Dozers

What are these ?

&
What they does ?
 Preliminary question
• Preliminary question for the Dozer
• What are relative advantages &
application area of CI engines over other
types?
• Why Transmission System is needed ? &
What are their Basic Types ?
A Wheel Dozer
A track Dozer
 What are These ?
• Tractor Power Unit

• Blade Attached at the Front

• HAS NO SET VOLUMETRIC CAPACITY

• To push Earth less than 100 meters

 What are These ?
• To provide Tractive Power for Draw Bar
Pull
• Low centre of Gravity Machines – For
Work ?
• Line of force Transmission from the
Machine TO line of Resisting Force
• Dozing, Land Clearing, Ripping, Towing,
Assisting Scrapper in Loading
 Attachments

• Rear mounted Winch

• Rear mounted Ripper

 Types

• Crawler ( Track Laying Type)

• Wheel Type

– Constructional difference is mainly types of

Traction acquired to perform work.
 Crawler Dozer
• Have a continuous TRACK of linked shoes that
moves in the horizontal plane across the rollers
• Track passes over a vertically mounted
SPROCKEK DRIVE WHEEL at rear
• Sprocket forces the track
• Track passes over a vertically mounted IDLER
WHEEL at front.
• - Connected to recoil device ( Mostly Recoil
Spring) having adjusting tension
• -Enables to Absorb the shocks
Part of Track Chain
 Crawler Dozer….
• Breaking & Steering Actions are combined

• Steering by Reducing the force hence the

speed of ONE SPROCKET

• Breaking by Reducing the force hence the

speed of BOTH SPROCKET
 Wheel Dozer
• Have all powered four Wheel

• Wheels used for Breaking as in Vehicle

• Steering achieved by Articulation between

Front and Rear portion of the Equipment
 Useful Force for Work
• As discussed in “Machine Power”
• Useful Force for Work is often limited by
Traction, dependent on
• 1. Coefficient of Traction of the Surface
being Traversed
• 2. Weight carried by the drive wheels
 Traction or Floatation
– By proper selection of Undercarriage or Tire
• Undercarriage:
• Standard: for rock to moderately soft
ground ( 6 to 9 psi)
• LGP (Low Ground Pressure): for soft
ground ( 3 to 4 psi)
• XL ( Extra long ): for finish work
 Traction or Floatation….
• Wheel :
• For Tyre Ballast - Mixture of Calcium
Chloride & Water
• Wider Tyre increase Floatation
• Rimpull Chart based on Standard
Equipment, including tyres
• Wheel Dozers exerts high ground
pressure : 25 to 35 psi
 Track vs. Wheel Dozers
• Track type for High Tractive Force
• Wheel type for Higher Speed up 40 Kmph
• But it sacrifice Pulling Effort for Higher
Speed
• Has low Coefficient of Traction between
Rubber tyres and some ground Surfaces
• It may slip before developing full pulling
Effort
 Versatility of Crawler Dozer
• Mainly designed for High Tractive Force
• It is the Most versatile equipment for
Requirement of Power, Traction and
Flotation in Varieties of Working
Conditions.
• It Can operate steep slope up to 45
degree
 Specification of Dozer
– Dozers are Rated by
• Flywheel Horsepower ( HP) &
• Operating Weight ( Ton)
– Which include all fluids, ROPS & Operator
–
– Operating Weight is Important Because
• Maximum Tractive effort: Wt. x Coff. of
Traction
– Regardless of power supplied by the Engine
 Power Plant for the Dozer
• Mostly CI Engines are used
• Why CI Engines are used ?

• SI engines are rarely used in some small

Dozers
• Even Electric and air powered dozers are
used for Tunnel Work
 Transmission Systems
for the Dozer
• Why Transmission Systems is needed ?
• What are their Basic Types ?

– Basic Types
• Hydrostatic Power Trains

• Direct Drive systems

• Torque Converter with Power Shift

Transmissions
 Hydrostatic Power Trains
• For small less than 100 hp dozers
• Confined oil under pressure
• Infinitely variable speed range with
constant power to both the tracks
• Better Machine Control
• Better Operational Efficiency
 Direct Drive systems
• Power Transmitted straight through the
Transmission ( as Single shaft)

• Good for constant load conditions

• More useful for always full blade load for

long distances
Torque Converter with Power Shift
Transmissions
• Transmissions that can be shifted while
transmitting full engine power are known
as POWER SHIFT.
• These are coupled with Torque Converter
• Which absorb Drive Train Shock Loads
• Efficient flow of Power: Engine to Tracks
• Good for Variable load Applications
• Being used for most Wheel Dozers
Performance of Track Dozer having
Power Shift Transmissions
Performance of Track Dozer….
– To be noted
• For First Gear Operation
– Speed Range is 0 to 2.3 Kmph
• Draw Bar Pull varies
• from 67000 lb at 0 Kmph to 0 lb 2.3 Kmph
• For Third Gear Operation
– Speed Range is 0 to 11 Kmph
• Draw Bar Pull varies
• from 23000 lb at 0 Kmph to 0 lb 11 Kmph
• The Graph is not Linear
Performance of Wheel Dozer having
Power Shift Transmissions
Performance of Wheel Dozer….
– To be noted
• For First Gear Operation
– Speed Range is 0 to 6 Kmph
• Rim Pull varies
• from 24000 lb at 0 Kmph to 0 lb 6 Kmph
• For Forth Gear Operation
– Speed Range is 0 to 33 Kmph
• Rim Pull varies
• from 400 lb at 0 Kmph to 0 lb 33 Kmph
• The Graph is not Linear
 Comparison of Performance
• Usable pull depend on the
• Weight and Traction of the Dozer
• All of the Pull of the Engine may not be
available to do the work

• E. g. for Dry Clay Loam

• Coefficient of Traction for Tyres: 0.5 to 0.7
• Coefficient of Traction for Track: 0.9
 Comparison of Performance..
• For 45560 lb Track Dozer The usable draw
bar pull
• 45560 lb x 0.9 = 41004 lb
• For 45370 lb Wheel Dozer The usable rim
pull
• 45370 lb x 0.6 = 27222 lb

• Because of effect of Traction, The Track

Dozer can supply one and half times
USABLE POWER then Wheel Type
 Traction Problem
for Wheel Dozer
• As in example for most types of soil
• The Coefficient of Traction for Wheels is
Lesser than Tracks
• Hence for Given amount of Usable Power
Wheel Dozer should be considerably
larger (≈ 50 % higher) than the Crawler
Dozer of Same Weight.
BLADES of the Dozer

The main working TOOL

 Introduction of BLADE
• Attached to the Machines Front

• Used to PUSH, SHEAR, CUT & ROLL

material ahead of the dozer

• Blade operation of dozer used both for

• 1. Production Machines &
• 2. Support Machines
 BLADE Features
– Blade consists of
• MOULD BOARD, replaceable CUTTING EDGES
& SIDE BITS
• Blade is connected with the Dozer either of one
• 1. PUSH ARMS & TILT CYLINDERS
• 2. C – FRAME

• Cutting Edges & Side Bits are made of

Hardened steel to face Abrasion & Wear
 BLADE Operations - Tilting
• Either end of the Blade is raised or lowered
in the Vertical Plane of the Dozer
• Enables the concentration of dozer driving
power on the limited portion of the blade’s
length
• Tilting for Increasing Penetration for Cutting
or Decreasing Penetration for Backdregging
Tilting
 BLADE Operations - Pitching
• The top of the blade can be pitched forward or
backward
• Which varies the angle of attack of the cutting
edge.
• It is the pivotal movement about the point of
connection between the dozer and the blade
• The ability to pitch means that the operator can
set the cutting edge to dig hard material
• Or move the edge’s plane of attack to ease the
drifting of light materials.
Pitching
 BLADE Operations - Angling
• Turning the blade so that it is not
perpendicular to the direction of the
dozer’s travel
• Normally it is perpendicular to …..
• Angling causes the pushed material to roll
of the TRAILING END of the blade.
• This procedure is called SIDE CASTING
operation
• Any TWO of the above features are
incorporated in one dozer
Angling
 Blade Performance
• The dozer’s PUSHING POTENTIALS are
measured by two standard ratios

• 1. Horsepower per Meter of Cutting Edge.

( HP/ m)

• 2. Horsepower per loose Cubic Meter of

Material retained in front of the blade.
 Blade Performance…
• 1. Horsepower per Meter of Cutting Edge. ( HP/
m)
• Indicates the ability of the blade TO PENETRATE
& OBTAIN A LOAD.
• Higher the Ratio more Aggressive the blade

• 2. Horsepower per loose Cubic Meter of Material

retained in front of the blade.
• Measures the blade’s ability to push a load
• Higher ratio means, the dozer can push a load at
greater speed.
 Basic Operation &
Basic Shape of Blade
• Blade is raised & lowered by Hyd. Rams
• Hence A Positive Downward Force can be
exerted
• Basic Earth Moving Blades are curved in
the Vertical Plane in the shape of the
FLATTENED C
 The use of FLATTENED C
Shape
• When the Blade is Pushed Down, the Edge Cuts
into the Earth.
• As the Dozer Moves Forward, the Cut Material is
Pushed Up the Face of the Blade.
• The Upper Part of Flattened C Rolls this Material
Forward.
• The total effect is to BOIL the Pushed Material
Over and Over in front of the Blade.
• The Flattened C Shape provides the necessary
Cutting Angle for the Edge
 Effect of the Weight of the Cut
Material
• At the Beginning of the Pass, this Wt. is on
the Lower Half of the flattened C
• Helps to achieve EDGE PENETRATION.
• As the push progress, this Wt. passes the
Mid Point of the C & begins to Exert an
Upward force on the Blade.
• This FLOATS the blade reducing the
Penetration of the Cutting Edge.
• Which is Required to Limit the Load
The Dozing Operations
The Dozing Operations…
 Types of Blades
• Many different Special Application Blades

• Basically FIVE Blades are Common to

Earth work
• 1. The Straight Blade ( S Blade )
• 2. The Angle Blade ( A Blade )
• 3. The Universal Blade ( U Blade )
• 4. The Semi Universal Blade ( SU Blade )
• 5. The Cushion Blade ( C Blade )
 1. The Straight Blade
( S Blade )
• For Short & Medium Distance Passes like
• Backfilling, Grading and Spreading fill Material
• Have no Curvature in their length
• Are mounted in a fixed Position perpendicular to
the Dozer’s line of Travel.
• Generally it is Heavy duty.
• Normally can be tilted 10 Deg. Arch.
• May be equipped to Pitch.
( S Blade )
 2. The Angle Blade
( A Blade )
• Wider by 1-2 feet than S blade
• Can be angled 25 deg. Left or Right
• Can be used as S blade too
• It can be tilted
• But can not be Pitched. Reason ?
• It is attached to the Dozer by C frame not by
Push Arms
• Very Effective for side casting materials like
• Backfilling or
• Making Sidehill Cuts
( A Blade )
 3. The Universal Blade
( U Blade )
• Wider than S blade
• Outside edges are Canted forward 25 deg.
• Which controls spillage sidewise, Hence
• Good for – Large Volume loads over Long
Distances and Where Penetration is not
Prime Objective, Material is Light. So
• HP/ft. of U blade is lower than S blade
• HP/l. cubic m. is also lower than S
• Mostly used for stockpiles
( U Blade )
 4. The Semi Universal Blade
( SU Blade )

• This combines the Characteristics of S &

U blades mainly
• Large load of U &
• Penetration Capacity of S

• Has increased capacity by the addition of

short wings
 5. The Cushion Blade
( C Blade )
• Mostly large dozers are used to push the
PUSH LOADING SCRAPPERS
• Either Pusher Block or C Blade is used in
such dozers to Push.
• By Use of C blades
• The same dozer can clean up the Area Cut
by Scrapper
• Thus increases the Total Fleet Production
 The Cushion Blade
( C Blade )…
• C Blade Shorter than S blade for two benefits
• 1.To avoid cutting of rear tyres of scrapper
• 2. Ease of Maneuvering of dozer behind the
scrapper
• There are rubber Cushions & springs in the
Mountings
• Enables to Absorb shock by Push Block of
Scrapper
• C Blade CANNOT BE Tilted, Pitched or Angled
• Hence should not be used for Normal Production
Dozing
( C Blade )
 Dozer Operations

The Methods of Dozer Production

 Basic Dozer Operations
• Some of the Basic Dozer Operations are
• Stripping
• Sidehill Cuts
• Ditching
• Backfilling
• Dozing Rocks or Frozen Grounds
• Spreading
• Slot Dozing
• Blade to Blade Dozing
 Dozer Operations - Stripping
• Most often used Operation
• Removal of Thin Layer of Materials generally
TOP SOIL of Earth
• As in most of the Cases Push Distances has to
be Minimized
• Economical Push Distance is ≤ 100 m
• Cohesive material ( Clay content) easy to push
• Granular material ( Sand content) difficult to push
• For Distance is ≥ 100 m, Scrapper to be Used
with Dozer as Support Machine
 Dozer Operations - Sidehill Cuts
• For steep ground working,
• Excavated materials is pushed over the side
of the hill to develop working table
• First passes are made perpendicular to the
long direction of the project
• Initial passes of small load with short
distance to be utilized to crate bench.
Than……
• Situations to be created to take advantage
of the Gravity
 Dozer Operations - Ditching
• Only for rough ditch sections
• Dozer pushes material out of the cut by
working perpendicular to the line of the
ditch
• Small shallow ditches are cut by Grader
• Large deep ditches are cut by Excavator
• Scrappers are also used
Dozer Operations - Backfilling
• Done by drifting materials sideways with
an Angle Blade during Forward Motion
parallel to the excavation.
• For S blade, the dozer will approach
excavation at an angle, at the end of the
pass, turn in toward the excavation.
• Caution: Passes across pipes and culverts
to be made with min. 12 in material cover
 Dozer Operations –
Dozing Rocks or Frozen Grounds
• The blade must be worked under the material to
be moved by Tilting the corner of the blade
• To maximize the driving force of the blade, hook
only the tilted end
• Blade may be used as pry bar to lift the rock –
Once blade in contact beneath the rock, Dozer
driven forward with blade slowly lifted
• A track machine can often crush soft materials by
running over it like soft rocks and sand stone
 Dozer Operations - Spreading
• Common Dozer Task
• Density requirement & proposed compaction
equipment need to control the LIFT thickness &
Uniformity
• It is done by keeping the Blade Straight and at the
desired height above the previously placed fill
surface.
• The dumped material is forced directly under the
blades cutting edge
• For semi skill, cross passes can be made
• Nowadays, laser blade controls are available
Spreading
Dozer Operations - Slot Dozing
• A Technique to increase production
• Blade end spillage from the First Pass is
used to hold material in front of the dozer
blade on subsequent passes ( sidewalls
from the previous cut too)
• Leave a narrow UNCUT section between
slots
• Prevents spillage at each end of the blade
• Increases prod. by about 20 %
 Dozer Operations –
Blade to Blade Dozing
• Also referred as SIDE BY SIDE Dozing
• During the Pushing Phase, two machines
maneuver so that their blades are right next to
each other
• Reduces the side spillages by 50 %
• But extra time needed to position machines
• Hence not effective for pushes less than 50 feet
• In general trade of between Less Spillage & More
maneuver time results in 15 to 25 % increase in
production
Blade to Blade Dozing
 Dozer
Production Estimating
How much it Yields ?
 Dozer Production Estimating
• Dozer has no set volumetric Capacity

• There is no hopper of bowl to load

• Production is the Quantity that will remain

in front of the blade
 Factors controlling
Dozer Production
• The factors that control dozer production
rates are

• Blade type
• Type & Condition of Materials
• Cycle Time
 Effect of Blade Type
in Dozer Production
• S blades roll material in front of the blade
• U & SU blades controls the side spillage by
forcing the materials to move to the centre, hence
there is greater Swelling.
• This makes difference in conversion factor bcu. m
to lcu m
• Same type of blade comes in diff sizes to suit the
type of materials
• Blade capacity is function of Blade Type &
Physical Size.
• Manufacturers spec sheet give blade dimension
 Effect of
Type & Condition of Materials
in Dozer Production
• The Type & Condition of material affects
THE SHAPE of the pushed mass in front of
the blade
• Cohesive materials (Clays) will BOIL & Heap
• Materials that exhibit Slippery quality ( or with
high Mica) will ride over the ground & Swell
• Cohesionless materials (sand) known as
DEAD materials neither Heap nor Swell
 Effect of Cycle Time
in Dozer Production
• Sum of the time required to PUSH, BACKTRACK
& MANEUVER into position to push represents
the complete DOZER CYCLE
• Generally Dozing at slow speed 2 to 4 Kmph, lower
figure for Cohesive materials
• Return speed is usually the maximum that can be
attained in the distance available
• Longer the distance higher will be the speed, second
gear will not be used for less then 100 ft
• Maneuver time for power shift dozer ≈ 0.05 min
 Calculation of Blade Load
• The load a blade will carry can be
estimated by several methods e. g.
• 1. Manufacturer’s Blade Rating.
– Formula as per SAE Practice J1265
• 2. Previous Experience
– (Similar material, equipment & work condition)
• 3. Field Measurements.
 Field Measurements for
Calculation of Blade Load
• This is Commonly used method
• 1. Obtain a Normal Blade Load.
– A. Push a normal blade load into a Level Area
– B. Stop the dozer’s forward motion. While rising the move forward
slightly to create a Symmetrical Pile.
– C. Reverse and move away from the pile.

• 2. Make Measurements
– D. Measure the height (H) of the pile at the inside edge of each
track.
– E. Measure the width (W) of the pile at the inside edge of each
track.
– F. Measure the greatest length of the pile. This will not necessarily
be at the centre

• 3. Make Calculations
Blade Load Measurements
 Dozer Production Calculation
• Once Blade Load & Cycle Time is Known
• Production in Loose Cubic meter per hour

• 60 min. x Blade Load

• = -----------------------------
• push time + return time + maneuver time
• Blade Load in Loose Cubic meter
• Times in Minutes
 Production Curves
• Production Curves are for estimating the
amount of materials dozer can push.
• These are published in PERFORMANCE
HANBOOK of dozer mfg. Company
• A PRODUCTION NUMBER taken from the
Performance Curve is a Maximum Value
in Loose Cubic Meter per Hour based on a
set of IDEAL CONDITIONS as follows
 IDEAL CONDITIONS for
Production Curves
• 1. A 60- min hour ( 100% efficiency)
• 2. Power shift machines with 0.05- min fixed
time
• 3. The machine cuts for 50 ft. then drifts the
blade load to dump over a high wall
• 4. A soil density of 2300 lb per lcy
• 5. Coefficient of Traction:
– Track Machines -0.5 or better
– Wheel Machines -0.4 or better
• 6. The use of Hydraulic Controlled blade
 Use of Production Curves
• Production Curves are used to Calculate
Field Production Rates
• For this, the curve values must be adjusted
by the Correction Factors for EXPECTED
JOB CONDITIONS.
• Correction Factors from Mfg.’s List

• Production
• = (Maximum Production from the curve) x
( Product of Correction Factors)
Production Estimating Curves for Dozers
Equipped with S Blade
Production Estimating Curves for Dozers
Equipped with U Blade
Grade vs. Dozing Factor
RIPPING ROCK

One Common Use of Dozer

 Ripper
• Ripper –a new narrow profile implement
• It penetrates the earth and pulled to loosen and
split hard ground weak rock or old pavement and
bases
• Heavy ripping- by crawler dozer with rear
mounted ripper
– Because of high power and Tractive force
• Light duty ripping graders equipped with rippers
(commonly called scarifier in Nepal)
• Alternate to ripping-drilling, and blasting.
Determining the Rippability of Rock
• For selection of method of excavating and
hauling rock
• Question- can be ripped or should be
drilled and blast.
• Involves study of rock type and a
determination of rocks density.
• Why this needed for Mech. Engineers ?
• Ripper production calculation based on
type of rock indicated by seismic velocity.
 Rippability of Rock by Types
• Igneous rocks ( granites and basaltic
types) -cannot be ripped
• Sedimentary rocks have a layered
structure and can be ripped.
• Metamorphic rocks (Igneous, quartzite,
schist and slate- changed form of igneous
of sedimentary)
• Vary in Rippability with their degree of
lamination or cleavage.
 Rippability Characteristics
• Physical Characteristics that favor ripping are.
• Fractures, faults and joints all act as planes of
weakness facilitating ripping.
• Weathering, the greater the degree of
weathering the more easily the rock is ripped
• Brittleness and Crystalline structure
• High degree of Stratification or Lamination in
rock.
• Large grain size, coarse grained rocks
 Rippability Indicator
• Rippability of most types of rocks is related to
the speed at which sound waves travel
through it.
• Refraction Seismographic methods is used for
determination this
• Rocks that propagate sound waves at low
velocities(<7000 ft/sec) are rippable.
• For >10,000 ft/sec not rippable
• For between 7000-10000ft/sec are marginal.
 Ripper Performance Chart
• Fig 6.19 indicates Rippability for specific size
Dozer based on Sound Velocity ranges for
various types of soil and socks.
• Information should be supplemented with other
data such as boring logs or core samples.
– Decision to rip or not to rip rock based on.
• 1. The relative cost of excavating using the
methods under consideration.
• 2. Equipment available.
 Ripper as Attachment
• Rippers are generally rear mounted.

• The mounting types are

– Fixed radial
– Fixed parallelogram
– Parallelogram linkage with hydraulically
variable pitch.
 Main parts of Ripper
• Shank and
• Tip

• Shank - the vertical piece that is forced

down into the material to be ripped
• Ripper Tip (a tooth, point or tap)- fixed to
the lower cutting end of the shank
 Ripper Tip
• Ripper Tip (a tooth, point or tap)- fixed to
the lower cutting end of the shank
• Is high wear surface of ripper
• Hence made detachable for easy
replacement
• Service life may vary 0.5 to 1000 hr
• Hence needs care to note the Factors of
High Wear
 Shank
• Shank are pinned into position on the ripper frame
for
– Ease of removal for material and project requirements
Shank types
• Straight Shank
• Curved shank

• Straight Shank
– for massive or blocky formations
• Curved Shank
– for bedded or laminated rocks or for pavements
– It’s lifting action will help shatter the material
 Ripper Types
• Fixed Radial Ripper
• Parallelogram Type Ripper
 Fixed Radial Ripper
• With this the beam of the ripper pivots on
link arms about it’s point of attachment to
the dozer
• The angle of tip attack varies with the
depth the shank is depressed
• May make it difficult to achieve penetration
in tough materials.
• This may also tend to Dig Itself In
 Parallelogram Type Ripper

• Maintains the shank in vertical position

and keeps the tip at a constant angle
• Adjustable type enable tip angle to be
controlled by the operator hydraulically
 No of Shank in Ripper
• Single Shank or Multi Shank
• Number of shanks used depends upon size of
the dozer, the depth of penetration required the
resistance of the material being ripped and the
degree of breakage of the material desired.
• Up to 5 shank for smaller dozer up to 3 shank for
large dozer
• For heavy work (high seismic velocity material)
single center-mounted shank will maximize
production. But rolls individual oversized pieces
to the side.
 No of Shank in Ripper…
• Two shanks can be effective in softer
easily fractured materials that are to be
scrapper loaded.
• Three shanks for very easy to rip material
like hardpan or some shales.
• Multiple shank will produce more uniform
breakage of Rock
 Effectiveness of a Ripper
• The effectiveness of a ripper depends on
• 1 Down pressure at the ripper tip
• 2. The dozer’s usable power to advance
the tip – Which is a function of
– Power available, Dozer weight and Coefficient
of Traction.
• 3. Properties of material being ripped,
laminated faulted, weathered and so on
 Dozer size for ripping
• Sizing the dozer for ripping operation-rule
of thumb
• 1 hp per 100 lb of down pressure
• 3 lb of machine weight per lb of down
pressure -this is to ensure adequate
traction
 Ripping Production Estimates
• Generally excavating rock by ripping and
scraper loading is less expensive then drilling,
blasting, excavator loading and truck hauling.
• If possible estimating should be done by working
a test section and conducting a study of the
operational methods and determining production
by weight of ripper material.
• If not possible, initial estimates can be made
based on equipment manufacturer’s Ripping
Production Charts.
 Quick Method
- Ripping Production Estimates
• An average cycle time is determined by the
timed cycles
• The quantity (volume) of ripped Volume is taken
( L x B x H)
• Since such method gives about 20% more
volume then accurately cross-sectioned study
• Ripper Production (bcm/hr)
• = (measured volume in bcm)/ (1.2 x average
time in hr)
 Seismic-Velocity Method –
Ripping Performance Charts
• Relationship developed between Seismic Wave
velocities and Rippability.
• These Ripping Performance Charts of
particular Equipment enable to make an initial
determination of suitable equipment to be used
• It is mainly based on General Rock type
classifications.
• After that production rates for the particular
machines are calculated from Production Charts
of particular Equipment
 Ripping Production Charts
• Are developed for Particular Model Equipment.
• Developed from field tests conducted in a variety
of materials.
• Because of extreme variations of materials
subjective judgment is needed while using these
• To reflect to actual field Conditions of the Project
• Increase in O&O cost due to ripping
• Ripping may increase 30 to 40% of normal O &
O costs due to heavy ripping work
 Ripper Operation Techniques
• Ripping should be done at the maximum
penetration depth that traction will allow.
• Uniform depth to be maintained during
ripping.
• For economy ripping to be performed at
low gear and low speed.(1to 1.5 mph)
• Even slight increase in speed may
increase the operation cost dramatically
due to very fast Ripper Tip Wear
Ripper Operation Techniques…
• When removing the ripped material 4 to 6 in
Cushion Material Should be left
• That will create better underfoot conditions for
dozing and reduce Track Wear during
subsequent Passes of Dozer.
• Downhill ripping will take advantage of gravity.
• Cross Ripping will increase scrapper tyre wear
• Cross Ripping is preferred to break up hard
spots or material that comes loose in large
slabs.
 SUMMARY – DOZER
• Dozers are used for
• dozing (pushing materials),
• land clearing,
• ripping,
• assisting scrappers in loading and
• towing other pieces of construction equipment.
• The factors that control dozer production rates are (1)
blade types (2) type and condition of materials (3) cycle
time. Manufactures provide production curves for
estimating the amount of material their dozer can push.
The curves provide a maximum value in lcy/ lcm per
hour based on a set of ideal conditions
SUMMARY – Dozing Operation
• The factors that control dozer production rates
are
• (1) blade types
• (2) type and condition of materials
• (3) cycle time.
• Manufactures provide production curves for
estimating the amount of material their dozer
can push.
• The curves provide a maximum value in lcy/ lcm
per hour based on a set of ideal conditions
SUMMARY – Ripping Operation
• Heavy ripping of rock is accomplished by
crawler dozers
• equipped with rear mounted rippers
• because of the power and Tractive force
available .
 SUMMARY- Rippability &
Ripper Production
• A refraction seismograph can be used to
determine the thickness and degree of
consolidation of rock layers at or near the
ground surface
• Manufactures have developed relationship
between seismic wave velocities and Rippability
• Additionally, there are manufacture ripping
production charts that have been developed
from field tests.
 Learning Objectives- Dozer
• Critical learning objectives related to
Dozer are
• 1. An ability to calculate dozer pushing
production
• 2. An ability to calculate dozer Production
for ripping operations.
Thank you