Topic – Temperature

Sensor

Submitted to- Submitted by-

Ms. Meenal Ma’am Saloni Chaudhary
Gaurav Yadav
Priyanka Kumari
* Temperature sensor
A temperature sensor is a device used to measure
temperature. This can be air temperature, liquid
temperature or the temperature of solid matter.
There are different types of temperature sensors available
and they each use different technologies and principles to
take the temperature measurement.
Different Types of Temperature Sensor

* Thermistors can be very small in size. They consist of a sensing element which can be
either glass or epoxy coated and have 2 wires so they can be connected to an electric
circuit. They measure temperature by measuring the change in resistance of the
electric current. Thermistors are available as either NTC or PTC and are often low cost.

* RTDs or Resistance Temperature Detectors work in a similar way to Thermistors and

measure ohmic resistance to measure temperature. They are connected to a circuit in
a similar way to a thermistor but they have a much wider temperature range and can
measure extreme temperatures.

* Thermocouples use two conductors, made up of different metals that are joined at the
end to form a junction. When this junction is subjected to heat, a voltage is produced
that is directly proportional to the temperature input. They are highly versatile as
different metal combinations allow for different measurement ranges; however, they
lack the fine accuracy of NTC’s and RTD’s making them the least precise out of the
three types
 THERMISTOR
A thermistor is a type of thermal resistor whose electrical resistance increase or
decrease with change in temperature.
Thus, the thermistors are thermally sensitive resistance whose resistance changes
with  change in the thermistor body temperature.
THERMISTOR SYMBOL-
The thermistor is a passive circuit element.
The passive component does not require any external power supply for its operation.
The thermistor is very sturdy and cheap and can be used to measure the temperature
accurately.
The thermistor does not function reliably in extremely hot or cold temperature.
Therefore,  thermistors are most suitable for the applications where precision
temperature measurement is required.
Working Principle of Thermistors
The thermistor works on the simple principle of change in
resistance due to a change in temperature. When the
ambient temperature changes the thermistor starts self-
heating its elements. its resistance value is changed with
respect to this change in temperature. This change
depends on the type of thermistor used.
 THERMOCOUPLE
The thermocouple can be defined as a kind of temperature sensor
 that is used to measure the temperature at one specific point in the
form of the EMF or an electric current. This sensor comprises two
dissimilar metal wires that are connected together at one junction.
The temperature can be measured at this junction, and the change in
temperature of the metal wire stimulates the voltages.
ThermocoupleThe amount of EMF generated in the device is very
minute (millivolts), so very sensitive devices must be utilized for
calculating the e.m.f produced in the circuit.
The common devices used to calculate the e.m.f are voltage
balancing potentiometer and the ordinary galvanometer. From these
two, a balancing potentiometer is utilized physically or mechanically.
Thermocouple Working Principle

The thermocouple principle mainly depends on the three effects namely

Seebeck, Peltier, and Thompson.
See beck-effect
This type of effect occurs among two dissimilar metals. When the heat offers
to any one of the metal wires, then the flow of electrons supplies from hot
metal wire to cold metal wire. Therefore, direct current stimulates the
circuit.
Peltier-effect
This Peltier effect is opposite to the Seebeck effect. This effect states that
the difference of the temperature can be formed among any two dissimilar
conductors by applying the potential variation among them.
Thompson-effect
This effect states that as two disparate metals fix together & if they form
two joints then the voltage induces the total conductor’s length due to the
gradient of temperature. This is a physical word that demonstrates the
change in rate and direction of temperature at an exact position.
 WORKING OF
THERMOCOUPLE
This circuit can be built with two different metals, and
they are coupled together by generating two junctions.
The two metals are surrounded by the connection through
welding.
In the above diagram, the junctions are denoted by P & Q,
and the temperatures are denoted by T1, & T2. When the
temperature of the junction is dissimilar from each other,
then the electromagnetic force generates in the circuit.
Thermocouple CircuitIf the temperate at the junction end
turn into equivalent, then the equivalent, as well as
reverse electromagnetic force, produces in the circuit, and
there is no flow of current through it. Similarly, the
temperature at the junction end becomes imbalanced,
then the potential variation induces in this circuit.
The magnitude of the electromagnetic force induces in the
circuit relies on the sorts of material utilized for
thermocouple making. The entire flow of current
throughout the circuit is calculated by the measuring tools.
THANK YOU