Welcome To All The Teacher’s of

SMIT.
SWTCHED - MODE POWER SUPPLY

Group no. A8
 Members:-

 Sourav Dhar.(071680103001)
 Sudip Kumar Pal(071680103013)

 Debayan Chakraborty(071680103019)
 Debasish Kumar Bit(071680103033)
 Overview
In the simplest form a SMPS is a
combination of transformers and voltage
control devices that furnishes power to
all the electronic components by
converting them into different low
voltage DC supply or different voltage ac
supply according to the requirement.
Development and Introduction
 With advances in electronics, need for dc power
supplies for use in integrated circuits has increased
manifold. For such electronics circuits (ICs)NASA was
the first to develop a light-weight and compact
switched mode power supply in 1960s for use in its
SPACE VEHICLES.
Now this power supply became popular and
presently, annual production of SMPSs may be as
70% to 80% of the total number power supplies
produced.
 Basic Concept of operation
A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power
supply/SMPS, or simply switcher) is an electronic power
supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a switching regulator in
order to provide the required output voltage.

An SMPS is actually a power converter that transmits power

from a source (e.g., a battery or the electrical power grid) to
a load (e.g., a personal computer) with ideally no loss.

The function of the converter is to provide a reliable output

voltage often at a different level than the input voltage.
Types of SMPS:

• Classification of SMPS can be done based on their functioning as

switched models and averaged models. Further classification can be
done based on the way they regulate voltage as:

• Conversion types:
• §         Forward conversion: uses power transformation for the required
output. 
• §         Flyback conversion: stores energy during the switch conduction
interval and delivers it when the switch is not conducting.

• Control method:
• §         Voltage: varies the switching pulse width with the error voltage
level.
• §         Current mode: uses a combination of error voltage level and
output current.
• Operational modes:
• §         Continuous: current through the filter inductor never
reaches zero.
• §         Discontinuous: current is allowed to reach zero.

So Basically there are four types of SMPS

available They are:

1. flyback .
2. Pushpull.
3. Halfbridge.
4. full bridge.
Different Components of SMPS:
SMPS is combined of different electronics
components, from a simple diode to a
microprocessor powered switch.

Basic components are:

• variable resistor
• breakdown diode
• switch
• diode
• single winding inductor
• capacitor
filter
C
How an SMPS works
 If the SMPS has an AC input, then the first
stage is to convert the input to DC. This is
called rectification.

The rectifier produces an unregulated DC

voltage which is then sent to a large filter
capacitor. The current drawn from the
mains supply by this rectifier circuit occurs
in short pulses around the AC voltage peaks.
These pulses have significant high
frequency energy which reduces the power
factor. Special control techniques can be
employed by the following SMPS to force
the average input current to follow the
sinusoidal shape of the AC input voltage.

AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signals

If an input range switch is used, the rectifier stage is
usually configured to operate as a voltage doubler when
operating on the low voltage (~120 VAC) range and as a
straight rectifier when operating on the high voltage
(~240 VAC) range. If an input range switch is not used,
then a full-wave rectifier is usually used and the
downstream inverter stage is simply designed to be
flexible enough to accept the wide range of dc voltages
that will be produced by the rectifier stage. In higher-
power SMPSs, some form of automatic range switching
may be used.
 Inverter stage
• The inverter stage converts DC, whether directly from the
input or from the rectifier stage described above, to AC by
running it through a power oscillator, whose output
transformer is very small with few windings at a frequency
of tens or hundreds of kilohertz (kHz).
• The frequency is usually chosen to be above 20 kHz, to
make it inaudible to humans. The output voltage is
optically coupled to the input and thus very tightly
controlled. The switching is implemented as a multistage
(to achieve high gain) MOSFET amplifier.
• MOSFETs are a type of transistor with a low on-resistance
and a high current-handling capacity. This section refers to
the block marked "Chopper" in the block diagram.
 Voltage converter and output
rectifier
• If the output is required to be isolated from the input, as is
usually the case in mains power supplies, the inverted AC is
used to drive the primary winding of a high-frequency
transformer. This converts the voltage up or down to the
required output level on its secondary winding. The output
transformer in the block diagram serves this purpose.
• If a DC output is required, the AC output from the
transformer is rectified.
• The rectified output is then smoothed by a filter consisting
of inductors and capacitors.
 Regulation
• A feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and
compares it with a reference voltage, which is set
manually or electronically to the desired output. If
there is an error in the output voltage, the feedback
circuit compensates by adjusting the timing with which
the MOSFETs are switched on and off. This part of the
power supply is called the switching regulator.
• The "Chopper controller" shown in the block diagram
serves this purpose.
 Power factor
• Simple "off-line" switched mode power supplies incorporate a
simple full wave rectifier connected to a large energy storing
capacitor. Such SMPSs draw current from the AC line in short
pulses when the mains instantaneous voltage exceeds the
voltage across this capacitor. During the remaining portion of
the AC cycle the capacitor provides energy to the power
supply.
• As a result, the input current of such basic switched mode
power supplies has high harmonic content and relatively low
power factor.
• Putting a current regulated boost chopper stage after the off-
line rectifier (to charge the storage capacitor) can help correct
the power factor, but increases the complexity (and cost).
 Operation In details:
The SMPS we are going to describe that is based on the
concept of buck converter, so to understand the operation
we have to first understand the concept of buck converter.

Operation of Buck converter:

A buck converter is a step-down DC to DC converter. Its
design is similar to the step-up converter, and like other
converter it is a switched-mode power supply that uses
two switches (a transistor and a diode), an inductor and a
capacitor.
Diagram
 Operation of Buck converter:
A buck converter operates in continuous mode if the current through the inductor
(IL) never falls to zero during the commutation cycle. In this mode, the operating
principle is described by the chronogram in figure .
When the switch pictured above is closed (On-state, top of figure), the voltage
across the inductor is VL = Vi − Vo. The current through the inductor rises linearly.
As the diode is reverse-biased by the voltage source V, no current flows through it;
When the switch is opened (off state, bottom of figure ), the diode is forward
biased. The voltage across the inductor is VL = − Vo (neglecting diode drop). The
current IL decreases.
The energy stored in inductor L is

Therefore, it can be seen that the energy stored in L increases during On-time (as
IL increases) and then decreases during the Off-state. L is used to transfer energy
from the input to the output of the converter.
The rate of change of IL can be calculated from:
With VL equal to Vi − Vo during the On-state and to − Vo during the Off-state.
Therefore, the increase in current during the On-state is given by:

Identically, the decrease in current during the Off-state is given by:

If we assume that the converter operates in steady state, the energy stored
in each component at the end of a commutation cycle T is equal to that at
the beginning of the cycle. That means that the current IL is the same at t=0
and at t=T (see figure 4).
Therefore,
So we can write from the above equations:

and
This yields:

This equation above can be rewritten as:

From this equation, it can be seen that the output voltage of the converter
varies linearly with the duty cycle for a given input voltage. As the duty cycle
D is equal to the ratio between tOn and the period T, it cannot be more than 1
Therefore, This is why this converter is referred to as step-down
converter.
Operation of SMPS:
Description:
The relaxation oscillator produces a square wave. The square wave is
integrated to get a triangular wave, which drives the non-inverting input of a
triangular to pulse converter. The pulse train out of this circuit then drives the
Pass Transistor. The output is sampled by a voltage divider and fed to a
comparator. The feed back voltage is compared with a reference voltage. The
output of the comparator then drives the input of the triangular to pulse
converter.
If the output voltage tries to increase the comparator produces a higher
output voltage which raises the reference voltage of the triangular- to pulse
converter. This makes the pulse that drives the base of the switching
transistor narrower. That means duty cycle is reduced. Since the duty cycle is
lower the output becomes less which tries to cancel almost all the original
increase in output voltage.
Conversely, if the regulated output voltage tries to decrease, the output of
the comparator decreases the reference voltage of the triangular -to pulse
converter. This makes the pulse wider and the transistor conducts for larger
time and more voltage comes out of the L.C.filter. This cancels out the original
decrease in output voltage.
For maximum efficiency the duty cycle should be less than 0.5. As long as the triangular voltage exceeds the reference
voltage, the output is high. Since Vref is adjustable, we can vary the width of the output pulse and hence the duty cycle.
Switching regulators are more efficient than conventional regulators as the power loss in the switching element is
reduced to minimum as it conducts only for a fraction of a cycle.
Interior view of an
switched-mode
power supply.

A - bridge rectifier
B - Input filter
capacitors
C - Transformer
D - output filter
coil
E - output filter
capacitors
Applications:
• Switched-mode PSUs in domestic products such as personal
computers often have universal inputs, meaning that they
can accept power from most mains supplies throughout the
world, with rated frequencies from 50 Hz to 60 Hz and
voltages from 100 V to 240 V (although a manual voltage
"range" switch may be required). In practice they will
operate from a much wider frequency range and often from
a DC supply as well. In 2006, Intel proposed the use of a
single 12 V supply inside PCs, due to the high efficiency of
switch mode supplies directly on the PCB.

• Most modern desktop and laptop computers already have a

DC-DC converter on the motherboard, to step down the
voltage from the PSU or the battery to the CPU core voltage
-- as low as 0.8 V for a low voltage CPU to typically 1.2-1.5 V
for a desktop CPU as of 2007. Most laptop computers also
have a DC-AC inverter to step up the voltage from the
battery to drive the backlight, typically around 1000 Vrms.
• Certain applications, such as in automobile industry and in some
industrial settings, DC supply is chosen to avoid hum and
interference and ease the integration of capacitors and batteries
used to buffer the voltage. Most small aircraft use 28 volt DC, but
larger aircraft often use 120 V AC at 400 Hz, though they often
have a DC bus as well. Some submarines like the Soviet Alfa class
submarine utilised two synchronous generators providing a
variable three-phase current, 2 x 1500 kW, 400 V, 400 Hz.
•In the case of TV sets, for example, one can test the excellent
regulation of the power supply by using a variac. For example, in
some models made by Philips, the power supply starts when the
voltage reaches around 90 volts. From there, one can change the
voltage with the variac, and go as low as 40 volts and as high as
260, and the image will show absolutely no alterations.
Advantages:
The main advantage of this method is greater efficiency because
the switching transistor dissipates little power when it is outside of
its active region (i.e., when the transistor acts like a switch and
either has a negligible voltage drop across it or a negligible current
through it).

Other advantages include smaller size and lighter weight (from

the elimination of low frequency transformers which have a high
weight) and lower heat generation due to higher efficiency.
Disadvantages:
Disadvantages include greater complexity, the generation of
high-amplitude, high-frequency energy that the low-pass filter
must block to avoid electromagnetic interference (EMI), and a
ripple voltage at the switching frequency and the harmonic
frequencies thereof.

Very low cost SMPS may couple electrical switching noise

back onto the mains power line, causing interference with A/V
equipment connected to the same phase.

 Non power-factor-corrected SMPSs also cause harmonic

distortion.
Thank You