkd jh zifh jc,foxm;avonf? tvSjzifh

wifw h ,fonfh *k%&f nf&o dS jzifh ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ukd tajccH aemufausmjyKI
a&;om;cJ=h u+y;D jzpfonfh pma&;q&m}u;D / i,f r[lwkd u h o hJ kd yh if rif;udEk ikd .
f aemuf=unfh
rSef 0wWK tEkynmvuf&monf xl;jcm;r_&o dS nf?
xl;jcm;onfh vuf&mwyk'?f aemifwiG v f nf; ola&;ygvrd Ohf ;D rnf? vGwv f yfr_
'Drukd a&pDuyfqu kd f qdwo f Ok ;f aeaom vl t h zGJ t
h pnf;wGi/f zdEydS pf w k yf rhJ _ xyfxyf=urf;
aeonfh umvwGif onf aemuf=unfrh eS u f kd zefw;D cJ&h onf jzpf&m aemufxyfa&;rnfh
0xˆKwGif vlxx k w J iG pf rd 0hf ifaysm0f ifv#uf vlxb k 0udk qef;ppfjycsurf sm;/ Zmwfaumif
rsm;. tm;+ydKifr_ESifh twl Z&dkuf&Sif/ Z&dkufao zGJ hEGJ hr_rsm;/ vlxkwdkufyGJudkvlxk
awGu, kd w
f ikd f wuf=uG &$iv f ef;pGm xlaxmifcyhJ rkH sm;/ tkypf ;kd olEiS hf ppftm%m&Sipf epf.
twGif;o&kyf azmfjycsufrsm;yg0ifonfh crf;em;onfh ordkif;0wWK&Snf tenf;qHk;
aemufxyf wyk'u f akd wmh tmomrajyEdik yf J rGwo f w
d af erdonf? usr;f rm&$iv f rf;pGm
a&;om;Edik yf gapownf;?
ed*;kH wGif rjzpfraeaz: jy&rnfh tcsuw f csu&f o dS nf? ,if;udk csex f m;cJI
h rjzpf?
awmfveS af &; pmay/ awmfveS af om pmaytEkynm&yfukd arG;zGm;ysKd ;axmifay;&rnfh
onfumvwGif aemuf=unfhrSef udk xkwfa0ol EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; ulnD
apmifah &Smufa&;toif; (atatyDy)D udk ausZ;l wif&rSmjzpfonf [laom tcsuyf if?
awmfveS af &;opPmjzifh
aEGO;D ('DZifbm 8/ 2009)
axmifxu G cf si;f rd@k usr yd+k yD;ud, k cf si;f pmemrdygw,f?
(2)
EdkifiHa&;r_eJ@ axmifus+yDqdk axmifuswJhola&m usefaewJhrdom;pkawGyg
tusO;f usovdk 'kuQ a&muf=u&wmyg?
tarawGvnf; tarawGrdk@vdk@/ZeD;onfawGqdkvnf; ZeD;onfawGrdk@vdk@/
cifyeG ;f onfawGqv kd nf; cifyeG ;f onfawGr@kd v@kd 'kuaQ wG ody}f uD;=uygw,f?usr wd@k vkd
axmifuszufawGtcsi;f csi;f yJ 'D'u k aQ wGukd ydv k @kd em;vnfEikd =f ur,fxifyg&@J ?
axmifusaepOfrmS wif 'ku&Q w dS mr[kwb f ;l /
axmifuvGwaf jrmufvmwJh tcsed rf mS yg vGwv f yfrr_ &Syd J axmufvrS ;f a&;u
tcsdefwdkif; apmifh=unfhcH&wm/ pD;yGm;a&; vkyfudkif&ifvnf; trsdK;rsdK;eJ@aESmuf,Suf
ydwyf ifwm;qD;r_awG vky=f uwm pwmawGuawmh etz&Jh ,kwrf mwJh uvdeu f uspf
Om%feD Om%feuf wrsdK;yJvdk@ ajym&ygvdrfhr,f/EdkifiHa&;udk a=umufoGm;atmif
vH;k vH;k vSnrhf =unf&h aJ vmufatmif tajcmuf tjcm; wdu k w f hJ vky&f yfawGyg?
ajymjy&OD;r,f?
usrwd@k armifErS ESpaf ,muf axmifuswek ;f uqdk usrtar[m om;udak xmif
0ifpm ajy;awG@vdkuf/ orD;udk axmif 0ifpmvmawG@vdkufeJ@ rtm;Edkif&atmifygyJ/
aeraumif;jzpfvdk@em;em;aeae ae&zdk@qdkwm a0vma0; orD;udktif;pdefaxmif
ajy;awG@vdkuf/om;udkawmifilaxmiffudkajy;awG@vdkufeJ@ tar[m ol@a&m*gawGudk
vSnrhf =unft h m;cJ&h mS bl;av? om;orD;awG&@J pdwef J h a&m*gawGawmif aysmufreS ;f
rodaysmufuek =f uovdk xifrw S af ecJ&h wmrsKd ;yg?
om;awG/orD;rawG rsuEf mS jrif&&ifyJ auseyfyw D jd zpfv@kd /tarhrmS b,favmuf
a0;vH w J h c &D ; jzpf y gap rarmyef ; Ed k i f & S m yJ vmawG @ cJ h w mawG [ m tpm;xd k ;
r&edik w
f rhJ b
d arwWmawGyv J @kd usrcHpm;&ygw,f? tck om;awG/orD;awG axmifuvnf;
vGwaf &m tarhrmS a&m*gawGwck+y;D wck jzpfawmhwmygb/J pdwaf v#mv h u
kd w
f t
hJ wGuvf @kd
ajym&r,fxifyg&?hJ tara&m*gawG wck+y;D wck cHpm;ae&csed rf mS awmh usrwd@k armifErS u
tarem;rSm r&S=d ujyefb;l ?
(3)
usrxifygw,f/ pdww f ckaqmif+yD; tm;wif;xm;&if t&m&mudk &ifqikd f
ausmv f mG ;Edik f w,fv@kd av?
usrtaz uG,fvGefwkef;u tarh&Jh tjzpfudk=unfh+yD; odcJh&wmyg/
usrtaz[m a0;vHacgifzsm;wJh aumhaomif;rSm uG,fvGefcJhwmav/ tJhwkef;u
taru tazh psmyetwGuf oabmFwwef/ av,mOfwwefe@J vdu k o f mG ;cJ+h yD; tpp
pdwfwnfwnf+idrf+idrfESifh aqmif&GufcJhEdkifygw,f?tdrfjyefa&mufrSyJ pdwfudk 'Hk;'kH;
csvd k u f o vm;rod b l ; ? pum;rajymEd k i f a wmh avmuf a tmif u d k arsmh a rsmh y J
useaf wmhw,f? q&m0efomG ;jyrS tar[m aoG;aygiaf wGx;kd us+y;D pdwzf pd ;D r_'g%af =umifh
tdy,f mxJ bk;H bk;H vJygawmhw,f/
rdcifarwWmqdw k m bmeJ@rv S v
J @kd r&Edik w
f hJ tE_id ;f rJah rwWmjzpfw,fqw kd mudk
vlwikd ;f vufc, H =Hk unf=uygw,f/ usrtzd@k awmh usrb0&Jh vufawG@t&udyk J rdcifrsm;&J@
tE_id ;f rJah rwWmudk cHpm;em;vnfc&hJ yg+yD?
(4)
tckvkd rdcifarwWm }u;D rm;wmawGukd azmfjyaepOfrmS yJ udv k rS ;kd vdk cifyeG ;f onf
wOD;&J@arwWmudv k nf; b,fvrkd S cs;D usL;vd@k rqk;H Edik af tmifjzpf rdygw,f?
udv k rS ;kd qdw
k m rrD;rD;&J@ cifyeG ;f yg?
rD;rD;&J@cifyeG ;f onf udv k rS ;kd [m rdom;pkp;D yGm;a&;twGuf um;0yfa&Smu h wzuf
om;eJ@orD;awGuwzufe@J pm;0wfae a&;twGuf &ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;&if; use;f rma&;
raumif;&SmwJh ZeD;onfuakd xmif0ifpm rSerf eS o f mG ;awG@ Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
'kuaQ wGukd t+yHK;eJ@&ifqikd &f if; rarmEdik /f ryrf;Edik f avmu'%fukd tefwv k @kd
ZeD;onfukd yg&rDjznfah e&Smwm/ om;eJ@ orD; awGuv kd nf; tcuftcJawG=um;uae
ynmqufvufoif =um;ay;ae&Smwm pwJph wJh azmfrjyEdik w f hJ arwWm&Siu f akd wmh
av;pm;*k%, f rl yd gw,f/ rD;rD;uawmh tm;vH;k odwt hJ wdik ;f axmifxu J kd t}urd }f urd 0f if
ae&wJh 'Dru kd &pDa&;wdu k yf 0JG ifaeolyg? usrjzifh udkvSrdk;ajymoGm;wJhpum;av;udk
tckxd=um;a,mifaeao;w,f? “usaemfhom;eJ@orD;awGudkvnf; ynmqkH;
cef;wdkifatmif oifay;oGm;rSmyg/ gayr,fhvdk@ olrsm;awGvdkawmh jynfhpkHcsifrS
jynfph rHk ,faygAh sm”wJ?h
udvk rS ;kd vdk zcifaumif;awG jrefrmjynfrmS trsm; }uD; &Sad eapcsiyf gw,f/
(5)
aemufwOD;uvnf; wu,fut kd rSw&f p&myg?usrajymjyyg&ap?

r&rf;uke;f trwf a'guw f ma':ar0if;jrif axmifuspOfwek ;f u ol@cifyeG ;f u
om;awGorD;awGuwzuf/ pD;yGm;a&;u wzuftjyif ZeD;onfuv kd nf; ESpyf wf(1)}urd f
axmif0ifpm rSerf eS v f mawG@wm axmif0ifpm[if;awGukd wrsKd ;eJ@wrsKd ; r&d;k Edik f atmif
csujf yKufvyk u f ikd cf w
hJ m awGukd jrif&awmh tH=h ocs;D usL;rdw,f/
'gh t jyif etzAd k v f c sKyf } uD ; rsm;&J h aumuf u spf r _ a =umif h
a'guw f ma':ar0if;jrif&h @J cifyeG ;f onff puf&;Hk rSL;b0uae tvkyjf zKwfypfccH &hJ ygw,f?
om;i,fuv kd nf; Edik if jH cm;aiGvv J , S rf e_ @J axmifcsypfcjhJ yefygw,f? 'D'u k aQ wGukd &ifqikd &f if;
ZeD ; onf ud k v nf ; rvpf [ if ; &avatmif jyKpk v k y f u d k i f a y;cJ h w mawG [ m
cifyeG ;f aumif;awG&@J vuQ%mawGv@kd usr em;vnfryd gw,f?
(6)
yg&rD j znf h a y;ae=uwJ h rd c if a wG / nD t ud k a rmif E S r awG / ud k v S r d k ; vd k
cifyGef;aumif;awG tdrfaxmifhwm0ef xdrf;odrf;&if; ZeD;onftwGuf axmif0if
pmrSerf eS yf @kd Eikd af tmif &ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;aewJh cifyeG ;f onfawGtwGuf tE &W m,fuif;vk@d
ab;&Si;f =u apcsiyf gw,f?
tckqkd rrD;rD;udk axmifajymif;wm(3)}urd af jrmuf jzpfcyhJ g+y?D od@k ayr,fv h nf;
b,f avmufyJ a0;vHygap b,fvykd J 'kuaQ wGe@J &ifqikd &f ygap? rrD;rD;&J@ Edik if aH &;
,H=k unfcsuu f kd ysuaf tmifzsuv f @kd r&ovdk udv k rS ;kd vdk pdwxf m;jrifjh rwfwhJ zcif aumif;
/cifyeG ;f aumif;awG&@J }uH}h uHch EH ikd pf rG ;f udv k nf; zsuyf pfz@kd rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ?
jrefrmEdik if H tusO;f axmiftoDo;D rSm a&muf&adS e=uwJh Edik if aH &;orm;awG
&SdaeoI rdcif/zcifawGeJ@ nDtudk armifESrawG ZeD;onfeJ@cifyGef;awG[mvnf;
us&mtcef;rSm puUe@f EiS t hf r# yg&rDjznfq h nf; ay;ae=urSmyg?
arwWmawG 'DapwemawGa=umifh axmifusom;orD;awG/ZeD;onfESifh
cif y G e f ; awG [ m trS e f w &m;twG u f wd k i f ; jynf ES i f h v l r sd K twG u f jref r mjynf
rdu
k a&pDr&rcsi;f qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifEikd af pr,foh wWx d ;l awG xyfw;kd &&Sv d m =ur,fqw kd m
tao tcsmyJv@kd usr ajymcsiyf gw,f/
rrDr;D tygt0if Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG tjrefq;Hk vGwaf jrmufygapvd@k qrk eG af c|v#u/f
tif-uif;ar

vlAv
kd f
(1) DYA udak rG;zGm;jcif;?

&Spaf v;vH;k 'Drukd a&pD vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_}uD;t+yD;/ jrefrmEdik if aH 'otoD;oD;&dS
'Drdkua&pD vkdvm;olrsm;onf/ 'Drdkua&pDudk vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;jzifom
t&,lEikd rf nf [laom ,k=H unfcsuu f kd qkyuf ikd f rdc=hJ uayonf? xd@k a=umifyh if jzpfEikd o
f nfh
vrf;a=umif;rsm; &Smum wdkif;&if;om; awmfvSefa&;e,fajr toD;oD;okd@ ajy;0ifcdk
v_cH =hJ uonf? xdt k xJwiG f rdrw d @kd &rS ;f jynfe,f/ ytd0k ehf ,fajra&muf/ ausmif;om;vli,f
wpkvnf;tygt0if? rdrw d @kd tm; ytd0k jhf ynforl sm;rS *&k%mw&m;rsm;udk a&S;&_vsS uf
ausmuf w vH k ; qd k a om&G m rS tpjyKum oajyyef ; rsm; jzif h y if aEG ; axG ; pG m
}udKqdck =hJ uayonf? tvm;wl e,fajrcH ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;tzG@J (PNO) rSvnf;oD;jcm;
vGwfvyfaom tzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpf &yfwnfcGifhjyKum tpp ulnDyHhydk;r_rsm;
ay;cJ=h uonf? rdrw d @kd vli,frsm;xJrS ydrk w kd wf odem;vnf=uolrsm;ESihf ndES id_ ;f wdik yf if
aqG;aEG;I Democratic Youth Army ('Drdku&ufwpfvli,frsm; wyfrawmf) udk
zG@J pnf;cJ=h u.f?

Twyf r awmf u d k ytd k 0 f h e ,f a jr yef w G e f & G m teD ; / atmif [ rf ; &d k i f ;
(&J&ifhatmifajr) pcef;wGif ytdk0fh wyfrawmfrS wvcGJcef@umv ppfoifwef;rsm;
yd k @ csay;cJ h + yD ; / aemif cd k i f ; &G m wG i f oif w ef ; qif ; yG J u d k pnf p nf u m;um;yif
usi;f yay;cJyh gonf? oifwef;qif;yGt J +yD; a&G;cs,w f m0efay;r_rsm;t& wyfz@JG pnf;ykw H iG f
wyf & if ; rS L ;tjzpf Ad k v f r S L ;cG e f O uU m (,ck PPLO˜ BLC )ES i f h 'k & if ; rS L ;tjzpf
OD;atmifxl;(,ck BLC)/ wyfcGJrSL;rsm;tjzpf AdkvfcGefjrwfESifh Adkvf0if;wDwdk@rS
wm0ef,cl =hJ uonf?
rdrw d @kd z@JG pnf;p DYA onf e,fajrcH PNA (ytd0k jhf ynfo@l wyfrawmf)ESihf yl;wGJ
v_y&f mS ;r_ jyKcahJ omfvnf; ppftpd;k &udk wdu k yf rJG qifEikd cf =hJ uyg? e,fajra'o rusrG ;f usirf /l
ppftwwfynm tm;enf;r_EiS hf vufeufrjynfh pkrH r_ sm;a=umifh PNO wm0ef&o Sd rl sm;rS
wdu k yf u
JG kd a&Smif&mS ;apcJ. h ? od@k aomf rdrw d @kd wyfz@JG 0if trsm;pkrS ppfvufeuf awmif;
qdkrlrsm;/ wdkufyGJawmif;qdkr_rsm;udk r=umc% jyKvkyfcJh=uygonf? wcsKdŒaom
wyfz@JG 0ifrsm;rSm ppftpd;k & wyfrsm;udk jyefvnf wdu k cf u kd cf iG hf r&jcif;ESihf &moDOwkEiS hf
awmawmifrsm;wGif =urf;wrf;pGm jzwfoef;&jcif; '%frsm;udk qufvuf rcHpm;Edik =f u
awmhay? aemufq;Hk rdrw d @dk tm; rsu&f nfpufvufEiS yhf if E_wq f ufum oufqikd &f m
rdzrsm;&ifciG o f @kd jyefvnfc0kd if oGm;=uonfuv kd nf; &ifeifph mG t}urd }f urd f awG@jrifc&hJ zl;.?
ytd0k hf e,fajrod@k a&muf&v Sd m=u ol (300) ausmt f euf w0ufcef@jyefomG ;cJ=h uygonf?
jyefoGm;oltrsm;pkrSm ausmif;om;i,frsm;ESifh rdef;cav;rsm;jzpf=uI/ tcsKdŒudkrl
jyefzdk@twGuf zdtm;ay;&onfh taetxm;rsm;yif &dScJhygonf? ?wdk@udk,fwdkifurl
jyefvpkd w d rf &d=S uyg? i,f&, G o f rl sm;taejzifh ynmqufvuf avhvmapvdak om wm0ef&Sd
olrsm;. oabmxm;rsm;a=umifo h m?
(2) ytdk0fhjynfolrsm;ESifh wom;wnf;?

ytd0k ehf ,fajrwGif v_y&f mS ;aepOftwGi;f rdrw d @dk DYA rS xl;xl;jcm;jcm;yg0ifvy_ f
&Sm;cGi&hf aom jzpf&yfwck &dcS yhJ gonf? ytd0k t hf jzL[k ac:qdak om(PNO)ESihf ytd0k t hf eD[k
ak c:qdak om &vvz (&Sr;f jynfe,fvrl sK;d aygi;f pkH vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J ) wd@k 2 - zG@J jyefvnf
aygi;f pnf;Edik af &; aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;wGif yg0ifciG &hf jcif;yif? xdak qG;aEG;yGrJ sm;wGif &vvztzG@J .
r[mrdwrf sm;jzpfaom uvvw (u,m;jynfe,fvrl sK;d aygi;f pkH vGwaf jrmufa&;) tzG@J
ESifh u,rf;jynfopfygwD paom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifhvnf; awG@qkH&if;ESD;cGifhudk
&&dcS yhJ gonf? &vvze,fajra&muf ausmif;om;rsm; pkz@JG wm;aom =u,feD DPA / DNA
paom vli,ftzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESiv hf nf; tjrifzvS,cf iG rhf sm; &&dcS . hJ ? 2 zG@J wzG@J aygi;f pnf;
a&;jzpfpOfrmS wpkw H &mwd;k wufr&_ cSd ahJ omfvnf; ed*;Hk rcsKyfEikd cf yhJ g?
txl;ojzifh rdrdwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_wGif tatmifjrifqkH;vkyfaqmifcJhEdkifonfh
vky&f yf[q k v kd sS if vlxpk nf;&k;H a&;vkyif ef;rsm;jzpf+y;D / ytd0k jhf ynforl sm;.cspcf ifru _ vkd nf;
t&,lEdkifcJhonf[kajymEdkifonf? rdrdwkd@DYA wyf wGif pnf;&kH;a&;tzGJ@i,fwckudk
&Jabmfrsm; avhvma&;vkyEf ikd af p&ef oufqidk &f m &Jabmfrsm;ESiphf zk @JG I ausmyd;k tdwf
pm=unfw h ukd t f zG@J EiS hf owif;jzef@csaD &;tzG@J rsm;udk zG@J pnf;xm;cJ. h ? pm=unfw h u kd tf zG@J rmS
&Gmrsm;a&mufvsS if bke;f }uD;ausmif;ESihf ausmif;q&mtdrrf sm;od@k omG ;I pmtkyif mS ;jcif;/
&Jabmfrsm;udak y;zwfjcif;/ pmtkyrf sm;udk xdr;f odr;f jcif;ESihf jyefvnftyfEjHS cif; vkyif ef;rsm;
ukd wm0ef,lcJh=uonf? xdkenf;wl owif;jzef@csDa&; tzGJ@rSvnf; a&'D ,dk (BBC˜
VOA˜RFA) rS owif;rsm;udk rSwo f m;I rdwLW yGm;um wyfpw d tf oD;oD;od@k jzef@csjD cif;rsm;
jyKEkdifcJh=u onf? pm&GuftcuftcJjzpfonf humvrsm;Y carmufvkyfonf h
0g;zwfrsm;wGif a&;I jzef@cs&D aom tcgrsm;vnf; &Scd zhJ ;l .?
pnf;&k;H a&; oabmt& &Jabmfwikd ;f xrf;aqmifEikd cf =hJ uonfh tvkyrf sm;rSm
&Gmrsm;udka&mufvSsif oufqdkif&m ppfa&;vkyfief;rsm;tjyif/ bkef;}uD;ausmif;/
pmoifausmif;rsm;od@k tzG@J vu kd o f mG ;I xif;cG/J a&cyfEiS hf vdt k yfonfh tvkyrf sm;udyk g
0dik ;f 0ef;vkyu f ikd =f ujcif;yif? xd@k tjyif &JabmfwOD;csi;f pD. wnf;cdo k nfh tdrrf sm;wGif vnf;/
xif;cG/J a&cyf/ pyg;axmif;ESihf yef;uefaq;jcif; tvkyrf sm;udk r+iD;rnLpdwyf gvufyg
ulnv D yk uf ikd cf hJ =u.? c&D;jyefxu G =f u+yDqo kd nfEiS hf rdrwd nf;cdok nfth rd rf S tdr&f iS rf sm;
(ytd0k rhf zd ) rsm;udk vuftyk cf su D efawmh cJ=h uonft h avhrmS vnf; ytd0k jhf ynforl sm;.
tonf;pGpJ &m? tcsKŒd ytd0k rhf cd ifrsm; (rd;k jzm;rsm;) qdv k sS if tdru
f xGucf mG oGm;=uaom
rdrw d @kd wyfz@JG 0ifrsm;udk vufjyE_wq f uf&if; rsu&f nfrsm;yifusc=hJ u&onfukd awG@jrifc&hJ
zl;.?
(3)ausmif;om;wyfrawmftjzpf toGiaf jymif;jzpfwnfvmjcif;?

1989 ckEpS /f {+yDvwGif xdik ;f jrefrm e,fpyfwavSsmuf&Sd &Spaf v;vk;H umv
aemufyikd ;f a&muf&v Sd monfh 'Dru kd a&pDa&;vdvk m;olrsm; pkz@JG xm;aom All Burma Stu-
dents’ Democratic Front ( jref r mEd k i f i H v H k ; qd k i f & m ausmif ; om;rsm;
'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;) ESifh yl;aygif;Edkif&eftwGuf xdkif;e,fpyfokd@xGufcJh=uygonf?
rdrdwdk@acgif;aqmifwcsKdŒ ABSDF A[dEk iS hf ndES id_ ;f aqG;aEG;aepOf u&ifeeD ,fajr KNP
(u&ifejD ynfw;kd wufa&;ygw)D / WNO (0˜trsK;d om;tzG@J )wd@k EiS hf yl;aygi;f um a0Svrf;/
wmwarmpaom oH v G i f j rpf w avS s muf & d S ppf t pd k ; & wyf p cef ; rsm; ud k
wduk cf ufkd af csre_ ;f cGi&hf cJ.
h ? rdrw
d @kd acgi;f aqmifrsm; ABSDF A[drk jS yefvmaomtcg rdrw d @dk
DYA rS A BSDF wyf & if ; (601) jzpf o G m ;aom)wyf . a&S Œ vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;ud k
pkaygi;f a&;qGu J m/ u&ifeeD ,fajrwGif udpk ;kd atmif OD;pD;aom &JabmfwcsKŒd / ABSDF
A[dw k iG f roufoufviG f tygt0if &JabmfwcsKŒd xm;cJI h use&f aJ bmfrsm; tm;vk;H
ytd k 0 f h e ,f a jrod k @ jyef I v_ y f & S m ;cJ h = uygonf ? topf j yef v nf zG J @ pnf ; r_ w G i f
wyf&if;rSL;AddkvfcGefjrwf/ 'k&if;rSL; udkzdk;odef;/ wyfcGJrSL; udkwkdufarmif;ESifh 'kcGJrSL;rSm
udrk if;atmifjrifw h @kd jzpfonf?
1990 wGif 'kw, d t}udrf ytd0k ehf ,fajrod@k jyefvnfa&muf&aSd omtcg PNO
tygt0if ytd0k jhf ynfow l &yfv;Hk rS 0rf;yrf;wom}udKqd=k ujyefygonf? rdrw d @kd wyf&if;
(601) onf ,cif DYA enf;wl pnf;&k;H a&;vkyif ef; pOfrsm;udk xrf;aqmifEifkd cf o hJ nft h jyif/
jynfwGif;qufoG,fa&; vkyfief;rsm;/ wdkufyGJaz:aqmifonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;tjyif/
r[mrdwrf sm;ESihf yl;wGpJ pfa&;/ Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udv k nf; az:aqmifEikd cf yhJ gonf?

jynfwiG ;f rS wyf zG@J 0if tiftm;opfrsm;udv
k nf; pkpnf;wd;k csŒJ Edik cf yhJ gonf?
(4) rkew
f ikd ;f wckEiS hf aw@q
G jkH cif;?
1991 umvon f typftcyf&yfpaJ &; acwfpm;ump umvjzpfonfh
tavSsmuf rdrw d @dk wyf&if; (601) tay:vnf; &du k cf wfrr_ sm;&dcS . hJ ? rdrw d @kd vy_ &f mS ;&m
e,fajrcH (PNO)onf ppftpd;k &ESihf vSsKŒd 0Sut f ypftcyf&yfpzJ @kd jyifqifaea=umif;udk
ytd0k jhf ynforl yS if wqifh owif;&cJo h nf? PNO rSvnf; rdrw d @kd tm; vufeufjyeftyf&ef
tcsKo d wfI zdtm;ay;cJo h nf? ?wd@k . typftcyf&yfqaJ &;vkyif ef;pOfwiG f yg0ifz@kd urkd l
w&m;0ifraqG;aEG;cJhacs? rdrdwkd@wyf&if;. taetxm;t&vnf; wyf&if;rSL;/
'k&if;rSL;wd@k onfom ytd0k v hf rl sK;d rsm;jzpfae+yD;/ uset f rsm;pkrmS tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;
jzpfaejcif;a=umifh raqG;aEG;vdjk cif;[k ,lqEkid yf gonf?
xduk mvwGiyf if rdrw d @kd acgi;f aqmifxrJ S wyfcrJG LS ; udw k u kd af rmif;rSm ajcaxmuf
wGi'f %f&m&xm;jcif; ESihf jynfwiG ;f rS udv k rG ;f %D OD;aqmifaom &Jabmfopf (17)OD;cef@
a&muf & d S v m=ujcif ; rsm; &S d c J h . ? xd k & J a bmf o pf x J w G i f trsKd ; orD ; (4)OD ;
yg0ifaejcif;rsm;a=umifh tajctaeudk yg;yg;eyfeyfuikd w f ,G Ef ikd zf @kd vdt k yfae.? wyfwiG ;f
Y w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;jcif;ykHpHudk rusifhokH;EkdifawmhyJ/ vSsKdŒ0SufaqG;aEG;wkdifyifjcif;
tqifu h akd jymif;um/ ,k=H unf& olrsm;ESio hf m oD;jcm;aqG;aEG;=u&awmhonf?
rdrwd @kd taeESihf vk+H cKHr&_ &Sd Sd ytd0k ehf ,fajrrS xGucf mG cGi&hf a&;rSm vwfwavm
vdtk yfcsujf zpfvmcJo h nf? ok@d twGuf vufeufukd u&ifeeD ,fajrtpyf a&mufrS jyeftyfz@kd
awmif;qdk aqG;aEG;cJah omfvnf; vk+H cKHa&;udk PNOrS wm0ef,yl ga=umif; ajymqdu k mjiif;
y,fcJhonf? aemufqkH;tqifhwGif vuf&dStajctaeudk rdrdwdk@ ABSDF A[dkodk@
a=u;eef;jzifh ta=umif;=um;cGiEhf iS hf ta=umif;jyefcsed t f xd vufeuford ;f jcif;udpu P kd
apmif h a y;&ef w k d @ ud k awmif ; qd k & m oabmwl n D r _ &cJ h o nf ? rd r d w k d @ vnf ;
&orSstcGit hf a&;udk tok;H csum/ e,fpyf&rSd rd w d @kd wyf&if;/ ABSDF A[dEk iS hf NDF (Na-
tional Democratic Front) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pkrsm;od@k rdrw d @kd tm; vufeuf
odrf;awmhrnfjzpfa=umif;udk owif;ay;ydk@EdkifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif rdrdwdk@ESifhteD;qkH;
r[mrdwftzGJ@jzpfonfh &vvz tzGJ@okd@vnf; rdrdwkd@tajc taeudktoday;um
awmif}u;D / vGKd ifaumfum;vrf;ta&SŒzuf rJe,fawmifajc&dS &Gm(3)&GmwGif wywftwGi;f
vma&mufapmif}h udKqdak y;&ef vSsKŒd 0Suo f nfeh nf;jzifh a=u;eef;yd@k Eikd cf yhJ gonf?
xD x yf & G m wG i f rd r d w d k @ acsG ; eJ p mES i h f 0 ,f , l x m;aom aoewf (8) vuf r S v J G I
usef a oewf r sm;tm;vH k ; ud k PNO od k @ jyef t yf v d k u f & .? &J a bmf t rsm;pk r S m
rsu&f nfrsm;yifus&onft h xd a=uuJ0G rf;enf;cJ=h u&onf?
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udw k ukd af rmif;wd@k &k;H tzG@J rv
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k Al vkd /f udrk if;a0[if wd@k tjyif
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avSmfwufrsm;rSmvnf; 0g;rsm;jzifhvkyfxm;aoma=umifh =umava&El;avjzpfum
aysmv h m.? avSmo f avmuf rxda&mufawmhacs? a&pD;ESihf arsmygomG ;aomazgit f m;
urf;ay:rS&aJ bmfrsm;u urf;jyefuyf&ef atmf[pfowday;&if; jrpfurf;w avSsmuf
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tvGepf ;kd &draf e=uonf? xd@k a=umifyh iftcsKŒd u aoewfrsm;udq k IJG vk+H cKHa&; twGuf
ajy;vdu k o
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wm0eft&dSqkH;jzpfaeonfudk;? wyfacgif;aqmifrsm;udkac:um wckckqufvkyfEdkif&ef
twGuf aqG;aEG;=ujyefonf? xGuv f monfh qk;H jzwf csuu f wyfuakd emufa=umif;
jyefqkwfI tjcm;vrf;a=umif;wckudk &Sm&ef? wyfpdwfrSL; udkpHvSOD;aqmifonfh
oefoefrmrm&dSaeqJ &Jabmf(7) OD;udk a&SŒajy;tzGJ@tjzpf&duQm&Smxm;Ekdif&ef
}udKv$wv f u kd o f nf? udpk v H uS &Sr;f vlrsK;d ? Tem;w0du k uf &GmawGu &Sr;f &Gmrsm;onf?
pum;ayguv f sS if vkyif ef;ydt
k qifajyEdik o f nf? xdak &SŒajy; tzG@J rmS oGuo f u
G vf ufvuf
wufwuf=uG=uGyif xGuo f mG ;=uonf? reufuwnf;u xrif;pm;rxm;&aomfvnf;
&Jabmftm;vk;H ykrH ysu=f u? cgwikd ;f uJo h @dk yif vef;vef;qef;qef;?
useftzGJ@rsm;rSm armyef;/ tm;ukefae=uolrsm;/ qmavmifnnf;wGm;
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tzG J @ xG u f o G m ;+yD ; (2)em&D a vmuf = umrS ppf a =umif ; pxG u f j zpf o nf ? nae
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ae&onf?
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rSeforSsudkpm;=uonf? &Srf;u,m; e,fpyfoHvGifurf;yg;w0dkufu tyifrsm;rSm
pdr;f pdr;f pdpk rkd &d?S aEG&moDjzpfonfuwa=umif;/ e*du k ausmufaqmif/ ausmufawmif
jzpfaejcif;ESihf tylyikd ;f a'o qefaejcif;rsm;a=umifh ql;yiftygt0if tnma'o ayguf
opfyifrsm;udo k mawG@&.? O&Spyf if/ av0ifcg;oD;yifEiS hf vufcyk o f ;D qefqef tyifrsm;rSm
rdrw
d @kd twGuf tm[m&udk jznfq h ;D ay;cJ=h uonf? O&Spo f ;D tqD;avmifoal vmif/

av0ifcg;oD;rsm;pm;rdI tefotl ef jzpf=u aomfvnf;/ vufcyk o f ;D vdv
k kd twGi;f rS
jzLjzLtr_ef@rsm;ygaom wcgrSrjrifzl;/ rpm;zl;onfhtoD;rsm;rSm Edk@r_ef@ESifh wlI
t&omvnf;&daS yonf? od@k aomf odyrf sm;rsm;rawG@c&hJ ? tcsKŒd tzG@J rsm;rSm iSuaf ysmtl/
ozef;oD;/ ,kepf m &Gu/f ponfh awG@&mtoD;&Gurf sm;udk pm;=u&olrsm;vnf;&d.
S ?
ed*Hk;r[kwfonfh ed*Hk;?
rdrdwkd@ppfa=umif;onf yvJvJ/ erf;rGef;pcef;rS oHvGifjrpfudk jzwfausmf
Edik cf =hJ uum xdik ;f / u&ifeeD ,fpyfu atmif[rf;&dik ;f pcef;ok@d KNPP . tultnDjzifh
acsmacsmarmarmyif a&muf&cSd =hJ uygonf?
u&ifeDe,fajrrS u&ife,fajr(rme,fyavma'o)odk@?/ 1995 ckESpf
rme,fyavmus+y;D u&ifeeD ,f ajrod@k ?/ &vvze,fajrod@k ? jyefvnf v_y&f mS ;=u&if;jzifh
awmfvSefa&;wm0efrsm;udk qufvufxrf;aqmifcGifh &cJh=uonf? wyf&if; (601)
taeESiyhf if “a'gi;f ppfonfpmapmif” udk trSwpf Of (5) txdxw k Ef ikd cf +hJ y;D ? “usm;qd;k ESihf
wkzuf+ydKifr,f” oDcsi;f acGuv kd nf; xkwaf 0Edik cf ahJ o;onf? ok@d aomf u&ifeeD ,fajrod@k
'kw, d t}udrjf yefvnftajccscsed f 1996 -ckEpS w f iG f wyf&if; (303)/ wyf&if; (210)/
wyf&if; (801) wk@d EiS hf yl;aygi;f um wyf&if;(4) tjzpf jyefvnfz@JG pnf; vdu k =f uojzif/h
xdt k csed rf pS wifum rdrw d @kd wyf&if; (601) qdo
k nfrmS ed*;Hk csKyfchJ &awmh.?

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
aemufq;Hk
rdrw d @dk tm; rsu&f nfpufvufEiS yhf if E_wq f ufum
oufqikd &f m
rdbrsm;&ifciG o f @kd jyefvnfc0kd if oGm;=uonfuv kd nf;
&ifeifph mG t}udr}f udrf awG@jrifc&hJ zl;.?
ytd0k hf e,fajrod@k a&muf&v Sd m=u ol (300) ausmt f euf
w0ufcef@jyefomG ;cJ=h uygonf?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1995 ckEpS /f {+yDv 26 &ufae@wiG f wyf&if;rSL;udw k ukd af rmif;usq;Hk +yD;aemuf

ydkif; rdrdwdk@&Jabmfrsm;onf 0g;tpnf;ajyouJhokd@jzpfum tcsKdŒtvif;jyef0ifjcif;/
tcsKŒd wwd,Edik if rH sm;ok@d xu G cf mG =ujcif;rsm;jzifh wppavsmyh g;cJah vonf? vuf&u Sd mv
wGif ABSDF Y rdrdwdk@wyf&if; (601) rS &Jabmfrsm; vufcsKd;a&wGufI &&kHom
useaf wmh.? od@k aomf use&f aJ bmfa[mif;rsm;rSm jynfwiG ;f jynfy/ Edik if t H oD;oD;/ e,fpyf
tzJ@G tpnf;toD;oD;ESihf 'kuo Q nfpcef; toD;oD;wd@k wiG f jyef@E@HS &iS o f efae=uqJ? tem*wf
tdyrf ufrsm;&Sad e=uqJ? vSr;f avSsmufae=uqJ?
ppftpdk;&rSvJGI Institutional Life ( tzJG@tpnf;qdkif&m,Ofaus;r_)
tm;enf;ae=uqJ jrefrmEdik if zH mG ; tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;xJwiG f rdrw d @kd wjzpfvJ wyf&if;
(601) onfvnf; wcktygt0ifjzpfonf r[kwyf gvm;? xd@k a=umifyh if jzpfysuq f o kd nfh
jzpfpOfwckukd q,fpEk pS f (2) ckrsS avmufom qJq G ef@Eikd cf =hJ uonf[k aumufcsucf sEikd rf nf
xif.? &nf&, G cf su/f pdwaf pwemrnfrsS yif oef@&iS ;f rGejf rwfygaomfvnf; Om%fynmESihf
&ifhusufr_rsm; enf;ygcJhaoma=umifh obm0jzpfysufw&m;}uD;udk tvG,fwul
t&_;H ay;cJ=h u&ayonf?
rnfo@kd yif jzpfysucf ahJ pumrl rdrw d @kd wyf&if; (601) . jzwfoef;r_rsm;rSmum;
tenf;qH;k tm;jzifh wpHk w&mESihf wpHw k a,mufw@kd twGuf wpHw k ck ? ?
vlAv
kd f
"gwyf EkH iS fh pmrlrsm;udk pma&;olu,
kd w
f ikd f ay;ydk jh cif;jzpfygonf// (20/ 12/2008)

owd&ydS g
nD!w G -f uyg
tjrifrSef-uyg?
&Jatmifausmf(armifapwem)
“q&mtmcH/ tmacgiv f pHS ;l ?” qdw k hJ pum;yHuk kd trsm;od=ur,fv@kd usaemf
xifygw,f?om"utaeeJ@ usawmfwdk@ i,fpOf rlvwef;ausmif;wufwkef;u/
oifc&hJ wJh acgi;f pOfav;yg?
vkvif wa,mufu AsKd if;waumif[m tpmpm;cg;eD;wdik ;f / zrf;rdxm;wJh
ig;av;ud/k avxJrmS ajrSmufvu kd f E_wo f ;D eJ@ zrf;vdu k ef @J / t}udr}f udrf vky+f yD;rS
pm;avh&ydS gw,f? 'gukd vkvifu jrifawG@ rSwo f m;+yD;/ wajz;wajz; avhusi&hf muae
aemufq;kH vSu H kd yg;pyfe@J zrf;wJx h /d wwfajrmufvmcJyh gw,f? 'Dvkd eJ@ vS!v hf nf
usupf m;aecJ&h mu/ bk&ifow d x
hJ d owif;a&muf+y;D / bk&ifa&S@rmS twwfynmjyocJyh g
w,f? bk&ifu qkv'f rsm;pGmcs +yD;/ ol@uakd r;ygw,f? 'Dtwwfynmudk oifay;wJ/h
oifq h &m b,f olvv J @kd ar;wJt h cg/ oljrifawG@ rSwo f m;cJw h /hJ wd&d p>mef jzpfaom
AsKd if;udk q&mvd@k ajym&rSm&Suv f @kd / u|Eyfk rf mS q&mr&Syd gv@kd q+kd yD; aecJ&h m/ aemufq;kH
vSu H rkd zrf;Edik yf /J tmacgirf mS vHpS ;l +yD;/ aocJ&h ygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm bk&m;a[mxm;wJh “avmurSm oifq&m/ jrifq&m/ =um;q&m”
qd+k yD;/ oH;k rsKd ; &Syd gw,f?

(1) q&mvkyv f o
kd al ygjcif;?
(2) ud,
k wf ikd u
f x=uG vHv k 0d&,
d r&d/S pnf;a0;wdik yf ifjcif;r&djS cif;?
(3) olwyg;udk uJ&h @J jypfwif&w _ cf sv,G jf cif; remvdjk cif;
teaE Wm teE W/ ig;yg;rSm q&mqdkwm aus;Zl; teEN &Sdygw,f? 'gudk
q&mha=umifh usaemfwwf&ygw,f/ aus;Zl;&Syd gw,fqw kd hJ *k%u
f kd acszsuw f wfaom
oabm/ um,uHr/_ 0pDurH /_ raemuHr_ rSm wckcu k akd omf4if;/ tvH;k pHu k akd omf4if;/
acszsuw f wfoo l nf uH}uD;xdu k w f wfygw,fqw kd hJ oHa0* owdw&m;udk od&adS p
vdyk gw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh }uD;pGmaom tysut f pD;rsKd ;eJ@ b0ed*;kH csKyfwwf a=umihf
odxm;zdv k @kd ygw,f?
,ae@ Ak'b Q mom xGe;f um;wJh usaemfw@kd jrefrmEdik if rH mS vJ bmomrwl
wdik ;f wyg;jcm;/ tkypf ;kd ESyd pf ufaewJ/h b0uae vGwaf tmif u,fwifcw hJ hJ aus;Zl;&Swd hJ
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; qdkwm/ tm; vHk;todyJ jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&atmif
jrefrmhordkif;rSm trsdK;rsdK;aom/ acgifaqmifawG e,ftoD; oD;u ol&Jaumif;awG
ay:xGe;f wGe;f vSecf =hJ uwm rSeyf gw,f? aus;Zl;&Syd gw,f? aemufq;kH vGwv f yfa&; qdw k hJ
wwd k i f ; jynf v H k ; jref r mjynf w ck v H k ; wG u f & atmif tvH q G w f c l ; Ed k i f c J h w m/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;qdk wmygy?J tvG,pf um;ajym&&if awmfwx hJ rJ mS tawmfq;kH
qdwk mygy?J
urBmEh ikd if t
H oD;oD;uvJ Adv k cf sKyf&@J *k%jf 'yf/ }udK;pm;cJyh /kH pdwo f abmxm;
qif;&JcyH /kH &d;k om; yH/k pwJh av;pm;xdu k +f yD;/ jrifjh rwfwhJ vlrsKd ;tjzpfa&muf&adS pcJyh gw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf&J@ aus;Zl;a=umifh jrefrm jynfol/ jynfom;rStp urBmrSm wcsdefu
jrefrmEdik if u
H qd&k if/ tJ'v D u l kd txif}uD;=uygw,f? av; pm;=uygw,f? tESrd cf b H 0
r[k w f y gbl ; ? urB m h t v,f r S m jref r mrsuf E S m yG i f h v ef ; cJ h y gw,f ? Ad k v f c sKyf
ao+yD;wJah emufyikd ;f rSmvJ 'Dwikd ;f rsuEf mS yGi;f vef;qJyg?
'gud k OD ; ae0if ; (ppf t pd k ; &) vuf x uf u p+yD ; / tcG i f ; aumif ; ,l /
qifjzLawmfr+DS yD;/ }uHpyk q f o kd vdrk sKd ;/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; aemufyikd ;f acgi;f aqmifq+kd yD;/
tcGiahf umif;awG&,l/ jynfojl ynfom;awG =uawmh/ arsmufjy/ qefawmif; qdo k vd/k
vkyt f m;cawG toH;k cs/ tjrwfxw k +f yD;/ ud, k u f sKd ; toH;k cs vmwm/ 'Dae@xyd gy?J
wdik ;f jynf&@J o,HZmwawGutp/ tukeyf gy?J
olw@kd trde@f u Oya'ygy?J olw@kd vkycf siw f mu Oya'ygy?J olw@kd tay:rSm
Oya'r&Syd /J olw@kd &@J vufatmufrmS om Oya'/ Oya' atmufrmS jynfoal wGqw kd m
&Si;f &Si;f av;yg? jrefrmjynfol jynfom;awGukd ppfa&;yHpk eH @J tkycf sKyfae =uwmyg?
bmwdu k yf vJG q J akd wmh ud, k t hf usKd ;atmifz@kd / 'ga=umifh tmcHvm&if t=urf;enf;/
+idraf e jyef&if tacsmeh nf;eJ@ twdu k cf H tzdEydS cf aH e&w,fqw kd m rrSm;ygb;l ?
}u@zH w G w f @kd bmwd@k pwJh olz@JG csio f vdzk @JG vlru
kd af rG;w,f qd&k rSmaygh &H;k awGup
jynfoal wGay: bma=u;nma=u;awmif; tJ'h &D wJah =u;awG vlru kd af wGukd cGaJ 0ay;=u?
tcGit hf a&;awG rufv;kH ay;+y;D jynfot l wGuf a,mifa,mif vlq;kd vlru kd af wG umuG,zf @kd
a,mifa,mifeJ@ udk,hfvkyf&yfukd jyefr=unfh=ubJ jynfoleJ@ &efwdkufay;wJhyHkpHrsKd;
jzpfaew,fqw kd m &J/ ppfom;/ &H;k 0efxrf;rS tp olw@kd arG;xm;wmbJv@kd usaemfjrifygw,f?
ormtmZD0ususe@J &Smpm;wJyh pkH rH [kwb f ;l qdw
k m owd,=ubd@k aumif;ygw,f?
ppftpd;k &&J@ pm;aomuf+y;D jypfcswhJ t&d;k udk pm;aomufae&wmudk t[kw}f u;D
atmufarh ae=uygw,f? ig;=uif;qDeJ@ ig;=uif;a=umfqdkwmrsKd;jzpf+yD;/ vlrnDrS
olw@kd twGuf oufq;kd &Snrf ,hu f ed ;f ?
xd k @ a=umif h b moma&;u¾wG i f v nf ; twk t a,mif v k y f = uygw,f ?
bk&m;vufxufu om"u&Syd gw,f?
a'0'wfu bk&m;udkremvdkawmh yxrt=urf;enf;jzpfwJh ausmufwHk;eJ@
vSrd chf sowf+y;D / qife@J eif;cdik ;f +y;D owjyf efw,f/ enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ayg@? 'gayrJh ratmifjrifb;l /
trsm;uodomG ;rSmvnf;pd;k w,fav?
aemufawmht=urf;enf;eJ@r&&if tEkenf;eJ@zsufbdk@}uHw,f/ &[ef;
awGvu kd ef m&cufatmif ynwfz@kd av#mufxm;w,f? acwfpum;t& ol@av#mufxm;
csuu f yJ ydak umif;atmif wifjyovdv k kd jrwfpmG bk&m;uvnf; 'Dtrde@f xw k zf @kd vdak eao;
ovdkvdk &[ef;awGuyJ tusifhxyfvdkaeao;+yD; trsm; =um;aumif;atmif
wifjywJyh pkH rH sK;d jzpfaew,f? bmav#mufxm;ovJ qdak wmh -
(1) &[ef;awG +rKd @&mG xJu ausmif;awGrmS raeygapESi/hf awmxJ opfwpfyif&if;/
0gwpfyif&if; Yom aexdik f usi}hf uHygap?
(2) oufowfvw G u f o kd m qGr;f bkO;f ay;ygap?
(3) 'g,u d mwd@k yifzh w d af om qGr;f ouFe;f udk roH;k aqmifygap ESihf qGr;f cHIom
oH;k aqmifygap?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
'ga=umifh ppftpd;k &eJ@ ywfoufrw _ ikd ;f

}uD;pGmtE &W m,f&ySd gw,f? rke;f vnf; tE &W m,f cspv f nf;
ud,k yf gov
l @kd jzpfomG ;+yD; tukov kd ef J@ b0&Sif&r,fqdkwJh
tod jrJ=uyg?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
(4) yH\ul jzpfaom ouFe;f udo k m aqmif,yl g tydk raqmifygap ESi?hf

tJ h ' D t csuf av;csuf u d k ynwf a v#muf x m;awmh jrwf p G m bk & m;u
olpdwft}uHtpDudk odae+yD; “a'0'wf --rvdkao;bl;/ tcgtm;av#mhpGmom
vdtk yfovdk igynwfr,fq+kd y;D y,fcsvu kd w f ,f?”tJ'h ge@J a'0'wfu tjcm;&[ef;awGukd
olu jrwfpGmbk&m;udk ydkaumif;atmifwifjywm jrwfpGmbk&m;u vufrcHbl;?
ol@av#mufxm;csuu f yJ ydak umif;ovdrk sK;d ajymqdk pnf;&H;k xifa,mifxifrmS ; jzpfap+y;D ?
tJ'h D rSmwif oHCmoif;cGw J hJ tjzpfukd pawmhwm aemufq;kH ajrrsKw d t hJ xd jzpfawmhrS
jrwfpmG bk&m;udk ol@trSm; u h kd 0ifcuH efawmhwmygy?J
tckvb J J ppftpd;k &tae ESihf a'0'wf yHpk rH sK;d eJ@ enf;rsK;d rsK;d / aqmify'k t f rsK;d rsK;d
ajymwwfygw,f? Oyrm- wyfrawmfomtrd/ wyfrawmfomtz/ v'fay;v'f,l
wd@k &efo
k l pwJh pmyk't f rsK;d rsK;d od=uwJh twdik ;f ygy?J Xmeqdik &f m ae&mwdik ;f rSm &dyS gw,f?
“aemufq;kH pnf;urf; jynf0h wJh 'Dru kd a&pDq+kd yD;” atmfae wm &,fp&mjzpfaeyg+yD?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; aus;Zl;udkvnf;urf;--tenf;i,fajym&&if AdkvfcsKyfyHkudk
b,f&;kH XmerSmrS rcsw d af wmhbJ ydu k qf aH wGrmS vnf; Adv k cf sKyf&yk yf u
kH kd ajzmufzsuyf pf+yD;
wcg ausmif;ocFe;f pm awGrmS vnf; Adv k cf sKyof rdik ;f tus,w f 0ifh r&daS wmhygb;l jzpfEikd &f if
vGwv f yfa&;&wm[m Adv k cf sKyfa=umifh r[kwb f ;l vd@k &nf!e$ ;f csif aeygw,f?
'ga=umifh Adv k cf sKyforD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf(usaemfw@kd acgi;f aqmif) udk
trsKd;rsKd;ykwfcwf ajymqdk/ enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ acsmufwGef;aewm tm;vHk;todygbJ?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf acgif;aqmifrludk vdkvm;wJh 'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ESifh
jrefrmEdkifiH jynfol/jynfom;awG tay:rSmvnf; &efoltjzpf &dSae+yDqdkwm t+rJ
owdcsy=f uyg? jrwfpmG bk&m; a[m=um;cJw h hJ (rif;qd;k rif;npfqw kd m) ud, k q
f ;kd ,Hw
k ifru
olwyg;udyk g b,fv'kd u k aQ y;&rvJqw kd mrsK;d udk jrwfpmG bk&m;u a[m=um;xm;wmyg?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
q&mudv k nf; aus;Zl;uef;

oHCmudv k nf; jypfrmS ; / owfjzwf - ole@J ywfowfaewJh
tzG@J tpnf;awG/ 0efxrf;awG/ todik ;f t0ef;awG vGepf mG
oem;rdygw,f?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
'ga=umifh ppftpd;k &eJ@ ywfoufrw l ikd ;f }uD;pGmtE &W m,f&ySd gw,f? rke;f vnf; tE &W m,f
cspvf nf; ud, k yf govl @kd jzpfomG ;+yD; tukov kd ef @J b0&Si&f r,fqw kd hJ tod jrJ=uyg?
txufuaz: jycJo h vdk a'0'wf[m jrwfpmG bk&m;eJ@ *d% k ;f cGx
J u G +f y;D olaemuf
tcsKd@&[ef;awG@ ygoGm;=uygw,f? tcsKd@vlawGu tp a'0'wfudk txif}uD;+yD;
vSL'gef;=uygw,f? 'gudk &SiftmeENmu jrwfpGmbk&m;udk a'0'wfta=umif;
av#mufwJhtcg “cspfom; tmeENm a'0'wf. v'fvmb wdk;wuf jcif;onf
vsipf mG aom qkw, f wk rf ul kd jzpfapawmhrnf ”[k rde@f =um;awmfrcl yhJ gw,f?
xdk@twl etz. tusKd;pD;yGm; wdk;wufaer_wdk@onf vsifpGm qkwf,kwf
ysupf ;D rnf[k usaemfwxpfcs ,H=k unfygonf? q&mudv k nf; aus;Zl;uef; oHCmudv k nf;
jypfrmS ;/ owfjzwf - ole@J ywfowfaewJh tzG@J tpnf;awG/ 0efxrf;awG/ todik ;f t0ef;awG
vGepf mG oem;rdygw,f?
'gudk tzGJ@tpnf;wdkif;rSm owd&dS=ubdk@ bk&m;urdef@cJhbl;wm &dSygw,f?
toif;tzG@J tpnf;wd@k &J ysupf ;D &m ta=umif;rSm-
(1) q&mvkyv f o
kd al ygjcif;?
(2) ud, k wf ikd u
f x=uG vHv k 0d&, d r&d/S pnf;a0;wdik yf ifjcif;r&djS cif;?
(3) olwyg;udk uJ&h @J jypfwif&w _ cf sv, G jf cif; remvdjk cif; ponfw@kd onf
toif;. ysupf ;D &mjzpfa=umif; rde@f =um;cJb h ;l ygw,f?
'ga=umifh ,ae@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfacgif;aqmifaom 'Drdkua&pD
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ 0ifaeaom wOD;jcif;pDrStp-toif;tzGJ@tpnf;
toD;oD;wdik ;f vufw+JG y;D owd&ySd g nD!w G yf g tjrifreS =f u ygv@kd wdu k w f eG ;f vdu k &f ygw,f?
&Jatmifausm(f armifapwem)
12-12-2009

p-um0VmxJu
'dik ,
f mvufwpf
(13)
rd;k ajropf
azmfjycJo h nfh a@&t S cef;rsm;wGif

um;vfrmhufpf. 'dkif,mvufwpfudk
tES p f c sKyf I &S i f ; vif ; azmf j ycJ h & mwG i f
wuUaA'ESihf puf,E , W m;&ky0f g'wd@k uykd g
&Si;f vif;cJ&h onf? xdo k @kd &iS ;f vif;cJ&h onfh
ta=umif;rSm rmhupf . f tawG;tac: jzpfonfh 'dik , f mvufwpf onf wuUaA'ESihf
wd k u f & d k u f q ef @ usif a eouJ h o d k @ / puf , E W , m;&k y f 0 g'ES i f h y g qef @ usif a eojzif h
rnf o d k @ qef @ usif a =umif ; E_ d i f ; ,S O f oH k ; oyf & ayonf ? Ed _ i f ; &w&m;t& xd k o d k @
Ed_if;,SOfoHk;oyfrSom 'dkif,mvufwpfonf rnfonfht&mjzpfonfudk xif&Sm;
ay:vGiv f mrSmjzpfonf? xd@k jyif 'dik , f mvufwpf (tEkyÉdavmr)ESihf &ky0f g' wom;xJ/
wv$mxJ aygi;f pyfvu kd o f nfh tEkyÉdavmr &ky0f g'udk em;vnfrmS vnf; jzpfonf?
xdrk #omru a@&yS ikd ;f tcef;i,frsm;wGif emrf0g'/ pdw0f g'/ &ky0f g' wd@k uykd g xyfzef
wvJvJ a&;om;azmfxw k cf +hJ yD; jzpfonf? '\eduaA' (ac: ) tawG;tac: aA'udk
pdw0f ifpm;ol vli,frsm;/ xdk jh yif rmhupf 0f g'udk avhvmvko d rl sm; taejzifh pdw0f g' (od@k r
[kwf) emrf0g'ESifh &kyf0g'wdk@udkyg ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; od&Sdae&ayvdrfhrnf? odk@rSom
pdw0f ifpm;ol/ avhvmvdo k rl sm;onf a&&Snaf vhvm&eftwGuf tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;
udk ydrk I
kd qkwu f ikd v
f mEdik rf mS jzpfonf? od@k jzpf&m Ttcef;i,fwiG f a0g[m&&Si;f vif;csuf
oabmrsKd ; emrf0g' (ac: ) pdw0f g'ESihf &ky0f g'udk zGiq hf &kd rnfjzpfonf?
pdw0f g'
pdw0f g'onf tajccHtm;jzifh bmoma&;jzpfonf? bmomt,l0g' jzpfonf?
wcsKd @aom pdw0f g'onf bmoma&;0wf&u Hk kd cGmcsxm;onf qdak omfvnf;/ pdw0f g'
wckv;kH onf jy\emrsm;tm; bmoma&;t& csO;f uyfojd rifrr_ S ayguzf mG ;vmjcif;
jzpfonf? pdw0f g'onf Oyg'gef pGv J rf;r_rsm;/ obm0r[kwaf om t&mudk ,H=k unfrr_ sm;/
v#Kd 0h u
S f eufeI J rodem;rvnfEikd af om t&mrsm;udk ,H=k unf ud;k uG,rf r_ sm;ESihf cGI J r&ay?
&ky0f g'onf &kyu f rBm avmu}uD;wGif wu,f&/dS t[kw&f adS om
t&mrsm;jzifo h mtajzudk &SmazGwifjyayonf? prf;oyfppfaq; &Edik af om/ em;vnf
Edik af om/ xdr;f csKyfEikd af om ta=umif;t&mrsm;jzifo h m tajzudk &SmazGwifjyayonf?
pdw0f g'ESihf ywfoufI xyfrH &Si;f vif;zd@k vdt k yfygonf?
bmoma&;ukd pGpJ v JG ef;vef; ouf0if,=kH unfjcif;/ pdwEf iS q hf ikd af om obm0
r[kwfaom t&m0wWKrsm;udk ouf0if,Hk=unfjcif; ponfhwdk@udk jyKvkyf&mwGif
xm0&bk&m; udk ,H=k unforl sm;onf qifjcifpOf;pm;^m%f/ a0zefyikd ;f jcm;aom ^m%fjzifh
vufcH=ujcif; r[kwfay? ol. pdwfobm0 twGif;wGif udef;atmif;aeonfh
wpH k w ck a om t&mjzif h o m vuf c H = ujcif ; jzpf o nf ? od k @ jzpf v #if ,if ; uJ h o d k @
ouf0if,=kH unfr_ rsKd ;onf b,fu pwifco hJ enf;? bmomw&m;rsm;u oGeo f ifem;csrr_ S
pwifco hJ nf? 'gukd bk&m;ocifu +rGu=f um;cJo h nf? r,H=k unfIrjzpf/ ,H=k unf&rnf[k
owfrw S cf ohJ nf? xdek m;csoeG o f ifr_ rSwqifh ,H=k unfvmcJjh cif; jzpfonf? vlonf obm0
tiftm;pkrsm;udk &ifqdkif&aom tcgwGif obm0tiftm;pkrsm;. ta=umif;udk
odem;vnfjcif; r&Sb d J cdu
k ;kd &mrJjh zpfvm.? obm0 tjzpftysurf sm; (Oyrm ae=uwfjcif;/
ajriv#iv f y_ jf cif;) onf rjrifprG ;f Edik o f nfh ae&m/ bHXk mersm;rS 0dnmOfrsm;. ud, k x f ifjyr_
[k,lqcJh=uonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh vlonf obm0r[kwfaom t&mrsm;udk4if;/
bmoma&; awG;ac:r_rsm;ud4k if;/ ,H=k unfouf0if vmawmhonf?
Oyrm? ? v,fxu G o f ;D ES aH umif;jcif;onf vrdik ;f ewf. apmifrh r_a=umif[ h k
,H=k unf ,lqcJo h nf ? aumufyo J ;D ESrH sm; zG@+H zKd ;jcif;onf orma'0. apmifrh r_a=umif[ h k
,lqcJ=h uonf? ajriv#iv f y_ jf cif;onf TurBmajrudk xrf;xm;aom ajrapmifeh wfrif;
}uD;av;yg;wd@k ykc;kH ajymif;aoma=umifh jzpfonf[k ,H=k unfc=hJ uonf? rd;k csKef;oHonf
tol&m od=um;rif;u ppfcif;pOf ewfpnfukd wD;jcif;jzpfonf[k ,H=k unfouf0ifjcif;?
vlay:p ausmufacwf vlom;rsm;rStp/ odyyH` nmxGe;f opfonfh ,ae@umvtqH;k
vlwdk@onf obm0 tiftm;pkrsm;udk Tenf;jzifh t"dy`g,faumuf,lcJhonf?
vlwef;pm;tzG@J tpnf; ay:ayguv f maom tcgwiG f vlrq _ ufqaH &; w&m;rsm;onf
vlu}kd uD;pd;k vmonf? omref vlrsm;xuf &Sib f &k ifrsm;/ rSL;rwfrsm;u jrifjh rwfonf/

&Sib f &k ifrsm;/ rSL;rwfrsm;xuf bk&m;ocifu jrifjh rwfonf[k wDxiG zf efw;D vm=uonf?
od@k jzifh vlonf vl@tzG@J tpnf;. tpd;k &aom obm0r[kwo f nfh ud,
k pf m;jyK tzG@J rsm;udk
wDxiG v f m=uonf? xd@jk yif urBmavmu}u;D udk pdwef mrfqikd &f m urBmavmuESi&hf yk q f ikd f
&murBmavmu[lI ESpcf jk zpfatmif zefw;D vm=uonf? Tod@k tm;jzifh bmomw&m;
tm;vH;k / pdw0f g'tm;vH;k onf pdwef mrfurBm avmu/ &kyu f rBmavmu[k urBmavmu
ESpcf pk vH;k udk vufc=H uonf? wu,fh &kyu f rBmudk pdw/f emrfurBmu vGr;f rd;k aeonfqkd
aom t,ltqudk zefw;D vm=uonf? urBmavmuonf yÉdyuQEpS cf k jzpfvmawmh
onf? pdw0f g'. t"duvuQ%mrsm;wGif xdu k ohJ @kd aom yÉdyuQEpS cf .
k toGirf sm;om
jzpfvm=uonf? Oyrm 0dnmOfEiS hf cE<mud, k /f xm0&bk&m;ocifEiS hf vl/ edAŠmefbEkH iS hf
vl@bHk/tod^m%fjzifhom zrf;,l&Edkifaom awG;ac: pdwful;r_rsm;ESifh tm&Hkjzifh
zrf;,lEidk af om &kyf trSew f &m; ponfw h @kd jzpfonf?
pdw0f g't&qdv k #if &kyrf [kwo f nfh ydI k ppfreS o f nfh urBmavmu}u;D wck&o dS nf?
T&kyrf [kwaf om urBmavmu}u;D onf &kyu f rBmavmu}u;D xuf y"geusonf[4k if;/
&kyfr[kwfaom urBmavmu}uD;onf tqHk;pGefaom ta=umif;w&m;jzpfonf?
tqH;k pGeaf om rlvw&m;jzpfonf[k vufcx H m;=uonf? xd@k jyif &kyu f rBmavmu}uD;
onf &kyrf [kwaf om urBmavmu}uD;. vufatmufcH jzpfonf[4k if; ,lqonf?
&ky0f g't&qdv k #if wckwnf;aom urBmavmu}u;D om&So d nf? ,if;onfum; &kyu f rBm
avmu}u;D om jzpfonf[k ,lqonf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;xJwiG f pdw0f g'onf enf;rsKd ;pHk
jzifh ay:xGuv f mcJo
h nf? enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh azmfxw k x f m;aom pdw0f g'onf Tod@k aom
ed*;kH rsm;udk azmfne$ ;f avonf? (1) &kyu f saom trSew f &m;. txufY pdwef mrfusaom
trSew f &m;&So d nf? (2) &kyu
f saom trSew f &m;udk pdwef mrfusaom trSew f &m;jzifo h m
azmf j yEd k i f o nf ? xd k o abmw&m; ES p f c k E S i f h xd k o abmw&m;ud k aqmif o nf h
=o0g'wdik ;f onf pdw0f g'wGif t}uKH;0ifae=uonf?
&ky0f g'
&ky0f g'onf w&m;aousaom pepfwckr[kwaf y? &ky0f g'onf jy\emwdik ;f udk
t"dyg` ,f aumuf,al om/ vufcEH vS ;kH oGi;f aom/ &Si;f vif;azmfjyaom enf;w&yfom
jzpfonf? obm0. toGio f ¾mefrsm;udk csO;f uyf&mwGi4f if;/ avhvm odjrif&mwGi4f if;/
xGuaf y:vmaom t,ltqonf &kyu f sayonf? pwmvifu Tod@k qo kd nf “tEk

yÉd a vmr&k y f 0 g'onf obm0. toG i f o ¾mef r sm;ud k
csO;f uyf&mwGi4f if;/ avhvm odjrif&mwGi4f if;/ tEkyÉdavmrenf;
usayonf” [kqo kd nf?
rmhufpf ESifhwuG tdef*s,f/ vDeif/ pwmvif ponfh EdkifiHa&;
f &m;opPmonf od y ` H y nm&S i f r sm;onf &k y f 0 g'ES i f h tEk y Éd a vmrenf ; ud k
trSew
vlr+ b0ESihf aygi;f pyfc=hJ uonf? tEkyÉdavmr &ky0f g'[lI (tEkyÉdavmr
obm0&kyb f 0 ESiyhf wfoufI a@&yS ikd ;f wGif xyfzefwvJvJ &Si;f vif; zGiq hf ckd +hJ yD;jzpf
rSmyJ &Sod nf? onf?) t&m0wWK rsm;udk ajymif;vJzefw;D a&;twGuf xd&k yk 0f wWK
xdt
k rSew f &m; rsm;udk od&edS m;vnf&ef vdo k nf? od&edS m;vnfap&ef avhvm&
opPmudk rnf?odk@&mwGif pdwWZqefaom pepfrsm;t& avhvmjcif;rsdK;
av;eufjrwfE;kd rjzpf&ay? od@k jzpf&m t&m0wWKrsm;udk wu,fah jymif;vJrr_ sm;/
olwkd o h nf tnrn qufo, G rf r_ sm; t&om avhvmjcif;udk tEkyÉdavmr
c&D;oGm;[efvJ$ &ky0f g' [lI ac:qdv k u kd jf cif;jzpfonf? &ky0f g'udk vufcaH om &ky0f g'D
yJjzpfjzpf/ wd@k onf (a,bl,stm;jzif)h Tod@k qkyu f ikd xf m;=uonf?
wrif yxrtcsuf? ? &kyf0g'orm; avmutjrifonf &kyfb0udk
&nf&, G cf sufEiS hf avh v mcsOf ; uyf & mY ,if ; b0onf pd w f 0 g'qef o nf h
yJ jzpfap/ pdwful;rsm;ESifh uif;vGwfI wnf&Sdaeonf [lIjzpfonf?
&ky0f g'Drsm; 'kwd,tcsu?f ? &kyb f 0/ vlrb _ 0udk =unfjh rif&mwGif obm0
jzpfvmcJo h nfrmS ESio hf rdik ;f wd@k yg0ifaom wu,fwnf&adS om urBmavmu}uD;
wu,fawmh udo k m =unfjh rifonf?
tqef;wus,f wwd,tcsu?f ? pdw0f g'qef aom/ pdw0f g' ppfppfjzpfaom(2ck
udprP [kwaf y? pvH;k ). pdwu f ;l / pdwo f ef;rsm;onf &ky0f g'orm; qkyu f ikd x f m;
obm0usonfh aom avmutjrifw@kd onf vdu k af vsmnDaxGjcif;r&Sd ,Ho k mru/
udpyP ifjzpfonf? tqef; wus,f jzpfavmufatmif nDnwfjcif;vnf; r&So d jzifh
&ky0f g'orm; avmutjrifonf pdw0f g'qef aom/ pdw0f g'jzpf
aom pdwu f ;l rsm;udk tnSmtwmuif;rJph mG ypfy,favonf?
TonfrSm tdef*s,fvdpf. &kyf0g'tay:t"dy`g,f
zGiq hf ckd sujf zpfayonf? wcsKd @ aom vly*k Kd~ vfrsm;onf rodrom
jzpfap/ odoo d momyJjzpfap &ky0f g'udk vuQx H m;=u+y;D jzpfonf?

trSew f &m;opPmonf vlrb _ 0ESihf obm0&kyb f 0rSmyJ &So d nf? xdt
k rSew f &m; opPmudk
av;eufjrwfE;kd olw@kd onf c&D;oGm;[ef
v$yJ jJ zpfjzpf/ wrif&nf&, G cf suEf iS yhf J jzpfap/ &ky0f g'rD sm; jzpfvmcJh
onfrmS wu,fawmh tqef;wus,f udprP [kwaf y? obm0usonfh udpyP ifjzpfonf?
c&D;oGm;[efv[ J$ k qd&k mY Armjynfvw G af jrmufa&;/ ppftm%m&Sipf epfEiS hf zufqpfppftyk f
pkatmufrS tzdEydS cf v H x
l k toD;oD; vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf ud, k uf sKd ; pGe@f ay;tyfum
&ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;=u&if; awmfveS af &;tiftm;pk0ifwcsKd @onf vlr&_ yk b f 0udk csO;f uyf&if;
&ky0f g'rD sm;jzpfvmcJ=h uonfukd qdv k akd yonf?
&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'jcm;em;csuf
jy\emwdik ;f udk t"dyg` ,af umuf,l zGiq hf &kd mY &ky0f g'ESihf pdw0f g'onf ajzmifh
ajzmif}h uD; qef@usiu f m jcm;em;aeonf? jy\emrSeo f r#ud o k &d edS m;vnfap&ef tm;
xkwf }uKd ;pm;&mwGiv f nf; &kyuf saomenf;ESihf pdwq f efaom enf;[lI &Sad yonf? od@k jzpf
&ky0f g'ESihf pdw0f g'onf urBmavmu}uD;. obm0udk t"dyg` ,af umuf,&l mwGio f m
jcm;em; jcif;r[kwf vufawG@wiG v f nf; &ky0f g'ESiphf w d 0f g'onf qef@usiaf oma'oESpcf k
qdo@kd OD;wnfae=uonf? Tod@k jzifh vufawG@vyk af qmifa&;twGuf qG, J =l uaom
aumufcsuw f iG vf nf; qef@usijf cm;em; ae=uayawmhonf?
,if;wd@k onf jy\emwckukd =unfjh rif&mwGif b,fyb kH ,fenf;
jcm;em;=uonfudk Oyrmay;I &Sif;vif;&v#if ydkIoifhawmfrnf[k ,lqygonf?
jrifawG@ae=ujzpfaom obm0.toGifo¾mefwckjzpfonfh rdk;xpfcsKef;oHudk
pdw0f g'orm;ESihf &ky0f g'orm; wd@k onf rnfo@kd qef@usijf cm;em;I =unfjh rif=uonfukd
avhvm=unf=h u&atmif....
Oyrm(1)? ? bma=umifh rd;k xpfcsKef;oHrsm; jzpfay:vmoenf;?
pdwf0g'orm;tjri
orm;tjrif? ? (1)xm0&bk&m;ocifonf pdwq f ;kd awmfrIl rd;k }udK;
ESihf v#ypf ;D ukv
d l ah vmuod@k apv$wjf cif;jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh rd;k xpfcsKef;oHonf xm0&
bk&m;ocif. trsuaf 'goa=umifh jzpfay:vmonf?
(2) vlavmwGif aumif;ol&o dS nf? raumif;ol&dS
onf? aumif;uifrS od=um;rif;u aumif;olukd u,frnf/ raumif;olukd y,frnfjzpf
onf? xk@d a=umifh raumif;ol. OD;acgi;f udk rd;k }udK;oGm;jzpf ypfciG &hf ojzifh rd;k }udK;ypfpOf
rd;k xpfcsKef;jcif; jzpfonf?
&kyf0g'orm;tjri
orm;tjrif? ?(1) rdk;csKef;oHonf obm0tiftm;pk rsm;a=umifh
jzpfay:vmonf? xm0&bk&m;ocif. a'goa=umifrh [kw/f wdrw f u kd rf sm;xJwiG f &Sad om
&ky0f wWKwckEiS hf wck wdu k cf u kd &f mrS rd;k xpfcsKef;oH xGuaf y:vmjcif;jzpfonf?
(2)v#yfppfody`Hynm&Sifrsm;/ rdk;av0oZvaA' ody`Hynm&Sifrsm;/ ponfh
obm0 odyyH` nm&Sirf sm;. prf;oyfavhvmr_rS &&So d nfth ajzv$mudk vuQv H u kd =f u onf?
aumif;uifxJwGif jyif;xefonfh tyl"gwf/ tat;"gwfwdk@ xdawG@wdkufcdkuf&mrS
ay:ayguv f monfh toHjzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh tiftm;jyif;xefonfh v#ypf pftzdEk iS hf
trwd@k xdawG@&ifqikd &f mrS ay:xGuv f mcJo h nfh rd;k csKef;oHjzpfonf?
Oyrm(2)? ? bma=umifh qif;&JoEl iS chf sr;f omol[k uGjJ ym;ae=uoenf;?
pd w f 0 g'orm;tjrif ? ?(1) xm0&bk&m;ocifu zefwD;ay;vdkufjcif;
jzpfonf? qif;&Jjcif; csr;f omjcif;onf xm0&bk&m;ocif. tvdak wmftwdik ;f om
jzpf=uonf?
(2) wcsdK@ pdwf0g'orm;rsm;. tjrif? ? csr;f omolrsm;onf toH;k tpGJ
uspfvpfI t&Snfudk ajrSmfjrifwwfonf? qif;&Jolrsm;rSm toHk;tpGJ vufzGmol/
tajr‡mt f jrif r&So d wl @kd jzpfonf? qif;&Jjcif;/ csr;f omjcif;onf “vl.p&du k ”f ay:wGif
wnfonf? “vl.obm0” ay:wGif wnfonf[k vufc, H =kH unf=uonf?
(3) wcsdK@ pdwf0g'orm;wdk@. tjrif? ? vlwpfa,muftjzpf rjzpfay:
rSD twdwb f 0 tqufqufwiG f vuf&b dS 0csr;f om&m csr;f omapa=umif; ukov kd f
aumif;r_ tpkp/k ayurf;pGe@f }urJ _ tpkpw k @kd jyKvyk cf o
hJ o l nfom csr;f om=u, G 0f I/ ukov dk f
aumif;r_r&So d /l enf;yg;olonf ,QKb0wGif qif;&Jiwfrw G af om/ a&m*gxal jymaom/
touf wdak wmif;aom b0udk &&So d nf[k jrif=uonf? csr;f om=u, G 0f jcif;/ qif;&Jjcif;/
ynmwwfjcif;/ ynmrJhjcif;/ =oZmtm%m&Sdjcif;/ rJhjcif;/ tcGifhta&; &xm;olESifh
tcGit hf a&; uif;rJo h l wd@k onf a&S;twdwf ukov kd u f EH iS hf oufqikd o f nf?
&kyf0g'orm;tjri
orm;tjrif? ? vl t h zG@J tpnf;wGif qif;&JoEl iS hf csr;f omol[I l
uGjJ ym; ae&jcif;onf b0wnf+rJrt _ wGuf &ky0f wWKrsm; xkwv f yk af &; pepfay:wGiw f nf
onf? wcsKd @onf ajr,mrsm;ESihf ukex f w k u f &d,mrsm; ydik q f ikd I f / tcsKd @rmS xdyk ikd q f ikd f
xm; olrsm; twGuf tvkyv f yk af y;&aoma=umifh jzpfonf? ydik q f ikd rf r_ &So
d o l nf rnfr#yif
}udK;pm;tm; xkwo f nf jzpfap/ ac| wm pkaqmif;onfjzpfap/ qif;&J+rJ qif;&Jum/

&ky0f g'ESihf pdw0f g'onf urBmavmu}uD;. obm0udk t"dyg` ,faumuf,&l mwGio f m
jcm;em;jcif;r[kwv f ufawGw h iG v
f nf;&ky0f g'ESiphf w
d 0f g'onfqefu
h sifaoma'o
ESpcf qk o
d kd h OD;wnfae}uonf? Todk jh zifh vufawGv h yk af qmifa&;twGuf qG,J }l uaom
aumufcsufwiG v
f nf; qef u h sifjcm;em; ae}uayawmhonf?
ydik q
f ikd rf _ &So
d u l om tvkyv f yk o f . l toD;tyGirhf sm;udk cHpm;um csr;f omonfxuf
csr;f omrnfom jzpfonf? xdu k ohJ @kd aom jy\emrsKd ;wGiv f nf; &ky0f g'orm;ESiphf w
d 0f g'
orm;wdk@onf tjrifjcif; qef@usifjcm;em;=uayonf? tjrifjcif; jcm;em;ojzifh
tvkyv f nf; jcm;em;=uayonf? pdw0f g'orm;onf rd;k csKef;oHEiS hf v#ypf ;D vufjcif;udk
0yfwmG ;ud;k uG,f qkawmif;rnf? &ky0f g'orm;onf rd;k }udK;v$u J &d,mudk wyfqifrnf?
pdwf0g'orm;onf csrf;omv#ifydkI csrf;omatmif tvSL'gejyKI qkawmif;rnf?
qif;&Jv#if uH=urRmudk used q f rJ nf? &ky0f g'orm;onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;}u;D tm; ajymif;vJ
&ef enf;vrf;udk &SmazGrnf? Tod@k jzifh &ky0f g'ESihf pdw0f g'onf jcm;em;ayonf?
wcsKd @u &ky0f g'ESihf pdw0f g'onf qef@usijf cm;em;aeaom vl@usi0hf wfqikd &f m
oabmw&m;rsm; jzpfonf[k qdo k nf? wcku pdwo f abmxm; }u;D jrwfI wckupdwf
oabmxm; ,kwn f u hH m twWtusKd ;udk =unfo h nf[k qd=k uonf? trSerf mS Tod@k r
[kwaf y? Tenf;jzifh =unfv h #if pdw0f g'orm; cH,cl suEf iS hf &ky0f g'orm; cH,cl suw f @kd
jcm;em;=uyku H kd b,fawmhrS em;vnfEikd rf nfr[kwaf y?
&kyf0g'DESifh pdwf0g'Dwdk@udk tESpfxkwf=unfhv#if Todk@awG@&rSm jzpfonf?
pdwo f nf &kyx f uf y"geusonf[al om t"dyg` ,af umuf,el nf;onf pdw0f g'jzpfI
&kyfonf y"geus onf[laom t"dy`g,f aumuf,lenf;onf &kyf0g'jzpfayonf?
&kyo f nfpw d . f tqH;k t jzwf jyKjcif;udk cH&I &kyo f nf pdwu
f kd trSo D [J jyKaeonf/
wnfraDS eonf[k pdw0f g'w D @kd u vufc, H q
l xm;onf? xdek nf;wlpmG yif pdwo f nf&yk . f
tqH;k tjzwf jyKjcif;udk cH&onf? pdwo f nf &kyu
f kd trSo
d [JjyKaeonf [k &ky0f g'w D @kd u
vufc, H q l xm;onf? Tjcm;em;csuo f nf urBmavmu}u;D wckv;kH ESihf ywfoufaom
a,bk,s tbd"rRm cH,cl suw f iG f omru/ omrn t&m0wWK tjzpftysurf sm;ESihf
ywfoufaom cH,cl suw f iG v f nf; xif [yf azmfjyv#uf &Sad yonf?
(qufvufazmfjyygrnf )
rd;k ajropf
22/ Edk0ifbm/ 2009

tcef;quf
cGgndK
tGev
f ikd ;f rSm vmpkrad e=uonfh i,fi,fw;kH u oli,fcsi;f awG&ŒJ eHrnfawGukd
ai;arm&ifckefvSsuf pdwfv_yf&Sm;aerdonf? Oa&myuwpfa,muf tar&dum;u
ESpaf ,muf/ aemfa0uwpfa,muf t*Fvefuwpfa,muf/ xkid ;f Edik if H 'kuo Q nf pcef;xJu
oHk;a,muf ukd,fujrefrmjynfxJu udk,fhta=umif; ol@ta=umif;awG zvS,f
vku d =f uwm tcsed af wG tukejf refvu kd w f m[kyif em&Dvufwu H kd aemufjyef qJx G m;
vdu k cf sif ao;onfav h h /h /
“tck igw@kd ae&mrSm t&rf;at;ae+yD? 'Dae@a&cJrw S af tmufusaew,f” [k
tar&duefu oli,fcsif;a0+idrf;qDu pmwef;av;wufvmonf? c%ae&if
igt
h rd af &SŒuESi;f yHek @J "gwyf &kH u
kd x
f m;wmyd@k ay;vku d rf ,f[k qufa&;vmonf?
“rif;u at;wmpmzJ@G ae igae aewJh aemfa0rSm ae@ajcmufv najcmufveJ@
oGm;aewm/ aea&mifjrifz@dk rajymeJ@ ae@ tvif;a&mif awmifr&Sb d ;l [” [k aemfa0u
oli,fcsi;f u 0ifajymonf? najcmufvqdo k nfph um;u udrk sK;d Edik pf w
d u
f kd tawmfav;
ykwEf ;d_ vku
d of nf? Edik if rH sm;pGmudk olu Edik if aH &;&_a'giu hf om avhvmrSwo f m;cJzh ;l onf?
yx0D0if taetxm;t&rSmawmh oltawmfav; avhvmzd@k vakd o;wmyJ[k aw;rSwf
vduk o f nf? onftcsed rf mS yJ a0+idr;f yd@k vu dk af om ol@"gwyf akH &mufvmonf?

trSet
f rSm;qdw k mu tajctaeeJ@ tcsed t f cgtvku d f
vly*k Kd~ vf wa,mufcsi;f pD}uKH &wJh oD;oef@tcuftcJ tvku d f
oD;oef@wnf&adS erSmyg? 'gukd pdwyf suaf ezd@k ud, k t
hf pDtpOfzsuf
ypfz@kd awmh rvkyd gb;l uGm” ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
“rif;"gwfyHka&mufvm+yD”[k vSrf;ajymawmh a0+idrf;u “rif;wdk@qDu
tifwmeuf access awGu t&rf;aES;w,fqdkvdk@ yHkqdk'fawGcsKHŒay;vkdufw,f?
yHkt&nftaoG;uawmh odyfaumif;rSmr[kwfbl;? trSwfw&jrif&&HkayghuGm”
[kjyefa&;onf?
ESif;awGazG;aeaomtdrfa&SŒrSm xGuf&yfaeaom oli,fcsif;&JŒ rsufESmu
t&ifuxuf jzLvmaomfvnf; ESi;f awmxJrmS xlyaG omt0wf}uD;xJ 0ifae&aom
oli,fcsi;f rsuEf mS rSm jrefrmqefaom taiGŒawGraysmufao; “rif;u qHyif&n S u f kd ckxd
}uKd ufw;kH aemf”
“}udKufvdk@r[kwfbl;[/ tar&duef aiGacspepfudkr}udKufvdk@ rnSyfwm?
rif;pOf;pm;=unfu h mG ? qHyifqikd x
f 0J ifomG ;awmh avSsmwf meJ@nyS w
f m (16) a':vmvd@k
a&;xm;w,f? tdak u aygah v? acgi;f avSsmaf wmhvnf; &Sryf al wG ajymifatmifa&udk
aocsmrsm;rsm;oH;k +y;D jyefaq;ray;bl;? xm;ygawmh tdrjf yefa&muf&if jyefavSsmrf ,fayg?h
qHyifjzwfy;D awmh igq h yH ifu txl}u;D eJ@ a&u pufvufy&J adS o;w,f? tJ't D rsK;d orD;u
ar;w,f? Do you want your hair to be dry, if you want to, you have to pay $5
more totally $21 wJ” h
abmufpfxJrSm &,fyHkrsKd;pHk tD;rdk&Sife,ft&kyfuav;awG yvHk yvHk²²qkd+yD;
wufvm=uonfukd =unf&h if; udrk sK;d Ekid f &,frad vonf?
“acgi;f avSsm&f if ajcmufatmifjyefvyk af y;&wm qHyifny‡ q f idk af wG&ŒJ xH;k pHy?J
rif; em;=um;vJv G @kd vm;uGm”
“a[haumif/ ig 'DrSmaewmq,fESpfausmfyDuG/ 'DtajccHpum;avmufudk
em;rvnfavmufatmif rxlb;l / It is really nasty business.”
'de;f rwfuae vSr;f ar;+yD; qGvu dk af om aqGrsK;d u tDr;kd &Sief ,f &kyu f av;
aygi;f rsm;pGmu taomrowf wufvmonf?
“yD;awmh wpfyrf eJ ;f eD;uvnf;ay;&ao;w,f? wu,f&zGH Œkd aumif;wJh pD;yGm;a&;
yHpk /H igem;vnfwmu wpfyaf y;w,f qdw k m uyfpw f rfrmu 0efaqmifra_ umif;wJh
tvkyform;udk oabmusvdk@ rkef@zdk;ay;w,fvdk@yJ? 'gayr,fh 'DrSmu &mckdifE_ef;eJ@
ay;&w,f? bmjzpfv@dk vq J akd wmh tvky&f iS u f tvkyo f rm;udk vcenf;enf;av;yJ
ay;xm;yD; wpfref;eD;uom olw@kd wu,f&wJv h cvdk rsK;d vkyx f m;wmud;k ? wu,fwef;us
ol@tvkyftwGufoliSm;xm;wJhtvkyform;udk uyfpfwefrmu vc ay;ae&wmyJ?
tvkyform;vcudk wcgwnf; wif,lxm;yD; ol@zmomol ay;wmu pdwfxJ
cH o mao;w,f ? tck u sawmh ouf o uf r J h v l y g; t0cH a e&ovd k c H p m;&w,f ?
tcGev f nf;jzwfw,f? wpfyv f nf; ay;&w,f? pm;aomufqikd rf sm;oGm;&if xdik cf yg
ay;&ao;w,f? tJ'ga=umifh igqyH ifrnêyb f ;l ? qdik rf mS xkid pf m;wJh tusio hf yd rf vkyb f ;l ?
qHyifoyd &f n S v f m&ifawmh uifqma&m*gjzpfv@kd acgi;f ajymifaewJh vlemawGtwGuf
qHyifwv k yk zf @kd oGm;vSLvku d w f ,f”
“ae&mwckrmS q,fEpS af usmaf eyD;wmawmif tom;usrvmao;bl;qd&k if
jy\em&Sw d ,faemf” [k t*Fvefu oli,fcsi;f u vSr;f owday;onf?
“igodygw,f? 'gayr,fh wwfEkdiforSs vkdufavSsmnDaxG aeEkdifatmif
}udK;pm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh wcsKŒd tckv[ kd mrsK;d rSmawmh igph w d if g tvdv k u kd x f m;rdwmyJ?
b,fo@l rrS xdcu kd bf ;l av? igyh u kd qf iH g ac|wmwm?”
“igw@kd wkid ;f jynfavmufawmh &moDOwktqifajy/ tppt&m&m jynfph ckH spzf @kd
aumif;wJah jrrsK;d r&Sw d mawmh trSeyf gyu J mG ”
tdrfvGrf;emusae=uonfh oli,fcsif;awGpmudkzwf&awmhvnf; 'DrSm
rGe;f =uyfre_ @J wif;cHae&wmu trSev f m;?tjyifukd vGwaf jrmufatmif xGuo f mG ;Edik =f u
olawGu trSev f m; udrk sK;d Ekid pf w d rf mS ra0cJw G wfatmi jf zpf&jyefonf?
“igw@kd uawmh rif;&GaH ewJh tcif;tusi;f awGqu D kd wd;k 0ifz@kd ajcvSr;f u|rH +d yD;
a0+idr;f a&” [k urfx h u J oli,fcsi;f awGu 0ifajymvmonf?
“'guawmh uk, d u f s&mZmwf&yk t f wkid ;f a&GŒ=u&wmyJ? trSet f rSm;qdw k mu
tajctaeeJ@ tcsed t f cgtvku d f vly*k Kd~ vf wa,mufcsi;f pD}uHK&wJh oD;oef@tcuftcJ
tvku d f oD;oef@wnf&adS erSmyg? 'gukd pdwyf suaf ezd@k ud, k t hf pDtpOfzsuf ypfz@kd awmh
rvkyd gb;l uGm”

'de;f rwfu oli,fcsi;f uawmh rif;pD;yGm;a&;tqifajy&JŒvm; [k udrk sK;d Edik u f kd
vSrf;ar;onf? oli,fcsif;awGxJu b,folawG txJa&mufae+yD; b,folawGu
tjyifrmS vnf; quf+yD;wku d yf qGJ ifaewJh oli,fcsi;f awG b,fEpS af ,mufuseaf o;vJ
qdw k m udak wmh b,fEikd if u H oli,fcsi;f uyJjzpfjzpfar;&Sm=uonf? aemuf+yD; olw@kd u
axmifxJ a&mufaeaom oli,fcsi;f awG. rdom;pkawGukd axmufyzhH @kd pum;ajym=u
onf? tm;vHk;wajy;nD oabmwlEdkif=uwmu awmfvSefa&;vkyfrnfh rsKd;quf
opfvil ,fawGrmS todw&m;/ acwfEiS ahf vsmn f aD om enf;ynmawG vkt d yfonfqkd
wmygy?J
t*Fvyd pf m t&rf;nHah om awmom; udak tmifqef;uav;u Ekid if aH &;udk
wpdu k rf wfrwf vkyv f mcsed wf iG f t*Fvyd af wGqu D vGwv f yfa&;awmif;zd@k t*Fvyd pf um;
ajymwwfz@kd vakd =umif; ajymcJah &;cJw h mudk olw@kd jyefowd&=uonf? udak tmifqef;u
olu, kd w f ikd af jymwmudk jzpfatmifvnf; vkyEf ikd cf o hJ nf?
tm%mydkifwdk@.om;orD;rsm;u acwfrDynma&;udkoif=um;EdkifcsdefrSm
udk,hfbufursKd;qufu tajccHynm txufwef; p&dwfavmufudkyif rwwfEdkif
awmhonfh twGuf aps;awmif;acgi;f &Guf ae&onfo h rD;awG/ qku d u
f m;eif;ae&onfh
rsK;d quf ta=umif; olw@kd aqG;aEG;jzpf=uonf? tdrv f c²² axmif0ifpm/ qefz;kd ²²
qkw d mawG&ŒJ atmufrmS epfjrKyfae&onfh vli,f b0awGukd olw@kd ypfy,f vspv f sS L
&_xm;ygu rsKd;qufawG wquf+yD;wquf nHhoxufnHhvmvSsif wkdif;jynfudk
tzwfqnfI r&Edik af wmhrmS udk awG;ylro d nf?
“tJ'aD wmhumG / ynmawmf&ŒJ om;eJ@ tvkyw f zufe@J rdom;pkukd axmufyhH
ae&vd@k ynma&;rSm tcufawG@aewJh b,fuav;rqdu k kd axmufyzhH @kd igw@kd wckcpk pD Of
=u&atmif? ud, k yhf wf0ef;usif wEdik w f ydik pf aD yg”h
“rif;u twGi;f rSm&Sad ewJh olqakd wmh rif;yJajymav? b,fvv dk yk &f ifaumif;
rvJqw kd m”
“igw@kd taeeJ@ uav;awG bmvkycf siw f ,fqw kd m t&ifozd @kd vrkd ,f? Oyrm
t*Fvyd pf m oifwef;wufcsiw f o Jh ul kd usL&Siv f cxkwaf y;Edik zf @kd ”
“wck&w dS mu igw@kd u ydu k q f yH @kd ay;Edik &f ifawmif olw@kd tcsed u f kd olw@kd reJ ;f edwcf sf
vkyEf ikd rf vm; qdw k m xnfw h u G zf @kd vdk r,f? rdom;pktwGuf vdt k yfcsutf wGuf wywfrmS
ckepf&ufv;kH tvkyv f yk af e&wJh vli,fawGtrsm;}uD;yJ? 'gawmif aiGa=u;azmif;yGwhJ
'g%af =umifh wveJ@wv tvsOrf rD=ubl;”
“igpOf ; pm;rd w mwck a jymr,f a emf ” [k a emf a 0u at;at;wif h u
0ifajymonf?
“tif;”
“igh t aeeJ @ tck a vmavmw,f ES p f a ,muf wm0ef , l E d k i f w ,f ?
ynma&;p&dwfaygh? tJ'DESpfa,mufudk uGefjyLwmeJ@ tifwmeufoifp&dwft&ifqHk;
igy@kd ay;&r,fq&kd if b,favmufuek rf vJ? tifwmeufuae olw@kd avhvmcsiw f mawG
avh v mvd k @ &w,f q d k w mud k t&if q H k ; ay;od c sif w ,f u G m ? vl i ,f a wG b ,f v k d
&ke;f uefae=uovJ? b,fvkd }uKd ;pm;ae=uovJ qdw k mudk olw@kdu, kd w
f idk af wGŒapcsiw f ,f”
“tJ'D t}urH qd;k bl;? igu tckavmavmq,f tvkyu f yHrk eS rf [kwaf o;awmh
wa,mufavmufawmh wm0ef,yl grh ,f” [k a0+idr;f uvnf; jznfph u G o f nf?
“wu,fvdk@ ynm'geawGu pmoifaumif;w,f? ay;p&modyfrvkdbl;?
'gayr,fh ausmif;oGm;wufzdk@ rdom;pk0ifaiG twGuftvkyfvkyfae&wJhtcsdefudk
ravSsmhEdkifvdk@ ausmif;wufcsdefr&wmrsKd;qdk&if ighudkajymyg? ausmif;wufcsdefawGrSm
tvkyyf suv f @kd vkt d yfomG ;r,fah iGukd igy@kd ay;r,f? ynm'gerSm olw@kd ausmif;wufjzpfygap?
igeJ@rjywf qufoG,fxdawG@ aeygap? olwdk@&JŒwdk;wufr_udkvdkuf+yD; tqifhjr‡ifhyD;
pmxyfoifcsiw f ,fq&kd if ig 'DrmS vdu k +f yD;tvSLcHr,f? tJ'v D dk uav;rsK;d ESpaf ,mufpm
igwm0ef,rl ,f”
xk@d aemuf urfx h uJ oli,fcsi;f rsm;udk vSnu hf mar;jzpf=ujyefonf?
“urfx h u J tajctaea&mb,fvv kd ”J
“pdwyf supf &mawmh awmfawmfaumif;w,fu”G
“[kwv f m;? bmjzpfv@kd v”J
“'kuo Q nf pcef;xJu0kd ifvmwm olaX;awGcsnhf jzpfaevd@k a[h”
“[m; [m; [m;”
tJ'u D pd u P tGev f ifkd ;f rSm ysŒH aeyD;om; owif;a[mif;ygumG / 'kuo Q nfjzpfcsiv
f @kd
'kuQ a&mufae=u&wJh urBmausmo f wif;awG”
“b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf b,foyl jJ zpfjzpf rGe;f =uyfavSmifyw d f aewJah e&muae
vGwfajrmufcsifwm vl@obm0yJr[kwfvm;? tjypfajymvkd@awmhr&bl;? 'gvnf;
vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,cf iG yhf ?J wcky&J w dS ,fav? tifr*D a&;&Si;f tifwmAsL;wJt h cg ar;cGe;f
awGrpcif nmbufvufaxmif+y;D trSet f wdik ;f ajymygrh ,fv@kd used &f rSmudk tav;rxm;
bl;qd&k if b,forl qdk vGwv f yfpmG ajyma&;qdck iG hf vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,yf ikd cf iG &hf w
dS myJ”
“tJ'guu kd olw@kd rmS ;wm”
“b,fol rSm;wmvJ? b,fvdk rSm;wmvJ”
“oH&Hk;tifwmAsL;av? usdefzdk@axmifckdif;wmudku nmbufvufqdkawmh
nmawmhrmS ayg[ h ”
“[m; [m; [m;”qdo k nfph mav;awGu tuef@wikd ;f u wufvmonf?
“tif;? rif;ajymrS ol&&JŒ v$waf wmfxrJ mS acgi;f aygi;f }uD;awG tukev f ;kH
nmcsae=uw,f qdw k mudk jyefowd&rdjyefa&m”
“ol& ta=umif;ajymawmh wckowd&jyefyD? igwdk@o}uFefrif;om;&JŒ
aemuf=unfrh eS af wmfawmfaumif;w,fu”G
“igw@kd o}uFerf if;om;&JŒ aemuf=unfrh eS ”f [k udrk sK;d Edik u f oHa,mifvu dk f
pmwa=umif; udak 0+idr;f udk jyefy@kd vu kd of nf?
“at;av oltjyifcexGufwHk; a&;oGm;wmav? 'DbufrSmxkwfw,f?
awmfawmfaumif;w,f? 14 ESpaf vmuf tydwf tavSmifcx H m;&yD; iydy;kd xd;k yJy;kd xd;k pm;
&if;xGuw f hJ pmayu &k;d &k;d &Si;f &Si;f av;eJ@t&yfqefqefav;? igo@l ukd wu,fcs;D usL;w,f
av;pm;oGm;w,f”
udkrsK;dEdkif tawmf=umpOf;pm;awmhrS rif;udkEdkifudk &nfn$ef;aea=umif;
od&onf? tifwmeufqikd af wGukd &kww f &uf 0if0ifppfwwfonfh owif;awGa=umifh
wwfEdkiforSs trnf&if;awGudk xnfhr&dkufay;=ubJ udk,fhbmompum;eJ@udk,f
ajymwwf=uonf? rif;udEk ikd f 0wˆKwyk'f a&;oGm;onf qdo k nfo h wif;udk cyfoo hJ ahJ wmh
ol=um;cJrh o d nf?
“igzwfcsiv f u kd wf muGm”
“scan zwfy;D rif;qDukd igy@kd ay;r,f”
atmf-ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynftwGi;f u ud, k Ehf ikd if o
H m; a&;onf0h wˆKudk Edik if jH cm;u
wqifyh @kd rS zwf&onft h jzpfukd atmifo h ;D atmifrh suf cHvu kd &f onf? a':atmifqef;pk

=unfa&;onfph mtkyaf wGvnf; xdek nf;vnf;aumif;? ud, fk Efh ikd if u
H urBmausmaf ewJh
pma&;q&mr pmtkyt f jzpf Edik if w
H umu vGwv
f w
G v
f yfvyfzwf&E_ idk =f u ausmif;oH;k
pmtkyaf wmif jyXmef;=ujzpfaecsed rf mS jrefrmjynfom;awG uawmh cd;k a=umifc;kd 0Suf
zwfEikd zf @kd awmif tawmfav; tquftoG,f &Sm&onf? rdomG ;vSsiv f nf; tenf;qH;k
(7) ESp?f
“igw@kd xu G v f ukd af wmhr,f? aemufrmS tifwmeuf oH;k zd@k wef;pDapmifah e=u
wJoh al wG&v dS @kd ” [k urfx h uJ oH;k a,mufu E_wq f ufonf? tcsed af wGrwl=uawmh
wcsKŒd u tdycf sed af yr,fh wcsKŒd twGuu f sawmh tvkyo f mG ;csed jf zpfaeonf?
“igvnf; c%ae&if oGm;&awmhr,f? awG@p&m&Sw d ,f? aemuf bwfpu f m;
apmif&h wJh tcsed af wGvnf; xnfw h uG f &ao; w,f” [k udrk sK;d Edik u f oli,fcsi;f awG
tm;vH;k udk wcgwnf; E_wq f ufvu kd of nf?
rif; vkyaf ewmawGe@J xyf+yD;vkycf siw f mawGukd igw@kd udak jymyg? igw@kd uawmh
rif;wd@k uykd yhH ;kd ay;zd@k uvJ&G if bmrS rwwfEidk f awmhb;l uGm? txl;ojzifh igw@kd oil ,fcsi;f
awG&ŒJ uav;awGynma&;awGrmS tcuftcJjzpfae&if ig wk@d udk csujf cif;ajymyg? igw@kd
wwfEkdifoavmuf 0dkif;apmifha&Smuf&r,f [laom pmwef;av;awGudk zwf&if;
udrk sK;d aemif &ifxq J @kd vmonf? =unfE;l yDwEd iS hf qd@k aom &ifyg? wu,f rvkyjf zpfap
tHk;awmh onfvdkpum;ESifh tm;ay;azmf&vSsifudkyJ olwdk@taeESifh tm;udk;p&m
aumuf&;kd wrSsiu f kd &vku d o f vdyk gy?J vdt k yfaewmu [db k uf 'DbufrsK;d qufcsi;f ,SOv f sS if
ud,
k b hf ufu tjywftowferd u hf sruse&f pfapzd@k ygy?J
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
&Hk;wufcsdefjzpfonfhtwGuf bwfpfum;u xHk;pHrysufvlusyfvSonf?

vrf;w0ufu jzwfwufoal wGtwGuf ae&m&zd@k qdw k m bk&m;ay;wJt h cGixhf ;l wckvrdk @kd
b,fw;kH urS bwfpu f m;udk ae&mESirhf pD;cJ&h ? wcgw&H ud, k uf ae&m&Ed;k Ed;k arSsmv f ifh
csuf 0d;k w0g;av;udk tm;jyK+yD; ud, k u hf kd zdw;kd aeolrsm;.tiftm;udk ckc&H if; cHak e&m
wckckab;rSm wG,fuyf&yfaecJhusKd;eyfpGm ae&m&wwfaomfvnf; wrSwfwdkif
ESprf w
S w f idk af vmufyJ xdik &f ao;onf? bke;f }uD;wd@k ouf}uD;&G,t f w
dk @kd om;onf rdcif
wd@k ujkd rifvsS if rodusK;d u|jH yKum xkid af e&mrSm pdwrf vHw k mESiyhf J rwfwyfu rwfwyfyJ
jzpfomG ; &wmygy?J rwfwyfom pD;ae&/ um;cawGuvnf; wufvu dk o f nfrmS od=um;
rif; i,fxyd rf mS oGm;uyfaeonfah ps;/ acgiu f ckd ukd v f @kd ?
“ig;z,fw;kd av;aemf²²ig;z,fw;kd av;omwk;d oGm;? tv,frmS 0goemyg&if
armf',f avSsmufvdk@&w,f” udk,fhqJGjcif;udk,fawmifrS b,fvufuae nmvuf
ajymif;vd@k r&atmifusyaf ewmudrk sm; olu armf',f avSsmufvrf; ay;tH;k rwJ?h 'gawmif
rSww f ikd af ph &yfwmr[kwaf o;? aemufu um;ueD;aevSsif eD;aeovdk vrf;vkarmif;
ae=uonfh twGuf vlr&So d nfrh w S wf idk q
f v kd sS if um;ay:u qif;rnfo h rl &Svd sS if r&yf?
qif;rnfhol&SdvSsif aemufausmuae wGef;csonf? qif;olu [yfxkd; [yfxdk;ESifh
rvJatmifo@l zmomol xde;f ayawmh?
cifav;uawmh ud, k qf yk uf ikd x
f m;onfh wdik u f av;u vufwae&mpmav;udk
ac|;ap;rsm;epfum acsmaf eonfh wkid af tmif twif;qkyx f m;&onf? t&yfyo k l qdak wmh
vufvw G o f mG ;vSsif aemufwcg jyefuikd zf @kd ae&m&awmhrmS r[kw?f
wcsKŒd rSww f ikd af wGusawmh vltenf;tusO;f &Sad yr,hf wufrnf rwufrnf
raocsmvSsif r&yfjyef? onfvEkd iS hf wcgw&HrmS jzpfonfeh nf;wl wufrvdck &D;onfEiS hf
&yfrvd'k &dik Af mwd@k =um;u a,mif0g;0g;jzpfra_ wGa=umifh b&dwf aqmift h yk v
f u
kd /f csujf cif;
t&Sed jf yefwifum armif;xGuv f ukd f vkyv f u dk o f nft h cgrsK;d qdv
k sS if c&D;onfawGcrsm
paumxJ xnfv h rdS ohf nfh ZD;jzLoD;rsm;ozG,f vdrv hf rd v hf ;l vl;-
“'DvlawG[m bwfpfum; woufvHk;pD;vm=u+yD; um;udk &yfapcsif&if
vufuav; axmifjyzdk@avmufawmh odoifhwmaygh? rvkdufbl;xif+yD; armif;rS
aemufuajy;vku d v f mawmh usKyfu bmvky&f rSmwH;k ? vufnKd‡ ;av; wcsuaf xmifjyzd@k
a=umufae&atmif pyg,, f mudrk sm; t*kv F rd mv rSwaf evm;rodb;l ”
pyg,f , mOyrma=umif h usOf ; usOf ; usyf u syf = um;u c&D ; onf a wG
wa,mufrsuEf mS wa,muf eD;pyf&mawG =unfv h sS uf azsmah wmhErG ;f vSspmG +yKH ;jzpf=uonf?
“[Jh? ighxrdefwufeif;xm;wm? u|wfusoGm;+yD” [laom tzGm;}uD;
wa,muftoHu um;tv,fwnfw h nfu h ae xGuv f mawmh yJu G somG ;=ujyefonf?
pyg,f,mav;u &$wfaemufaemufESifh “tar}uD;aemf? 'grdk;vkyfeJ@ }udKufzl;” [k
vSrf;aemufvkdufao;onf? aemufu pyg,f,muawmh a&SŒuwa,mufESifhrwl?
taygut f vGeq f ;kd vSonf?

“vufrw S af v;awG 0,fxm;aemf? ud, k t hf a=umif;ud, k o f yd g? vlusyw f ,fq+kd y;D
vufrw S rf ay;bJ acsmifcpkd ;D vk@d py,f,m rodvnf; bk&m;uodw,f? aemufb0us
um;bD;wm,mjzpf+y;D woufv;kH vdrahf e&r,f? ud, k thf odpw d af v;awGe@J ud, k 0f ,f=uyg”
tarwd k @ i,f i ,f w H k ; u bwf p f u m;py,f , mawG u vG , f t d y f w vH k ;
t+rJv, G x f m;+yD; vufrw S v f nf; udik x f m;owJ?h vufrw S w f apmif q,fjym;/ ig;jym;
ol@c&D;ESifhol ay;0,f? vufrSwfqkwfay;? wcsKdŒae&mawGrSm vufrSwfppfawG
um;ay:wufvm+yD; c&D;onfawGqu D vufrw S af wmif;=unfw h wfowJ?h vufrw S f
rawG@vsS if pyg,, f m&Si;f ayawmh? tck cifav;wd@k acwfrmS awmh pyg,, f mawGu atmf&;kd
xH;k pHtwkid ;f vufrw S 0f ,fom ajymaeonf? wu,fwef;us bmvufrw S rf S olu
jyefay;wmvnf; r[kw?f ydu k q f u
H kd onftwkid ;f ay;vku d &f onf?
wcgw&Hrsm;qdk trf;p&mr&Sad o;vd@k qd&k if;u olvnf;arh ud, k v f nf;arhEiS hf
ttrf;jyefr&bJ jzpf&wmawG vnf;&Sdao;onf? wcgw&HrSm udk,fhu owd&I
awmif;onfhtcg usKyfjyefay;+yD;yD r[kwfvm; [k r,HkouFm jyefatmfwmrsKd;/
vlawGuvnf; vl&y_ w f m tcGiahf umif;,l+y;D ay;rxm;wJyh u kd q f u H kd ttrf;jyefawmif;=u
ao;w,f[k vlwum 0dik ;f =unfv h matmi f tm+yJEiS ahf tmfum aqmif}h uD;atmif}h uD;
jyefay;vm;ay;wwfonf?
“tm;²²cifAsm; xrif;*sKid }hf uD;u ylvu dk w f m”
“wuxJawmf? txdrcHcsi&f if ud, k yf idk u f m; 0,fp;D ayg”h [k tvkyo f r}u;D xHrS
vlxw k u kd yf GJ ac:oH xGuv f monf? av;qifh pwD;csKid Ehf iS x hf nfv h monfh aqmufvyk af &;
tvkyo f rwa,mufab;rS &ky&f n cf yfoef@oef@EiS ahf usmif;om; av; wpfa,muf u
rausreyfa&&Gw&f if; xrif;csKd ifEh iS v hf wG &f mod@k twif;wk;d vku d o f nft h wGuf cifav;
ae&myd=k uyf+yD; vuf uudik x f m;onfh wkid u f v kd w $ v f u kd &f onf? t&yfyo k jl zpfonfh
tavSsmuf bwfpfum;}uD;awGpD;wkdif; cifav;'kuQa&muf &onf? tay:wef;u
uGi;f udrk rSaD oma=umifh ab;u pwD;vfwidk f ae&m&&if&? cHw k ckc&k ŒJ ab;udk ZGwu f yf+yD;
aemufru DS oHuiG ;f udu k ikd xf m;rS cifav;u bwfpu f m;ay:rSm &yfwnfEikd w f mjzpfonf?
pvif;buf*/f vufxrJ mS xrif;jcif;ESihf acgux f ;D tpdu k vnf; oyfoyfuikd x f m;&onf?
jcif;xJu pm&Guf pmtkyaf wG xD;a&pdak =umifh ysupf ;D ukerf mS pk;d onft h wGuf vufao;ao;
av;xJrmS pH+k yHK&_yaf xG;aeonf?

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wae h wae h onfvkd um;wd;k pD;jyD; vleif;cH&wm aoonftxd jzpfaetH;k rSmyJ

qdo
k nfh ememusnf;usnf; pdwu f ajcacsmif;av;awG emonfh pdwu f v
kd r$ ;f rd;k oGm;jyD;
rsuf&nfusvkvjk zpfvmonf? vlreS ;f odygjyD qku d wnf;u
onfvt l yk /f onfv}dk uyfwnf; eHapmfr/+ onfvkd pyg,f,m. aigufief;r+
qdwk mawG}um;rSm touf&LS ae&wJh b0udk cifav; rke;f vSjyD?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
“nDr/ ypPn;f awGay;xm;av” [k cyfvrS ;f vSr;f cHrk mS xkid af eonfh trsK;d orD;}u;D
wOD ; u tul t nD & S m aeaom ypP n f ; awG u d k ol @ aygif a y:wif x m;ay;onf ?
tm;oGm;aomvufEiS hf b,fcakH emufwef;udk zrf;qkyu f ikd vf sS if tqiftajyqH;k jzpfrvJ
us;D uef;awmif;arSmuf vku d &f mS &jyefonf? um;urSww f idk w
f ck xyfa&mufvmonfh
twGuf b&dwaf qmift h yk +f y;D &yfvu kd af oma=umifh ,dik v f J rwwfjzpfomG ;onf? ab;u
tud}k u;D wa,mufu zrf;xde;f xm;ay;onf?
xdkc%rSm tckrS um;ay:wufvmonfh tzdk;}uD;tzGm;}uD;pHkwJGwwJGu
cifav;udk twif;wd;k wdu k +f yD; twGi;f udk ZGww f ;dk 0ifz@kd }udK;pm;onf? cHzk ed yfp;D xm;aom
tzd;k }uD;u cifav;ajcaxmufukd wufeif;oGm;ojzifh tm;²²vm;²²vm;²² [k cyfus,f
us,fatmfvkdufrdonf? emvGef;aoma=umifh rsuf&nfyif0Jvmonf? wpuUef@
avmufav; vSnfh=unfhum “rjrifrdvkd@yg uG,f” vkd@rsm; ajymcsdefr&atmif
ol@tzGm;}uD;vufukd wif;aeatmifqyk u f ikd +f yD; [d;k - axmifq h ;kH a&mufatmif a&SŒuae
tzGm;}uD;vrf;&atmif twif;zdw;kd um 0ifomG ;onf? idrk rhJ jhJ zpfomG ;aom cifav;udk
ab;vlawGu iH@k =unf+h yD; tJonf pHw k q GJ uD kd vdu k =f unf&h if; b,fvv kd al wGygvrd [
hf k
cyfw;dk wd;k &Gw=f uonf?
“'Dtouft&G,af wG a&mufaewJt h xd =um;avaoG;&if a0;rSmpd;k wk;H eJ@wl
yg&ŒJ ” [k &JŒG wJwh hJ ajymoHvnf; xGuv f monf?
ajcacsmif;av; ESpfacsmif;qDu pyfzsOf;zsOf;ESifh aoG;pdk@xGufvmovdkrsKd;
cH p m;vk d u f & onf ? emusif w m ouf o m&m& apatmif vuf u av;ES i f h
tomzspn f p‡ qf yk u
f ikd xf m;vko d nfw h idk f wu,fwef;usawmh iH@k =unfv h @dk yif r&onfh
tajctae? wae@ wae@ onfvkd um;wd;k pD;+y;D vleif;cH&wm aoonftxd jzpfaetH;k
rSmyJqo kd nfh ememusn;f usn;f pdwu f ajcacsmif;av;awG emonfh pdwu f vkd r$ ;f rd;k oGm;+y;D
rsu&f nfusvv k jk zpfvmonf? vlreS ;f odyg+yD qku d wnf;u onfvt l yk /f onfvu dk syw f nf;
eHapmfr/_ onfvkd pyg,, f m. aiguif ef;r_ qdw k mawG=um;rSm touf&LS ae&wJh b0udk
cifav; rke;f vS+yD?
“vm nDr? 'DrmS vmaevdu k /f awmfawmfemoGm;vm;” [k tud}k u;D wa,muf
u ae&mwck &atmif pDpOfay;onf? rsucf rf; pyfrmS ,D;av;cdak eonfh rsu&f nfpudrk suf
awmif ykwcf wfyw k cf wfEiS hf odr;f zd@k }uKd ;pm;&if; ay;xm;onfah e&mav;xJ wd;k 0ifvu dk &f if;
rausreyfEiS hf xdk tzd;k }uD; pHw k &GJ &dS mudk vSr;f +yD; ar;armhum =unfv h u dk o f nf?
olw@kd vckd siof nfh acsmifaumif;aumif;wckukd olw@kd &oGm;cJ=h uonf? olw@kd ukd
b,folrS twkd;twkdufrvkyfrnfh ae&mwck rSm tzGm;}uD;u tzdk;}uD;ykcHk;
pGe;f rSmxdvek ;D yg; acgi;f iH@k vsS u?f cifav;u tzd;k }u;D rsuEf mS udk aocsm pdu k =f unfah erdonf?
touf (60) ausmf²²&kyf&nf cyfoef@oef@jzpfaomfvnf; qif;&JrJGawr_. txk
taxmif;'g%f a=umifh rJaG jcmufaoG@uyfaeonfh ta&ESit hf &d;k om&So d nfh rsuEf mS rSm
rvH+k cHKr_EiS hf odrif ,frw _ @kd u txif;om;?
“uJ? um;ay:wufcsiv f cS sn&hf ŒJ twif;wk;d 0ifvm+y;D rSawmh vufrw S af v;awG
0,fxm;aemf? aemufb0rSm wm,mawGjzpf+yD; b0awG jym;oxufrjym;csif&if
vufrw S af v;awG 0,fxm;=u? a&$*w kH idk tf xd ig;q,fyu J s r,f? a&$*w
kH ikd af usm&f if awmh
xH;k pHtwkid ;f yJ odw,faemf? tm;vH;k aygu+f y;D om;? [d;k bufu tud}k u;D ay;+y;D +yv D m;²²”
acs;txyfxyfwufum ydkufqH&kyfyif aysmufae+yDjzpfonfh ig;q,fwef
av;w&Guu f kd tzd;k }uD;u a=ua=uuGu J GJ pdu
k =f unfh aeavonf? ysu, f iG ;f aeonfh
rJaG oG@aoG@ rsuEf mS tkad wGrmS pdwrf vH+k cHK tm;i,frE_ iS hf yd+k yD; tkpd musae onf?
“ydu k qf x
H w k x
f m;yg? pyg,, f mu vufw@kd rawmif;&ygapeJ@? atmfawmif;&if
tayguq f ;kd w,fv@kd awmh rxife@J aemf? um;wm,mb0 ra&mufcsi&f if um;cawG
tvku d w f od ay;=uyg [k;d bufu tusyô ef;a&mife@J ²²² ”
atmf- olw@kd crsm onfyu kd q f t H EGr;f av;w&GuEf iS hf um;b,fEpS cf grsm;pD;cJ+h yD;
aemufxyf b,fEpS cf gavmufrsm; pD;&tH;k rSmygvrd ?hf cGmndK
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 'DZifbm(11)&uf/ 2009 ckESpf?

(1)
Ekd&m(Nora) udkb,fvkdawG@&rvJ? b,fvkdawG@EkdifrvJ? ESpfa,mufom;
aemufq;kH awG@=u pOfu olrudk awG@&rnft h csed /f awG@&rnfah e&mudk ajymxm;+yD;om;?
pmeJ @ vJ a &;+yD ; ta=umif ; =um;cJ h + yD ; om;? Ed k & mud k a wG @ &ef tenf ; qH k ; ig;em&D
um;armif;&rnf? tdr+f cx H rJ S pwif um;armif;xGuv f mpOfrmS yJ Ek&d mESifh vG,v f ,G u
f u l rl S
awG@Eikd =f uygrh vm; -qko d nfh tylawG;u acgi;f xJo@dk v#yw f ysuf 0ifvmcJo h nf? csuD m*kd
(&Su
D m*k)d òrd@xrJ mS b,fEeS m&Dtxd &Siaf vmif; vSnahf ernfenf;? &Siaf vmif;vSno hf nf
qdo k nfh bef;pum;utar&duefwiG af cwfpm;aeqJ?vdypf m&Smr&Ivrf;rodI
òrd@xrJ mS um;armif;+yD; txyfxyf &SmazG ae &+yDqv kd #if xdbk ef;pum;udk
toH;k ðy=uonf? igw@dk awmh &Siaf vmif;vSnahf e+y[ D I l ? óuwd if rSe;f qxm;onft h wkid ;f yif
csu
D m*dòk r@d xw
J iG f usaemfw@dk &Siaf vmif; vSnahf eygawmhonf? vrf;oG,v f rf;r awGursm;/
um;awGu ±_y&f u S cf wf/ vlawGu ±_yaf xG;rsm;ajrmifvo S jzifh &Siaf vmif; vSnhf &if;ESiyhf if
pdwyf suaf rmyrf;vmcJo h nf?
“Ed&k m æ rGe±f ;kd vrf;udk igw@kd &mS vd@k rawG@ao;bl;”
Ek&d mu vrf;!$eaf y;jyefonf? wae&mudk a&mufomG ;onf? vrf;ab;wGif
um;xd;k &yfum xyf+y;D zke;f quf&jyefonf? tenf;qH;k &Sp}f urd /f ud;k }urd rf # zke;f quf&onf?
=umawmh Ekd&mudk tm;em vmonf? olrrSm b,favmuftvkyf ±_yfaxG;yifyrf;
aernfenf;? ol@acgif;xJwGif tvkyfvkyfaeaom aoG;a=um 0g,móud;r#ifrsm;rSm
rD;awmufrwwf yljyif;aeavrvm;? a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd usaemfw@kd awG@&rnf?
jywku d Zf mwfcHk 0ef;usiw f iG f Ed&k mudk awG@+y;D rS ZmwfcaHk y:wGif a&muf&adS eaom a':atmif
qef;pk=unfudk awG@&rSmjzpfonf? vlxak cgi;f aqmifEiS hf awG@&rnft h a&; óudwif&ifcek f
ESi=hf uonf? xd&k ifcek o f rH sm;ESiyhf if Ek&d m&S&d mod@k óud;pm;yrf;pm; vmcJ=h u&onf? olrudk
awG@+y;D rS olr. óuw d ifppD Ofxm;onfh tpDtpOftwkid ;f vlxk acgi;f aqmifukd awG@&rnf
r[kwv f m;?
csu
D m*kòd rd@v,frmS yJ wem&Dc/JG ESpef m&De;D yg; txyfxyf vSnyhf wf&mS azGc+hJ yD;+yD?
b,fvkd armif; aewmvJ? armvS+yDuG? acgif;rl;vm+yDqdk+yD; tarmif;cHae&onfh
armfawmfum;u u|eaf wmft h m; used q f J aecJ+h yD? Ed&k mhxo
H @dk ra&mufEidk af wmh? ody+f yD;
cufco J mG ;+yD? aemufq;kH awmh um;rsm;&yfxm;onfh um;ywf uifwckwiG f um;udk
armif;oGi;f um um;&yfxm;vdu k &f onf? 'gy?J rwwfEikd af wmh? tvkyo f rm;u a&muf
vmonf? usoifah iG q,fEh pS af ':vmudak y;cJ+h yD; xGuv f mcJ=h uonf?
(2)
tiSm;um;wpD;udk vSr;f wm;onf? xdt k iSm;um;ESiyhf if Ed&k m&Sad eonfh ppfom;
ppfajrjyif (soldier field) &Sd awmifyidk ;f jywku d o
f @dk oGm;=uonf? um;ay:a&mufonfEiS hf
usaemfw@kd omG ;vkv d oS nfh Ek&d m&S&d m vdypf mudk usaemfu xkwjf yonf? um;q&mESihf
pum;ajym&if ; &if ; ES D ; oG m ;onf ? ol u ygupP w ef E d k i f i H o m;? tar&d u ef u d k
a&mufvmonfrmS ESpEf pS q f ,f? ,ck tiSm;um;armif;ol? a':atmif qef;pk=unfukd
&if;ES;D av;pm;onfh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. rjrifb;l onfh rdwaf qG?
“cif A sm;wk d @ od y f u H a umif ; w,f / aemuf x yf q,f h i g;rd e pf a vmuf q d k
tiSm;um;awGukd 'Djywku d f vmzd@k iSm;vk@d &rSm r[kwaf wmhb;l ? b,fum;orm;rS 'Dbufukd
tiSm;vdu k rf mS r[kwaf wmhb;l / te,f e,ft&yf&yfu vlxak wG csw D ufvm=uwm
um;awGoGm;vkd@ r&awmhbl;/ jywkduf&JŒ taemufbufjcrf;rSmqdk ydk+yD;cufcJoGm;+yD?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk tm;ay;csif wJv h /l ,lw;l tzG@J u tqdak wmfbEdk u dk v
kd J tm;ay;
em;axmif&if; cifAsm;wkd@ Armjynfvlxkbufu &yfwnfrnfhol tar&duefawGu
tm;wufoa&m csw D ufvmcJ=h uyHyk AJ s”
[kwfyghrvm; q&m&,fqdk+yD; ol@rsufESmudk òyH;=unfhum rsufvHk;rsm;jzifh
ar;cGe;f xkwrf o d nf? vufawG@wiG f bmrS rjrif&/ rawG@&ao;ojzifh um;q&majymwkid ;f
usaemfr,H=k unfEidk ?f apmif=h unfh & ao;wmayg?h
odyrf =umvS? q,fred pftwGi;f rSmyJ Ek&d m&S&d m/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf&rdS nfh
jywku d of @kd a&muf vmonf? um;q&mudk E_wq f uf+y;D um;ay:rS qif;vmcJ+h y;D onfah emuf
usaemfw@dk ig;a,muf ajrjyifay: wGif pH&k yfum [m;wku d &f ,farmvku d =f uonf? usaemfw@dk
awmom;wodu k f apmapmu 'Djywku d t
f eD;od@k tacguaf cgut f cgcg a&mufvmcJ=h u+y;D
jywku d uf kd ausmcf o G mG ;ae aoma=umifh &Suu f ef;uef;jzifh [m;wku d f &,fvu dk =f ujcif;
jzpfonf?
jywkud uf akd &mufvmpOf Ed&k m@xo
H @dk zke;f quf&jyefonf? bJOyHjk zpfaeaom jy
wkdufudk b,fvkd0if&rvJ 0ifayguf&Sm& cufaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf/ em&D0ufr#
&Gmvnfaeawmhonf? wae&m a&mufomG ;pOf zke;f xyfquf&jyefonf?
“[Jvkd æatmif/ rif;aemufa=umbufukd ±kww f &ufvn S =hf unfv h u dk pf rf;yg
udk,fhvl&,f”Edk&mu w&if;wESD;wkef@jyefpOf usaemfhaemufa=umbuf&Sd Edk&mudk
awG@&awmhonf?usaemfwkd@‘a[;’vkyf=uonf?tar&duefawGu olwdk@,Ofaus;
r_twkid ;f ‘[ku d ’f vkyo f nf? rwlaom toHxu G Ef w_ q f ufjcif;jzihf E_wq f ufvu kd =f uonf?
Ed&k mu usaemfw@kd ukd &ifjcif;xdayG@um wa,mufjcif; E_wq f ufvu dk o f nf?
(3)
pd r f ; pd r f ; jraeaom jruf c if ; jyif a y:wG i f ,m,D & G u f z sif w J u av;rsm;
xd;k xm;=uonf? tpdr;f a&mif uwWyD gjrufcif;ay: u qifp, G Ef pS af &mif wJuav;rsm;?
jywkduf}uD;. taemufzufjcrf;/ jywdkufESifh uyfvsufom; jrufcifjyifay:wGif
xko d @dk pcef;opf zGix hf m;vku d =f uonf? Ed&k mu usaemfw@dk ukd xkpd cef;xJ ac:vmcJ+h yD;
usaemfw@dk vyk &f rnfh vkyif ef;rsm;udk &Si;f jyonf? ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;/ ppftyk f
pk qef@usiaf &;/ vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf. vlxv k w G af jrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;
±ke;f uefru _ kd axmuf cHa&;/ Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;tm;vH;k vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf
,ltufpfuifydef; ( U.S Campaign for Burma) tzGJ@. v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfonf?
Ekid if aH &;t& vlxw k u dk yf w
JG ck zefw;D vku
d jf cif; jzpfonf? emrnf}u;D ,lw;l (U2) wD;0kid ;f ESihf
tqdak wmf bkEd u dk vlpak y;rnf? v_y&f mS ;acgi;f aqmifrmS jzpfonf? wku d yf u
JG tb,fr#
cef@xnfrnfenf;? rod&ao;? tb,fr# pdw0f ifpm;p&m aumif;rnfenf;? xk@d tjyif
wku d yf JG vufeufu ArmjynftzdcH vlrsKd ;pHk jynfov l xl .
k &efou l kd xd;k ESu&f mY rnfr#p;l &S
xufjrufrnfenf;? 'gvJ rodEidk af o;? qifp, G Ef pS af &mif &Guzf sif wJuav;wvH;k .a&SŒ
a':atmifqef; pk=unf. t}uD;}uD; t ao;ao; &kyyf u kH m;csyrf sm; vl@tcGit fh a&;
csK;d azmufcx H m;&onhf Armjynf. '%f&m'%f csujf y "gwyf kH rsm;/ owif;um;csyrf sm;
jyocif;usi;f xm;&m pm;yGaJ &SŒwGif usaemfonf &ifcek af eavonf?
c%=umawmh orD;av; aty&,fp;kd ESihf ZeD;roufZifw@dk u olw@dk vyk &f rnfh
vkyif ef;udk pwifvy_ &f mS ;aeawmhonf? pcef;xJ0ifa&mufvmaom {nfo h nfrsm;udk
orD;av;u &Si;f jyonf? bm&nf&, G cf sujf zifh ,ckuo hJ @kd v_y&f mS ;ae=uwmjzpfovJ?
Armjynfu Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;u b,fv&dk adS eovJ? ppftyk pf . k tEkid u f sizhf Ed ydS rf /_
apmfum;aoG;pkwrf _ atmufu vlx. k b0? +y;D awmh? vlxak cgi;f aqmif. tajctae?
'gu&kd iS ;f jy&rnf? od@k aomf orD;av;ESihf roufZifu vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;
pk=unf. ±kyyf v kH m$ udyk J pum;vH;k rsm;ESihf a&;jc,fjyo=uonf?
orD;av;ESihf roufZifw@dk ukd xm;&pfc+hJ yD; Ek&d mESiu hf saemf xGuv f mcJo h nf?
vlx. k axmufcrH _ vufrw S rf sm; &,laeonfh xkpd cef;xJrx S u G vf m+yD; ayoH;k &mcef@
a&mufonfEiS hf jywku d t f 0ift0wGif oJoJ v_yaf eaom tar&duefvx l u k kd pwifawG@
&ygawmhonf?
aEGtaESmif; aqmif;tp &Guaf ºu&G moD (fall) u ol. apwrmefrsm; jzpfonfh
at;puf&w S av±kid ;f rsm;udk wjzL;jzL; waomhaomh wku d cf wfapcJo h nf? onfae&mrS
cyfvrS ;f vSr;f wGif ruf&*DS if(Michigan) uefu &Sad eonf?
yifv,fuo hJ @kd rkid af ygi;f rsm;pGm us,0f ef;aomuef? taemufawmifavrsm;u
xkduefyifv,fudk jzwfum usaemfwkd@ xH wkd;a0S@0ifa&mufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
avu+ird o f nft h cg aetyla&mifu ajrod@k wku d ±f u
dk f xd;k qif;usvmonf? xkad ea&mifxJ
wGif usaemfonf aEG;Iylvmonf?
usaemfhudkac:vmonfh Ekd&monf csDwufvmaeonfh vlwef;&Snf}uD;.
tqH;k wGif wke@f &yf vku d o f nf? jrufcif;jyifay: wGif apmapmu rdwq f ufay;cJah om
,ltufp(f U.S Campaign) v_y&f mS ;r_ tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk jyefqakH wG@&avonf? Armjynf
tay:xm;&So d nfh oabmxm;aumufcsurf sm;/ olw@dk . vdypf m/ zke;f eHygwEf iS hf tD;ar;vf
vdypf mrsm;udk aumufc, H al e=ujcif; jzpfonf?

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
“*|e,
f ufawmqdw k ahJ umifu
igw@kd ajray:rSm usuo f a&wk;H wJah umif?
EGm;acs;ppftyk pf uk rif;wd@k wdik ;f jynf&@J ajray:rSm tifrwef
usuo
f a&rJw h ahJ umifawG æ 'DEpS cf uk tifrwef vku d zf ufwmaygu
h mG
æ [m; æ [m; æ
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
wku
d yf 0JG if v_y&f mS ;r_tzG@J 0ifrsm;. trsm;pkrmS tar&duefvil ,frsm; jzpfonf?
pwufzeD (Stephanie Velasco) uawmh xl;jcm;onf? wuUov kd f ausmif;olwOD;?
zdvpfyikd rf o d m;pkrS arG;zGm; qif; oufvmol/ xdv k y_ &f mS ;r_xwJ iG f tm&Swu dk f om;u
ajcmufa,muf? usaemfw@kd u Arm ig;a,muf? toufEpS q f ,ft&G,f pwufzeDonf
Armruav;ESirhf jcm; wqifx/J wyHpk x H jJ zpfaeonf? wdbufuek ;f ajrrS qif;oufvm=u
oljcif; rsK;d EG,Zf pfjrpfwal eIvm;rod?
pwufzeDu twufºuGqHk;/ pum;ajymtu|rf;usifqHk;/ pnf;±Hk;a&;
twwfynm tºu, G 0f qH;k olrESifh usaemfu twkid t f azmufvyk &f onf? pwufzeDu
oload om a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk yHak zmf&iS ;f jyonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS fh ,lw;l
wD0kdif;tzGJ@rS tqdkawmf bdfkEdkwdk@&Sdaernfh txift& jywdkuf}uD;qDodk@ csDwwf
&ke;f ºuv
G maeonhf tar&duef vlxk awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf a':atmif qef;pk =unfudk
odxm;=uonf? wcsK@d u av;pm;/ wcsK@d u pmemaxmufxm;/ wcsK@d u vlxak cgi;f
aqmifEiS t fh wl &yfwnf=u? wcsK@d u tH=o/ wcsK@d u ,ufa'gudk od=uonf/ wcsK@d u
,ufa'gukd aumufcsufay;onf? 'Dapmufaumif *|ef,ufa'gu bma=umihf
a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdrx f J cd;k 0if&wmvJ? bma=umifh 'kuQ ay;&wmvJ? zwfcf ,ufa'g
(fuck) apmufaumif ,ufa'g EGm;acs;yJ? (bull shit) ? *|e, f ufa'gudk jypfjypfEpS Ef pS f
qJqkd }udr;f armif;=uonf?
“Armjynf a-mufppftkyfpk/ EGm;acs;ppftkyfpku a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd
axmif'g%o f ;kH ESpf tjypf'g%cf sw,fv@kd od& w,f? EGm;acs; ppftyk pf u k dk igw@kd qef@usif
w,f?=o*kwv f 11 &ufu trde@f csowJ?h igw@kd oyd gw,f? ppftyk pf k a-mufaumifawG?”

,ae@pufwifbm q,fo h ;kH &ufae@? “r[kwrf [wf vkyZf mwfcif;+yD; a':pkudk
axmif'g%f oH;k ESpaf y;cJo h nhf ae@rS &nfwu G vf #if wvwif;wif;jynhu f m w&ufpeG ;f cJh
onfah e@ayg?h urBmu odxm;cJ+h yD;om? ('Dyu JG dk pufwifbm 12 ESifh 13 ESp&f ufusi;f y
onf?)
“*|ef,ufawm qdkwJhaumifu igwdk@ajray:rSm usufoa&wkH;wJhaumif?
EGm;acs;ppftyk pf u k rif;wd@k wdik ;f jynf&@J ajray:rSm tifrwef usuo f a&rJw h ahJ umifawG
æ 'DEpS cf u k tifrwef vku d zf ufwmaygu h mG æ [m; æ [m; æ [m; æ 0g; 0g;”
naeESpfem&D aea&miftylaiG@atmufwGif em&Daygif;rsm;pGm wef;pD ae& ojzifh
rsufESmawG yef;a&mif aoG;a&mifoef;aejcif;vmrod? xkdodk@usaemfrxifay?
a'gocHjyif;r_u aoG; a&mifoef;aponf r[kwfvm;? wcsKd@vlxkrSm cHpm;r_u
euf±id_ ;f ae=uojzihf olw@kd u=dk unhu f m usaemfrh mS rtH=h oyJ raeEdik af wmh? rw&m;r_/
rr#wr_udk awG@&&dS cdu k f cHjyif;r_q;l c|eo f mG ;u olw@kd &ifwiG f pl;0ifae=uonf? olw@kd onf
rd;k óud;ypfwwfonhf rd;k óud;oGm;awGy?J rd;k óud;oGm;awGygvm;? tar&dueftpd;k & yg0if
ajc±_yo f nhf ppfyrJG sm;ukd xdrk ;kd óud;oGm;rsm;onf wH@k jyefqef@usif uef@uu G cf =hJ uonf?
ud;k &D,m;ppfy/JG AD,uferfppfy/JG tD &wfppfy/JG tmzuefppfyw JG @dk udk qef@usicf =hJ u&mY
olw@kd onf rd;k óud;rkew f idk ;f rsm;jzpfc=hJ uavonf? (,ckv 2009 - Ek0d ifbm 7 &ufae@
ae@vnfwiG f usaemfaexkid &f m zd@k w0f ed ;f òrd@v,facgiYf tmzuefppfyu JG dk qef@usif aom
ppfqef@usifa&; tar&duefvlxk qENjyyGJxJwGifusaemfukd,fwdkif yg0ifcJhonfrSm
ylyal EG;aEG;yJ &Sad o;onf? “a':atmifqef;pk=unfu bmjzpfv@dk axmifuscaH e&wmvJ”
“ —————”
“axmiftusrcHyJ vkyv f @kd r&bl;wJv h m;”
ar;avh a r;x r&S d a omar;cG e f ; ? wcsd K @vl x k u Armjynf . vl r _ b 0/
Ekid if aH &;b0udk odyrf od=u? ravhvm rpl;prf;rd? avhvmonfw h ikd af tmif tay:,H
qefvo S nf? olw@dk ar;cGe;f u ±d;k pif;aomfvnf; 'Dru dk a&pD qdwo f Ok ;f aeonfh arSmife@J rrJ J
wkdif;jynftjzpf rjrifrd (rjrifrd)=u? oHjym;rsufESmjyifay:rS a,muf,uf qefcwf
jzpfaeonfh jy'g;vH;k wvH;k jzpfaeonfh wkid ;f jynftjzpf olw@dk jrifrxm;cJah y?
“b,f v k d v J A s/ tar&d u ef t pd k ; &&J Œ pD ; yG m ;a&; '%f c wf y d w f q d k @ r_ u
atmifjrif&J@vm;As? Arm ppftkyf kuawmh ol@tusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdyg;avawmh æ?
wu,fu usnq f efwawmifx h eJ @J ppftyk pf ek @J vx l u k kd wòydief ufxJ ypfcwfovkd

jzpfae&ifawmh æ? pD;yGm;a&;ydwq f @kd xm;awmh ppftyk pf k touf±&l =uyfwmaygAh sm/
cifAsm;wkd@ vlxkawGuawmh 0rf;omrSmaygh/ [kwfw,faemf æ? taotcsm
,H=k unfxm;wmuawmh ppftyk pf u k kd ydwq f @kd '%fcwfwhJ vufeuf[m vlxv k ufeuf
yJAs”
ed*;kH awG tm;vH;k xJu aumufcsuef *d ;kH udk vSvyS y qGx J w k jf yonfo h v
l nf;
&Sdonf? vlxkwkdufyGJ rsm;udk usaemfu &Sif;jyonf? wkdif;jynfu tusOf;axmif?
tarSmifxkudk tqdyftjzpfcwfxm;aom tusOf; axmif wkdif;jynf? tEkdifusifhcH/
tm%mrJh vufeufrhJ tzdEydS cf v H rl sKd ;aygi;f pHrk mS tusO;f om;awG? +ird ;f csr;f a&; csKd ;uloEH iS /hf
vG w f v yf r _ o ajycuf u d k awmif h w iwf r G w f / tpma&pmiwf r G w f a eaom
tusO;f om;awG? vlxk a&SŒrS &if&h if&h &J J &yfwnfwu dk yf 0JG ifaeaom a':atmifqef;pk=unf/
OD;wifO;D ESihf tjcm;acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ oHCmawmfrsm;/ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;rSm
ppftyk pf . k "g;pm;cHrsm; jzpfaeonf? vlom;ppfppfrsm;udk ppfu|ew f q H yd f cwfEydS u
f m
puf±kyftjzpf zufqpfwpku yHkoGif;xkwfvkyfay;vsuf &Sdonf? zufqpfppftkyfpk
xlaxmifxm;aom ppftm%m&Sif puf±Hk}uD;rSm trsdK;om;xkwfukefwefzdk;.
xuf0ufausmfESifh nDr#aomppfwyf/ ykvdyfwyf aoewfusnfqefrsm;jzifh w*sHK;*sHK;
w*sKd if;*sKd if; ckwaf rmif;vsu&f o dS nf? od@k aomf puf±yk rf [kwaf om/ b,fvrdk S puf±yk f
r[kwaf om ppfu|erf sm;onf ppftyk pf u k kd vnfyif;óu;d csnu f m ppf tkypf k wl;xm;aom
ocFsKid ;f aowGi;f eufo@kd ±du k Ef u S u f efcs aeonfuv kd J xdpk uf±rkH LS ; tm%m&Sirf sm;u rodI
r[kw?f odonf? xdt k csuu f kd usaemfu &Si;f jyonf?
tpma&pmtwGuf qefpyg; yJ ajymif; ESr;f 0g aumufyo J ;D ESu
H kd v,form;u
xGef,uf xkwfvkyf onf? tvkyform; vlwef;pm;u vloHk;u&d,mrsm;ESifh
t0wftxnfrsm;udk xkwv f yk o f nf? xdx k w k v f yk rf _ rsm;tm;vH;k . txufraS e+y;D zufqpf
ppftyk pf . k yHo k iG ;f xkwv f yk rf r_ mS ppfu|erf sm;jzpfonf? olw@dk . aorif;wref ppfu|erf sm;?
usaemfu xko d @kd pw
d u
f ;l ±kyyf v kH m$ rsm;udk zefw;D um o±kyaf zmfI &Si;f vif;jy o onf?
“rdwfaqGajymwm usefaeao;w,fAs? cifAsm; wrifcsefxm;cJhwmvm;
rodbl;? [kd'if;avAsm? ppftkyfpku ol@vufudkif'kwfawG/ ±kyfao;±kyfawGudkvJ
arG;xkwaf y;cJw h ,f r[kwv f m;As? ppftyk pf u k olw@dk vufuikd 'f w k af wGukd emrnfvv S S
ºuºG uG ay;xm;w,favAsm? usKyfawmh rac:wwfb;l As? bmwJ?h olw@kd tzG@J awGu oH;k zG@J /

av;zGJ@&Sdw,fav? [kwfw,faemf? Arm vlxkawG/ &[ef;oHCmawGudk ±kdufowf
zrf;csKyfae wJh vlawGavAsm”
}uHŒzGwfrsm;udk ol&nf!$ef;ajymqdkaerSef; usaemfodvdkufonfESifh ol@udk
vufurf;ay;vdu k of nf? ol@vufukd cyfwif; wif; qkyx f m;vku d &f onf?
“usaemfu h kd axmufual y;wJt h wGuf aus;Zl;txl;wifygw,fAsm”
usaemfah b;wGif &yfaeaom pwufzeDu “tJ'g odyrf eS w f ,f”[kajym&if;
vufqGJ E_wfqufjyef onf? wcsdK@vlxku Armjynfta=umif; ca&aphwGif;us
odaeavonf? usaemf tar&duefo@kd a&mufvmcgp vufvrS ;f rSo D r# ar;=unfo h nf?
,ck uJo h @kd a&a&&m&m rod=u? olw@dk twGuf Armjynfonf ò*dvaf o; ò*dvrf m$ ;av;
jzpfonf? aep}umF 0VmxJu t*F gò*v d u f ohJ @kd aom ò*v d w f vH;k ? ppftyk pf Ek iS hf tzdEydS cf /H tEkid f
usichf aH e&aom vlxt k =um;&Sd yÉdyuQwu dk yf u JG Armjynf.jyifyod@k a&mufvmonf?
tmwdwEf iS hf tE mW wdwpf uf0idk ;f txd wku d yf rJG ;D u ul;pufvmonf? vlr[kwo f nfh
t[dww f &d p>mef ig;ref; rsm;/ jcaoFEh iS hf usm;rsm;u tkypf ;kd tqD&pfaeonfh wdik ;f jynftjzpf
odjrifvm=uonf? ArmjynfolawGudk pmemonfh pmem r_rsm;u olwkd@&ifxJwGif
&GmoGef;vkduf=uonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; tawmfrsm;rsm;. vlxktoD;oD; vkyfEkdif
onft h &mrSm tkypf ;dk zdEydS af &;orm; ppftyk pf u k kd trke;f jzifh avmifu|r;f ypfjcif;jzpfonf?
odk@r[kwf pufqkwfr_ rdk;óud;oGm;rsm; rdk;óud;rkefwkdif;rsm;jzifh olwkd@. tpkd;&rsm;udk
zdtm;ay;jcif;jzpfonf? xk@d jyif Armjynf vlrsKd ;pHv k x l u k kd pmemr_r;kd rsm; &GmoGe;f aejcif;jzifh
vlxt k csi;f csi;f az;ulae=uonf? vlxw k iG f pGr;f tifrsm;/ pGr;f tm;rsm; tjynf&h o dS nf?
xdkpGrf;tif yg0g (power) rsm;ESifhyif b0rsm;udk topfcsyfc|wf jzpfoGm;atmif
ajymif;vJypfEidk o f nf r[kwv f m;?
(4)
usaemfwkd@tzGJ@cGJrsm;onf &Snfvsm;jynfhodyfaeonfh vlwef;}uD;xJwGif
toD ; oD ; a&muf & S d a e=uonf ? Armjynf t wG u f tar&d u ef vl x k v _ y f & S m ;r_
tzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf odomap&ef (U.S Campaign for Burma) wHqyd t f rSwt f om;
rsm;udk &ifbwfay:wGif csw d w
f , G x
f m;=uonf? “atmifqef;pk=unfukd v$waf y;” (Free
Aung San Suu Kyi) ? eDapG;apG; aoG;a&mifaemufcaH y:rS wae&mod@k pl;pl;&J&w
J if;wif;

=unfhaeaom a':atmifqef;pk=unf. "mwfyHkv$myg&Sdonfh oHk;vuRcGJ ywfvnf
pwk&ef;yHu k yfjym;udk &ifbwfay:wGif uyfxm;=uonf?
xd@k aemuf usaemfw@dk vufxw J iG f a':atmifqef;pk=unf. rsuEf mS zH;k rsm;?
ezl;ay:od@k qHE, G tf acGu nmrsucf ;kH pGe;f txdyu d saeonfh òyH;&,faeaom rsuEf mS æ?
tar&duefvlxku xdkrsufESmzHk;udk awmif;,l=uonf? wcsdK@vlxkrSm xdk"gwfyHk
±kyv
f m$ rsuEf mS zH;k udk &&So
d mG ;=uojzifh ajray:wGif ckeaf yguf jrL;±$io f mG ;=uonf? b,fEh , S hf
b,fEh , S f aysmjf rL;oGm;jcif; jzpfygvrd ?hf vli,f/ vl}uD;ra&G; xko d @dk yif jzpf oGm;=uonf?
toufajcmufq,fausmfausmf trsdK;orD;}uD;rsm;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk
w±du _ ±f u_d f erf;aeacsao;awmh? erf;=uLaeav&JŒ?
ajy;I jrifa,mifaeavonf? vlxkacgif;aqmifu wkdif;jynfxJvSnfhpOf/
vlxkawGxJ wdk;0if pnf;±Hk;pOf qif;&JEGrf;yg;yg; trsdK;orD;xku zufvSJwuif;jzifh
a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd erf;±_u d cf =hJ uonfukd jyefvnfjrifa,mifro d nf? vGr;f p&m
aumif; vku d w f hJ terf;awG? vkxu k o kd rl u arwWmrd;k &Gmcsonf? vlxu k vnf; olrtm;
tcsprf ;kd tjzpf terf;yGirhf sm;udk &Gmcsc=hJ uonf? wkid ;f jynfEiS v hf rl sKd ;rSm uGjJ ym;jcm; em;onf?
terf;yGihf tcsprf ;dk / arwWmrk;d rSm bmrsm;uGmjcm;vd@k v?J tar&duef tzGm;rsm;/ ta':
rsm;onf rsu&f nfvnf&jJG zifh Armjynf vlxak cgi;f aqmifukd ±du _ If erf;=uavonf?
usaemfonf qGwyf sŒH um &ifcek v f u _d v f JS aeavonf?
,ckvnf; =unft h ;kH ? um;vrf;awGukd ydwu f m xdu k wW&mvrf;rrsm;ay:wGif
ig;a,muf wwGJ wef;pD+y;D a':atmifqef; pk=unfEiS hf bdEk &dk adS ernfjh ywku d . f *dw0f tzGiu hf kd
apmifhqdkif;ae=uonf? aeyl pyfcg; xJwGif ayawaw ZGJebJjzifh em&Daygif;rsm;pGm
wef;pDaecJ=h uonf? wcsKd Œu vrf;ray:wGif tdyv f suaf pmif=h uonf? wcsKd @u xkid v f su?f
wcsKd Œu pum;0kid ;f zG@J vsu?f wcsKd Œu rwfwyf0idk ;f zG@J ? wcsKd Œu xD;ESiOhf ;D xkyEf iS ?hf wcsKd Œu
tylvd_if;wGef@aea&mifudk acgif;ay:&Gufxm;=u? tHwk=u? wcsdK@u pD;ygavap
armifrokwef @J wkww f wk u f sac|;[k [pfaºuG;um ac|;pufrsm;udk tazmfvyk x f m;=u
onf? 'Dt&mtaxmif vlwef;&Sn}f uD;udk &[wf,mOfjzifh aumif;uifrq S ;D I =unfh
csiof nf? taxmiftaomif; yk&u G q f wd af wG wv_yv f y_ w
f &G&G tpmcs=D u/ tpm&Sm=u/
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awG@&ayvdrrhf nf?

vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rmS oHr%dpw d "f gwjf yyGJ jzpfonf? vlx. k &efbufjzpfaom
&efolonf pdwf"gwf oHr%dvdyfjymrsm; tHkusif;zGJ@IysHoef;&m vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk
wkev f y_ af jcmufjcm; aewwfonf? ArmjynfwiG f vlrsKd ;pHk vdyjf yma&mifp. kH ppftm%m&Sif
pepf qef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_ukd 1973 xJu usaemfóuHawG@co hJ nf? yg0if&if; óuHawG@r?_
1974? 1988? vlxck sw D ufyw JG iG f vlxu k xkwaf zmfjyoonfh oHr%d pdw"f gwrf sm;
onfum; &efot l wGuf usnq f efusnzf ;l rsm;/ vufeufc, J rf;rsm; jzpfonf? tajrmuf
vufeuf}uD;rsm; jzpfonf? vlxk.&efolu zdESdyfacsr_ef; aoewfusnfqefrsm;udk
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xkw=f uonf?
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pk=unfu vlxu k kd w&m;a[mpOf vlyifv,f vdi_ ;f vdyrf sm;xJwiG f usaemf rGe;f =uyfaecJh
bl;onf? vrf;r vrf;oG,t f oD;oD;rS pD;qif;vmonfh vlxv k i_d ;f vdyf aygi;f pHw
k @dk qHqk nf;
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oHr%dvyd jf ymrsm; yso H ef; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;onf yHyk ef;rysuf twdwaf jc&mrsm; tjzpf &ifwiG f
pGu
J se&f pfaeqJ? useaf eqJyaJ v?
1945 'k w d , urB m ppf t +yD ; / 1949 urB m h + id r f ; csrf ; a&; Ek d i f i H w um
vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_onf tvGet f rif; crf;em;cef@xnf cJo h nf? urBmjh ynfov l x l ak wGu
aemufxyf wwd,urBmppfudk rvkcd siaf wmh? 'kw, d urBmppfwiG f toufay;cJ/h aoa=u
usq;kH cJo h nfh vlxk ig;q,fEh pS o f ef;(52 oef;). aoG;toufrsm;u wwd,urBmppf
wm;qD;a&;/ tEkjrLvufeuf ydwyf ifa&;/ urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf a=uuGq J @kd eifb
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t+rw J rf; aumf rwDu wwd,urBmppf wm;qD;a&;/ tEkjrLvufeuf ydwyf ifa&;twGuf
paumh[rk ;f arwWm&yfccH suf udk 1958 rwfv 19 wGif xkwjf yefc&hJ m/ Ekid if w H um
vlxt k oD;oD;u qENay;vufrw S f a&;xd;k =uonf? oH;k vt wGi;f oef;oH;k &mvlxk (vlxk
oef;300)ausmf vufrw S af &;xk;d =uonf?
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aygif;pkum urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; uGefu&ufudk xlaxmif=uonf? “urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;
aqmf=or_aumfrw D ”D udk zG@J pnf;+yD; Ekid if wH um vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_xw J iG f yg0ifc=hJ uonf?
xdvk x l w k u dk yf }JG u;D (International Campaign) xJwiG f Armjynfvx l k wpfoef; (1

oef;)onf ppfqef@ usifa&; oHr%dpdwf"gwf a&mifpHkvdyfjymrsm;tjzpf yg0ifysHoef;
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oGm;=upk@d ”
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aepOf usaemfhtawG;u twdwfajc&m vrf;a=umif;rsm;ay:rS oHr%dpdwf"gwf
vdyjf ymrsm;xH ul;vl;a&muf&dS aecJo h nf? wc% a&mufomG ;? vufawG@b0ok@d jyefa&muf
vm? twdwEf iS hf ypPKy`eu f kd vGe;f xd;k ,uf&, S af erdonf?
“jywkud *f w d 0f rzGirhf DS 'Dae&mudk jyefvm&tH;k r,f r[kwv f m; pwufzeD”
“[kww f ,fav/ vm oGm;pd@k ”
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xkid cf svukd o f nf? a&ykvif;udzk iG u hf m wcsKd ufcsKd uf aomufcsvu kd f onf? usaemfw@dk EiS hf
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tk;d td?k [m;[m? {&mr txl;tqef; ESpcf u k usaemft h m±Hak =umrsm;udk ua&mifuwrf;
v_ycf wfweG @f ±eG @f oGm;aponf? E_wcf rf; rS tmarÈdwo f pH Ofrsm;udk v$wu f eJ xGuaf ponf?
tm±Hck yH wf0ef;usif ±ky0f wˆKrsm;ESihf tm±Hak =umwk@d . wke@f jyef±u dk cf wfru _ odraf rG@um
jyif;xefvo S nf[k qd&k rnf? *a&mifajcmufjcm; jzpfomG ;onf? pwdw±f ;_d ZmwfcpkH ifjrifu h kd
yG=J unfph iftxyfxyfu 0kid ;f ywfxm;onf? {&mrcrf;em;aom yG=J unfph if? yG=J unfh y&dwf
owfu yG=J unfph iftxyfxyfwiG f pyspo f ;D tckid u f ohJ @kd ¹yGwcf smvdru f m oD;cJaeonf?
csi;f awmif [m;cg; ok@d omG ;pOfu awmifay:wGif awG@c&hJ aom vSn;f bD;t0kid ;f xuf}uD;
onfh ysm;tHu k kd ajy;jrifro d nf? tar&duefvx l k taxmiftaomif;onf vjynf0h ef;uJh
od@k 0kid ;f pufaom yG=J unfph if ysm;tH}k uD;xJwiG f pkòyHo;D cJ? wk;d usw d of ;D cJ? ae@vnfcif;rS
naeapmif;onftxd usaemfwkd@. rSwfwrf;pm&Gufrsm;ay:wGif vlxk wkdufyGJ0if
vufrw S rf sm;toD;oD; a&;xd;k ay;cJ=h uonfh vlxak wGayg?h
usaemfh rsuv f ;kH tpHrk S t=unfih u S rf sm;onf xkv d jynf0h ef; 0kid ;f pufy=JG unfph if
ay:wGif ys0H J aeav awmhonf? ta&SŒ taemuf awmifajrmuf ywfywfvnfysm;tH/k
ysm;vbkd@ay: Y usaemfht=unfhrsm;u a&muf&SdaecJhonf? 88 ta&;awmfyHk
a±$w*d t kH aemufbufr'k w f iG f awG@c&hJ onfrmS wysŒH wvsm; vlyifv,f }u;D ? vlvi_d ;f vdyf
wk@d jzifh wnfaqmufxm;onfh vlyifv,f? vlyef;yGiw hf @dk jzifh wnfaqmuftyfonfh
yef;yGifh yifv,f? ,ck yGJ=unfhpif txyfxyfyGifhcsyfrsm;jzifh aqmufvkyfxm;onfh
vl x k E S i f ; qD y G i f h } uD ; ud k awG @ &+yD ? +yD ; awmh r S tqd k a wmf b d k E d k oD q k d a eonf h
pwdw±f ;_d pifjrifah y:od@k tm±Hck pH m;rdonf?
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puf,E W&m; atmfwkdpepfESifh uGefjyLwmpepfukd oHk;xm;onf? ajymif;a±$ŒEdkifonfh
vSnyhf wfEidk o f nfh Zmwfc?kH atmfwpdk epf/ atmfwpkd ufcvkwf tpDtpOf atmufwiG f
Zmwfco kH nf &yfwnfaeonf? ok@d r[kwf a&G@vsm;ae&onf? Zmwfcx kH ufwiG f ,lw;l
(U2) wD;0kdif;ESifh tqdkawmf bkdEkdu {nfhcHazsmfajzaeav&JŒ? wD;0kdif;txufwGif
uGejf yLwmpepfjzifh toH;k ðy&ef puifaumfjym; (zefjym;)rsm; wyfqifxm;onf? ta0;qH;k

yG=J unfph ifrS y&dwo f wfu xdak umfjym;wGif vmIxifay:onfh ol@±yk v f m$ udk jrif&onf?
aumfjym;ay:rS tqdk awmfbEdk u dk kd usaemf awG@ae&avonf?
bkEd .dk t&G,u f vlvwfyikd ;f [k qd&k rnf? touf 49 ESp?f 1960 ESpzf mG ;?
tkid ,f mvefrmS arG;onfh tkid ;f &pfvrl sKd ;? i,femrnf aygvf a';Apf a[mfqif (Paul David
Hewson) ? bkE d[
dk Il vlord sm;cJo h nf? *Dwynm&Si?f oDcsi;f aw;oGm; oDu;kH ol? a&mhcf
(Rock) aw;*D w tzG J @ xJ r S ol @ emrnf u xG u f a y:vmcJ h ? jynf o l v l x k r sm;.
cifrifav;pm;r_ &&Sdaom vlxktay: =oZmv$rf;Ekdifaom vlpm&if;xJwGif 2004
ckpm&if;Y olu yg0ifvmcJhonf? ol.xif&Sm;ausmf=um;onfh trSwf tom;rSm
wwd,Ekid if rH sm;rS iwfrw G q f if;&Jaom jynfov l x
l rk sm;udk yHyh ;kd axmufujl cif;jzpfonf?
txl;ojzifh tmz&duwku d &f dS tufo±D ;kd yD;,m;/ wefZef;eD;,m;wk@d rS qif;&JcsKd @wv hJ eG ;f aom
vlrt JG ode;f toef;udk oDcsi;f qdI k &onfh tode;f toef; aiGa=u;jzifh axmufuyl yhH ;kd jcif;
jzpfonf? 1999 uxJu xdo k @kd yif vlrpJG m&if;0ifrsm;udk ulnD apmifr cJo h ?l xd@k a=umifyh if
jzpfrnf? 2003/ 2005/ 2006 +idrf;csrf;a&; Ekdb,fqk (Noble Peace Prize)
a&G;cs,af &;pm&if;wGif r=umc% azmfjyjcif;cH&onf? 2004 wGif csv D D (Chile) tpd;k &u
EkdifiHwumorRw ywfbvkdeD±l'g (Pablo Neruda) qk ol@udkay;tyfcsD;jrifh
tyfEiS ;f cJo
h nf? 2005 wGif ay:wl*t D pd;k &u ol. urBm@vo l m;qdik &f mvkyif ef;rsm;twGuf
(Order of Liberty) vGwv f yfrt _ qifh - qkudk cs;D jr‡ihf tyfEiS ;f cJo h nf? wu,fu
ol&&Scd ahJ om qkvm'frsm;rSm ,ckxuf rsm;ygonf?
y&dwfowfu ol@udk wcJeuftm;ay;onf? vufckwf=obmoHrsm;u
aumif;uif0wGif [def;I v#HxGufvmonf? pOf;pm;om =unfhayawmh? vlaygif;
taxmiftaomif;. [pfaºuG;tm;ay;oH/ olEiS t hf wl oDcsi;f vku d q f okd rH sm;rSm rnfr#
yJw
h ifxyfaernfenf;? bk&m;ocifonfyifv#if xkt d xufaumif;uifwckv;kH udk v$r;f rd;k
odr;f yku d af eonfh [de;f pnfaomtoHukd zefw;D Ekid rf nfrxif?
bkEd dk oDcsi;f oH;k yk'f qd+k yD;aomtcg usaemfw@kd ukd Ed&k mvmI Ed;_ aqmfonf?
attkyfpk bDtkyfpk tiftm;pkESpfpkcGJum wef;pDvkduf=uonf/ ZeD;roufZifu
attkypf x k w J iG f wef;pD&onf? usaemfEiS hf orD;av;u bDtyk pf w k iG f toifjh yif xm;&
onf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf rsufESm±kyfyHkv$mjzifh ðyvkyfxm;onfh rsufESmzHk;udk
vufwiG u f ikd xf m;&onf? vlxw k u dk yf u
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jzpf o nf ? a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf u xG u f a y:
rvmao;? tEkynm arSmfq&mbdkEkdu vlxk.
pdwt f m±Hu k kd aw;oHxw J iG f pkpnf; odr;f ±H;k xm;qJ?
Armjynfvx l &k ŒJ wku d yf u JG pygawmhonf? olrudpk yfqakd om
acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk}unf/ oDcsi;f jzifyh if wku d yf uJG kd tpðyvku d o f nf? apmapmu
olrudk wc%+id r f o uf oG m ;aeaom vl x k o nf
urBmuodjyD;om;yg? vGwv f yfa&; wa0ga0gjzift h ºkH uGum awmfvo J rH sm;udk wòydief uf
twGuf wnf ; ðyvk y f v k d u f = uonf ? ajrivsif v _ y f c wf
rqkwrf epfwu dk yf 0JG ifaewJh awmfvo J }H u;D ? tyfzsm;wae&mpm uGuv f yfr&So
d nfh
olrtjzpf usaemfwdk t h m;vH;k wa0ga0g awmf v J o H o nf aumif ; uif o d k @
odxm;}uygw,f? aqmifx h ;kd vku d o f nf?
olr[m vGwv f yfre+ J h 'Dru dk a&pDukd “azaza& æ a':pk æ
qef u h sifae}uwJh vlwpk&ŒJ h a':atmifqef;pk=unf xGuv f m+yD æxGuv f m+yD”
tusOf;axmifxrJ mS ppfred hf orD;av; v_yEf ;_d owday;vku d If vm; rod?
ppftm%matmufrmS =uufo;D ar$;!Si;f xoGm;onf? &ifonfvnf; ydI k
axmifusae vsufyg? yifw'dwf'dwf ckefvmawmhonf? odyf0rf;enf;
olr&JŒ ody0f rf;om qGwyf sŒH r_u ±du _ I f idak pavovm;rod?
vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf owdjzifh xde;f csKyfxm;vku d &f onf?
Ekid if aH &;orm;awG[mvJ “Armjynfvx l &k ŒJ acgi;f aqmif a':atmif
olreJ t h wl qef; pk=unf/ olrudk urBmuod+y;D om;yg? vGwv f yfa&;
axmifuscHae&w,f? twGuf rqkwfrepf wkdufyGJ0ifaewJh olrtjzpf
olr[m ArmjynftwGuf usaemfwkd@tm;vHk; odxm;=uygw,f? olr[m
tvif;a&mifomru tarSmifxx k rJ mS vGwv f yfre_ @J 'Dru dk a&pDukd qef@usiaf e=uwJh vlwpk&ŒJ
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omru tarSmifxx k rJ mS qif;&Jiwfrw G f ae=uol
awG&ŒJ vSywJ@ tvif; ta&mif/ wku d yf t
JG vif;a&mifvJ

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
tar&duef vlxktaxmiftaomif;rsm;xJwGif
urBmudkwkefv+yfapcJhonhf Armjynf 2007 a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;ukd olwkdh
jrifcJh}ujyD;jzpfonf?
&ifEiS fh pmem em;vnf cHpm;cJh }ujyD;vnf;jzpfonf? xkahd emuf 2008
ppfu|efcaH &;zGJ ph nf;yHu
k dk t"rRaxmufccH ikd ;f jcif; cH&onfv
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○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
jzpfygw,f? tifrwef vSywJo h rl yg? olrvGwaf jrmufz@dk usaemf awmif;qdk vku d yf gw,f?
olrudk v$waf y;yg? Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awG tm;vH;k udk v$waf y;&r,f? v$waf y;yg æ
csucf si;f v$waf y;&r,f æ”
bdkEkdESifhw;D0kdif;. acgif;ay:wGif&Sdaom t&yf&Spfbufjrif uGefjyLwm
puifaumfjym;rsm;ay:wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf xGufay:vmonf? cav;b0/
ausmif;olb0/ vufxyfpOf tdrfaxmif&Sif ravmif;b0/ EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJxJu
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aw;oGm;ay:wGif bkEd u dk Armjynfvx l wk u dk yf EJG iS hf a':pkukd cif;usi;f ajymjyaeonf?
wvH;k jcif; twufºuq G ;kH &Si;f jyaepOf olr±kyyf v kH m$ rsm;u wzsyzf syf ay:vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf?
+idr;f csr;f a&; trSwt f om;csKd ;iSurf sm;rSm aumfjym;ay:wGif txyfxyf yso H ef;vsu?f
,ltufpu f ifyed ;f tzG@J acgi;f aqmifu wk;d wk;d wdww f w d f tcsuaf y;vku d of nfEiS hf
usaemfw@dk rdom;pkyg0ifonfh tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf bdEk &dk &dS m ZmwfcpkH ifjrifx h ufo@kd wef;pD+yD;
wvSr;f jcif;wufomG ;=uonf? 0vH;k yHk o¾mefZmwfcu kH kd 2 zG@J cI
JG 0kid ;f ywfvu dk =f uonf?
tiftm;pk0if vl&pS q f ,fjzifh 0dik ;f ywfxm;vdu k o f nf? bdEk u kd tv,fA[kw d iG f
ae&m,lum a':atmifqef;pk=unftwGuf pyfqdkxm;aom oDcsif;ukd wausmh
[pfaºu;G oDqakd vawmhonf?
usaemfwdk@ tm;vHk;onf a':atmifqef; pk=unf rsufESmzHk;udk csdefudkuf
pGwv f u
dk f =uonf? y&dwo f wfrsm;rSmvnf; usaemfw@kd enf;wl olr. rsuEf mS zH;k udk wyfqif
vku d =f uonf? o&kyjf y wku d yf 0JG ifoel @J / wku
d yf 0JG if y&dwo f wfvx l rk mS csed u
f ukd t f uH s
jzpfomG ;onf?

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
vlxk 1 ode;f 4 aomif;ausmf toufaoapcJo h nhf em*pfrek w f idk ;f oifh

xdvk x
l u
k dk ppftyk pf u
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zdESdyfcJhonfukd
urBmvh x
l u
k ajuuGpJ mG ud, k cf sif;pm cHpm;cJjh yD;jyD?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
ZmwfcHkonf ajrjyifrS 15 aycef@ jrifhayvdrfhrnf? y&dwfowfvlxkukd
iH@k =unh&f onf? rsuv f ;kH taygurf S vlxu k kd qD;+yD;=unfrh pd Of wcsKd Œvlxrk mS idak e=uayg?h
rsu&f nfpufrsm;udk okwv f #uf wkud yf 0JG if a'gorsu&f nfpufrsm; ayyJvm;? wcsKd Œvlxrk mS
±du _ v f su?f ArmjynftzdEydS cf v H xl .k cHpm;r_u olw@kd &ifxw J iG f ul;puf avmifu|r;f cJ+h yD;
jzpfonf? ,QK awG@ae&aom tar&duef vlxt k axmiftaomif;rsm;xJwiG f urBmudk
wkev f y_ af pcJo h nhf Armjynf 2007 a&$0ga&mifawmfveS af &;ukd olw@dk jrifc=hJ u+y;D jzpfonf?
&ifEiS fh pmem em;vnf cHpm;cJh =u+y;D vnf;jzpfonf? xk@d aemuf 2008 ppfu|ecf aH &;zG@J pnf;yHu k dk
t"rRaxmufcHcdkif;jcif; cH&onfhvlxk? 'gukdvnf; cHpm;cJh+yD;+yD? vlxk 1 odef; 4
aomif;ausmf toufaoapcJo h nhf em*pfrek w f idk ;f oifh xdv
k xl uk dk ppftyk pf u
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uif;rJhvSpGm xyfI xyfum zdESdyfcJhonfukd urBmhvlxku a=uuGJpGm udk,fcsif;pm
cHpm;cJ+h yD;+yD?
,QKrl olw@dk iakd e=uayg?h v_u d If ±_u d af e=uayg?h a'gojzifh “a':atmifqef;
pk=unfe@J Edik if aH &;t usO;f om;rsm;tm;vH;k ukd v$waf y;yg/ v$waf y;&r,f/ v$waf y;&r,f?”
[pfaºu;G wdu k yf 0JG ifv#u?f
usaemfEiS hf usaemfw@kd xd@k o@kd yif awG@jrifcpH m;vku d =f uonf? xdv k x l .k rsu&f nf
&ifcek o f rH sm;onf usaemfw@kd &ifEiS hf rsu0f ef;t&yfa'ood@k ul;pufysŒH ES@H vmcJo h nf? xd@k jyif
vGwv f yfrE_ iS hf +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk tpma&pmESit hf wl iwfw;D rGwo f w d af om ArmjynfwiG ;f rS
vl x k t oD ; oD ; xH o d k @ xd k & if c k e f o H / xd k q G w f y sH Œ rsuf & nf E S i f h a'gotqd y f o if h
rsu&f nfpufrsm;u pdr0hf ifu;l puf oGm;=uvdrrhf nf? ta&miftqif;uJrh ahJ om wlno D nfh
cHpm;r_ &ifcek v f i_d ;f wd@k onf wb0wnf; wv$mwnf; jzpfomG ;aom cHpm;csuyf ifv,fwiG f
wxyfwom; wnf; qHq k nf;=uavonf?qHq k nf;=uonf r[kwv f m;?
armifp;kd csdef
Ekd0ifbm 17/ 2009

Tpmtkyfonf pma&;q&mr
karen connelly . rl&if;pmtkyw f tkyjf zpfjyD;
pmzwfolrsm; tm; tvGeftrif; zwfapcsifaom
qEN a =umif h =uKd ; pm; wif j yvk d u f y gonf ?
Tpmtkyt f m; zwfapjcif;jzifh jref rmEkid if t H wGi;f
tkycf sKyfrif;rlaeaom ppftpk;d &. vuf xufwiG f
jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkd@ rnfa&G hrnfr#xdvl@tcGifh
ta&; qk H ; &S K H ; aejyD ; jref r mEk d i f i H w G i f ; &S d
tusOf;axmif rsm;twGif; rnfuJhokdh zdpD;ESdyfpuf/
rnf u J h o k d qif ; &J ' k u Q cH & I ppf t pk d ; &.
vlrqefrr_ sm;ukd uGuu f u G uf iG ;f uGi;f odjrif&rnf
jzpfygonf? tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyoGm;ygrnf?
tvif ; td r f r **~~ Z if ;
bmomjyefqdkol Roland Hardy (c)armifarmifvwf
,cifvrStquf tdraf jrSmifavSmiftrd f

tcef; ( 2& )
wcsKd @awG[m tdrk if;vmvd@k yjJ zpfjzpf/ uHraumif;vd@k yjJ zpfjzpf/ 'kuw dQ wpf
a,mufvkd jzpfvmwwfw,f?
axmifrLS ; vlacsmvnf; emaewJh 'l;acgi;f a=umifh vrf;av#muf&wm 'kudQ
w wpfa,mufvkd axmhe@J axmhe@J jzpfaew,f? axmifrLS ; rjzpfcif &Joifwef;ausmif;
rSmwke;f u “wpf-ESp-f oH;k -av;/ wpf-ESp-f oH;k -av;” qd+k yD;/ oH+ydKifatmf[pf&if; nD
nDnmnm av#mufvrS ;f cJw h ,f?
ol wpfq,f&h pS Ef pS jf y!fw h hJ tcsed rf mS ol@&@J yaxG;[m olw@kd aewJh +rdK@av;rSm
ol h udk &J0efxrf;vkycf ikd ;f vdu k wf ,f? ol@a&S@a&; aumif;vmw,f? trde@f emcHw,f?
tm;eJ@ rmefe@J wufwuf=uG=uG/ }udK;}udK;pm;pm;eJ@ aew,f? xrif;pm;csed f a&muf+yDr@kd /
0g'gawG xrif;pm;wJt h aqmifzuf vrf;av#mufvmw,f? ol@taemufrmS t&dyv f v
kd kd
awG@ vdu k v
f @kd vS!=hf unfv h ukd wf ,f?

“toH;k r0ifwhJ acG;aumif =uGuo f wform; ukvm;av;yJ”
“ acG;aumif 'Dem;rSm vm+yD;/ ukwaf csmif;/ ukwaf csmif;eJ@ bmrsm; tvpf
acsmif;aeovJ rodb;l ?”
aumifav;[m axmifrLS ; ukv d al csmudk jrifawmh acgi;f av;ik@H xm;&if;/
acG; av; waumif/ acG;avSmiftdrfxJudk tajy;uav; 0ifoGm;ovdk vSpfceJ
aysmufomG ; w,f?
i,fi,f&, G &f , G /f &J0efxrf; b0tprSmawmh &Jpcef;rSm pm&Gupf mwrf;awG
udik &f w,f? qm*si}f uD; cdik ;f or#ukd }udK;pm;vky/f azmifawGjz!f/h vdw k hJ axmufyhH ypPn;f
oGm;xkwef @J tvky&f y_ af ecJw h ,f? ol@}udK;pm;r_a=umifh tapmif&h 0J efxrf;tjzpf/ &mxl;
wd;k oGm;cJw
h ,f? tJ'v D ekd @J &Joifwef;ausmif;udk wufciG &hf cJw h ,f? “wpf-ESp-f oH;k -av;”
ppfoifwef;awG vky&f w,f? ppfoifwef;[m udv k al csmtwGuf rcufcyJ gb;l ?
olu ppfAv kd f odyjf zpfcsiw f vhJ l jzpfw,f? OD;aESmufukd toH;k cs +y;D / ae&maumif;
aumif; &zd@k t+rJpOf;pm;aeol jzpfw,f?
axmifrLS ; ukv d al csm[m axmifyikd }f uD;qDu 0efxrf;aumif; xl;c|eaf xmuf
cHpmudk tvGe&f vdw k ,f? 'grS tvkyt f opfe@J ae&mtopfukd &rSmjzpfw,f?
&dak oor_e@J opPm&Srd _ enf;w,fq+kd yD;/ xifrw S cf suaf =umif/h axmifrLS ;udck spf
Edik [f m ppfwyfzufrajymif;jzpfcyhJ g? ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;rSmvkyzf @dk ol@ukd tvd&k adS e=u
w,f? 'gayr,fh udck spEf ikd u f ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;rSm rvkycf sib f ;l ? twif;ajym=uwJh
todik ;f t0ef;rSmawmh udck spEf ikd [ f m opPmr&Sw d v hJ /l Edik if aH &;orm;awGukd ulnaD ewJh
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f
r# ae@a&m nyg/ udck spEf ikd &f @J ajcvSr;f awGukd vdu k =f u!fzh @kd vlimS ;Edik rf ,f r[kwyf gvm;?
axmifyikd }f uD;u pdwrf yle@J ? olvnf;}udK;pm;+yD;/ axmufvrS ;f aew,f?
axmifxJ rSmvnf; aemufu vdu k af xmufvrS ;f aeovd/k tjyifbufomG ;&ifvnf;/
aemufu t+rJacsmif;aewJo h al wG v$wx f m;w,f?
axmifrLS ;ukv d al csm wHcg;udzk iG 0hf ifvu kd wf meJ@ txJrmS &Sad ewJh 0efxrf;awG[m
acgi;f armh+yD;/ =u!f=h uw,f? 0efxrf;awGrsuEf mS rSm tvGeyf ifyef;EGr;f e,fru _ kd awG@&dS
&w,f? oHuv k m;xdik /f opfom;pm;yG}J u;D awGuv kd J pdwu f ek af ew,f? pm;ae=u xrif;
udv k nf; vH;k 0rpm;csi=f ubl;?

wu,fq&kd if axmifxrJ mS tr_xrf;wJh 0g'gawG
vnf; axmifus tusO;f om;awGpm;wJh xrif;yJpm;=u&
w,f?
&dak oor+eJ h
0g'gawG xrif;tjrefpm;=uw,f? axmifrLS ; udv k l
opPm&Srd +
acsmu cdik ;f p&m&Sv d @kd tck vdu k cf qhJ &kd if xrif;iwfomG ;Edik f
enf;w,fqjkd yD;/
w,f? 'ga=umifh xrif;udk tjrefpm;=uw,f? t&ifwek ;f
xifrw S cf sufa}umif/h
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axmifrLS ;
pm;vdu k &f yJ vky=f u&w,f?
udck spf Edik [ f m
axmifr;_ ukv d al csmvnf; xrif;pm;aew,f? 'Dx
ppfwyfzuf
rif;pm; taqmifxJ r0ifcif Adu k qf maeayr,h/f xrif;pm;
rajymif;jzpfcyhJ g?
aqmifxu J 0g'gawG rsuEf mS awG jrifawG@&wm/ pdwx f rJ mS
ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;rSm
a'guefovk/d at;wdat;puf jzpfvmw,f? 0g'gawG[m
vkyzf dk h ol u h kd
aemufausmay;+y;D xkid =f u wm[m ol@ukd rESp+f rKd w h m/ jywmyJ
tvd&k adS e}u w,f?
jzpfw,f?
'gayr,fh
vlacsmvnf;odw,f? 0g'gawG ol@ukd a=umuf&@HG
udck spfEikd u f
=uw,f? remvd0k efwkd jzpf =uw,f? vlacsmeJ@ 0g'gawG
ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;rSm
=um;rSm rsuaf phe@J rjrifEikd w f hJ wHwikd ;f }uD; umxm;w,f
rvkycf sifb;l ?
vd@k cHpm;=uw,f?
twif;ajym}uwJh
0g'g wifv h iG [
f m ol@twGuf xrif;/ [if; csex f m;
todik ;f t0ef;
ay;w,f? 'g a=umif/h “q&m udv k al csm usaemfw@kd 0kid ;f rSm
rSmawmh
[if;awG/ xrif;awG q&mhtwGuf csex f m;ygw,f? 'DrmS
udck spfEikd [ f m
usaemf w d k @ eJ @ twl vmpm;ygvm;cif A sm”vd k @ zd w f a c:
opPmr&Sw d v hJ /l
vduk w f ,f?
Edik if aH &;orm;awGukd
axmifrLS ;[m 0g'gawGukd tvGef puf&@HG rke;f wD;wJh
ulnaD ewJh
rsuEf mS eJ@ =u!fv h u
kd +f yD;/ xrif; 0ifpm;w,f? ig;ajcmufyef;
vl qdjk yD;/ tykyef H h
uefukd axmifrLS ; ukv d al csmudk rsuEf mS vky+f y;D ay;vduk w f ,f?
xGuaf ew,f?
rdepf 20 avmuf=umawmh xrif;tm;vHk;pm;+yD;vdk@/
vufzuf&nfudk ZdrfeJ@ xdkif aomuf=uw,f? &SmazGwJh
tzG@J xrJ ygw/hJ 0g'gawG[m olw@kd vkyaf e=u taqmif awG
zufukd av#mufomG ;=uw,f?
0g'gawG[m tvkyv f yk &f mrSm trSm;t,Gi;f &Scd &hJ if/ tJ'aD e@rmS 2 em&D/ 3
em &D avmuf tcrJ/h tcsed yf kd vky=f u&w,f? olw@kd tjypf'%fukd tvkyaf =u;G eJ@qyf&w,f?
0g'g wifv h iG f vnf;/ tJ'x D rJ mS yg0ifomG ;w,f? aemuf 0g'g ESpaf ,muf[m udv k al csm
udk aiGay;p&m&Sw d ,f? wa,mufu tvkycf sed rf mS tdyaf ew,f? aemufwa,muf
u aq;&Hu k aq;udk cd;k w,f? vlacsm[m 'gawGukd ajymjy+yD;/ 'g%cf wfwt hJ aeeJ@
aiGawmif;w,f? pm;yGaJ &S@rmS x&yfvu kd +f yD;/ pm&Guaf y:u pm&if;awGukd zwfjyw,f?
0g'gawGtm;vH;k vnf; ukv d al csmrsuEf mS udk =u!fah e=uw,f?
“udw k ifv h iG f cifAsm; tckup+yD;awmh udt k ek ;f ausmf vufatmufrmS vky&f
r,f? usew f phJ m&if;awG qufzwfw,f? OD;pd;k ode;f cifAsm; tvkyaf zmfu/ ud0k if;
=unf jzpfw,f? yxr oH;k pHw k u JG taqmif (3)/ Edik if aH &;orm;taqmif/ usew f hJ
oH;k pHw
k u
JG taqmif (5) jzpfw,f? usew f hJ vlawGu taqmif(4) rSm tr_xrf;=u
vd@k ” trde@f ay;vdu k wf ,f?
udpk ;kd ode;f [m udv k al csmxuf trsm;}uD; touf}uD;w,f?
“taqmif (4) udk bmjzpfv@kd &Sm&rSmvJ/ tJ'rD mS Edik if aH &; orm;awGrS r&Sd
wmyJ?”
axmifrLS ;vlacsmu---
“rvkb d ;l / taqmif (4) vnf; &SmazGa&;vky&f r,f? vlq;kd awG olc;kd awG
vnf; tck pma&;wwf=uw,f? tckwcsed f &SmazGa&;[m txl;&SmazGa&;jzpfw,f?
pm&Gu/f pmtkyf abmvfyif/ bmyJjzpfjzpf &Sm=u?”
axmifr;_ vlacsmu---
“igw@kd bmyJ&& &SmazG=u&r,f?”
“at;/ aemuf+yD; xyfajymr,f? wef;pD;awGa&m tcef;vl}uD;awGyg rusef
apeJ@? aoaocsmcsm &Sm=u?”
taqmifxrJ mS vl}u;D vkyw f hJ vlq;kd awGrmS ypPn;f trsKd ;rsKd ; &Sw
d wf=uw,f?
wcgwav "g;/ prkww f ikd f wd@k pojzihf vufeufyek ;f awG&+dS yD;/ tJ'D tcef;vl}uD; vlq;kd
awG[m pdwq f ;dk vG,/f pdww f w kd wfwhJ pdwjf refvufjref orm;awG jzpfawmh 0g'gawG
enf;enf;xdwv f ef@w,f?
“aumif;+yD? igw@kd tckcsed u f p+yD;/ aoaocsmcsm&Sm=ur,f? taqmifxrJ mS

roH;k &wJ/h wm;jrpfypPn;f bmrqdo k rd ;f =u?”
0g'gawGu---
“usaemfw@kd wu,f&mS &rSm pma&;puUL&,f/ tjzLa&mif abmfvyf if yJ
r[kwv f m;?”
axmifr;_ vlacsmu---
“pma&;xm;wJh puULeJ@ abmvfyifyJ r[kwb f ;l ? t"du/ u oufao t
axmuftxm;&SdwJh igwdk@vdkcsifwJh abmvfyifyJ? pma&;puULu aoaocsmcsm
azsmufypfxm;+yD;jzpfw,f? abmfvyf ifukd t"du&Smyg”
“usaemfukd cGiv hf w$ yf gq&m? r&Si;f wmwck ar;yg&ap”?
“usaemfw@kd tJ'D ypPn;f 2 ckukd &SmazGaewmyJ? bma=umifh waqmifv;kH
ydu
k pf yd w f ukd &f mS zd@k vkyd govJ? usaemfw@kd puULeJ@ abmfvyf ifreS o f r#/ odr;f &&if/ t
usO;f om;awGu a&;wJph mawG/ olw@kd tcef;xJrmS oH;k wwfwhJ abmfvyf ifawGukd odr;f
&&if/ olw@kd pdwq f ;kd =urSmyJ?”
wcsKd @ 0g'gawG[m +yHK;=uw,f?
ukv d al csmu a'guefpmG eJ@ “tck igcikd ;f wJh &SmazGa&; tvky[ f m &Dp&mvdk
jzpfae&if rif;wd@k axmifyikd }f uD; tcef;udo k mG ;+yD;/ bma=umifh &Sm&ovJ/ oGm;ar;=u?”
“igw@kd tck taqmif (3) (4) (5) pvH;k rSm/ pma&;wJh ypPn;f awG tm;vH;k
odr;f r,f? 'gy?J ”
“at;--igw@kd tck&mS aewJh ypPn;f (2) ckukd rif;wd@k &Smvd@k rawG@c&hJ if/ tcsKyf
axmif/ pm;zd/k aq;&Hyk grusef &Sm&r,f? igukd ae@wdik ;f owif;jyefy@kd / =um;vm;?
'gy?J ” udpk ;kd ode;f u----
“q&m tvkyu f kd aESmuf,u S w f m r[kwyf gb;l ? tck wem&D xd;k +yD;oGm;+yD?
usaemfw@kd wjcm;tvkyw f m0efawG/ vkypf &mawG trsm;}uD; &Sad eao;w,f?”
axmifrLS ; vlacsm[m---
“udpk ;kd ode;f rsuEf mS udk pdu k =f u!fv h ukd &f if; avoH enf;enf;aysmo h mG ;w,f?”
“rif;wd@k udpk ;kd ode;f vdyk J wm0efukd aoaocsmcsm xrf;&Gu=f u? wckyJ
rSmxm;r,f? wu,fv@kd igw@kd &SmazGaewJh ypPn;f udk wa,muf a,muf u awG@cJh
&if tJ'v D [ l m rdred @J wGv J yk w f hJ 0g'gukd todray;eJ@ b,forl S rodapeJ@? igq h uD kd tjref
qH;k wdu k &f u kd f owif;yd@k =um;=uvm;? aemuf+yD; tJ'D ypPn;f udk odr;f xm;wJh tusO;f
om;vnf; igq h aD c:cJ?h igu ol@udk aoaocsmcsm ppfr,f?”
wm0efc+JG yD;wmeJ@ 0g'gawG vlpck =JG uw,f? 0g'gawG[mvnf; wa,mufw
ayguf ajymqdak e=uw,f? &SmazGrawG@Eikd w f hJ ypPn;f udk tonf;toef &Smcdik ;f wJh
ukvd al csmudk aemufu, G rf mS avSmifajymifae=uw,f?
0g'gawG tm;vH;k [m wavoHyJ xGuv f m=uw,f? “igw@kd tJ'D ypPn;f udk
b,fawmhrS &SmazGawG@rSm r[kwb f ;l ? 'Dvl t&l;yJ?”
udpk ;kd ode;f u----
“igw@kd wwfEikd o f avmuf }udK;pm;&Smwmaygu h mG ? wu,frvkyEf ikd &f ifvnf;
rodcsiaf ,mifaqmif+yD;/ wdww f w d af eaygu h mG ? 'grS axmifr;_ vlacsm igw@kd udk jy\
em rvkyrf mS ? wu,fv@kd abmfvyf if tjzLudk &SmawG@&ifv/J aumif;w,f? vlacsm 'D
axmifrmS &Sad wmhrmS r[kwb f ;l / aumif;w,f?”
“bm oabm ajymwmvJ?”
“ukv d al csm 'D&mS azGa&;vkyw f m ol &mxl; wufcsiv f @kd vkycf ikd ;f wm”?
aemuf0g'gwa,mufu----
“r[kwfbl; udkpdk;odef;---ukdvlacsmu &mxl;wufcsifwmr[kwfbl;?
ypPn;f &Sm azGv@kd awG@&if/ axmifyikd }f uD;qDrmS axmufcpH m aumif;aumif;a&;cdik ;f +yD;/
ppfaxmuf vSr;f a&;buf ajymif;r,fv h l jzpfw,f? udv k al csm[m vlawGukd ppfaq;wJh
ppfaxmuf vSr;f a&; MI jzpfcsiw f muG?”
“owdxm;=uaemf?”
0g'gawGukd aoaocsmcsm ydy&d &d d ae=uzd@k owday;vdu k w
f ,f? aemuf+yD;
awmh udpk ;kd ode;f u quf+yD; aemufajymifvu kd wf ,f? “wu,fv@kd rif;wd@k &SmazGa&;
vkyw f thJ cg/ wm;jrpfypPn;f jzpfwhJ / bvmpD,mwd@k rde;f rtwGi;f cH abmif;bDvv S aS v;
rsm; awG@&if ukv d al csmukd ray;yJ/ igu h akd y;aemf? ihg tdru f rde;f rudk qifay;csiv f @kd ?”
0g'gawG tm;vH;k 0g;ceJ atmf[pf&aD rm=uw,f?
'ge@J yJ &SmazG a&;vky&f ef vlpck =JG uw,f?
(quf v uf a z: jyygrnf ? )
bmomjyefqdkol Roland Hardy (c)armifarmifvwf

tcef;quf
'Da&jrifoh pf
jroef;wif h
jrefrmhq&kd ,
S v
f pf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sirf sm;rS xkwaf 0cGifhjyK+yD;aemuf
ydwfyif wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef ; wif h . 'Da&jrifhopf (armfpDwkef; ESifh w&kwaf wmfveS af &;)
pmtkyftm;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm; taejzifh vufawG hb0 w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESifh
cH,jl zwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfow l kd h avhvm od&EdS ikd af p&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvku d yf gonf//
(pma&;ol. rdom;pkEiS hf qufo, G af &; cufco J jzifh today;jcif; r&So
d nfukd cGivhf w
$ af y;yg&ef
awmif;yeftyfygon)f
wwd,tqifrh mS “qdAk , D uforwEdik if ”H tjzpf ausnmxm;jcif; jzpfonf?

1931 ck =o*kwv f xJwiG /f w&kwjf ynf A[dk qdAk , D uf tzG@J wzG@J wnfaxmif&ef/ uGef
jrLepf tifwmae&Sief ,fu t}uHay;cJo h nf? Ed0k ifbmvxJwiG f w&kwjf ynfv;kH qdik &f m
qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. uGe*f &ufukd usi;f yum tpd;k &tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;vduk o
f nf? Ttpd;k &
onf ygwAD [dak umfrwDEiS hf aygvpfAsL&d.
k vufatmufcjH zpfonf? qdAk , D uf tpd;k &t
zG@J a&G;aumufyrJG sm; jyKvkyo
f !ft
h cgwiG f 0rfrif;wd@k vlou kd u
f armhuf kd wdu
k =f uao;
onf? od@k &mwGif r&? armfu rJtrsm;qH;k &I tpd;k &tzG@J OuUX jzpfvmonf?

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
“0dik ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&;xd;k ppf}u;D awGukd &efou l qifEvJ$ m&if
usaemfw@kd &@J t ajccHru l awmh/ &efou l kd ud,
k ehf ,fxaJ &mufatmif jrLS /
tajccHa'oawGqD ta&muf qkw/f tJ'aD 'oawGrmS &efou l w
kd u
kd f
qdw
k myJ? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh/ 'Denf;[m &ef olukd acsre_ ;f &mrSm
taocsmqH;k enf; jzpfv@kd y”J
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
usef; udk@axmifESifh aqh,ifu 'kwd, OuUXrsm; jzpfvm=uonf?
rJta&twGuw f iG f 0rfrif; u pwkwˆ vdu k o f nf? armfonf OuUXae&mudk &aomfvnf;/
'kwd,OuUX ESpfa,muf rSm ol@ay:vpDESifh ol@vrf;pOfudk qef@usifolrsm;jzpfI/
tcufawG@&onf?
qdAk ,
D uforwEdik if t H jzpf/ zG@J pnf;+yD qdok !fh tcgwiG /f zG@J pnf; tkycf sKyfykH Oy
a'/ ajr,mOya'/ tvkyo f rm;Oya'/ vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;a&;ESihf trsKd ;orD;rsm;./ wef;
wl nDr#ciG hf Oya' ponfw@kd vdv k monf? wyfeaD wmftwGuf pnf;rsO;f rsm;/ vlrsKd ;pkrsm;
twGu/f Oya'rsm;vdv k monf? armfa&;qGcJ ahJ om ajr,mOya'=urf;udk jyifqifvu kd f
onf? wyfeaD wmftwGuf armfa&;qGcJ o hJ !fh pnf;rsO;f rsm;udv k nf; “abmfv&SAD pf ygwD
yDoa&;” vrf;pOft& jyifvu kd o f nf?
armfu tvkyo f rm; aumifprD sm;/ v,form; aumifprD sm;udk w&kwef mrnf
jzifh rS!ahf c:onf? xd@k a=umifh vlem;vnfv, G o
f nf? od@k &mwGif 0rfrif;wd@k vlpu k xdk
pum;vH;k rsm;udk r}udKuf? Tod@k rS!ahf c: jcif;onf aoGzaD &;w&yf[k ,lqonf? “o
abmw&m; acgi;f yg;r_” “ud, k af wG@oufouf0g'” “tacsmiform; vufawG@0g'”
[k trnfay;onf? olw@kd u ae&mwumwGif abmfv&SAD pf qdo k !fh pum;udk oH;k csif
onf? “qdAk , D uf” [k oH;k E_e;f =uonf? xd@k a=umifh v,form;rsm;u em;rvnf=u?
xdk emrnfrsm;udk vly*k Kd~ v. f trnfrsm;[k xif=uonf? v,form;rajymESi?hf ulrifwef
ppfb&k ifrsm;yifv#if xdt k rnfukd vlavm/ tzG@J tpnf;avm[k cGjJ cm;I r&=u? ppfbk
&ifrsm;u “"g;jyeD qdAk , D ufukd taojzpfap/ t&Sijf zpfap/ rdot l m; qkaiGay;rnf” [k
a=ujimonf? “"g;jyeD abmfv&SAD pf” udk zrf;rdv#if qkaiGay;rnf[q k o kd nf? armfpw D ek ;f
csLaw;ESihf csLtifvikd ;f wd@k onf qkaiGxw k cf &H olrsm; jzpfonf? “usKyfu w&kwjf ynf
rSm wefz;kd t}uD;qH;k vlAs” [k csLaw;u aemufavh&o dS nf?

qdAk ,D uforwEdik if H xlaxmif+yD;aemuf 0rfrif;ESihf ol@ZeD; rdecf si&f _ wd@k onf
1931 ckEpS w f iG f armfpudo
k @kd jyefomG ;=uonf? zd;k ul;u armfpukrd S !$e=f um;csurf sm;udk
vufawG@ vky&f ef use&f pfco hJ nf?
1931 ckEpS f pufwifbmvwGif *syefu refcsL;&D;,m;udk 0ifwu kd o f nf? T
t jzpftysuaf =umifh w&kww f jynfv;kH wGif tH=k urG r_ sm; ay:vmcJo h nf? jynfcspyf *k Kd~ vrf sm;/
ynmwwfrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;u *syefukd ckc&H ef cseaf u&Sw d u f kd awmif;qdk qENjy=u
onf? xdt k csed u f w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwu D om cseaf u&Sw d . f uGejf rLepf qef@usiaf &;
vkyif ef;udk zGichf sum/ *syefcck H qef@usiaf &;twGuf acgi;f aqmifEikd cf v hJ #if w&kwu f eG f
jrLepfygwo D nf ,ckxufapmpGm tm%modr;f Edik v f rd rhf nf? od@k &mwGif *d% k ;f *%pdwrf e$ f
aeaom 0rfrif;wd@k vlou kd o f nf/ w&kwjf ynf. 'dVd tajctaeudk rjrifEikd ?f 1932
ckEpS w f iG f armfu xdk vrf;pOfukd wifjycJah omfvnf; vufrcHc=hJ u?
qdAk , D uforwEdik if H xlaxmifco hJ !fh udpEP iS hf ywfoufI pOf;pm;zG,f w
csuf &Sad o;onf? ,if;rSm tjcm;r[kw?f Tod@k qdAk , D uforwEdik if H wef;I xlaxmif
vdu k o f jzifh w&kwaf wmfveS af &;on/f "e&Sif 'Dru kd a&pD awmfveS af &;tqifu h kd ausmf
oGm;o!ft h csujf zpfonf? 1930 ck A[dak umfrwD wwd,pHn k D tpnf;ta0;u w&kwf
jynfawmfveS af &;onf "e&Sif 'Dru kd a&pD awmfveS af &;jzpfonf[k jyXmef;cJo h nf? Tt
csuu f kd armfuvnf; r=umc% xkwaf zmfziG q hf ckd o hJ nf? od@k &mwGif vuf0t J vGet f u|H
0g'a=umifh tqifah usmo f mG ;cJo h nf? xku d mvESiyhf wfoufI armf rnfo@kd oabm
xm;onfukd rod&? 1930 rS 1933 ckEpS u f mvwGif armf.toHukd bmr#r=um;&?
xku d mvwGif armfonf rnfo!fu h sr;f udrk #vnf; a&;om;jcif;rjyK?
od@k &mwGif armfonf Ttcsuu f kd oabmrwl[k ,lq&onf? c&D;&Snf csD
wufy+JG yD;I/ ,iftef;od@k a&mufo!ft h cgwiG f armfu w&kwjf ynf awmfveS af &;tqifh
onf ypPn;f rJh awmfveS af &;r[kwaf o;? "e&Sif 'Dru kd a&pD awmfveS af &;om jzpfonf
[k axmufjycJo h nf? xkpd OfupI ,ae@wikd af tmif w&kwjf ynfonf “jynfo@l orw
Edik if ”H [k ausnmxm;qJ jzpfonf? Ttcsuo f nf owdjyKzG,f tcsujf zpfonf?
1945 ckEpS Yf “u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwo D rdik ;f u tcsKd @aom jy\emrsm;ESihf ywf
oufo!fh qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;/ aemufqufw”JG qdo k !fh pmwrf; wapmifukd xkwjf yef
vdu k o f nf? xdpk mwrf;t& 0rfrif; “*d% k ;f cGaJ &;orm;” rsm;onf/ rlvuwnf;uyif
rSm;,Gi;f o!fh oabmxm;ESp&f yfukd csrw S cf =hJ uonf? oabmw&m; pum;vH;k rsm;jzifh
ygwaD u'grsm;udk avhusiahf y;a&;ESihf ywfoufI armfpw D ek ;f u 1945 ckEpS f
wGif Tod@k a&;cJo h nf?
“0rfrif;*d% k ;f cGaJ &;orm;rsm;[m 'Dru kd a&pD A[kOd ;D pD;pepf&@J tajccHral wGukd
azmufzsucf =hJ uw,f? ygwpD nf;urf;udk puf,E &W m;qefwhJ pnf;rsO;f awGjzpfatmif
vkycf =hJ uw,f? olw@kd trde@f awGukd rpl;prf;bJ vdu k ef m&r,fv@kd ygw0D ifawGukd t=uyf
udik cf w
hJ ,f?” [k a&;cJo h nf?
ygww D iG ;f wGif “abmfv&SAD pfygwD yDoa&;” vkyif ef;qdo k nfukd vkycf =hJ uojzihf
ygwq D ;kH &H;_ epfemcJ&h onf? au'grsm;pGm tjypfay;cHc&hJ um/ tcsKd @rmS wefjyefawmfveS f
a&;orm;[k qdu k m towfccH =hJ u&onf?
TudprP sm;tm;vH;k wGif ygw. D 'kw, d OuUX ESpOf ;D wd@k yg0ifc=hJ uonf? txl;
ojzifh wm0eft&Sq d ;kH rSm 'kw, d OuUX use;f ud@k axmif jzpfonf? 1930 ckEpS f zl&eS w f iG f
armfpw D ek ;f ESihf cse, f u D ygww D iG ;f od@k v#Kd 0ifvmI/ pif+ydKifacgi;f aqmifr_ xlaxmif&ef
}udK;yrf;onfh cseaf u&Sw d . f at-bD tkypf u k kd +zdKzsuv f u kd o
f nf? Ttjzpftysuu f kd
zl&eS f tjzpftysu[ f k ac:=uonf? *d% k ;f cGaJ &;orm;rsm;u xdt k jzpftysuu f kd vuf!;_d
xk;d jyum armfu h kd wdu k cf u kd =f uonf? pifppfwiG f zl&eS t f jzpftysuYf / ygwaD u'grsm;/
wyfrawmfom;rsm;/ trsm;pku armfpw D ek ;f udk axmufccH =hJ uonf? 0rfrif;onf ,ck
tcsed x f d armfpudrk aS eI/ zl&eS t f jzpftysuu f kd vuf!;_d xd;k jyum/ armf usL;vGecf ahJ om
“&mZ0wfrr_ sm;” [k ajymqdak eqJjzpfonf?
*d%
k ;f cGaJ &;orm;rsm;onf ygww D iG ;f wGif “v#Kd @0u S af xmufvrS ;f a&;” tzG@J wzG@J
udk zG@J pnf;um 4if;wd@k vrf;pOfEiS hf qef@usio f rl sm;udk “&efol olv#Kd ” rsm;[k pGypf JG owf
jzwfc=hJ uonf? armfu Tudpu P kd uef@uu G cf ahJ o;aomfvnf;/ bmr# t&mrxifc?hJ
1945 ckEpS w f iG f armfu *d% k ;f cGaJ &;orm;rsm;. pGypf o JG wfjzwfjcif;udck cH &hJ olrsm;udk
ygw0D ifrsm;tjzpf/ jyefI todtrSwjf yK&rnf[k wifjycJo h nf?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
qdAk ,
D uforwEdik if H wef;I xlaxmif vdu k o
f jzifh
w&kwaf wmfveS af &;on/f "e&Sif 'Dru
kd a&pD awmfveS af &;tqifu
h kd
ausmf oGm;o!fth csujf zpfonf?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

ygww D iG ;f wGif Tod@k aomvky&f yfrsm;a=umifh ygwo D nf t=uyftwnf;rsm;
udk }uHKawG@vm&onf? *d% k ;f cGaJ &;orm;rsm;onf armfx h rH S tm%mudk jyeford ;f &ef t
jyif;txef }udK;pm;vmcJ=h uonf? xdpk Ofu armfonf qdAk , D uf tpd;k &. OuUXvnf;
jzpfonf? tajccHa'o&Sd wyfeaD wmfrsm;. Edik if aH &;r_;vnf;jzpfonf? wyfO;D aumfrwD
. twGi;f a&;rSL;vnf;jzpfonf? 1932 ck eifw;l wGif usi;f yonfh ygwAD [dak umfrwD
t pnf;ta0;wGif armfhudk wyfOD;aumfrwD twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfrS vnf;aumif;/
wyfeaD wmf Edik if aH &;rSL;tjzpfrS vnf;aumif;/ jzKwfcsvu kd =f uonf?
*d%
k ;f cGaJ &;orm;rsm;u armf. ajr,ma0jcrf;a&; vrf;pOfukd rSm;onf[k a0
zef=uonf? armfonf vlwef;pm; wdu k yf uJG kd a&SmifuiG ;f onf? aysmo h nf[k a0zef=u
onf? }uD;/ vwf/ i,f ra&G;/ ajr&Si[ f ol r#EiS hf csr;f om v,form;rsm;udk owfypf&
rnf? od@k r[kwf 4if;wd@k . ajr,mrsm;udk odr;f ,l&rnf[k awmif;qd=k uonf? 4if;wd@k
tm; tnhq H ;kH ajrrsKd ;udyk if cGaJ 0ay;jcif;rjyK&[k qk=d uonf? od@k &mwGif armf. ajr,m
vrf;pOfukd zsuo f rd ;f &ef }udK;pm;csuf ratmifjrifc?hJ ratmifjrif&jcif;rSm ta=umif;
ESpcf suaf =umifh jzpfonf?
yxrtcsu?f ? ajr,mvrf;pOfukd zsuo f rd ;f zd@k qodk nfrmS ae@csi;f / ncsi;f
vkyI f &aom udprP sKd ;r[kwaf oma=umifjh zpfonf? wyfrsm;udk au|;arG;zd@k udpaP wG&dS
aeao;onf? qdAk , D ufa'o. tcGeaf wmftrsm;pkonf ukeo f nfrsm;/ aps;onfrsm;
xHrS &&Sad eonf? xd@k a=umifh Tvlwef;pm;tm;vH;k udk csucf si;f zsuo f rd ;f ypf&rnf[q k kd
v#if vufawG@wiG f vkyf rjzpf?
'kw, d tcsu?f ? *d% k ;f cGaJ &;orm;rsm;onf vlxu k kd em;rvnf? vlxt k
a=umif;udrk od? vlxt k ajctaeudk rpHpk rf;=u? atmufajcau'gxu k vnf;/ armf.
pum;udo k m em;axmif=uonf? *d% k ;f cGaJ &;orm;rsm;. !$e=f um;csurf sm;udk vdu k ef m
aqmif&u G jf cif; rjyK =u?
1930 ckEpS rf S 1933 ckEpS t f wGi;f armf. a&;om;jyKpkcsu[ f Il / wpHw k &m yHEk ydS f
jcif;rawG@&aomfvnf;/ xdEk pS rf sm;tawmtwGi;f / armfonf avhvmpl;prf;r_rsm;/ a&;
om;jyKpkcsurf sm;udk jyKvkyaf eonf[k ud, k af wG@rsujf rifrsm;u ajym=uonf? ok@d &m
wGif xdu k mvtwGi;f u jyKpkco hJ nf/h armf. a&;om;csurf sm;udk ,ck&mS r&awmh? t
csKd @rmS c&D;&Sncf sw D ufyw JG ek ;f u aysmufq;kH cJ=h uonf? tcsKd @ukd rD;&_@d zsuq f ;D cJ&h onf?

*d% k ;f cGaJ &;orm;rsm;. vrf;pOfopfonf wyfeaD wmfEiS yhf ufoufonhf udpP
rsm;wGif ydI k xif&mS ;onf? 4if;wd@k u vrf;pOfopfukd 1933 ckEpS w f iG f wyfeaD wmfxYJ
pwiftaumiftxnf azmfc=hJ uonf? wyfeaD wmfukd ajymufusm;ppfqifEjJ$ cif; rjyK
&ef [ef@wm;cJ=h uonf? 4if;wd@k u +rKd @ }u;D rsm;udk odr;f ydu k &f ef/ taocHI odr;f ydu k xf m;
&ef/ ppfrsuEf mS rsm; a&G@vsm;ajymif;vJwu kd cf u
kd af &; ay:vpDukd tqH;k owf&ef/ usepf D
jynfe,f wckv;kH udk odr;f ydu k &f ef/ csrw S =f uonf?
armfonf tcGiahf umif;rsm;udk vuf v$wo f /l tcsed q f o JG /l +rdK@ }uD;rsm;udk
odrf;ydkuf&ef wGef@qkwfol/ &ifqdkifwdkufyGJrsm;udk a&SmifuGif;ol jzpfI/ vufsm
tacsmiform;0g'udk/ usL;vGefaeonf[k pGyfpGJ=uonf? armfonf &efoludk
&if q d k i f w d k u f c d k u f I / tjrpf j zKwf z d k @ xu/f aus;&G m rsm;ud k av#muf vS ! f h + yD ; /
w&m;a[maecsio f [
l k wHqyd w f yf=uonf?
4if;wd@k u armf. aoe*FAsL[m oabmw&m;w&yfjzpfaom/ “ppfrsuEf mS
a&G@vsm;r_” oabmw&m;udk qef@usif a0 zef=uonf? yHrk eS pf pfyJG od@k r[kwf or&d;k us
ae&m,l ppfyrJG sKd ;udk qifEv J$ =kd uonf? pif ppf armf. aysmah ysmif;aom enf;y&d,m,fEiS hf
ajymufusm; ppfaoe*FAsL[monf wyfom;tustqH;k enf;onf? vufeufprk +d y;D om;
jzpfaponf? vlxkudk EdkifiHa&; v_H@ aqmfa&;ESifh acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;
qifEaJ$ &;qdak om/ rlvEdik if aH &; &nf&, G cf suf ESiv hf nf; udu k nf o D nf? Tod@k jzifh armf.
aoe*FAsL[mrsm;udk 1933 ckEpS t f xd pGe@f v$wcf &hJ onf?
od@k &mwGif oabmw&m;w&yf rSe/f rrSef qdo k nfrmS vufawG@wiG f prf;oyf
=u!fv h #if od&p+rjJ zpfonf? txl;ojzifh ppfyw JG iG f prf;oyf=u!fv h #if ydI k odomonf?
cseaf u&Sw d u f qifEo JG !fh xd;k ppfrsm;onf w&kwu f eG jf rLepf ygww D iG ;f u vrf;pOfEpS &f yf
wdu k yf YJG rnfou l rSm;I/ rnfou l rSeo f nf qdo k nfukd prf;oyf=unf&h m taumif;qH;k
rSwaf usmufrsm; jzpfaeonf?
“pwkwˆ jynfv;kH u|wf uGe*f &uf +yD;wJah emuf A[kad cgi;f aqmifru _ ol@rmS ;
,Gi;f wJ@ vrf;pOfu/kd rcsrw S cf ifwek ;f uqd&k if/ &Jabmf armfpw D ek ;f &J@ rSeu f efwhJ acgi;f
aqmifra_ tmufrmS &Sw d /hJ usepf jD ynfe,f A[dak 'ou wyfeaD wmf[m }u;D rm;wJh atmif
yG}J uD;udk &cJw h ,f? &efo&l @J yxreJ@ 'kw, d ‘ 0dik ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&;’ xk;d ppf}uD;awGukd acs
r_e;f Edik cf w
hJ ,f” [k “ ygwo D rdik ;f rS jy\emtcsKd @EiS hf ywfoufI qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;/
aemufqufw”JG wGif azmfjyxm;onf?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
csefau&Sw d u
f qifEo JG !fh xd;k ppfrsm;onf
w&kwu f eG jf rLepf ygwDwiG ;f u
vrf;pOfEpS &f yf wdu
k yf YJG rnfou l rSm;I/ rnfou l rSeo
f nf qdo
k nfukd
prf;oyf}u!f&h m taumif;qH;k rSwaf usmufrsm; jzpfaeonf?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1930 ck ESihf 1931 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f cseaf u&Sw d u f A[dak 'oudk “ 0dik ;f ywf
acsre_ ;f a&;” xd;k ppf}uD;oH;k ck qifco hJ nf? yxr xd;k ppfukd 1930 ck atmufwb kd mv
xJwiG f wyfom;wode;f jzifh xk;d onf? wyfeaD wmfu cseaf u&Sw d .f wyfrsm;udk a'o
eDxx J d u|0H ifvmatmif jrSLac:um acsre_ ;f cJo h nf? cseaf u&Sw d .f xdyw f ef; ppfAv kd f
csKyf wOD;usq;kH um wyfom; ig;yHw k yHk usq;kH cJo h nf? xdpk Ofu wyfeaD wmfwiG f wyfom;
20000 om&So d nf?
'kw, d “ 0dik ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&;” xd;k ppfukd 1931 ck arvwGif pwifonf? xk;d
ppfukd uGyu f oJ rl mS cseaf u&Sw d . f umuG,af &;0ef}uD;ESihf ppfO;D pD;csKyf [k, d ifcsi;f jzpfI
wyfom; 200000 oH;k onf? ulrifwef tzd@k e,fajrvlxk axmufcrH r_ &S?d ajrjyif
taetxm; raumif;? od@k &mwGif wyfom; 40000 om&So d !fh wyfeaD wmfurl v,f
orm;rsm;ESihf a&mifew D yfz@JG rsm;. tultnDukd &onf? wyfeaD wmfonf [k, d ifcsi;f
. wyfom; (2)ode;f udk wyfysuo f mG ;atmif wdu k cf ohJ nf? ulrifwefwyfom; oH;k aomif;
oH@k yef; tjzpf zrf;qD;&rdonf? od@k r[kwf wyfeaD wmfbufo@kd ul;ajymif;vmcJo h nf?
wyfeaD wmfbufrS xdcu kd u f sq;kH olaygi;f 4000 &So d nf?
wwd, “0dik ;f ywfacs r_e;f a&;” xd;k ppfukd ulrifwefu csucf si;f qufvuf
qifonf? Txd;k ppfurkd l cseaf u&Sw d u f ,
kd wf ikd f uGyu f IJ wyfom; (3) ode;f / oH;k onf?
cseaf u&Sw d of nf ol@ppfXmecsKyfukd eefcsew f iG f tajcpdu k x f m;onf? *syefEiS hf *smref
ppft}uaH y;t&m&Srd sm;udv k nf; oH;k onf? wyfeaD wmfu 4if;wd@k 0dik ;f &Hxm;o!f=h um;xJ
wGif ppfupm;um v#yw f jyuf xd;k ppfrsm;qifonf? &efo. l wyfO;D ESihf aemufyikd ;f udk
tqufjywfomG ;atmif jzwfawmufxm;onf? nwGif c&D;a0;}uD;rS wdww f qdwf csD
vmum ae@cif;wGif &efou l kd bGm;ceJ tvpf0ifwu kd of nf? &efol ar#mv f ifx h m;jcif; r
&So
d nfh awmifyrH sm;udk 0ifwu kd o f nf? od@k jzifh Zlvikd v f u pcJah om &efol wwd, xd;k
ppfonf 'DZifbmvukew f iG f cg;usKd ;rwwf jzpfae+yD? vufeuf}uD;i,f waomif;udk
odr;f qnf;&cJo h nf? wyfom; 20000 ESihf wyfrLS ;tcsKd @ wyfeaD wmfbufo@kd ajymif;vm
=uonf?
1936 ck 'DZifbmvwGif armfpw D ek ;f u Tppf}uD;oH;k ckEiS hf ywfoufI ao
e*FAsL[mqdik &f m oif=um;csurf sm;udk yd@k csco hJ nf? ppfa&;r#omru Edik if aH &;ESihf ywfouf
Ivnf;/ tus,w f 0ifh &Si;f vif;cJo h nf? xdpk Ofu wyfeaD wmfwiG ;f aoG;uGrJ r_ sm; r&Scd hJ
v#i/f a'oygwt D wGi;f oabmuGrJ r_ sm; r&Scd v hJ #if wyfeaD wmfonf xdrk #ruaom
atmifyrJG sm;udyk if &Edik o f nf[k axmufjyonf? xd;k ppfEiS hf cHppf/ csw D ufrE_ iS hf qkwcf mG
r_ wd@k onf/ ppfyw JG yG. J bufEpS b f uf jzpfonf? xdt k csuu f kd t+rJ owdjyK&rnf?
ud,k u f t+rw J rf; xd;k ppfuckd sn;f wdu k Ef ikd rf nf[k xifrxm;&? TbufEpS b f uf wvS!hf
pD jzpfavh&adS =umif;udk ESv;kH oGi;f &rnf[k olu oif=um;cJo h nf? wwd, xd;k ppftwGi;f
wke;f u &efo. l tiftm;onf tvGe}f uD;onf? wyfeaD wmfonf &efo@l ppfa=umif;
aemufyikd ;f udk 0ifwu kd Ef ikd &f eftwGuf rdik af ygi;f rsm;pGm auG@ywf csw D ufc&hJ onf?
“0dik ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&;xd;k ppf}uD;awGukd &efou l qifEv J$ m&if usaemfw@kd &@J t
ajccHru l awmh/ &efou l kd ud, k ehf ,fxaJ &mufatmif jrSL/ tajccHa'oawGqD ta&muf
qkw/f tJ'aD 'oawGrmS &efou l w
kd u kd f qdw k myJ? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh/ 'Denf;[m &ef
olukd acsre_ ;f &mrSm taocsmqH;k enf; jzpfv@kd y”J [k armfua&;cJo h nf? (“w&kwjf ynf
awmfveS af &;ppfyJG aoe*FAsL[m jy\emrsm;” vufa&G;pifusr;f / twGJ 1 )
cseaf u&Sw d . f wwd, “ 0dik ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&;” xd;k ppf &H;_ edro hf mG ;&onfrmS
T ppfaoe*FAsL[ma=umift h jyif tjcm;ta=umif; wa=umif;vnf;&Sad o;onf? ,if;
rSm 1931 ck pufwifbmvwGif *syefu refcsK;&D;,m;udk 0ifwu kd af oma=umifh jzpfonf?
Ttcsuaf =umifh w&kwjf ynforl sm;u a'goxGuu f m cseaf u&Sw d uf kd qef@usiv f m=u
onf? cseaf u&Sw d u f *syefcck aH &;udk rwufr=uG vkyo f !fth cgY/ tcsKd @url ifwefwyf
rsm; rausreyfjzpfum/ ykeu f ef=uonf? trSwf (26) ulrifwefwyfrawmfrS wyfom;
20000 onf aoewfrsm;/ tajrSmuf}uD;rsm;/ 0dik , f mvufpufrsm;udk ,lum/ uGejf rL
epfw@kd bufo@kd ul;ajymif;vm=uonf?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
oabmw&m;w&yf rSe/f rrSef qdo k nfrmS

vufawG w h iG f prf;oyf }u!fv h #if
od&pjrJjzpfonf?
txl;ojzifh ppfyw
JG iG f prf;oyf}u!fv h #if ydIk odomonf?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

1932 ck Zefe0g&v D wGif *syefu f &Se[ f uJ kd pwdu k o f nf? ulrifwef Adv k cf sKyf
csKd ufxifcikd f uGyu f o J nh/f trSwf (19) ulrifwefwyfrawmfu *syef. wdu k pf pfukd
atmifjrifpmG ckcEH ikd cf o hJ nf? Adv k cf sKyf csKd ufxifcikd . f wyfonf rsm;r=umrSD uav;wGif
yif cseaf u&Sw d .f trde@f jzifh “0dik ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&;” wwd,xd;k ppfukd qifc&hJ ao;onf?
,ck &Se[ f u J kd *syefwu kd o f !ft h cgwiG rf /l cseaf u&Sw d o f nf *syefcck aH &;twGuf
pdwt f m; xufoefr_ r&Sad =umif;udk ud, k af wG@ rsujf rif odvm&+y?D *syefukd wdu k af eo!fh
Adv k f csKyf csKd ufxifcikd . f ppfwyfukd [ef@wm; aESmuf,u S jf cif;jyKonf? “jynfy&efukd
rckcrH /DS jynfwiG ;f +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&; t&ifvyk &f rnf” [k cseaf u&Sw d u f ajymvmonf?
1932 ck {+yDvwGif cseaf u&Sw d u f Adv k cf sKyf csKd ufxifcikd . f wyfukd uGejf rLepfrsm;tm;
wdu k &f ef zlusejf ynfe,fxo J @kd yd@k vu dk of nf?
xd@k aemuf cseaf u&Sw d u f *syefEiS hf ppfajy+idr;f a&; pmcsKyfwckukd wdww f qdwf
csKyfonf? TpmcsKyfukd arv (1) &ufae@wiG f ‘ul’pmcsKyf[k ac:=uonf? Tpm
csKyft&/ cseaf u&Sw d u f refcsL&D;,m;jynfxu J jynfe,fo;kH ckukd *syefo@kd xk;d tyfvu kd f
onf? *syefu refcsL;&D;,m;wGi/f &kyaf o;tpd;k & tzG@J wzG@J ukd xlaxmifum wD,efqif
+rdK@/ *syef ydik ef ufwiG f aexdik af om refcsL;rif;quf aemufq;kH bk&if zl;,Dukd refcsL; ud;k
jynf bk&iftjzpf wifajrSmufvu kd o f nf? xdt k csed w f iG f cseaf u&Sw d o f nf uGejf rLepfw@kd .
A[dk a'oudk “0dik ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&;” pwkwˆ xd;k ppf}uD;qif&ef jyifvsu&f o dS nf?
1932 ckEpS w f iG f armfpw D ek ;f u w&kwjf ynfukd *syef0ifwu kd jf cif;a=umif/h uGejf rL
epf wd@k twGuf tcGit hf vrf; w&yfay:vm+yD;/ xdt k cGit hf vrf;udk toH;k cs&rnf[k ygwD
od@k wifjycJo h nf? armfu w&kwjf ynforl sm;onf/ cseaf u&Sw d . f *syefxH t!Hch aH &;
ay:vpDukd a'goxGuaf e=u+yD? *syef ckcaH &;udk awmif;qdak e=u+yD? w&kwjf ynfow l @kd .
nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk}uD;onf/ &kyv f ;kH ay:ae+yD? Twyfaygi;f pk}uD;udk acgi;f aqmif
zd@k vkod nf? w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwo D nf Tacgi;f aqmifra_ e&mudk 0if,&l rnf[k ygwo D @kd
wifjyvdu k of nf?
Twdu k yf o JG nf e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;wdu k yf /JG *syef e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; wdu k yf JG
jzpfonf? trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf acwfajymif;awmfveS af &;. awmif;
qdck surf sm;udk acgi;f aqmifjz!fph u G af y;Edik af om ygwo D nf/ Twdu k yf w JG iG f trsKd ;om;
acgi;f aqmifr_ tcef;udk &vdrrhf nf? w&kwjf ynf. vuf&adS wmfveS af &; tqifo h nf/ "e
&Sif 'Dru kd a&pDawmfveS af &; tqifjh zpfonf? xd@k a=umifh *syefusL;ausmo f ul kd qef@usif

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
csefau&Sw d u
f qifEo JG !fh xd;k ppfrsm;onf
w&kwu f eG jf rLepf ygwDwiG ;f u
vrf;pOfEpS &f yf wdu
k yf YJG rnfou l rSm;I/ rnfou l rSeo
f nf qdo
k nfukd
prf;oyf}u!f&h m taumif;qH;k rSwaf usmufrsm; jzpfaeonf?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
o!fh vlwef;pm; tm;vH;k yg0ifaom/ wyfaygi;f pkw&yf zG@J pnf;&rnf[k armfu wifjy
onf? armf. Tt,ltqudk “vuf0”J *d% k ;f *%orm;rsm;u vufrcH=u? vusmf
tacsmiform;0g'[k a0zef&w _ cf s =uonf?
w&kwjf ynfukd *syefwu kd jf cif;onf w&kwf jynfukd wdu k jf cif;r[kw?f *syefEiS hf
w&kww f @kd aygi;f +yD;/ qdAk , D uf,el , D efukd wdu k &f ef/ y %mr jyifqifjcif;omjzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh Ttcsed rf sKd ;wGif “trsKd ;om;a&; pdwf "mwf” ta=umif;udk ajymqdjk cif;onf/
"e&Sif trsKd ;om;a&; 0g'omjzpfonf? “ypPn;f rJh Edik if w H um0g'” omv#i/f rSeu f efo!fh
vrf;pOfjzpfonf?
jyK jyifa&; tpkrsm;tm;vH;k onf &eforl sm;jzpfonf? cseaf u&Sw d o f nf
*syefEiS hf aygi;f aeonf? xd@k a=umifh cseaf u &Sw d uf kd t"duxm;I wdu k &f rnf[k 4if;wd@k u
qd=k uonf? armfu 4if;wd@k . auG@aumuf &_waf xG;aom pOf;pm;enf;udk acszsuo f nf?
armfu *syefonf w&kwjf ynf}uD;udk r& ao;yJ rnfo@l urkd # wdu k I f rjzpf?
w&kwjf ynfukd odr;f +y;D rS/ 4if;udk “ajceif;cke”f vky+f y;D / tjcm;Edik if rH sm;udk wdu k Ef ikd vf rd rfh nf?
xd@k a=umifh ,cktcsed w f iG f *syefukd t"duxm;I wdu k jf cif;onf ppfreS o f !fh Edik if w H um
0g'jzpfonf[k axmufjyonf? *d% k ;f cGaJ &;orm; rsm;url Ttcsuu f kd vufrcH?
rwf0g' tqef;[k qd=k uonf? “usepf jD ynfe,f awmifwef;awGay:u b,fvkd rwf0g'rsKd ;
xGuv f mEdik rf mS vJ” [k 4if;wd@k u avSmif=u onf?
od@k &mwGif 1932 ck {+yDvY cseaf u&Sw d uf *syefEiS hf ppfajy+idr;f a&; pmcsKyf
vky&f ef/ upm;aecsed Yf qdAk , D uf tpd;k &tzG@J OuUX armfpw D ek ;f / wyfeaD wmf aoemywd
csKyf/ csKaw;ESihf tpd;k &tzG@J 'kw, d OuUX aqh,ifw@kd u *syefukd ppfaus nmvdu k o f nf?
Edik if jH cm;url uGejf rLepfw@kd . “=umG ;vH;k wck” 0g'jzef@csuw f ck[k ,lq=uonf? aygvpf
AsK&dw k iG ;f u *d% k ;f cGaJ &;orm;rsm;uvnf;/ 4if;wd@k . ,kwadW A'jzifh qufI/ pcef;oGm;=u
onf?
jroef;wifh
quf v uf a z: jyygrnf ? )
(quf
trdjrefrmEdkifiHwGif vufeufudkifOya'rJh t"rRtkyfcsKyfv#uf&Sdaom ppfwyftkyfpk.
ppftm%m&Sifpepftm; awmfvSefwdkufyGJ0ifv#uf&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;'Drdku&ufwpf wyfOD;(ru'w) ABSDF tm;ulnDaxmufyH@&ef
twGuf atmufyg yk*~dKvf rsm; xHwGif yg0ifvSL'gef;Edkifygonf//
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(2) &Jrif;0if;
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(4) cdik Of ;D i,f
(5) reDeD
(6) ESi;f 0wf&nfp;kd (12)&Jatmifausmf
(7) jrwfausmfol (13)vSaomif;
(8) 0if;bdb k kd (14) 0if;Edik (f &SeD m*g0)
(9) tm;opfreG f (15)wifxGef;atmif
(10) pdik ;f yef;armif (16)_zdK;a0atmif
(11)armifcifaZmfOD; (17) &D&rD m
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Web Site owif; /rD', D m

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tvi
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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No.

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 2 3

4 Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 2

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 2 5

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 2 7

8 Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 2

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 2 9

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igw@kd [m igw@kd a@&u S vlawGe@J vH;k 0rwlb;l

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 2 11

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12 Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 2

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 2 13

14 Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 2

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