1

1
( 31101)
1
4

1.

a, e, i, o u
10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9
(element members)
2.
2.1 (Tabular From)
( , )
7 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
5 {, , , , }
2 10 {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
2.2 (Builder Form)

{x | x }
x x
{x | x }
x x
|
( . . . )

{1, 2, 3, . . ., 10} . . . 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9
{, , , . . ., } . . .

3.
A, B, C
a, b, c
 2

A = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36} A

4.

A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
1 A A 1 A
3 A A 3 A

5 A A 5 A
7 A A 7 A
A 4 n(A) A n(A)
= 4
1
1.
2.
3.
1) A
A = {, , , }
2) B
B = {-1, -2, -3, . . .}
3) C
C = {, , , . . ., }

2
1. A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
2. B = {1, 3, 5, 7}
1) A = {x | x 12}
2) B = {x | x 9}
 3

1
( 31101)
1
4

1
1.1 5
1.2
1.3 20
1.4 2 10
2
2.1 A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
2.2 B = {1, 3, 5, . . . , 99}
2.3 C = {1, 2, 3, . . . }
2.4 D = {1, 4, 9, 16, . . .}
3
3.1 A = {2148}
3.2 B = {x | x 20 30}

=
..
. .. ..
 4

1
( 31101)
2
4

1.1 (Empty set Null set)

{ } ( (phi))

A = {x | x2 < 0}
B = {x | 2x2 + 3 = x 3}
C = {x | x }

1.2 (Finite set)

A = {0, 2, 4, . . . , 10} , n(A) = 11
B = {x I+ | x < 5} , n(B) = 4
C = {x | x } , n(C) = 4

1.3 (Infinite set)

A = {x | x x 7}
B = {x | x 5}
C = {3, 7, 11, 15, . . .}
 5

1)
2)
232 {2, 3}
3)
I I = {. . . , -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, . . .}
I+ I+ = {1, 2, 3, . . .}
I- I- = {-1, -2, -3, . . .}
N N = {1, 2, 3, . . .}
P P = {2, 3, 5, 7, . . .}

(equal sets or identical sets)

A B A
B B A
A B A = B

A B A B
A B A B
B A A B

1 A = {2, 3} , B = {x | x2 5x + 6 = 0}
A B
A = {2, 3}
B = {x | x2 5x + 6 = 0}
x2 5x + 6 = 0
(x 2)(x 3) = 0
x = 2 x = 3
B = {2, 3}
A = B
 6

2 A = {1, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6} , B = {2, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6} ,
C = {1, 2, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 6}
A = {1, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6} , B = {2, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6}
A = B
A C , B C 7 A 7 B
 7

1
( 31101)
2
4

1 A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 5}
2 A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10},
B = {x | x 5}
3 A = {2, 4, 6, 4, 2} ,
B = {4, 2, 2, 6, 6}
4 A = {1, 2, 3, . . .} , B = {x | x 2}
5 A = {x I | 0 < x < 1} ,
B = {x I | x
4 < x < 6}
6 A = {x R | x2 = 1} ,
B = {x I | x2 < 1}

=
..
. .. ..
 8

1
( 31101)
1
4

1. .............................................
........................................................
........................................................
2. 2
2.1 ...................................................
........................................................
........................................................
2.2 ...................................................
........................................................
........................................................
3. ..........................................
........................................................
........................................................
4. ..........................................
........................................................
........................................................
5. ........................................
........................................................
........................................................
6. .......................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
 9

1
( 31101)
1
4

A A
B B
1 A = {1, 2} , B = {1, 2, 3, 4} / -
2 A = {3, 4, 5} , B = {1, 2, 3, 4} - /
3 A = {a, b} , B = {a, b, c, d}
4 A = {1, 2, 3, 4} , B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
5 A = {5, 10, 15, 20} , B = {5, 10, 15, 20,
25, 30}
6 A = {a, b, c} , B = {a, b, d, e, f}
7 A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6} , B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
8 A = { } , B = {1, 2, 3}
9 A = {a, b, c, d} , B = {a, b, c, e, f, g}
10 A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {1, 2, 3}

A B .
.
A B
.
 10

1
( 31101)
2
4

1 A = {a} {a} , 2 = 21 {{a} , }
2
2 A = {1, 2} {1}, {2}, {1, 2}, 4 = 2 {{1}, {2}, {1, 2}, }
3 A = {1, 2, 3}
4 A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
5 A = {a, b, c}
6 A = {a, b}

A ...................................
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................
 11

1
( 31101)
3
4

1.1 A={ }
1.2 A = {2}
1.3 A = {2, 3}
1.4 A = {2, 3, 4}

2.
. 2.1 A B B A
..2.2 A B a A a B
..2.3 A B B = C A C
..2.4 A = {1, 2, {2, 5}} {2, 5} A
.2.5 A = {1, 3} A 4
..2.6 A = {a, b, c} A

=
..
. .. ..
 12

1
( 31101)
4
4

1. A = {6} P(A) = ..
2. A = {7, 5} P(A) =
3. B = {6, 7, 9} P(B) = ..


4. A = {2} P(P(A))
P(P(A)) = ..

5. A 6 P(A) .

=
..
. .. ..
 13

1
( 31101)
5
4

1. A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 9} A 1 3

2. B = {a, b, c, d, e} B
3. C = {1, 2} P(P(A))

=
..
. .. ..
 14

1
( 31101)
2
4

1. A ...................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
2. A .................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
3. A n .........................
4. A = {x | x 5 2 }
4.1 A ..................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
4.2 P(A) = ...........................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
 15

1
( 31101)
3
4

(Relative Universe)

U

1 U = {x | x }
A = {x | x 3 }
A
U = {, , , . . ., }
A = {, , }
2 U = {1, 2, 3, . . . } B = {x | x 5}
B
U = {1, 2, 3, . . . }

B = {1, 2, 3, 4}

- (Venn-Euler Diagram)
-

-
U
A, B, C, . . . U
A, B, C, . . . U
3 U = {1, 2, 3, . . .} , A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
-
A B 2 4
A B
 16

4 U = {a, b, c, . . . , z} , A = {a, b, c, d} , B = {e, f, g}

C = {h, i, j, k} -
- A, B C

5 U = {x | x 20}
A = {x | x 10}
B = {x | x 7}
-
U = {x | x 20}
U = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 19}
A = {x | x 10}
A = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 9}
B = {x | x 7}
B = {1, 3, 5}
A B
 17

1
( 31101)
6
4

1 U = {, , , . . . , } ,
A = {, , , , } B = {, , , , , }
2 U = {x | x }
A = {x | x2 = 16} B = {x | x2 = 1}
3 U = {1, 2, 3, . . . } ,
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} B = {2, 3, 5, 7}
4 U = {x | x }
A = {x | x 10}
B = {x | x 2 20}

=
..
. .. ..
 18

1
( 31101)
3
4
-

1. .....................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
2. -
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
.
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
 19

1
( 31101)
3
4

1 A = {1, 2} , B = {3, 4} {1, 2, 3, 4}

2 A = {1, 2, 3, 4} , B = {3, 10, 12, 14} {1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 12, 14}
3 A = {a, b, c} , B = {b, c, d, e, f}
4 A = {, , , , } , B = {, , , }
5 A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} , B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
6 A = {1, 3, 4, 5} , B = {2, 3, 4}
7 A = {0, 1, 2, 3} , B = {2, 3, 4}
8 A = {p, q, r, s} , B = {a, b, p, q}

A B ..................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
 20

1
( 31101)
7
4

1) U = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 30} 3) U = {x | x
A = {x | x 8 } 20}
B = {x | x 7 } A = {x | x
A B B A 4 16}
A = ................... B = {x | x2 = 16}
B = ................... A B B A
A B = ................... A = ................
B A = ................... B = ................
A B = ................
B A = ................
2) U = {x | x } 4) U = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 50}
A = {x | x 7} A = {1, 2, 8} , B = {2, 4, 8, 10}
B = {x | x 10} A B B A
A B B A A = ...............
A = .................. B = ..............
B = .................. A B = ..............
A B = .................. B A = .............
B A = ..................

=
..
. .. ..
 21

1
( 31101)
4
4

1 A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} , B = {3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9} {3, 4, 6}

2 A = {a, b, c, d} , B = {a, b, e, f} {a, b}
3 A = {10, 20, 30, 40} , B = {10, 20, 80} {10, 20}
4 A = {7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} , B = {7, 8, 11}
5 A = {, , , , } , B = {, , }
6 A = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 10} , B = {2, 3, 5, 7}
7 A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} , B = {1, 3, 5, 7}
8 A = {8, 11, 14, 17, 20} , B = {10, 11, 14}

A B ..........................
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
 22

1
( 31101)
8
4

A B (A B)
A B

1 {1, 2, 4} {2, 4}
2 {1, 2, 3, 5, 6} {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
3 {0, 2, 4, 6} {2, 4, 6, 8}
4 {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} {3, 5, 7}
5 {2, 4, 6, 8} {3, 5, 7}
6 {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} {1, 2, 4, 7}
7 {10, 11, 12, 13, 14} {11, 12, 13}
8 {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} {4, 8, 12, 16}
9 {1, 4, 9, 25} {0, 1, 9, 10}
10 {0, 1, 3, 4, 5} {}

=
..
. .. ..
 23

1
( 31101)
4
4

1. A B ................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................

2. U = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 15} , A = {2, 3, 4, 5} , B = {10, 11, 13, 15}

A B = ..........................................
BA = ..........................................
AU = ..........................................

3. A B .............................
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................

4. A = {6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21} B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}

A B = ........................................
BA = ........................................
 24

1
( 31101)
4
4

(U)
1 A = {1, 2, 3, 5} U = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 10} A/ = {4, 6, 8, 9, 10}
2 A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12} U = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} A/ = {14}
3 B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13} U = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17} B/ = {15, 17}
4 B = {6, 7} U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} B/ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8}
5 C = {1, 2} U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} C/ = {3, 4, 5, 6}
6 C = {0, 1, 2} U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} C/ = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

U
A U A A A/
A/ = {x | x U x A}
 25

1
( 31101)
9
4

(U) A A (A/)
1 U = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 15} A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2 U = {1, 3, 5, 7, . . . , 17} A = {3, 5, 7, 9}
3 U = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18} A = {4, 6, 8}
4 U = {x | x 10} A = {1, 2, 3}
5 U = {x | x A = {2, 6, 14}
30 4 }
6 U = {x | x A = {3, 5, 7}
8}
7 U = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49} A = {4, 9, 36, 49}
8 U = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40} A = {10, 20, 30, 40}
9 U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} A = {b, d, f, g}
10 U = {-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7} A = {-2, -4, -6}

=
..
. .. ..
 26

1
( 31101)
5
4

A B
A B
(A B)

1 A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {1, 2, 3} {4, 5}
2 A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} B = {2, 4} {6, 8, 10}
3 A = {a, b, c, d} B = {a, b} {c, d}
4 A = {a, e, i, o, u} B = {o, u} {a, e, i}
5 A = {7, 8, 9, 10, 11} B = {8, 9, 10} {7, 11}
6 A = {20, 21, 22, 23} B = {22, 23} {20, 21}

A B A B
A B
A B = { x | x A x B}
 27

1
( 31101)
10
4

A B
A B
(A B)
1 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {2, 3, 5}
2 {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12} {6, 8, 10}
3 {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30} {10, 15, 20}
4 {a, b, c, d, e} {b, c, d}
5 {p, q, r, s, t} {p, q, r}
6 {x | x {x | x
10} 7}
7 {x | x {x | x 3
5} }
8 {x | x 1 {x | x }
}
9 {x | x {x | x
20} 20
3 }
10 {10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15} {11, 13, 15}

=
..
. .. ..
 28

1
( 31101)
5
4

1. A .....................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

2. U = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23} A = {2, 7, 13, 19}

A/ = ................................................

3. A B ..............................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

4. A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12} B = {2, 6, 10, 12}

AB = .......................................................
BA = ......................................................

A B

U
 29

1
( 31101)
6
4

A n(A)

1. A B A B n(A B)

n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B)

1 A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {3, 4, 6, 7, 8} n(A B)

n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B)
n(A) = 5 , n(B) = 5 , n(A B) = 2
n(A B) = 5+52
= 8

A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
n(A B) = 8

2. A B (A B = )

n(A B) = n(A) + n(B)

 30

2 A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {5, 6 ,7} n(A B)

n(A B) = n(A) + n(B)
n(A) = 4 , n(B) = 3
n(A B) = 4+3
= 7

A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
n(A B) = 7

3. A, B C A B C
n(A B C)
n(A B C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) n(A B) n(A C) n(B C) + n(A B C)

3 A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {3, 5, 6, 7} C = {3, 6, 4, 8}

n(A B C)
n(A B C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) n(A B) n(A C) n(B C) + n(A B C)
n(A) = 5 , n(B) = 4 , n(C) = 4
A B = {3, 5} , n(A B) = 2
A C = {3, 4} , n(A C) = 2
B C = {3, 6} , n(B C) = 2
A B C = {3} , n(A B C) = 1
n(A B C) = 3 + 4 + 4 2 2 2 + 1 = 8

 31

A B C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
n(A B C) = 8
4 . 5 100 20
30 10

1.
2.
A
B
n(A) = 20 , n(B) = 30 , n(A B) = 10
n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) + n(A B)
n(A B) = 20 + 30 10
= 40
= 100 40 = 60
= 40
 32

1
( 31101)
11
4

1. -
U
A B 1.1 n(A) = ..
21 5 31 1.2 n(B) = ..
1.3 n(A B) =
1.4 n(A B) =
2. -
U
A B 2.1 n(A) = 2.2 n(B) = ..
13 6 12 2.3 n(C) = ... 2.4 n(A B) = ......
5 2 3 2.5 n(A C) = .. 2.6 n(B C) = .........
2.7 n(A B C) = ..
10 C 2.8 n(A B C) = ..

3. . 4 300 150
200 110
3.1
3.2 .
3.3

=
..
. .. ..
 33

1
( 31101)
6
4

1. A B n(A B)
n(A B) = ........................................

2. A B n(A B)
n(A B) = .......................................
.
3. A , B C n(A B C)
n(A B C) = ......................................

4. n(A) ................................................
n(A B ) .............................................
.......................................................
n(A B) ............................................
......................................................
n(A B C) .......................................
.....................................................
 34

1
( 31101)
-
4

1) A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} , B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
1.1 n(A) = ......
1.2 n(B) = .....
1.3 n(A B) = .
1.4 n(A B) = .
2) A = {a, b, c, d, e} B = {b, c, f, g}
2.1 n(A) = .
2.2 n(B) = .
2.3 n(A B) = .
2.4 n(A B) = .
3) 130
70 80
.

1. U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i} , A = {a, c, e, g, i} , B = {b, d, f, h}
C = {d, e, f, g}
1.1 A B .........................................................................................................................
1.2 B C .........................................................................................................................
1.3 A C .........................................................................................................................
1.4 C/ .........................................................................................................................
1.5 C/ B .........................................................................................................................
1.6 (A B) C .................................................................................................................
 35

2. .6 150 -
51 36 39
29 25
18 10

2.1
2.2
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................