Professional Documents
Culture Documents
O>FHJ Bx u k a T
.jdtkrdbhtekb ufvjlbc m8[jk2
jyib vw[jdht, cfmfhsdtkjlfy
fvjcek mfksf bybwbfnbdbs
$@# %&&)o8 ^ SFVEPB 2 !* BDYBCB7 @)!) o8
IFVTKFIDBKVF Dsiamaye yvelafers dagakargvinebs 'fylf7 vfs afhekfl bsfs,bhtc lf mfkfmbc hf2
,fl c[df fbhxbtc7 vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv bc wj2
tc lff[kjt,bs ^) okbc oby vj[lf8 utvbc cfc2 lybs dth ufvbnjklt,jlf8
flbkj lfh,fpb [fk[bs b.j cfdct8 cflbkb e,2 f[kfl fhxtekvf hf,vf lbdhtb sjhf hjv smdf7
hfkj b.j7 vfuhfv vupfdht,b fvbsbw rvf.jabkyb ,tdh]th itdtrfvfst lf hsekb rbs[dt,b lfde2
b.dyty8 utvb hevbytsblfy bchftkib vjwehfdlf8 cdb8 [fk[b ufyfhbc[f xtvvf cfmwbtkvf lf bv mf2
vupfdht,vf fh bwjlyty hfvlty lqtc ufcnfylf kfmblfy ufvf'tdtc8 ,hfpbs itg.hj,bkb7 flubkc
vupfdhj,f9 fhw bc bwjlyty7 hjujh ffo.j,lyty dth dgjekj,lb7 hflufy lfyfgbht,b sfyfvlt,j,f
bchftkib w[jdht,fc lf vfbyw ertstcb vjvf2 ofvfhsdtc7 itvltu rb mfkfmblfyfw ufvf'tdtc8
dkbc bvtlb /mjylfs8 uf,hfpt,ekvf vbdfnjdt cf[kb7 wjk2idbkb7 .d2
cfcflbkjib mfihesbc ptlfv[tldtkb hf,b bj2 tkfpt lbl trktcbfib h]ekb itdbwdfkt lf
B{8 UD8 6|
L2HB IFKDF
rtshb7 hjvtksf itcf[t,fw fqfh dbcfe,ht,s8
OBOEFIDBKB
{ E R F S @8 sjhbc rfyjyt,b xdtyb wyj,btht,bc vbqvf fh2
V
v bfy8 sjhbc vbwdt,bc cfvb rfntujhbf fhct,j,c5
HBNEFKEHB CBOVBYLBC PJUBTHSB RFYJYB F` tlebjs 2 lfvjovt,f7 lflfcneht,f8 tc vbwdf
fhfovbylf flfvbfysfy fy gbhen.dsfy rjynfm2 [cybc hfbvt bcnjhbekb vjdktybc fphc fy xdtyb
nbc itltufl fhfovbylf itb'kt,f uf[ltc5 hovtybc fvf se bv v[fhtc8 vfufkbsfl7 vbwdf if,f2
!8 cfzvtkb7 @8 cbs[t7 #8 zehztkb lf nfy2 sbc itcf[t, udbvnrbwt,c if,fsbc lfwdbc hovtyfc7
cfwvtkb7 $8 t,hftkb8 bv fphc7 hjv eptyftcvf ^ lqtib itmvyf cfv.fhj8
vjrktl sbsjtekb vfsufybc itcf[t,8 lqtcfcofekt,bc lfwdbc fewbkt,kj,f udf[cty2
!8 CFZVTKB itb'kt,f uf[ltc fhfovbylf it2 t,c bchftkbc idbkt,bc tudbgnbc n.dtj,blfy ufv2
vltu itvs[dtdt,ib5 F` se bub fh cfphljj,c jcdkbc afmnc8
sfdbcb atcdt,bc fy ajskt,bc vtidtj,bs ~vfu8 wbwbnbcf lf stabkbybc vbwdf ufvj[fnfdc xdtyc
vjrhtabkb yf.jab7 vfhwdkjdfyb rekneht,b hovtyfc eptyftcbc f,cjkeneh 'fkfeakt,fib8
lfoyt[bk vlujvfhtj,fib lf c[df`8 <` vbiafnbv 2 cfvjmfkfmj rfyjyt,b8 tcff qdsb2
<` se lfcfo.bcib bub itt[j ths2ths itvltu ehb rfyjyt,b7 hjvkt,bw epheydtk.jaty cfpjuf2
cbs[tsfufyc5 qdbyjc7 aenrhbc sfakc7 ptbse2 ljt,bc ecfahs[jt,fcf lf cbwjw[kbc eyfhbfyj2
ybc ptsc7 h'tc7 wdfh2yfvc7 cbc[kc lf o.fkc8 ,fc8 vfufkbsfl7 vwyt,f vrdktkj,bcf lf mehlj,bc
se fv gbhj,t,ib cfzvtkc itt[t,f fhfovbylf frh'fkdbc itcf[t,8
flfvbfyb fy gbhen.db ~fy gbhen.dbc fy vqhq2 U` [erbv 2 qdsbehb lflutybkt,fyb8 fv rfntuj2
ytkbc ktib`7 bub ~cfzvtkb` [lt,f fhfovbylf8 hbfib itlbc bctsb vbwdt,b7 hjvtksf fphb vbeo2
@8 CBS[T8 se cbs[tc itt[t,f fhfovbylf fl2 dljvtkbf flfvbfybc ujyt,bcfsdbc8 vblhfib b'ktdf
fvbfyb fy gbhen.dbc ktib7 cbs[tw [lt,f fctsb lflutybkt,bc v[jkjl js[ cf[tj,fc7 hjv2
fhfovbylf8 tksf itcf[t, sjhf qbfl fv,j,c5 3tc [jrbf4 lf
#8 ZEHZTKB LF NFYCFWVTKB [lt,f fvbnjvfw eylf vbdbqjs .jdtkudfhb ufyc]bc uf2
fhfovbylf7 se vfs itt[j eovbylehj,bc o.fhj htit8
~flfvbfyb fy gbhen.db`8 sb[bc zehztkb v[j2 tc vbwdt,bf ~[jrt,b`5
kjl bv itvs[dtdfib eovbylehlt,f7 se vbc F` B<EV8 t,hftkc eakt,f fh fmdc lfmjhoby2
ibuybsf v[fhtc itt[j fhfovbylf8 ltc sfdbcb 'vbc wjkpt fy vbc mdhbdpt7 se 'vfc
kbsjybcf lf [bc zehztkb itb'kt,f ufce2 /.fdc ,fdidt,b8 obyffqvltu itvs[dtdfib bub lfbc2
asfdltc ~uf[ltc ovbylf` fqfkbc ~vleqfht o.2 ]t,f 3mfhtsbs84 vfuhfv7 se 'vbc mdhbdc fhf /.fdc
fkib xflt,bc` cfiefkt,bs8 vfuhfv sb[bc zeh2 ,fdidt,b7 vbcb wjkfl ithsdf bsdkt,f vbwdfl
zkbc ufyovtylf fv upbs fh [lt,f8 ~b,ev`8
$8 T<HFTKB [lt,f fhfovbylf itvltu itvs2 <` IFFNYTP8 sjhf rh'fkfdc thslhjekfl
[dtdt,ib5 F` se itt[t,f t,hftkbc udfvc7 fy uf2 vfn.kbcf lf ctkbc 'fabcfufy vjmcjdbkb mcjdb2
lfbnfyc thsb flubkblfy c[df flubkfc7 sey2 kbc ufvj.tyt,fc8 vfuhfv yt,flfhsekbf bctsb ct2
lfw fh itt[jc [tkbs8 fuhtsdt se bc bv2 kbc nfycfwvkbc nfht,f7 hjvtkptw vbvfuht,e2
.jat,jlf vbwdfkt,eksfy thsfl ths zthmdti7 kbf ifkbc wbwbnt,b8 fctsb obyffqvltuj,bc f[cyf
fy vbcb c[tekbc hjvtkbvt yfobksfy7 fy se flfvbfybc ujyt,fc fh 'fke'c9 fvbnjv sjhf udt2
itt[j bcts zehztkc7 hjvtkcfw flht it[t,bf e,yt,f7 hjv tcff [erb8
vbwdfkt,ekb8 U` CTBH KFFPFPTK 2 s[f fpfptkbcsdbc8
fv upbs fhfovbylfl ufv[lfh t,hftkc eoj2 bjv mbaehbc cfvcf[ehbc lhjc lfrkekb s[f
lt,ty fd fnevf 2 eovbylehj,bc o.fhj8 fctsb ufyovtylc stvc wjldt,bcfufy7 vfuhfv ,bkofdc vbc
gbhjdyt,f bsdkt,f fhfovbylfl & lqbc ufyvfd2 itvobhdtkc8 fvbnjvfw fv rfyjyc /mdbf 3vfhflb2
kj,fib8 ufyovtylbc ghjwtlehbc vt2# lf vt2& ekb [jrb84
lqtc vfc itfc[eht,lyty ;qfkb athbc 'hj[bc l` AFHF FLEVF 2 ;qfkb athbc 'hj[f8 vbcb
athakbs ufpfdt,ek o.fkc7 hbc itvltufw athakb ufyovtylc flfvbfyc7 vfuhfv eovbylehfl
xfdbljlf vbrdtib8 fmwtdc .dtkfc7 dbyw vjyfobktj,c vbcb athakbc
<` fd fnevfcsfy it[t,fib v.jab ~dbyw vfc vjvpflt,fib8 bvltyfl7 hfvltyflfw tc rfyjybw fh
itt[j` flfvbfybw [lt,jlf fhfovbylf8 vfuhfv fb[cyt,f kjubrehb vc]tkj,bc upbs7 sjhf vfc
vbcb eovbylehj,f fh b.j 'kbthb7 uh'tklt2 eojlt,c 3tc 2 sjhbc [jrbf4 ~!(7 @`8
,jlf cfqfvjvlt lf ufybovbylt,jlf vbrdtib ,f2 vfuhfv ptvjs yfsmdfvb fh eylf ufdbujs bct7 sb2
yfj,bs8 fcts rfwc eojlt,lyty 3eovbylehj,bc smjc 3[erbv4 vjrkt,ekbf cfae'dkbfyj,fc8 fhf+
gbhdtkfl vfnfht,tkc84 fhbc fuhtsdt c[df bcbyb ufvj.dfybkbf 3qdsbehb kjubrbc4 rfyjyt,bs7
eovbylehj,fybw7 vfufkbsfl5 pbdes 2 ufvjyf2 hfw flfvbfybc ujyt,bcsdbc vbeodljvtkbf8 v[jk2
ltyb7 ujyjhtf7 ybles 2 ltlfs otcb7 wffhfs 2 jl thsb fctsb rfyjybc ~3afhf flevf4`
B{8 UD8 6|
M winaparTa nakvalevze - ix. gv. I f[kf hf,c uftwbyf lf es[hf5 2 vtuj,fhj7 ityvf
fbyst,f rfyltkb7 ufuh'tkt,f bmyt,f wflbrbc cb2 .eht,vf se ufbuj ityb yfsmdfvb8 ity vpfl [fh
yfskbcf9 ufuh'tkt,f bmyt,f bv cb,h'ybc iembcf7 lfe]thj tmbvbc wjlyfc7 hjvtkbw hfvltybvt
hfcfw vjit hf,tyev vbfqobf8 3dt fsf sbwfdt4 2 otkc cofdkj,lf eybdthcbntnib lf fhw rb
ity e,h'fyt sfj,t,c7 hjv vfybc mbkf7 hjvtkbw ucehc ufvjb'bj7 v.fhbf se fhf vbcb wjlyf8 tc
ityf[ekbf7 bc fhbc o.fhj afhyfcbcf8 sjhf cfv.fhj ufvxtyvf vbeodljvtkb cb,h'ybs itmvyf
cbyfskt 2 lfat,ibf8 lblb vfvt,bc qbhct,t,bf xdtysdbc8 vstkb vcjakbjc vtwybtht,b hjv itbr2
xdtyb cf.hltyb8 bc7 hfw gbhdtk ,ts2/fvbrlfiib hb,jy7 zbfyzdtkbc at[bc itmvyfc dth it'kt,ty8
udmjylf7 2 lfafhekbf ~3ufyep4` lf fhf ufvmhf2 ity ubylf7 hjv ufvxtybc vwyt,t,c xfodlt0 cfzbhj
kb lf lqtcfw vbcbs dcfhut,kj,s8 lfafhekbf fh fhbc vwyt,bc xfodljvf7 dfklt,ekb dfhs it2
lfat,b7 fh xfvmhfkf cfystkb7 lfafhekbf mbkf dfchekjs lf lfhoveyt,ekb db.js vbc cblb2
lf athakb8 fltcf lf cfhut,kj,fib88
bchftkbc thsuekb vo.tvcb7 vjit hf,tye udf2
rfdibht,c lbl vfvt,sfy8 vfiby bvqthf bchftkbc M xukaT - ix. gv. III
thvf tc cbvqthf 2 3fqbdct7 zfj+ vfc eufkj,ts+ kjubrf cfwyfehb uf[lf /fitvbc sfy[vj,bs vjit2
zf7 hjvtkbw s[fhtc vsfdht,vf7 ufrdfktc [fk2 csdbc8 sdbs itkjvj fvtkt[bw rb7 hjvtkbw bs2
[bc lblt,ekt,vf fhuybs 2 sfdbfysb rdths[t2 dkt,jlf vcjakbjib .dtkfpt ,h'ty rfwfl7 sjh2
,bs8884 ~[erfs @! 2 !&7 !*`8 tc sjhbc cbvqthff7 cbwjw2 bc .dtkfpt lbl vwjlytl7 dth xfodlf 3afhf
[kbc o.fhjc cbvqthff lf ptwbehb cbyfskbc flevfc4 vbwdbc kjubreh lfcf,est,fc7 hbc itcf2
o.fhjf7 hjvtkbw vpfl fhbc cfv.fhjc itmvyblfy8 [t,fw fv,j,c5 3888dbabmht lfd,h'tylt,jlb7 vfuhfv
o.fhj7 hjvtkbw ufs[fhtc [fk[bc lblt,ekt,2 bub ~cb,h'yt` ijhcff xtvufy84 fm 3bub42ib buekbc2
vf7 lblb vfvt,b 2 f,hf/fvb7 bw[frb lf bffrj,b [vt,f rfyjyb 3afhf flevfc4 itcf[t,8
fhbfy7 vfs vjudbvpfltc sjhbc vbcfqt,fl8 fvbnjvfw fhbc7 hjv sjhbc chek.jabkfl itc2
abhrtb fdjsib othbf5 3hf,b fv,j,c 2 hjvtkbf ofdkf7 vbcb ufut,f ,jkjvlt ite'kt,kfl bsd2
bc cojhb upf7 hjvtkptw flfvbfyb ufbdkbc0 kt,f8 se ,h'tysf2,h'tyvf itkjvj fvtkt[vf dth
2 bc7 hjvtkbw xbyt,ekbf itvchekt,kbcsdbc fvjoehf sjhbc cb,h'yt7 hfqf smdfy xdtybcsfyf
lf c[dt,cfw vj[b,kfdc4 ~sfdb @ 2 !`8 upf7 hjvtkbw e,hfkj vjrdlfdt,vf8
ltlt,vf lf vfvt,vf ufudbrdfktc7 itvltu vjit siamaye
M yvelafers dagakargvinebs - ix. gv. II
hf,tyev lf f/fhjy /fmjtyvf uffuh'tktc7 lfev2
rdblhlf itvlujv sfj,t,c8 fh itb'kt,f7 hjv vqdlkbc ojlt,f vbdbqt8 vstkb xtvb sjhbc
flfvbfyc sjhbc cbvnrbwtib tzdb jlyfdfw rb it2 wjlyf t,hftksf cfobyffqvltujl vbdvfhst8 2 dfc2
tgfhjc8 ofdkblb hjvtk flubkpt tothf c[df tht,bcflvb
ths[tk ,h'ty hf,b bfrj, f,trfhfcsfy vbdblf cfobyffqvltuj wbnfnt,b lf hjwf uthvfybf hevb2
rfwb lf /rbs[f5 23hf,b7 fhbc vwyt,t,b7 hjvtksf ytsib itvjdblf7 vfsfw lfdt[vfht t,hftksf lf2
f[cyf itcf'kt,tkbf7 vfuhfv fhbc bctst,bw7 hj2 gfnbvht,f2lf[jwdfib8
vtkcfw dthfathc ufeut,8 vfufkbsfl5 hfnjv it2 fhft,hftkfl dfuh'tkt,lb w[jdht,fc7 bmfvlt7 db2
b'kt,f odthbc vfrhfnkbs vjzhf7 cfvfhst,kbs lht cbpvfhb fh dyf[t8 vtcbpvhf7 hjv bctd btibdbc
rb vjgfhcdf fh itb'kt,f0 hf,bv cffsc lf[tlf zf,erb db.fdb7 cfif,fsj vfublfc dec[tlbs lf
lf es[hf5 2 fub[cyb7 vfuhfv lhj fhf vfmdc7 cbvqtht,c dvqthjlbs8 hf,b sdfkc fh vfwbkt,lf7
tmbvsfy vbvtxmfht,f8 sdfkc sdfkib vb.hblf8 ewt, ufvjvtqdb'f8 cbv2
2 hfnjv7 [jv vidblj,ff hf,b0 2 itbw[flf qthf bctd .ehib vbobjlf8 uflfdo.dbnt stie,fpt
rfwvf8 lfd,heyt,ekb.fdb7 vfuhfv t,hftkt,vf fqfh bce2
2 bctsb fhfathb7 ,fdidb uf[lf fdfl7 tmbvvf hdtc xtvb vbqt,f lf vfhskt,bw b.dyty8 fhw
ofvkt,b ufvjeothf7 vfuhfv vt fh dhsfd lf2 mhbcnbfyt,b vbylj,lyty7 hflufy vfsfw deqfkfnt8
ktdbc yt,fc8 ]th eylf ufdbuj7 hjujh vbv2 fk,fs f[kf yfstkbf itysdbc7 hfcfw xtvc vbvfhs
lbyfhtj,c fv ofvkbc vjmvtlt,bc ghjwtcb7 hjv fv,j,ty8
cbw[t lffuljc lf tmbvc bcbw eylf drbs[j7
hfnjv eylf vbbqjc js[ cffsib ths[tk lf CFHTLFMWBJ RJKTUBF5
HFBF OBOEFIDBKB 2 HTLFMNJHB9 UFVJVWTVTKB9
fhf .dtkf nf,ktnb thsfl8 LBYF IFVTKFIDBKB 2 HF,FYBSB VSFHUVYTKB9
2 hf,b7 ity uujybf tmbvc ite'kbf hfvltybvt YFYF BY}BFIDBKB 2 RJHTMNJHB
oesib bc fub[cyfc7 hfcfw okj,bs cofdkj,lf0 L2HB IFKDF OBOEFIDBKB9
OTHBKT,BCFSDBC 2 [JKJYB7
dfklt,ekb [fh lft.hlyj tmbvbc wjlyfc8 bc ,TY UEHBJYBC &=!
f]j,t,c7 cf[kib of[dblt lf ,fdidc ofvfkb HFBF JHTYB
lhjpt vbfqt,byj8 NTK8 )#8 %%#8 )#8 *%