Dictionary of Automotive Terms

DICTIONARY OF AUTOMOTIVE TERMS
"A"
[Home][A] [B][C] [D][E] [F][G] [H][I] [J][K] [L][M]
[N][O] [P][Q] [R][S] [T][U] [V][W] [X][Y] [Z]
[A] [Ab] [Ac] [Ad] [Ae] [Af] [Ag] [Ah] [Ai] [Al] [Am] [An] [Ap] [Aq] [Ar] [As] [At] [Au]
[Av] [Aw] [Ax]
A:
Abbreviation or symbol for absolute temperature, absorption coefficient,
acceleration, adenine, ampere, amplitude, angular acceleration, area, attenuation
coefficient, fine-structure constant, helium nucleus, Helmhotz free energy, magnetic
vector potential, relative atomic mass, a stereoisomer of a sugar, substitution on a
carbon atom next to one common to two condensed aromatic nuclei, substitution on
the carbon atom next to the hetero-atom in ahetero-cyclic compound, and
substitution on the carbon atom of a chain next to the functional group
A-2 tire:
A term used for tire sizes 16.00 and larger in nominal cross section. Also called
"earthmover" or "off-the-road" tires
AA: Abbreviation for "Automobile Association" a term used in Great Britain
aa: A term of Hawaiian origin for lava flows with a rough, jagged surface
AAA: Acronym for "American Automobile Association" or "Alberta Automobile

Association."
AABM: Acronym for "Association of American Battery Manufacturers, Inc."
AAE: Acronym for "Association of Automotive Employers" (Poland).
AAIA: Acronym for "Automotive Aftermarket Industry Association"
AALA: Acronym for "American Automobile Labelling Act."
Aalenian: The oldest stage of the Middle-Jurassic
AAM: Acronym for "Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers"
AAP: Acronym for "auxiliary acceleration pump"

A arm: See A-arm.
A-arm:
A suspensionlinkage formed in the shape of an "A" or "V" found commonly
on the front suspension. The sides of the two legs of the A-arm are connected
to the chassis by rubber bushings and the peak of the A-arm is attached to the
wheel assembly. In this way, the wheel can freely move up and down.
Sometimes there is an upper A-arm, a lower A-arm, or both upper and lower
A-arms. The British call it a "wishbone."
Also see
twin A-arm suspension
A-arm suspension: See twin A-arm suspension
AAS: Acronym for "air aspirator system"
abacus: [1] The uppermost part of a colurnn capital or pilaster, on which the architrave
rests.
[2] A bead frame. Used as an arithmetic calculating aid.
abampere: A unit of electric current in the CGS electromagnetic system of units. One
abampere equals 10A.
abamurus: A supporting wall or buttress, built to add strength to another wall.
abandonment: A voluntary surrender of legal rights or title to a mining claim.
abatjour: An opening to admit light and generally to deflect it downwards; a skylight
abaxial: Rays of light which do not coincide with the optical axis of a lens system.
Abbe refractometer: An instrument for measuring directly the refractive index of liquids,
minerals and gemstones.
ABC: [1] Acronym for "aerial bunched conductors."

[2] Acronym for "automatic beam control"
ABDC: A term used in timing the relation of the spark and the crankshaft. It stands for after
bottom dead center.
Abegg's rule: Empirical rule that the solubility of salts of alkali metals with strong acids
decreases from lithium to caesium, i.e., with increase of relative atomic mass, and those
with weak acids follow the opposite order. Sodium Chloride is an exception to this rule,
being less soluble than potassium chloride.
Abegg's rule of eight: A rule that the sum of the maximum positive and negative valencies
of an element is eight, e.g., sulphur in SF6 and H2S.
Abel flashpoint apparatus: A petroleum-testing apparatus for determining the flash-point
Abelian group: A group in which the group operation is commutative. It is important in

the study of rings and vector spaces.
abelite: An explosive, composed mainly of ammonium nitrate and trinitrotoluene.
aberration: [1] An apparent change of position of a heavenly body, due to the speed of
light having a finite ratio to the relative velocity of the source and the observer.
[2] In an image-forming system, e.g., an optical or electronic lens, failure to produce
a true image, e.g., a point object as a point image. Geometrical aberrations include
spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, curvature of the field and distortion. See
chromatic aberration
abhesive: A substance which prevents two materials sticking together, e.g., teflon on frying
pans.
ability:
See
climbing ability
cold cranking ability
ABL: Acronym for "atmospheric boundary layer" panel
ablation: [1] Any one of the processes by which snow and ice are lost from a glacier,
mainly by melting and evaporation (sublimation).
[2] Removal of surface layers of a meteorite and tektites during flight.
ablative polymer: A material which degrades controlably in an aggressive

environment, especially on re-entry space-craft. Extreme temperatures are reached
on heat shield, so it is protected with ablation shield made of e.g., silicone polymer.
The same principle is used in intumescent paints for fire resistance
Abney law: A rule stating that if a spectral color is desaturated by the addition of white
light, and if its wave length is less than 570 nm, its hue then moves towards the red end of
the spectrum, while if the wavelength is more than 570 nm its hue moves towards the blue.
Abney level: Hand-held instrument in which angles of steep sights are measured while
simultaneously viewing a spirit-level bubble.
Abney mounting: A form of mounting for a concave diffraction grating, in which the eye-
piece (or photographic plate holder) is fixed at the center of curvature of the grating and the
slit can move around the circumference of the Rowland circle, to bring different orders of
spectrum into view.
abnormal glow discharge: A discharge carrying current in excess of that which is required
to cover the cathode completely with visible radiation.
Abnormal reflection: Reflection from the ionosphere of a radio wave whose frequency is
greater than the critical frequency.
aboard: See lighter aboard ship
aboard ship: See lighter aboard ship
A-bomb: See atomic bomb
A bone: Model "A" Ford.
abort: To terminate a vehicle's flight either by failure or deliberate action to prevent

dangerous consequences; if manned, a predetermined sequence of events is followed to
ensure the safety of the crew.
ABPV: Acronym for "air bypass valve"
abradant: A substance, usually in powdered form, used for grinding. See abrasive
abrade: To scratch or tear away two surfaces in contact by relative motion.
Abram's law: A rule that the ratio of water to cement for chemical action to impart
strength to concrete is 0.85:1.
abrasion: [1] Wearing or rubbing away some surface because of friction.

[2] Mechanical wearing away of rocks by rubbing during movement.
abrasion hardness: Resistance to abrasive wear, under specified conditions, of metal or

mineraL
abrasive: A hard grit used for sanding or grinding. It is usually in powdered form, used for
the removal of material by scratching and grinding, e.g., silicon carbide powder
(carborundum).
Also see
bonded abrasive
coated abrasive
non-woven abrasive
abrasive blast cleaning: A method for preparing steel for painting whereby abrasive
particles, e.g., copper slag, are projected under pressure through a nozzle. Very effective in
removing rust and mill scale, leaving an anchor pattern (a pattern of minute projections) on
the substrate affording good paint adhesion.
abrasive cleaner: A cleanser with some hard grit used to remove the grime and oils from a
surface.
abrasive disc: A circular plate (often made of plastic with hard grit embedded into it) used
for grinding or sanding.
abrasive paper: Sandpaper (a paper upon which sand or hard grit has been glued) used for
sanding or grinding.
abrasive wear: A mechanism of wear due to the presence in one or both surfaces of hard
particles (e.g., carbide in steels), or to hard particles trapped between them.
A/B roll editing: Video editing using two source players (A and B) enabling dubbing from
both. Necessary if scenes are to be superimposed.
A/B roll printing: A method of film printing with alternate scenes assembled in two rolls,
each having black spacing equivalent in length to the omitted scene; double printing from
the two allows the inclusion of fade and dissolve effects and avoids visible splice marks
between scenes in 16 mm printing.
ABS: [1] Acronym for "anti-lock brakes.

[2] Acronym for "acylonitrile-butadiene-styrene."
Also see
copolymer
abscissa: For rectilineal axes of coordinates, the distance of a point from the axis of
ordinates measured in a direction parallel to the axis of abscissae, which is usually
horizontal. The sign convention is that measurements to the right from the axis of ordinates
are positive, measurements to the left negative.
absolute: [1] A conic (a quadric in three dimensions) formed by the assemblage of the
points at infinity on a line (in general two points). Its form determines the metrical
properties of the geometrical system being operated. Thus in Euclidean geometry, the
absolute is the degenerate conic comprising the line at infinity taken twice, while in non-
Euclidean geometry, the absolute is either a real conic (hyperbolic geometry) or an
imaginary conic (elliptic geometry).
Also see
manifold absolute pressure sensor
pilot operated absolute
absolute address: A computer code designation of a specific memory location as

determined by the hardware.
absolute age: The geological age of a fossil, mineral, rock or event, generally given in
years.
absolute alcohol: Water-free ethanol; rel.d. 0.793 (15.5°C); bp 78.4°C; obtained from
rectified spirit by adding benzene and refractionating. Very hygroscopic.
absolute ampere:
the standard MKS unit of electric current; replaced the international ampere in 1948
absolute ceiling:
The height at which the rate of climb of an aircraft, in standard atmosphere, would
be zero; the maximum height attainable under standard conditions
absolute configuration:
the arrangement of groups about an asymmetric atom, especially a tetrahedrally
bonded atom with four different substituents
absolute electrometer:
A high-grade attracted-disk electrometer in which an absolute measurement of
potential can be made by weighing the attraction between two charged disks against
gravity
absolute filter:
A filter which removes most particulate matter from gases
absolute humidity:
the mass (actual amount) of water vapor present in a unit of volume of moist air
absolute instrument:
An instrument which measures a quantity directly in absolute units, without the
necessity for previous calibration
absolute permeability:
See permeability
absolute potential:
The theoretical true potential difference between an electrode and a solution of its
ions, measured against a hypothetical reference electrode, having an absolute
potential of zero, with reference to the same solution
absolute pressure:
pressure measured from a starting point of zero in perfect vacuum. When measured
by the absolute pressure scale, atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi or 29.92 inches of
mercury (in-Hg).
Also see
absolute pressure sensor:

See manifold absolute pressure sensor
absolute reaction rate:

The reaction rate determined from statistical thermodynamics; uses the assumption
of the theory of absolute reaction rates that the rate of a chemical reaction is
governed by the rate of crossing an energy barrier or of forming an activated
complex
absolute temperature:
Temperature measured with respect to absolute zero, i.e., the zero of the kelvin
thermodynamic scale of temperature, a scale which cannot take negative values
absolute temperature scale:

also called the "absolute scale temperature" as measured on a scale in which the
hypothetical lowest limit of physical temperature is assigned the value zero. The
Kelvin scale is an example of the absolute temperature scale
absolute units:
Units derived directly from the fundamental units of a system and not based on
arbitrary numerical definitions. The differences between absolute and international
units were small; both are now superseded by the definitions of SI units
absolute wavemeter:
A wavemeter in which the frequency of the injected radio-frequency signal is by
calculation of physical properties (circuit elements or dimensions) of a resonant
circuit line or cavity
absolute weight:
The weight (or mass) of a body in a vacuum
absolute zero:
The point at which there is a total absence of heat, minus 459.67°F (-273.15°C)
absorbance:
[1] The logarithm of the ratio of the intensity of light incident on a sample to that
transmitted by it. It is usually directly proportional to the concentration of the
absorbing substance in a solution.
[2] The capacity of materials such as textile fibers and paper to absorb liquids
absorbed dose:
Quantity of energy imparted by ionizing radiation to a unit mass of biological
tissue. Unit is the gray
absorber:
Any material which converts energy of radiation or particles into another form,
generally heat. Energy transmitted is not absorbed. Scattered energy is often classed
with absorbed energy.
Also see
air shock absorber
damper
direct-actingshock absorber
double-tube shock absorber
friction shock absorber
gas shock absorber
impact absorber
lever-type shock absorber
monotube shock absorber
self-levelling shock absorber
shock absorber
single-tube shock absorber
telescopic shock absorber
UV absorber
absorber rod:
See control rod
absorber tower:
See shock absorber tower
absorbing:
See
energy absorbing steering column
energy absorbing bumper
absorbing bumper:
See energy absorbing bumper
absorbing material:
any medium used for absorbing energy from radiation of any type
absorbing steering:
See energy absorbing steering column
absorbing steering column:

See energy absorbing steering column
absorptance:
A measure of the ability of a body to absorb radiation; the ratio of the radiant flux
absorbed by the body to that incident on the body
absorptiometer:
An apparatus for determining the solubilities of gases in liquids or the absorption of
light
absorption:
The use of reagents to remove unwanted antibodies or antigens from a mixture.
Also see
sound absorption
absorption band:
A dark gap in the continuous spectrum of white light transmitted by a substance
which exhibits selective absorption
absorption capacitor:
A capacitor connected across a spark gap to damp the discharge
absorption coefficient:
[1] The volume of gas, measured at stp, dissolved by unit volume of a liquid under
normal pressure (i.e., one atmosphere).
[2] The fraction of the energy which is absorbed.
[3] The reduction of amplitude, for a beam of radiation or other wave system
incident on a discontinuity in the medium through which it is propagated, or in the
path along which it is transmitted.
[4] In a medium, the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident and emergent energy
or amplitude for a beam of radiation passing through unit thickness of a medium.
absorption discontinuity:
See absorption edge
absorption dynamometer:
A dynamometer which absorbs and dissipates the power which it measures, e.g., the
ordinary rope brake and the Froude hydraulic brake
absorption edge:
The wavelength at which there is an abrupt discontinuity in the intensity of an
absorption spectrum for electromagnetic waves, giving the appearance of a sharp
edge in its photograph. The transition is due to one particular energy-dissipating
process.
ABS override button:

A button or switch which disengages the automatic anti-lock braking system so that
the driver can operate the brakes himself.
ABS relay valve:

An electrically controlled valve which modulates the air pressure in the ABS.
abut:
The action of two gear teeth making contact.
abutment:
[1] A part which stops the motion of another part from proceeding any farther.
[2] A cement raised shoulder secured to the side of the road to prevent a vehicle
from going over the edge.
[3] The contact made between opposing teeth of two gears.
abutting edge:
The side or edge of a panel which joins another panel.
ABV:
Acronym for "air bypass valve"
A/C:
[1] An abbreviation for air conditioning or air conditioner.
[2] An abbreviation for "across corners" which indicates the distance on a nut (for
instance) from one corner to the opposite corner rather than the distance from one
flat surface (A/F) to the opposite (which would be the size of wrench needed to
install or remove the nut). The purpose of the A/C dimension is to know how large a
hole might be needed to insert a recessed nut.
AC:
[1] A vehicle brand of which the 1925-48 models are classic cars.
[2] Acronym for "alternating current."
[3] Acronym for "air conditioning" or "air conditioner."
AC Ace:
A vehicle brand of which the 1954-61 Ace models are milestone cars.
AC Aceca:
A vehicle brand of which the 1955-61 Aceca models are milestone cars.
ACAP:
Acronym for "Associação do comércio automovóvel de Portugal"
AC Buckland:
A vehicle brand of which the 1949 Buckland Open Tourer is a milestone car.
acc:
Abbreviation for "accessories."
ACC:
[1] Acronym for "Automatic Cruise Control."
[2] A term found on a cruise control switch which indicates the direction the switch
needs to be moved to increase the speed (accelerate) of the vehicle.
ACCC:
Acronym for "air conditioner clutch compressor" signal
accelerate:
To increase the speed of a vehicle. Opposite of decelerate.
accelerating-well ports:
these ports prevent momentary leanness during the period that occurs between the
opening of the air valve and the actual discharge of fuel from the secondary nozzles
acceleration:
The rate of change of velocity or speed. Velocity is steady and is measured in
distance per time (e.g., feet per second, miles per hour, kilometres per hour).
Acceleration keeps increasing and is measured in velocity per time (e.g., feet per
second per second or feet per second squared).
Also see
lateral acceleration
sluggish acceleration
yaw acceleration
acceleration enrichment:
The action of increasing the fuel/air mixture during acceleration in order to improve
the vehicle's speed and its smooth response.
accelerator:
[1] In automobiles, this is the "gas pedal" which is attached by linkage to the
throttle in the carburetor or to the fuel injection system. It regulates the
amount of fuel which is sent to the engine. In motorcycles, the accelerator is
located on the right-hand twist grip or an actuating lever.
[2] A chemical which is added to something to make a process happen more

quickly. For example, a chemical may be added to paint to cause it to dry faster.
The opposite is "retarder."
Also see
depress the accelerator
ease up on theaccelerator
step on the accelerator
take foot off the accelerator
accelerator interlock:
A connection between the gas pedal and the automatic transmission.
accelerator pedal:
The accelerator, gas pedal, or throttle pedal.
accelerator pump:
A small pump usually located inside the carburetor that sprays an extra amount of
fuel into the engine during acceleration. It improves acceleration by giving more
boost and reducing a momentary lag in power. It is actuated by depressing the
pedal.
accelerometer:
An instrument which measures the amount of acceleration.
acceptable quality level:

(AQL) A manufactured good that may not be perfect but does reach a level of
shape, size, and performance, etc. that will make it work and last as long as the
manufacturer expects.
acceptance test:
An examination of a part or its assembly to determine if it meets a prescribed
standard.
access:
A way of reaching something that is usually hidden or covered.
Also see
access panel
access hole:
An opening through which you can reach something. It is usually covered with a
panel.
accessories:
Items and packages of equipment which are beyond the standard equipment
supplied in a new vehicle.
accessory:
See accessories.
accessory package:
A set of features or appointments which may be ordered at extra cost on a new
vehicle.
access panel:
The cover which conceals the engine on a mid-engine vehicle. Also called "engine
cover."
Also see
hood
accident:
See car accident
accident damage:
The destruction caused to a vehicle's bodywork when it is involved in an accident.
Accord:
A model of automobile manufactured by Honda Click for books on Honda Accord
accumulator:
[1] A storage battery for an electric car.
[2] A pressurized container for an automatic levelling suspension system.
[3] A part of the hydraulic system which is charged by the fluid pump, absorbs
fluctuating fluid delivery, stores fluid at pressure, and can provide a rapid flow of
fluid under pressure.
Also see
accumulator piston
fuel accumulator
hydraulic accumulator
pressure accumulator
accumulator battery:
A storage battery (i.e., the main battery in your vehicle).
accumulator drier:
A device which is part of the air conditioning system. It is made up of a tank, filter,
drying agent, and a vapor return tube. It is usually found on the evaporator outlet. It
stores the excess refrigerant and removes the moisture from the refrigerant (thus the
name "drier").
Also see
receiver drier
accumulator piston:
A unit found in the automatic transmission to assist the servo to apply the brake
band quickly and smoothly.
accumulator system:
In an automatic transmission, it includes a hydraulic accumulator piston which is
controlled by a valve.
accumulator valve:
A device which operates the hydraulic accumulator piston in an automatic
transmission.
Ace:
An American trucker's colloquial term for someone with a class "A" licence.
Also see
AC Ace
ACEA:
Acronym for "Association des Constructeurs européens dAutomobiles" (i.e.,
European Automakers Association)
Aceca:
See AC Aceca.
acetylene:
A gas composed of two parts of carbon and two parts of hydrogen. When burned in
an atmosphere of oxygen, it produces one of the highest flame temperatures
obtainable for welding.
Also see
oxygen acetylene cutting
acetylene bottle:
See acetylene cylinder
acetylene cutting:
See oxygen acetylene cutting
acetylene cylinder:
A specially built container manufactured according to I.C.C. Standards. Used to
store and ship acetylene. Also called "acetylene tank" or "acetylene bottle"
acetylene hose:
A flexible medium used to carry gases from regulators to the torch. It is made of
fabric and rubber.
acetylene regulator:
An automatic valve used to reduce acetylene cylinder pressures to torch pressures
and to keep the pressures constant.
acetylene tank:
acetylene cylinder
AC generator:
A generator produces direct current (DC) while an alternator produces alternating
current (AC). Because alternators were introduced to automobile electrical systems
after generators had been in use for some time, some people referred to the new
alternator as "AC generator."
ache:
See head ache rack
ache rack:
See head ache rack
acid:
Also see
battery acid
chromic acid
oxalic acid
acid rain:
When the smoke created by factories and vehicle exhausts is taken by the wind and
joined with rain clouds, the mixture is often acidic. As a result the rain that falls to
the ground (and even on your car) may damage whatever it strikes.
AC Ignition System:
See continuous AC Ignition System
Ackermann:
See Ackermann steering.
Ackermann steering:
A double-pivoting steering system where the outer ends of the steering arms
are bent slightly inward so that when the vehicle is making a turn, the inside
wheel will turn more sharply than the outer wheel. This is done to compensate
for the greater distance the outside wheel must travel.
Ackermann angle:
The toe-out or toe-in of a vehicle with Ackermann steering when the wheels are
positioned straight ahead.
Ackermann axle:
In a vehicle with Ackermann steering (at the front of the vehicle), it is a non-
rotating axle that is steerable and has two pivot points (one on each end of the axle)
with vertical kingpins.
ACL BI-MET:
Acronym for "air cleaner bi-metal sensor"
ACL DV:
Acronym for "air cleaner duct and valve vacuum" motor
acquisition fee:
A charge for processing a lease and is probably not negotiable. On a shorter term
lease, the acquisition fee can have a large impact on the cost of the lease.
across corners:
(A/C) The distance on a nut (for instance) from one corner to the opposite corner
rather than the distance from one flat surface (A/F) to the opposite (which would be
the size of wrench needed to install or remove the nut). The purpose of the A/C
dimension is to know how large a hole might be needed to insert a recessed nut.
across flats:
(A/F) The distance on a nut (for instance) from one flat surface to the opposite flat
surface, i.e., this is the size of the wrench needed to install or remove the nut.
Also see
across corners.
acrylate:
A polymer used to strengthen rubber (e.g., ethyl acrylate).
acrylic:
A term relating to a type of paint made by polymerizing acrylonitrile.
acrylic finish:
A final coating of paint which uses acrylic paint, often where the pigment and an
acrylic paint are mixed together.
Also see
two-pack paint.
acrylic paint:
A type of paint made by polymerizing acrylonitrile.
acrylic resin:
A thermoplastic synthetic polymer made by polymerizing an acrylic derivative such
as acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, and methacrylate. It is used for
adhesives, protective coatings, and paint finishes.
AC Shelby Cobra:
A vehicle brand of which the 1962-67 Shelby Cobra models are milestone cars.
ACT:
Acronym for "air charge temperature."
Act:
See motor Vehicle Safety Act
acting:
Also see
double-acting
dual-acting
single-acting
action:
Also see
capillary action
caster action
mist action
oscillating action
parallel action locking pliers
reciprocating action
action brakes:
See servo action brakes
action locking:
See parallel action locking pliers
action locking pliers:

See parallel action locking pliers
activated:
See cable activated
activated carbon:
A highly porous carbon which is able to absorb gases and fluids. It is usually found
in small pellets so that the surface area is greater than a large chunk of it. Also it has
a number of pores on each pellet to increase the surface area more. Thus the greater
surface area means greater ability to absorb. Also called "activated charcoal."
activated carbon canister:
An automotive filter in which activated carbon has been placed so that gas tank fuel
vapors, which have accumulated when the vehicle is not running, are trapped in the
filter. When the engine is running, hot air is forced into the filter and push out the
vapors into the engine. In this way, pollution is reduced and conservation of the fuel
is maintained. Also called "activated charcoal trap" or "charcoal canister."
activated charcoal:
Also see
activated carbon
charcoal
activated charcoal trap:

See activated carbon canister.
activator:
A substance which is used to speed up the process of curing a tire.
active braking time:

The length of time (excluding the driver's reaction time) a vehicle takes to come to a
complete stop after the brakes are applied.
active material:
in a storage battery, peroxide of lead (brown) in positive plates and metallic lead
(gray) in negative plates upon which sulphuric acid acts
active noise control system:

See anti-noise system.
active safety:
The opposite of passive safety. Passive safety involves seat belts, airbags, bumpers,
etc. so that in the event of an accident the passengers are protected. Active safety
involves factors which will assist the driver in avoiding an accident. They include
brakes, steering, handling response, acceleration, etc.
active suspension:
While conventional suspension uses springs and shock absorbers to isolate the
vehicle from the bouncing movement of the wheels when it contacts rough roads,
active suspension uses power actuators which are controlled by a computer. These
actuators place the wheels of the vehicle in the best position to accommodate rough
roads as well as compensate for different load levels.
Activities:
See Kaizen Activities
activity:
See
catalytic activity
low temperature activity
specific activity
ACTS:
Acronym for "air charge temperature sensor"
actual cash value:

(ACV) The amount of money a dealer has invested in the purchase of a used vehicle
and any additional costs to repair the unit in order to get it ready for resale.
actual throat:
A welding term which describes the distance from the face of a weld to the root of
the weld
actuate:
The action of bringing a part or assembly into operation.
actuating lever:
A triggering device used to bring a part or assembly into operation.
actuating switch:
A triggering device used to bring a part or assembly into operation.
actuation:
See variable valve actuation
actuator:
A device which controls or operates another device.
Also see
hydraulic actuators
actuator arm:
An arm connecting the diaphragm to the contact breaker platform in an advance
mechanism. Also called "diaphragm link."
Acura:
A vehicle brand from the Honda manufacturers Click for books on Acura
ACV:
[1] Acronym for "actual cash value."
[2] Acronym for "air control valve"
ad:
See classified ad
adapter:
(Also spelled "adaptor") A connector which links two items usually of dissimilar
structure or size.
Also see
bit adapter
carburetor adapter
engine adapter
increasing adapter
ratchet adapter
reducing adapter
transmission adapter
wheel adapter.
adaptor carburetor:
a device attached to a gasoline carburetor which permits an internal combustion
engine to run either on gas or liquefied petroleum gas (LP gas)
adapter plate:
(Also spelled "adaptor plate") A plate which is placed between two different parts in
order to link them.
Also see
transfer plate
additive:
A substance (liquid or powder) which is added to gasoline or oil and is intended to
improve the characteristics of the original product.
Also see
anti-knock additive
fuel additive
oil additive
ADEFA:
Acronym for "Asociacion de Fabricas de Automotores" (Argentina)
adhere:
To stick or be glued to something.
adhesion:
[1] The ability of paint, primer, or glue to stick to the surface to which it is applied.
[2] The ability of a tire to grip the surface of the road.
Also see
intercoat adhesion failure
limits of adhesion
adhesion failure:
See intercoat adhesion failure
adhesive:
A substance (like glue) that is used to join two substances.
Also see
automotive adhesive
impact adhesive
separate-application adhesive
adhesive tape:
A tape with a sticky substance on one side. It usually comes in a roll of various
widths. Sometimes used to insulate electrical wires (e.g., electrical tape) or to wrap
a larger object (e.g., duct tape). Often the non-sticky side is shiny (but not always).
adhesive weight:
Lead wheel weights which have a sticky backing. It comes in strips and is applied to
a wheel rim. Also called "tape weight."
adiabatic:
A property of being able to maintain heat evenly. It does not gain any heat or lose it.
Also see
thermal efficiency
adiabatic engine:
An engine which is very efficient in transferring combustion heat to those parts of
the engine which are being cooled by the flow of anti-freeze coolant -- thus
maintaining an even temperature of the engine. In this way the engine is warm
enough for efficient running and it does not overheat.
adjust:
The action of putting something into its proper alignment or position. It may
involve one component (e.g., He adjusted the gasket to fit properly.) or a series of
components (e.g., He adjusted the poor idle -- might mean he set the ignition
timing, adjusted the carburetor screws, changed the choke setting, cleaned or
replaced the spark plugs, etc.)
Also see
tweak
adjustable:
A characteristic of something that can be changed, removed, or give different
properties.
Also see
height adjustable steering column
adjustable cup:
The left-hand cup in a bottom bracket of a bicycle, used in adjusting the bottom
bracket bearings and removed during bottom bracketoverhaul. The other cup is the
fixed cup.
adjustable off-idle air bleed:

some emissions-era Rochester carburetors have a separate air passage to bleed air
past an adjustment screw into the idle system. this screw is preset by the factory to
produce precise off-idle air/fuel mixture ratios to meet emission-control
requirements
adjustable part throttle:

(APT) a supplementary circuit on some carburetors that can be adjusted to control
part-throttle mixtures more accurately than a fixed orifice. The APT detours around
the main jet, going directly from the float bowl to the discharge nozzle feed well.
adjustable rocker arm:

a type of rocker arm with an adjusting nut that can be tightened or loosened to
adjust valve lash
adjustable shock:
See adjustable shocks.
adjustable shock absorbers:

shocks with adjustable jounce and rebound characteristics can be stiffened to
compensate for wear or to fine tune a suspension for a particular application such as
rough roads, heavy loads, or racing
adjustable shocks:
Shock absorbers which can compensate for varying needs of stiffness or softness.
Manual types require that you physically make the adjustment from one level to
another. Automatic types are controlled by a computer as it senses particular
changes in road condition.
adjustable spanner:
British term for adjustable wrench.
adjustable steering:
See height adjustable steering column
adjustable steering column:

See height adjustable steering column
adjustable variable exhaust port:

A device used on two-stroke engines which automatically alters or varies the
exhaust port size.
adjustable wrench:
A crescent wrench or pipe wrench. A tool which has a fixed jaw and a movable jaw
which is controlled by a spiral gear. It is used to install or remove bolts and nuts of
various sizes. The wrench itself comes in a variety of lengths and jaw sizes. A
crescent wrench has smooth jaws while a pipe wrench has serrated jaws. British
term is "adjustable spanner."
adjusted:
See factory adjusted
adjuster:
A device for moving something into the correct position or into a different position
such as a seat adjuster.
Also see
automatic wear adjuster
brake adjuster
horizontal adjuster
jet adjuster
ride-height adjuster
adjuster cam:
A device for moving the shoes on drum brakes closer to the drum itself so that there
is less travel when the brakes are applied.
adjusting:
Also See
electrode adjusting tool
headlight adjusting screw
self-adjusting
adjusting gage:
See adjusting gauge.
adjusting gauge:
A tool used to determine the small distance between two parts so that they can be
brought within specifications.
adjusting screw:
A small screw usually found on carburetors, brakes, or headlights which change the
way something operates, such as increasing or decreasing the amount of fuel
entering the engine; or changing the idle speed; or tightening up the brakes; or
changing the setting on rocker arms; or the level of the headlights.
Also see
tappet adjusting screw
valve adjusting screw
adjusting shim:
A thin washer or plate which reduces or increases the clearance between two
components (depending upon where they are placed). While some valves are
adjusted by screws on the rocker arm, others are set by inserting a shim to make the
same adjustment.
adjusting sleeve:
A small cylinder on the end of the tie rod which shortens or lengthens the rod to
make changes in the toe-in and toe-out.
adjusting spanner:
See brake adjusting spanner
adjusting tool:
See
brake adjusting tool
adjusting wrench:
See brake adjusting wrench
adjustment:
[1] changing or modifying the position or alignment of two components.
[2] the distance of travel that a component has.
Also see
fore and aft adjustment
idle mixture adjustment screw
idle speed adjustment
adjustment screw:
See idle mixture adjustment screw
Adler:
The brand name of a vehicle. With required application the 1925-48 models are
classic cars.
a-dos:
See dos-a-dos
A-drier:
See a-dryer.
A-dryer:
A paint dryer which has the heating elements below the paint drying line.
ADS:
Acronym for "Association of Diesel Specialists"
adsorption:
The bonding that takes place when a gas or vapor comes into contact with a solid.
The opposite is desorption.
adsorption canister:
See activated carbon canister.
advance:
[1] The act of changing the ignition timing so that the spark occurs earlier in
the cycle. The opposite is retard.
[2] It may refer to the device which makes this adjustment.
Also see
automatic advance
centrifugal advance
electronic spark advance
ignition advance
mechanical advance
ported vacuum advance
spark advance
speed control vacuum advance
vacuum advance
advance capsule:
See vacuum advance.
advance curve:
As the speed of the engine increases the ignition advance also increases. On paper, a
pattern is drawn as a curve to represent this relationship.
advanced:
[1] A condition in which something occurs early.
[2] A product which is on the cutting edge of technology and shows the latest in
new ideas and concepts.
advanced rim taper:

A rim where both bead seats are tapered 5°.
advance mechanism:
See vacuum advance mechanism
advance unit:
See vacuum advance unit
advance weight:
One of two small weights located in a centrifugal advance assembly.
advertising:
A colloquial term for a police car with its emergency lights flashing.
AEA:
Acronym for "Automotive Electric Association" or "Automotive Electronic
Association"
AERA:
Acronym for "Automotive Engine Rebuilders Association."
aeration:
A foaming of a liquid because air has been introduced into the fluid. When it occurs
in certain liquids, it decreases the efficiency of the liquid.
aerial:
British term for antenna.
Also see
retractable aerial
whip aerial
aerobic sealer:
a substance (such as room temperature vulcanizing (RTV), a common silicone
rubber sealing compound) that requires the presence of oxygen to hold parts
together. See anaerobic sealer
aerodynamic:
The efficient flow of air around an object.
aerodynamic drag:
The resistance of the air to forward movement, sometimes called "air resistance."
This is a factor of the shape of the vehicle (drag coefficient and frontal area), the
objects which stick out (i.e., mirrors, mufflers, bumpers), the amount of turbulence
at the rear of the vehicle, the nature of the vehicle's skin surface, and the amount of
air going through the vehicle for cooling and ventilation. The faster you go, the
greater the air friction (air friction = velocity x velocity). The faster you go, the
greater the amount of power needed to overcome this drag (power = velocity x
velocity x velocity).
aerodynamics:
The study of the flow of air as it passes over and around a moving object as well as
the forces which the air makes on the object. An airplane, for instance, needs
positive lift to get it airborne and negative lift to help it land. Thus the shape of a
land vehicle (car, bicycle, etc.) either promotes positive or negative lift. Race cars
may use spoilers and wings (air foils) to control lift. In vehicle design, the airflow is
monitored in a wind tunnel. As well, aerodynamics also studies the most efficient
shapes for increased speed and fuel economy.
aerodynamic stance:
In order to create less drag, the vehicle is lowered closer to the ground. This
improves the flow of air over the vehicle. A better aerodynamic stance helps the
vehicle to go faster when it is going in a straight line as well as give better fuel
economy. Also, when a vehicle sits lower to the ground, it has a low center of
gravity which makes it more stable when going through turns and enables the driver
to maintain a higher speed.
aerofoil:
A body shaped like a wing so as to produce lift. See air foil.
A/F:
[1] Abbreviation for "across flats" which is the distance on a nut (for instance) from
one flat surface to the opposite flat surface, i.e., this is the size of the wrench needed
to install or remove the nut. Also see across corners.
[2] Abbreviation for "air/fuel." See air-fuel ratio.
AFB:
Acronym for "Aluminum four-barrel," as in Carter AFB carburetor.
AFC:
Acronym for "air flow controlled"
affected zone:
See heat-affected zone
A-Frame:
A chassis frame which is shaped like the letter "A" where the crossbar is often the
axle. It is usually found as the frame of a trailer.
A/F ratio:
See air-fuel ratio.
aft:
The back of a vessel.
Also see
fore and aft adjustment
aft adjustment:
See fore and aft adjustment
after bottom dead center:

(ABDC) The position of the piston as it starts its way up.
afterburner:
A device for burning excess carbon wastes produced by the engine so that air
pollution is reduced.
aftercooler:
A device in a diesel engine which removes the relatively warm air which enters the
engine.
afterglow:
the period during which the glow plugs of a diesel engine continue to operate after
the engine is started
aftermarket:
All products and services used in the repair and maintenance of vehicles after the
vehicle has been sold.
aftermarket equipment:
Accessories and replacement parts added to a vehicle after it has been sold.
aftermarket overdrive:
An overdrive device which is not original equipment, but has been added after it has
been sold.
aftermarket part:
Goods not for use as original equipment in the production of light-duty vehicles or
heavy-duty vehicles, i.e., products and services used in the repair and maintenance
of these vehicles.
aftermarket rustproofing:
Although most vehicles come from the manufacturer with some rustproofing, there
is no guarantee that every part of the exposed chassis and frame will be protected
from the elements and the possibility of rust. Therefore rustproofing is applied by
the owner of the vehicle to reduce the possibility of rust. If this rustproofing is not
done when the vehicle is new, it might seal in the rust and create a greater problem.
afterpeak bulkhead:
First main transverse bulkhead forward of the sternpost
after perpendiculars:
A vertical line at the intersection of the summer load line and the after side of the
rudder post or sternpost, or the centerline of the rudder stock if there is no rudder
post or sternpost
after-start enrichment:
When an engine is first started, it needs a little richer fuel-air mixture (i.e., more
fuel, less air). In a carbureted engine, this is accomplished by the choke (which
restricts the amount of air). In a fuel injected engine, the after-start enrichment
device increases the amount of fuel. As the engine warms up, the device gradually
reduces the amount of enrichment. Some devices just reduce the amount gradually
over time without sensing the temperature of the engine.
after top dead center:

(ATDC) A term used in timing the relation of the spark and the crankshaft. The
position of the piston as it starts its way down.
AG:
Acronym for "air-guard"
aged catalyst:
A catalyst which has already been in service. Opposite to a fresh catalyst.
age-hardening:
Aluminum and some metal alloys will become hard and even brittle with age which
is an unwanted characteristic. On the other hand when paint or cement harden over
time, this process may be a desirable characteristic.
ageing:
See aging.
Agency:
See
driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
energy Protection Agency
agent:
An intermediary with legal authority to operate on behalf of the manufacturer.
Also see
aggressive agent
anti-knock additive
anti-knock agent
bonding agent
degreasing agent
oxidizing agent
reducing agent
release agent
rustproofing agent
softening agent
agent fee:
Although you can register your vehicle and obtain your licence from a government
office, some states and provinces permit an agent to perform that same service and
allow the agent to collect an extra fee for the service. In this way the lineup at the
government office is reduced.
aggressive:
A French expression to indicate the reinforced front, rear, and side safety structures
of a vehicle. If the strengthened structure causes more than normal damage to
another vehicle, a pedestrian, or the occupants of the vehicle, then that structure is
aggressive.
aggressive agent:
A corrosive material or chemical which attacks metal to pit them. Also called
"aggressive medium."
aggressive medium:
A corrosive material or chemical which attacks metal to pit them.
aggressivity:
See aggressive.
aging:
[1] The deterioration of rubber properties by oxidation over a period of time.
[2] A change in the properties of some metals after heat treatment or cold working
(i.e., hammering or bending when metal is cold). See tire aging
agitation cup:
A type of spray gun paint container which has an agitator.
agitator:
A device for mixing paint by shaking the container.
Agreement:
See
Free Trade Agreement of the Americas
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
North American Free Trade Agreement
Agreement of the Americas:

See Free Trade Agreement of the Americas
Agreement on Tariffs:
See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:

See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
aground:
See hard aground
AGVS:
Acronym for "Automated Guided Vehicle System."
a.h.:
Abbreviation for ampere-hour.
AHAI:
Acronym for "Association of the Hungarian Automotive Industry"
AHAP:
Acronym for "As High As Possible."
AHARA:
Acronym for "As High As Reasonably Achievable"
ahoogah:
The sound of a particular kind of horn.
AHRA:
Acronym for "American Hot Rod Association."
AH Rim:
A wheel rim which is able to run even when the tire is flat and provides safety in
case of a puncture.
AIADA:
Acronym for "American International Automobile Dealers Association"
AIAM:
Acronym for "Association of International Automobile Manufacturers"
AIA-SAP:
Acronym for "Automotive Industry Association" (Czech Republic)
AIA-ZAP:
Acronym for "Automotive Industry Association" (Slovakia).
aided:
See computer-aided
aids:
See suspension aids
AIMA:
Acronym for "Associação dos Industriais de Montagem de Automóveis" (Portugal).
aimer:
A tool for aiming headlights.
aiming:
Adjusting the direction of the headlight beams to shine without blinding oncoming
traffic and yet providing the maximum illumination whether in low beam or high
beam.
air:
[1] Abbreviation for "air conditioner."
[2] A gas containing approximately 80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, and a small portion
of other gases. One of the essential factors in a combustion engine (fuel, air, proper
proportion of mixture, compression, timing, and spark).
Also see
external mix air L-jetronic air flow
ambient air
cap meter
bath air
fuel air mixture lateral air passage
charge air proper proportion of air
fuel air ratio low-profile air
cold air and fuel
heater air pipe cleaner
driver air bag pulse air principle
idle air bleed modular air strut
electric air control pulse air system
screw oil bath air cleaner
valve ram air secondary air
idle air jet paper air cleaner
electric air switching
internal mix air passenger-side air
valve
cap bag
AIR:
An acronym for "Air Injection Reactor" system of reducing objectionable exhaust
emissions.
Also see
air injection
air and fuel:

See proper proportion of air and fuel
air aspirator system:

(AAS) A passive air injection system that uses a one-way valve instead of an air
pump to introduce extra air into the exhaust stream
air bag:
A device which is part of the passive safety system. In the event of an accident,
sensors will cause the airbag to be deployed so that your head will be pillowed by
the bag instead of hitting the dash.
Also see
driver air bag
passenger-side air bag
side impact air bag
airbag:
A device which is part of the passive safety system. In the event of an accident,
sensors will cause the airbag to be deployed so that your head will be pillowed by
the bag instead of hitting the dash.
Also see
driver air bag
side impact air bag
airbag module:
All the components that make up the airbag system: Airbag, inflator, cover, and
sensor. Also called "airbag unit."
airbag restraint system:

A system which uses an airbag to restrain occupants in the event of a collision. They
may be placed on the dash or doors or even in the shoulder strap. Also called
"passive restraint system."
air-bag system:
See supplemental restraint inflatable air-bag system
airbag unit:
All the components that make up the airbag system: Airbag, inflator, cover, and
sensor. Also called "airbag module."
air bellows:
A rubber bladder or sleeve filled with compressed gas or air. Found on some
suspension systems to provide cushioning. See air suspension.
air bleed:
See
compensating jet
idle air bleed screw
air bleed screw:

See idle air bleed screw.
airbox:
The container which holds the air filter.
air brake:
A system of braking which is usually found on large truck in which compressed air
pushes against a brake piston or diaphragm in order to apply the brakes to stop or
slow the vehicle.
airbrush:
[1] A paint spray gun used for precise detailing work and custom painting.
[2] The act of using an airbrush.
air bypass valve:

(ABPV or ABV) a backfire-suppressor valve used in air injection systems. During
high engine vacuum conditions such as deceleration, it vents pressurized air from
the air pump to the atmosphere in order to prevent backfiring. At other times, it
sends air to the exhaust manifold. On vehicles with a three-way catalyst, it sends air
to the oxidation catalyst only when the engine warms up. Also called an anti-
backfire valve, diverter valve, or gulp valve
air cap:
See
external mix air cap
internal mix air cap
air capacity:
See breathing capacity.
air charge temperature:

(ACT) The temperature of the air being forced into the carburetor or fuel injection
system. An ACT sensor measures this temperature
air charge temperature sensor:

(ACTS) a thermistor sensor that inputs the temperature of the incoming air stream
in the air filter or intake manifold to the computer. It can be located in the intake
manifold (EFI systems) or the air cleaner. On carbureted vehicles, if the air is cold,
it signals the choke to let off slowly. It then alters engine speed after the choke is off
and below a certain temperature, dumps air from the air injection system to the
atmosphere for catalyst protection
air cleaner:
A device which filters the air entering the engine to remove dust, dirt, and
bumblebees. Also called "air filter."
Also see
bath air cleaner
low-profile air cleaner
oil bath air cleaner
paper air cleaner
thermostatic air cleaner
air cleaner bi-metal sensor:

(ACL BI-MET) a component of a thermostatic air cleaner system. It senses the
temperature of incoming fresh air and bleeds off vacuum when the air is warm.
When the air is cold, the sensor directs vacuum to the air cleaner vacuum motor.
air cleaner duct and valve vacuum motor:

(ACL DV) a component of thermostatic air cleaner systems. It opens and closes the
air duct valve to provide heated or unheated air to the engine in accordance with the
temperature of the incoming air
air cleaner element:

The replaceable filter which prevents impurities from the air which enters the
combustion chamber. Also called "air filter element."
air cleaner horn:

Many air cleaner canisters have a spout or horn extending from the edge of the
canister into which the air is taken in. See heated intake.
[Ba] [Bb] [Bc] [Bd] [Be] [Bh] [Bi] [Bl] [Bm] [Bo] [Bp] [Br] [Bs] [Bt] [Bu] [Bw] [By]
BA:
An abbreviation for "British Association" which is a term used to describe a series
of fine, small diameter threads for electrical and precision equipment
babbitt:
An alloy of tin, copper, and antimony having good antifriction properties. Used as a
facing for bearings.
babbitt metal:
See babbitt
baby seat:
A specially designed seating device (which is not generally standard equipment) to
hold safely very young children (usually under the weight of 10 kilograms).
BAC:
Acronym for "Blood Alcohol Content"
back:
See
blow back
die-back
die back
kamm back
popping back
spine-back
back axle:
The rear axle
back axle ratio:

See final drive ratio
backbone:
See backbone frame.
backbone chassis:
See backbone frame
backbone frame:
A frame, having the cross-section of a rectangular box, that runs along the
center of the vehicle and occupies the space between the seats. This box
generally divides at the front, running along each side of the gearbox and
engine up to a crossmember to which the front suspension pieces are attached.
At the rear a similar triangular frame encloses the final-drive housing and
provides attaching points for the rear suspension. Lightness combined with
high torsional rigidity are features of this frame design, made famous by Colin
Chapman with the Lotus Elan.
Also see
tubular backbone frame
backfire:
[1] Passage of unburned fuel mixture into the exhaust system where it is ignited and
causes an explosion (backfire) prematurely.
[2] Sometimes ignition takes place in the intake manifold by a flame from a cylinder
because the intake valve leaks. Burning of the fuel mixture in the intake manifold
may be caused by faulty timing, crossed plug wires, leaky intake valve, etc.
[3] A welding term referring to a short "pop" of the torch flame followed by
extinguishing of the flame or continued burning of the gasses
backfiring:
Repeated backfires in the exhaust or the cylinders
backflow scavenging:
See loop scavenging
backflushing:
See flushing the cooling system.
backhand welding:
Welding in the direction opposite to the direction that the gas flame is pointing.
Also called "backward welding."
backing:
Some material placed on the root side of a weld to aid control of penetration.
Also see
steel backing
backing pad:
A rubber disc which is secured to a spindle which in turn is attached to a drill or
other tool which rotates the spindle. An abrasive disc or polishing disc is secured to
the backing pad.
backing plate:
See brake backing plate.
backlash:
The amount of "play" or clearance between two parts. In the case of gears, it refers
to how much one gear can be moved back and forth without moving the gear into
which it is meshed.
backlight:
The rear window of a vehicle.
backlight heater:
Heated rear window
backlight defogging system:

Heated rear window
back panel:
The panel of the body shell set underneath the trunk lid. It is sometimes referred to
as the rear valance if the area below the trunk lid consists of only a single panel that
extends down to the bottom of the body; in many designs, however, the rear valance
is a separate horizontal panel that extends from the rear bumper area downward.
The British term is "rear panel"
backplate:
British term for brake backing plate
back pressure:
The resistance to the flow of exhaust gases through the exhaust system. By
rerouting the exhaust gases for noise suppression, a muffler causes back pressure,
but a straight pipe alone causes only minimal back pressure. Some engines require
back pressure, so that removing the exhaust system will cause internal damage.
Also see
exhaust back pressure
negative back pressure valve
negative back pressure modulated valve
back pressure modulated:

See negative back pressure modulated valve
back pressure modulated valve:

See negative back pressure modulated valve
back pressure valve:

See negative back pressure valve
backpressure variable transducer:

(BVT) a system combining a ported EGR valve and a backpressure variable
transducer to control emissions of NOx
backrest:
The back (upright) part of the seat against which your back reclines
back-seat:
An air conditioning term which means to rotate a service valve counterclockwise all
the way down until the valve is back-seated. When referring to a stem type service
valve, the term has a more specific meaning-in the back-seated position, the valve
outlet to the system is open and the service port in the valve is closed (its normal
operating position)
back-step welding:
Welding small sections of a joint in a direction opposite the direction that the weld
as a whole is progressing.
back up:
To go in reverse
back up alarm:
An annoying loud beeping which is repeatedly sounded when a vehicle (usually a
large truck) is placed in reverse. It is designed to warn pedestrians behind the
vehicle. The British term is "reversing warning signal"
back up light:
A light which is located at the rear of the vehicle and is illuminated when the
transmission is placed in reverse. The British term is "reversing light"
back-voltage:
Voltage which opposes the current when the current in an inductive circuit changes
and the magnetic field cuts the conductors.
Also see
self-induction back-voltage
backward welding:
See backhand welding
BAC level:
Blood Alcohol level
badge:
An emblem with a manufacturer's name and/or logo on a plate to identify a model
or component.
Also see
hood badge
badge engineering:
When a manufacturer sells two identical vehicles but the model names are different,
he is badge engineering. For example, General Motors may sell a vehicle as a
Chevrolet or a Pontiac where the only difference is the model name, logo, and more
or less chrome or other minor alterations.
badging:
The tendency of a manufacturer to engage in badge engineering
baffle:
An obstruction used to slow down or divert the flow of gases, liquids, sound,
etc. They are found in the fuel tank, crankcase, muffler, and radiator.
baffle plate:
A metal plate that acts as a baffle.
bag:
See
air bag
courier bag
cruiser bag
driver air bag
shot bag
side impact air bag
tank bag
bake:
A process of drying or curing paint by using heat
Bakelite:
The trademark for a synthetic thermosetting plastic resin used in electrical parts
because it is a good insulator. The name comes from its inventor, L. H. Baekeland,
1863-1944.
baking finish:
Paint that requires baking in order to dry
baking temperature:
The temperature at which a varnish or paint must be baked to develop desired final
properties of strength and hardness
balance:
[1] The state in which weight is evenly distributed.
[2] The action of applying weights or drilling holes in something to establish even
weight distribution so that vibration is reduced.
Also see
balance shaft
counter balance
crankshaft counter-balance
dynamic balance
harmonic balancer
heat balance
kinetic balance
off-car balance
on-car balance
spool balance valve
static balance
steering wheel balance
tire balance
wheel balancer
balance control:
A switching device on a stereo radio which adjusts the amount of sound coming
from the left and right speakers or from the front and rear speakers
balanced crankshaft:
A crankshaft with extended reinforcements to form counterbalancing or act as a
vibration damper
balance disc:
A disc-shaped device in a centrifugal pump which is attached to the pump shaft.
The disc lifts when a force is applied to the underside of the disc allowing pressure
to leak past until the axial forces are balanced
balanced engine:
An engine in which all the reciprocating parts such as pistons and connecting rods
are adjusted to exactly the same weight
balance patch:
A factory installed patch used to bring a new tire within quality control balance
tolerances before distribution and sale. It is placed inside the tire casing and looks
much like a nail hole repair patch.
balance pipe:
A tube which joins two or more carburetors to even out the flow difference.
balancer:
See
harmonic balancer
wheel balancer
balance shaft:
An engine will normally vibrate because of the up-and-down motion of the pistons
which turn a crankshaft in one direction. A balance shaft rotates (often in the
opposite direction) so that its vibration cancels some of the vibration of the engine.
Sometimes an engine will have two balance shafts turning in opposite directions
located on either side of the crankshaft.
balance valve:
See spool balance valve
balance weight:
A lead weight attached to the rim of a wheel. See wheel weight.
balancing:
[1] Dismantling engine and reassembling it to exact specifications and tolerances.
This process may help to improve engine performance, smoothness, and reliability.
Sometimes called "blueprinting." See balanced engine.
[2] Keeping wheels in balance.
Also see
wheel balancing
off-the-car balancing
on-the-car balancing
balancing machine:
See wheel balancing machine
balancing weight:
See wheel weight
bald tire:
A tire on which the tread is all worn away. A slick also has no tread, but this is done
deliberately for racing purposes
balk ring:
A friction-regulated pawl or plunger used to make the engagement of gears
easier. British spelling is "baulk ring"
ball:
A sphere usually made of metal when used in automotive applications.
Also see
ball and spring
ball bearing
ball joint
ball joint rocker arm
check ball
detent ball and spring
hitch ball
impact swivel ball universal joint
recirculating ball and nut steering
recirculating ball steering
recirculating ball worm and nut
recirculating ball
towing ball
ball and nut:

See recirculating ball and nut steering
ball-and-nut steering:
See recirculating ball steering
ball and socket:

See ball joint
ball and socket joint:

See ball joint
ball and spring:

See detent ball and spring.
ballast:
Any liquid or solid weight placed in a ship to change the trim, increase the draft, or
to regulate the stability.
Also see
dry ballast
lead ballast
liquid ballast
ballast ignition system:

An ignition system which uses a ballast resistor connected in series with the coil
primary winding and which is bypassed when the starter is engaged so that the
spark is more efficient under cold weather starting
ballast tank:
Tanks at the bottom or sides of a ship which are filled with seawater for ballasting
purpose.
ballasting:
The addition of liquid or dry weight inside the tire to act as a counterbalance, to
increase traction, reduce wheel spin, and dampen out bounce.
ballast resistor:
(BAL RES) A resistor constructed of a special type wire, the properties of which
tend to increase or decrease the voltage in direct proportion to the heat of the wire.
ball bearing:
An antifriction bearing consisting of an inner and outer hardened steel race (or cage)
separated by a series of hardened steel balls.
ball bearing puller:

A tool for removing a ball bearing from a shaft or from a housing
ball cage:
A circular frame which holds the balls in place in a ball bearing
ball end hexagon screwdriver:

A tool that looks like an Allen wrench except it has a small ball at the very end.
This arrangement allows it to work at various angles.
ball joint:
A flexible joint using a ball and socket type of construction, used in steering
linkage setups, steering knuckle pivot supports, etc. Their flexibility helps to
compensate for the changes in the wheel and steering when turning or hitting a
bump on the road. There are usually upper and lower ball joints attached to the
upper and lower A-arms.
ball joint rocker arm:

A rocker arm that instead of being mounted on a shaft, is mounted upon a ball-
shaped device on the end of a stud.
ball joint separator:

A tool for forcing out ball or tapered joints. One style is shaped like a two-prong
fork with a wedge-shaped jaw which is struck with a hammer to separate the joint.
Another style uses direct pressure from a screw or screw-activated lever action to
split the joint.
ball joint steering knuckle:

A steering knuckle that pivots on ball joints instead of on a kingpin.
balloon tire:
A type of low pressure tire which was first introduced in the 1920s. Its width and
height were the same which gave it a rounded shape. This style was used on
bicycles as well as automobiles.
Ballot:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 model automobiles with required
application are classic cars.
ball pien hammer:

A hammer with two ends on the head. One is round and the other is flat. They are
best used for hammering and shaping metal. Also spelled "ball peen"
ball peen hammer:

A hammer with two ends on the head. One is round and the other is flat. They are
best used for hammering and shaping metal. Also spelled "ball pien"
ball socket:
A recessed spherical well for receiving the ball in a ball joint
ball steering:
See recirculating ball steering
ball universal:
See impact swivel ball universal joint
ball universal joint:

ball valve:
A check valve in which a ball in a tube is used to control the flow of liquid.
ball worm:
See recirculating ball worm and nut
ball worm and nut:

See recirculating ball worm and nut
BAL RES:
Abbreviation for ballast resistor
band:
Bands are like a metal belt which is in the shape of a circle where the two ends are
close, but do not meet. They wrap around parts inside the transmission called
"drums." The drums house the gears and clutches and freewheel until a certain gear
needs to be applied. When first gear needs to be applied, the drum for first gear is
locked up by the application of the band. By locking up the drum, the gears now
drive the wheels rather than freewheel inside the drum.
Also see
brake band
power band
squish band
band brake:
See brake band
band radio:
See citizens band radio
bands:
See band.
bandwidth:
The range of audio frequencies that an audio component (radio) can handle
B & S:
bore and stroke.
B & S gage:
Abbreviation for "Brown and Sharpe." A standard measure of wire diameter.
B & S gauge:
Abbreviation for "Brown and Sharpe." A standard measure of wire diameter.
banger:
[1] A colloquial term used to express the cylinders in an engine. Often used with a
number such as "six banger."
Also see
four banger
[2] A British colloquial term for beater (an older, cheaper, well-worn car which is
still usable).
[3] One who fakes an accident. See car banger
banger racing:
A competition of speed on small racing tracks where older cars are driven as fast as
they can go and where bumping other racing cars is permitted (encouraged??)
banging:
See car banging
banjo:
[1] Besides being a musical instrument, this is a fitting which is shaped like a banjo.
It has round end that is doughnut shaped with a tube coming out from one side. It is
usually used to transfer fluid from the center hole of the round end and out the
lateral tube.
[2] A drum-shaped central part of an axle casing containing the differential.
Also see
rear axle housing, banjo type
axle housing banjo
bank:
See cylinder bank
banking:
The slope of a track from the wall to the apron, generally measured in the corners.
bar:
[1] A unit of pressure. One bar equals 100 kilopascals or 14.5 psi.
[2] A rod.
Also see
anti-roll bar
anti-sway bar
antiroll bar
boring bar
bull bar
bumper bar
busbar
compensating bar
compensator
extension bar
freeway bar
gunwale bar
header bar
hi-way bar
highway bar
hood bar
ladder bars
landau bar
landau bars
levering bar
locking bar clamp
main bar
nerf bar
nudge bar
port bar
push bar
roo bar
side impact bar
sissy bar
spring bar
stabilizer bar
stringer bar
strut bar
sway bar
t-bar
targa bar
test bar
tommy bar
torsion bar
track bar
traction bar
tread bar
wear bars
wheelie bar
wheelie bars
wobble extension bar
Barach:
The author and compiler of this dictionary at Motorera.com
bar clamp:
A tool with a stationary head and a sliding foot for clamping purposes. Also see
locking bar clamp
bare shell:
The shell of a car body in which all parts have been removed including doors, hood,
and trunk lid
barge:
A flat-bottomed boat for carrying cargo or bunker oil, usually pulled by tugs.
Also see
tank-barge
barge carriers:
Ships designed to carry barges.
BARO:
[1] Acronym for barometric pressure sensor.
[2] Acronym for barometric absolute pressure sensor
barometric absolute pressure sensor:

(BARO or BP) sends a variable voltage signal to the computer which varies in
accord with atmospheric pressure, allowing adjustment of the spark advance, EGR
flow, and air/fuel ratio as a function of altitude. Also called a barometric pressure
sensor
barometric and manifold absolute pressure sensor:

(BMAP) a housing containing both BP and MAP sensors
barometric pressure sensor:

(BARO or BP) A sensor found in the engine management system which detects the
ambient barometric pressure so that precise fuel mixture can be maintained at
different altitudes
barrel:
[1] The air horn in the carburetor. In particular, it is that part where the throttle
valve is located. If a carburetor has four openings with a throttle valve in each, it is
called a "four-barrel carburetor."
Also see
carburetor barrel
four barrel carburetor
four barrel
[2] Another name for the carburetor barrel cylinder, cylinder barrel, four barrel,
polishing barrel, and single barrel.
[3] To travel fast as in "We barrelled down the highway well above the speed limit."
barrel carburetor:
See
single barrel carburetor
twin barrel carburetor
barrel tappet:
A hollow rocker arm shaped like a barrel
barrier:
See crash barrier
barrier cream:
A special cream which is applied to your hands before working on a greasy engine.
When the job is over, you can wash your hands and easily remove the grease stains.
Also called "invisible glove" or "silicon glove"
barrier effect:
The effect produced by coating metal to shield it from corrosion
barrier paint:
A primer which is used on bare metal to prevent corrosion.
bar roof:
See t bar roof
bars:
See
ladder bars
landau bars
wear bars
wheelie bars
bar suspension:
See torsion bar suspension
base:
[1] The lowest supporting part of an upright member.
[2] The bottom layer or coating in a series of paint coats.
Also see
bead base
edison base
flat base rim taper
flat base rim
lithium base grease
load base
negative load base
rim well base
base and clear system:

Paint finish which is made up of a colored base coat (usually a metallic finish) and
clear lacquer coat
base circle:
As applied to the camshaft the lowest spot on the cam, the area of the cam directly
opposite the lobe or nose. No lift is produced by the base circle. Also called cam
heel
base coat:
The first coat in a paint system. It is either the undercoat or primer or a colored coat
which is covered by clear lacquer
base gasket:
The gasket directly below the cylinder and between the cylinder and crankcase.
Also called "cylinder gasket."
base grease:
See lithium base grease
base idle:
The idle speed determined by the throttle lever setting on the carburetor or throttle
body while the idle speed control (ISC) motor, or any other computer-controlled
idle speed control device, is fully retracted and disconnected.
base interest rate:

The interest paid on the usage of the vehicle during a lease. It is the "cost" of a lease
before factoring in discounts, fees, and penalties and is not directly comparable to
the APR for a loan. Lowering the base interest rate is one of the methods
manufacturers use to subsidize leases. The phrase "money factor" measures the
same cost and can be converted into a base interest rate. For example, to convert a
money factor of 0.00276 into an approximate base interest rate would multiply the
money factor by 24. The result would be 0.0662 or 6.6%.
baseline:
A fore-and-aft reference line at the upper surface of the flat plate keel at the
centerline for flush shell plated vessels. Vertical dimensions are measured from a
horizontal plane through the baseline, often called the molded baseline.
base material:
Any material (metal or plastic) which needs to be coated
base metal:
[1] Metal that is under a coating or that needs to be coated.
[2] Metal to be welded, cut, or brazed.
base model:
The least expensive vehicle with the least amount of features as standard equipment.
It has the smallest engine and often manual transmission as well as few power
equipment. Base models constitute only a small percentage of the cars sold.
Sometimes called a "stripper" or "stripped down" unit.
baseplate:
A strong metal plate which is the main support for something. See distributor
baseplate
base rim:
See
flat base rim
flat base rim taper
base rim taper:

See flat base rim taper
basic ignition setting:

The ignition setting on a non-running engine according to the specifications. After
the engine is running, the timing can be set more accurately
basic ignition timing:

The ignition timing on a non-running engine according to the specifications. After
basic price:
The price of a vehicle without including any optional accessories, taxes, delivery
charges, etc.
basic timing:
The ignition timing on a non-running engine according to the specifications. After
basin:
See building basin
basket case:
An old car which probably does not run. Often many engine and transmission parts
have been removed and are either missing or stored in the trunk or a "basket"
bastard:
A file (a tool) which has a coarse cut
bastard file:
A file with a coarse cut
bat:
A lump or collection of something.
Also see
fibreglass
batch:
[1] A number of things which are produced as a group.
[2] A mixture of natural and synthetic rubber with other material such as fillers,
chemicals, and vulcanizing agents in the production of tires
batch number:
A number which may be added to a serial number to identify when the product was
manufactured. In this way, when a problem occurs to some products of the same
batch, action can be taken to correct or replace others from the same batch.
bath:
A tub into which something is immersed.
Also see
anodizing bath
galvanizing bath
primer bath
sealing bath
zinc bath
bath air:
See oil bath air cleaner
bath air cleaner:

See oil bath air cleaner
bathtub:
Bodywork resembling an upside-down bathtub used on the rear of some Triumph
motorcycles. It was introduced in 1957 and dropped in the early 1960s
battens:
See
cargo battens
hatch battens
battery:
An electrochemical device for producing electricity by converting chemical energy.
The typical automotive lead-acid battery supplies the source of power for cranking
the engine and also provides the necessary electrical energy for the ignition system.
In addition, it can (for a limited time) furnish current when the electrical demands of
the vehicle exceed the alternator or generator output. Also called the "storage
battery."
Also see
accumulator battery
alkaline battery
booster battery
charged battery
check the battery
dead battery
discharged battery
disconnect the battery
dry battery
dry charged battery
flat battery
gel cell battery
high energy battery
isolate the battery
lead-acid battery
low-maintenance battery
low battery
maintenance-free battery
primary battery
rechargeable battery
secondary battery
sodium-sulphur battery
storage battery
top up the battery
battery acid:
Electrolyte (usually sulphuric acid) in each of the battery cells
battery cap:
Small caps which seal each battery cell
battery capacity:
The amp-hour capacity
battery cell:
Individual compartments in a battery which is filled with electrolyte. Six-volt
batteries have three cells, 12-volt batteries have six cells
battery case:
The box made of polypropylene holding several chambers (cells) which have lead
plates and filled with electrolyte.
battery charge:
The condition or state of the amount of electricity in a battery
battery charge indicator:

An instrument which shows the state of charge in a battery
battery charger:
An electric device which is plugged into an electrical outlet (e.g., 110 volt AC) and
connected to the two terminals of the battery to restore the state of charge in the
battery. One of leads coming from the charger is red and the other is black. The red
lead is clamped on the positive post of the battery while the other is clamped on the
frame of the vehicle.
battery charging:
The process of renewing the battery by passing an electric current through the
battery in a reverse direction.
battery charging station:

With the advent of electric cars, there needs to be places where their batteries can be
recharged periodically -- thus is born the battery charging station. Also called a
"charging point."
battery clamp:
A hold down device which secures the battery from moving around
battery compartment:
A place in the vehicle where the battery is located. In cars and trucks it may be
found under the hood (usually toward the front), under one of the seats, or in the
trunk. In motorcycles it is found in the middle of the bike, under the seat
battery condition:
See battery charge
battery connector:
A plug on battery-powered vehicles to connect the batteries to the charging station
Battery Council International:

A group which makes decisions related to battery composition and disposal.
battery cover:
The top of the battery case. It has several holes (covered with caps) for access to the
battery cells.
battery discharge controller:

A device on a vehicle which is driven by an electrical motor. It triggers a warning
indicator when the battery power drops below a certain level.
battery discharge indicator:

An instrument on a vehicle which is driven by an electrical motor which indicates
the percentage of the maximum charge of the battery
battery earth:
British term for battery strap or ground strap
battery filler:
A device with a long hollow tube with a rubber bulb at one end. It is used for
inserting into a container of battery acid and sucking up the acid, then inserting into
the battery cell to fill it. However, motorcycle batteries arrive from the manufacturer
with no electrolyte (battery acid). Battery acid comes in a large plastic container
with a rubber hose to which a metering clamp is attached. The container is usually
placed on a higher shelf so that it is fed into the battery by gravity and regulated by
the metering clamp
battery fill line:

A horizontal line on the side of a translucent battery case which indicates the level
to which you fill it with electrolyte. Usually there are two lines indicating a
minimum level and maximum level.
battery fluid:
See battery acid
battery hold down clamp:

See battery clamp
battery ignition:
Any system where the battery supplies the initial voltage to power the starter motor
and fire the spark plugs
battery ignition system:

See battery ignition
battery is flat:
The battery does not have enough electrical power to start the car
battery is flat:
The battery does not have enough electrical power to start the car
battery master switch:

A control which disconnects the battery power from all the electrical components
battery post:
The terminal on a battery to which the cable is attached. Older automobile batteries
used a round post which stood up from the top of the battery. To avoid confusion,
the positive post has a larger diameter than the negative. On newer batteries the post
may or may not be abandoned in favor of a terminal on the side of the battery. On
motorcycle batteries, the posts are usually flat with a hole for bolting the cables to
them.
battery state indicator:

See battery charge indicator
battery strap:
[1] A wire cable or braided wire strap to transfer electricity. It can be found between
the engine block and the chassis because the engine is isolated from the chassis by
rubber mounts. Also called ground strap. See ground wire.
[2] A rubber strap with metal hooks at each end and is used to secure a battery in
place, especially on motorcycles
battery terminal:
[1] A battery post on the top of the battery or a lug with a hole on the side of the
battery.
[2] The clamp at the end of a battery cable
battery tester:
[1] A voltage meter or hydrometer for checking the state of charge of a battery.
[2] An instrument for checking the condition of the battery cells
battery tray:
A metal or plastic on which the battery sits.
baulk ring:
British spelling for balk ring
bay:
See engine bay
bayonet bulb:
See bayonet cap
bayonet cap:
A cylindrical base of an electric bulb, usually with two pins projecting on either
side, which engage in J-shaped slots to lock the bulb securely in its socket.
bayonet fitting:
See bayonet socket
bayonet socket:
A socket for receiving a bayonet cap. It has two slots on either side (usually J-
shaped) to accommodate the bulb's pins.
BBDC:
Acronym for "before bottom dead center."
bbl:
Abbreviation for "barrel," as in 4-bbl carburetor.
BCDD:
Acronym for boost-controlled deceleration device
BCI:
Acronym for "Battery Council International."
BCM:
Acronym for body computer module
BDC:
Acronym for "bottom dead center."
bead:
[1] The portion of a tire which fits onto the rim of the wheel. On a tubeless tire, the
contact of the bead with the rim seals the air into the tire. Bead heel, bead sole, and
bead toe form a foot-like shape. Also see tire bead.
[2] A small ball-like particle used in bead blasting or in some catalytic converters.
[3] In welding, it is the appearance of the finished weld. It describes the neatness of
the ripples formed by the metal while it was in a semi liquid state.
Also see
dual bead tire
rim bead seat taper
rim bead seat
rolled bead
single bead
bead base:
The part of the tire bead which is in contact with the rim bead seat
bead blaster:
A cleaning device for removing paint and contaminants from an object. See bead
blasting
bead blasting:
A cleaning process which uses glass beads which are forced by air pressure against
the object to be cleaned. This system removes paint and contaminants from objects
which are awkwardly shaped.
bead breaker:
A device used to remove a tire from its rim by releasing the tension the bead has
upon the rim.
bead core:
The ring of steel wires in the tire's bead. Also called bead wires
beaded edge:
The edge of a body panel or upholstery panel wrapped around a wire or other
stiffening item
beaded edge tire:
An older form of high-pressure tire with projecting beads
beader:
A power tool for forming beads on the edges of body panels
bead expander:
A device used in the mounting of tubeless tires to prevent inflation air from
escaping and bring the tire beads against the tapered bead seat area (rim).
bead heel:
The portion of the tire bead in contact with the rim flange
beading:
The action of forming a step in the middle of a panel (not at the edge) which creates
a shallow indentation to reinforce the panel.
Also see
fender beading
bead lock:
See tire bead lock
bead movement:
Movement of the bead on the rim caused by improper inflation, excessive loading,
improper design, improper seating, or improper rim or tire size. Also called "bead
rocking." See bead unseating
bead point:
A feathered rubber extension of the bead toe used where a flap is not required;
protects the tube from chafing between bead toes and rim base.
beads:
See lubricate beads
bead seat:
The portion of the wheel rim below the rim flange providing radial support to the
bead of the tire.
See also
rim bead seat taper
rim bead seat
safety bead seat
bead seat mat:

A seat cover made of a network of wood beads
bead seats:
See contre pente on both bead seats
bead seat taper:

See rim bead seat taper
bead seat diameter:

The measurement of tire diameter, at the bead heel, where it seats on the rim. It is
marked on the tire sidewall following section width.
bead separation:
A situation where the bead comes off the wheel rim
bead tire:
See dual bead tire
bead toe:
The bottom portion of the tire bead in contact with the rim bead seat
bead unseating:
Shifting of the tire bead from its seat on the wheel rim which often leads to the
removal of the tire. See bead movement
bead wires:
Steel wires wound around the circumference and placed in the beads. Their tension
prevents the beads from lifting over the rim flanges. Also called bead core
beam:
[1] A projection of light.
Also see
dipped beam
headlight beam setting
high beam
high beam indicator
low beam
main beam
main beam indicator
sealed beam
[2] A supporting bar.
Also see
asymmetrical beam
cant beam
deck beam
door beam
hatch beam
I-beam
knee, beam
molded beam
pulling beam
side impact intrusion beam
transom beam
[3] The width of a ship. Also called breadth.
beam axle:
A rigid or dead axle which supports the non-driven wheels. See axle.
beam indicator:
A light on the instrument panel which comes on when the high beams are activated.
Also called high beam indicator
beam headlight:
See sealed beam headlight
beam indicator:
See
high beam indicator
main beam indicator
beam knee:
Bracket between a deck beam and frame
beam setting:
See headlight beam setting
beam unit:
See sealed beam unit
bear:
To turn as in the expression, When you get to the corner, bear right.
bearing:
[1] The area of a unit in which the contacting surface of a revolving part rests in
order to minimize wear and friction between two surfaces.
[2] An antifriction reducing device that is usually found between two moving parts.
The babbitt bearings found between the connecting rod and the crankshaft are
lubricated and cushioned with oil, and the front wheel bearings must be repacked
with grease at regular intervals. Bearings can be ball or roller type.
Also see
antifriction bearing
ball bearing
big-end bearing
camshaft bearing
carrier bearings
clutch pilot bearing
clutch release bearing
clutch throwout bearing
clutch thrust bearing
connecting rod bearing
con rod bearing
friction bearing
insert bearing
jet bearing
main bearing support
main bearing
needle bearing
pilot bearing
plain bearing
precision insert bearing
quill-type bearing
quill bearing
radial bearing
re-metalling the bearings
release bearing
rod bearing
roller bearing
rolling bearing
sealed bearing
shell bearing
sleeve bearing
small end bearing
spigot bearing
split bearing
tapered roller bearing
throw-out bearing
throwout bearing
thrust bearing
timken bearing
timken roller bearing
wheel bearings
bearing assembly:
When more than one load needs to be supported, several bearings are used making
up the bearing assembly. For instance, a crankshaft may have two bearings (one at
each end) as well as a few more in the middle
bearing attachment:
See split bearing attachment
bearing block:
The two halves of metal which encase a bearing.
bearing cage:
See ball cage
bearing cap:
A rigid, semicircular part which encloses and holds the outer shell of a shell bearing
bearing clearance:
The amount of space left between a shaft and the bearing surface, this space is for
lubricating oil to enter.
bearing cone:
[1] taper roller bearing.
[2] The inner race in an adjustable axial or radial ball bearing
bearing crush:
The additional height which is purposely manufactured into each bearing half to
ensure complete contact of the bearing back with the housing bore when the engine
is assembled
bearing cup:
[1] Retainers, held in place by bolts and nuts, that hold the bearings in place. Also
called bearing shell.
[2] The bearing race that curves around the outside of a ring of ball bearings and
works in conjunction with a cone.
bearing face:
The bottom part of a nut or bolt head which clamps down on the surface of the part
it is securing.
bearing housing:
The cavity into which the bearing fits
bearing knock:
The noise created by movement of a part in a loose or worn bearing
bearing material:
The metal layer which forms the surface of the wear part of the bearing
bearing puller:
A tool used to remove bearings from a shaft by pulling them off. It has two or more
arms which circle around the back side of the bearing and a center post which butts
up against the end of the shaft. As the center post is screwed down, the arms pull the
bearing toward the end of the shaft.
Also see
ball bearing puller
bearing race:
In ball or roller bearings, it is one of the two steel rings on either side of the ball or
roller
bearing scraper:
A small, triangular tool that looks like a file without teeth. Used for deburring and
chamfering the edges of camshaft bearings
bearing separator:
A tool used to separate double bearings or close-fitting gears when a conventional
bearing puller cannot be used
bearing shell:
One of a pair of thin semicircular steel cups lined with an alloy such as coper-lead
or lead-indium, which together enclose a shaft or other rotating member, and are
held in a circular housing which can be divided into two halves.
bearing spin:
A type of bearing failure in which a lack of lubrication overheats the bearing until it
seizes on the shaft, shears its locking lip, and rotates in the housing or block
bearing spread:
A purposely manufactured small extra distance across the parting faces of the
bearing half, in excess of the actual diameter of the housing bore. Thus the diameter
is slightly greater than the housing into which a shell bearing is being placed. Thus
the bearing is forced into place to reduce its movement. See interference fit
bearing support:
See main bearing support
bearing surface:
The area of the bearing that is in actual contact with the shaft or other supporting
member
bearing tang:
A notch or lip on a bearing shell used to correctly locate the bearing during
assembly
beast:
A vehicle which performs very well.
beater:
[1] An old or collectible vehicle that is in drivable condition, but looks terrible
inside and out, and probably is missing many original parts. Often used to describe
a vehicle that is past the easy restoration stage but still contains many good driving
miles. It is also a term for "urban combat car" and is usually used in conjunction
with the word winter, as in winter beater, which is a vehicle that is so far gone, it is
sacrificed to the salt covered roads of winter. It is a disposable collectible that is
driven until it disintegrates. In other words, it looks as if someone had been beating
it for quite a while. British term is banger.
[2]
Also see
panel beater
beating:
See
off-the-dolly panel beating
on-the-dolly panel beating
panel beating
spring beating
beating spoon:
See spring beating spoon
bed:
Any flat surface used as a support.
Also see
catalyst bed
low bed
test-bed
bedding-in oil:
British term for break-in oil
bed in:
British term for break-in
beefed-up:
[1] Colloquial term for making something stronger.
[2] Colloquial term for modifying or improving something so it will work faster or
more efficiently. Similar to souped up
Beema:
Colloquial term for BMW
Beemer:
Beetle:
Colloquial term for the original rear-engined volkswagen.
Also see
split-window Beetle
before bottom dead center:

(BBDC) As the crankshaft rotates, it brings the piston down to a place just before it
reaches bottom dead center.
before top dead center:

(BTDC) As the crankshaft rotates, it pushes the piston up to a place just before the
top of its movement.
before upper dead center:

(BUDC) As the crankshaft rotates, it pushes the piston up to a place just before the
top of its movement.
bell:
See spray bell
bell housing:
Sometimes called "clutch housing." The metal covering around the flywheel and
clutch (of a manual transmission) or torque converter assembly (of an automatic
transmission).
bell mouth:
Bell-shaped air intake attached to some carburetors
bellows:
See air bellows
belt:
[1] A reinforcing band, normally textile, fiberglass, or steel, which runs around the
circumference of a tire and strengthens the tread area.
Also see
cog belt
[2] A circular band which is used to transfer power from one component to another.
For instance, a fan belt is used to transfer power from the engine to the alternator,
water pump, and air conditioner compressor.
Also see
cam belt
camshaft drive belt
cog belt
cogged belt
diagonal belt
drive belt
fan belt
ring belt
serpentine belt
stabilizer belt
static belt
steel thrust belt
timing belt
toothed belt
v-belt
vee-belt
[3]
See
automatic seat belt
hip belt
inertia reel seat belt
integrated safety belts
lap belt
rear seat belt
safety belt
seat belt
shoulder belt
three-point seat belt
Y-belt
belt anchor:
The point where the end of the seat belt is attached
belt anchorage:
The point where the end of the seat belt is attached. See seat belt anchorage
belt drive:
In order to transmit power from a source to a destination, some kind of connection
is needed. A bicycle, for instance, uses a chain drive to transmit the power from
pedalling action to the rear wheel. A belt drive uses a leather or rubber belt to
transfer power from one pulley to another thus increasing or decreasing the speed of
rotation of the driven pulley through mechanical advantage. For instance the
alternator is rotated by a belt (sometimes called the "fan belt") which is driven by a
shaft which is directly attached to the crankshaft. Some motorcycle models (like
Harley Davidson and Honda) have a belt drive to transmit power to the rear wheels.
Since a belt drive requires no lubrication (in contrast with chain drive) it is one of
the cleanest final drive systems.
belted bias tire:

A tire which uses both cross-ply and radial-ply patterns with added belts (such as
used on radial-ply tires) on diagonal body plies (as in cross-ply tires). As a result the
tire has stiffer sidewalls than tires with just straight radial plies.
belted piston:
A piston with a continuous steel band cast into the skirt below the rings for
controlling skirt expansion.
belted radial tire:

See steel belted radial tire
belted tire:
A tire with a stabilizing belt of two or more plies of steel, fiberglass, etc., running
circumferentially around the tire between the carcass and the tread rubber. The
carcass can be either radial or bias ply. See bias belted tire.
belt end:
The part of the seat belt which has the bracket which is attached to the floor pan.
Some cars attach this end to the car seat itself.
belt line:
The horizontal line that runs around the body of the vehicle just below the bottom of
the glass panels (greenhouse). The British term is "waistline"
belt mounting:
See belt anchor
belt pulley:
See timing belt pulley
belt retractor:
A device which automatically pulls the seat belt back into its reel
belts:
See integrated safety belts
belt sander:
A power sanding tool with a rotating belt of sandpaper
belt slack:
The looseness of a belt (either the drive type belt or a seat belt)
belt slip:
When a drive belt is not as tight as it should be, it will slip on the pulley and thus
will not transmit power. If a driven pulley is seized, the belt will also slip.
belt system:
See
seat-integrated belt system
seat-integrated seat belt system
belt tensioner:
A device consisting of an idler pulley which is usually located between the drive
and driven pulleys. It can be adjusted to increase the tension on the belt.
See
seat belt tensioner
timing belt tensioner
belt transmission:
See
belt drive
variable belt transmission
belt up:
A British term for buckle up
belt warning light:

See seat belt warning light
belt webbing:
Strong fabric material used for seat belts
bench:
[1] A workbench.
[2] A test bed for studying or repairing an engine.
Also see
bench test
straightening bench
bench grinder:
A power tool mounted on a workbench with one or two grinding wheels
bench seat:
A front seat which runs from the left door to the right door. The alternative is bucket
seats.
Also see
split bench seat
bench test:
A determination of the power output of an engine when it is mounted on a test bed.
Also it can be checked for oil leaks, fuel consumption, emission levels, etc.
bench vise:
A vise which is mounted on a workbench
bend:
See free bend test
bender:
See
fender bender
tube bender
bending:
See lower bending die
bending die:
See lower bending die
bending pliers:
Pliers with flat, smooth jaws used to hold sheet metal in place
bending strength:
The ability of metal to resist bending
Bendix:
See
Bendix type starter drive
pre-engaged Bendix starter
Bendix drive:
See Bendix type starter drive.
Bendix screw:
A helical screw on the shaft of a starter motor
Bendix starter:
A starter motor with a Bendix drive.
Also see
Bendix type starter drive:

A self-engaging starter drive gear, the gear moves into engagement when the starter
starts spinning and automatically disengages when the starter stops. Also called
inertia drive
bend test:
See free bend test
benefits:
See employee benefits
Bentley:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1945 models are classic Click here for books
cars. The 1946-67 models are milestone cars. on Bentley
Benz:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with required application are
classic cars.
Also see
Mercedes-Benz
benzene:
(C6H6) A constituent of gasoline
benzol:
A by-product of manufacture of coke. Sometimes it is used as an engine fuel
berline:
A term used during World War I which describes a closed luxury vehicle with small
windows. The passengers were able to see out; but their privacy was maintained
because it was difficult to see in.
between duals:
See kissing between duals
between perpendiculars:
See length between perpendiculars
between wheel spacer:
An obsolete circular metal plate having a bolt hole circle and center bore and fitting
between the faces of disc wheels to provide additional dual clearance.
bevel:
The angle that one surface makes with another when they are not at right angles.
Also see
gutter bevel
bevel differential:
A differential which has bevel gears for its main elements. This allows the input and
output shafts to be at right angles to one another.
Also see
spur differential
bevel drive shaft:

A shaft with a bevel gear at one end or both ends. It is used primarily for driving an
overhead camshaft
bevel gear:
A gear shaped like the wide end (frustum) of a cone, used to transmit motion
through an angle. They are found in differentials.
Also see
spiral bevel gear.
bevel gear drive:

A transmission which is used to drive one or more shafts which do not line up with
the output shaft. Also called bevel gear transmission
bevel gear transmission:

A transmission which is used to drive one or more shafts which do not line up with
the output shaft. Also called bevel gear drive
bevel joint:
A piston ring gap in which the two ends of the ring are tapered.
beverage holder:
A circular clip located on the center console, door panel, or dashboard which is
designed to hold a cup or bottle. Also called cup holder
bezel:
The crimped edge of metal that secures the glass face to an instrument. A
bezel can be either decorative or functional. Some bezels are threaded and
secure switches and control buttons to the dash, console, or steering column.
B-flange:
A type of passenger car wheel
bhp:
Abbreviation for brake horsepower.
Also see
SAE gross bhp
BHS:
Acronym for bimetal heat sensor
bias:
The acute angle at which the cords in the tire fabric intersect the circumferential
centerline of the finished tire.
Also see
brake bias.
bias belted tire:

A type of tire construction in which there are bias plies as well as a belt of
steel or synthetic (rayon, nylon, or fiberglass) cords between the carcass and
the tread. The belt overlaps the bias plies and wraps around the circumference.
The cords and belt cross each other at bias angles.
biased:
See spring-biased
bias ply tire:

A tire having two or more carcass plies arranged in a criss-cross manner and
diagonally to the beads and travels approximately 1/3 the distance around the
circumference before attaching to the other bead. Each cord in the next ply is
arranged in the same manner, but in the opposite direction. Also called a
"conventional tire" or "cross-ply tire"
bias tire:
A type of tire construction in which the tire cords or plies run diagonally from
bead to bead. Generally in passenger cars, there are two plies of fabric. In a
P185/80D13 tire, the "D" indicates a bias-ply tire. Sometimes called a
"conventional" tire.
Also see
belted bias tire
bib:
A leather or vinyl covering for the front of a vehicle. See tank bib
bicycle:
A two-wheel non-motorized vehicle in which the two wheels are not side-by-side
but in line. Also called "bike."
Also see
all terrain bike
coaster
girl's bike
loaded tourer
mixte frame
mountain bike
penny-farthing
quadricycle
randonneuring
sports tourer
tandem
tourist
tricycle
unicycle
velocipede.
bicycle carrier:
A device which is attached to the rear bumper or to the roof of a vehicle to carry a
bicycle
big-block:
See big-block engine
big-block engine:
A large V-8 engine produced in the '60s and '70s. It typically has a cast-iron block
and head and is fed by a carburetor. Contrasts with small-block engine. Although
both engines were of the same displacement, the big-block engine was larger in
overall size than the small-block engine. Thus, as vehicles grew smaller and more
equipment was stuffed into the engine bay, the small-block engine was favored over
its larger brother.
big end:
The end of the connecting rod which fits around the crankpin
big-end bearing:
See big-end bearing
big-end bearing:
The bearing in the end of the connecting rod that attaches to the crankshaft.
big-end bolt:
One of the bolts attaching the big-end cap to the connecting rod
big-end cap:
The detachable end of the connecting rod which fits on the crankpin
Big Jim:
A colloquial term for a device for opening door locks. It is a flexible metal strip
about an inch wide and very thin and has a J-shaped end. It is inserted between the
door window and the door frame to trigger the latch
big rig:
A large truck -- usually a tractor-trailer unit
big three:
General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler.
bihexagon:
A twelve-sided figure. Some nuts and bolt heads have twelve sides.
bihexagonal:
Having 12 sides
bihexagon socket:
A tool socket which fits 12-sided nuts and bolts
bike:
A two-wheel vehicle -- either a bicycle or a motorcycle.
Also see
all-terrain bike
girl's bike
mountain bike
street bike
touring bike
BIL:
Acronym for "Bilimportorenes Landsforening" (Norway). Also Acronym for
"Bilindustrief”reningen" (Sweden)
bilge:
A recess area fitted at the curved section between the bottom and the side into
which water drains from holds or other spaces.
bilge bracket:
A vertical transverse flat plate welded to the tank top or margin plate and to the
frame in the area of the bilge.
bilge keel:
A long longitudinal fin fitted on the curved of a ship at the turn of the bilge to
reduce rolling
bilge strake:
Shell plates at the bilge area
billet:
[1] A section of a log split lengthwise as you would make firewood.
[2] A small bar of iron or steel
bill of lading:
The cost or the paperwork describing the cost of a vehicle's load or freight.
bimetal:
Two types of metal bonded into a strip and formed into a coil. Each type of metal
has different thermal expansion characteristics, so the coil straightens when heated
and coils up when cold. Bimetals are used mainly to open and close choke plates on
carbureted vehicle
bimetal heat sensor:

(BHS) a strip (usually coiled) consisting of two metals with different expansion
characteristics. Bimetal strips are used in thermostatically controlled devices
because they move or bend toward the metal that expands least when heat is applied
bimetallic corrosion:
When two different metals are attached to each other, some electrons tend to move
from one metal to the other. This action happens especially when there is a little
moisture between the two pieces.
Also see
galvanic corrosion
bimetallic sensor:
Consists of thermocouple, an arm made of two dissimilar metals with different rates
of thermal expansion, that flexes in accordance with temperature changes. Used as a
temperature sensor. Also called bimetal sensor
bimetal sensor:
Consists of a thermocouple, an arm made of two dissimilar metals with different
rates of thermal expansion, that flexes in accordance with temperature changes.
Used as a temperature sensor. Also called bimetallic sensor
Bimmer:
binder:
The ingredient in a paint that holds or suspends the pigment particles together.
Also see
binders.
binder bolt:
On a bicycle, the bolt used to fasten a stem inside a steerer tube or a seatpost inside
a seat tube.
binders:
Vehicle brakes.
binding:
[1] The rubbing of brake shoes against the drum or of brake pads against the disc.
[2] The strip material turned over along the edge of a carpet or mat.
Also see
edge binding
binnacle:
The cluster of instruments and switches mounted in a circular casing on or near the
steering column
biocide:
A product which kills any fungus or microbes that may have contaminated diesel
fuel.
biodegradable:
A product which is capable of being decomposed by bacteria into harmless elements
without danger to the environment.
biodiesel:
Diesel fuel made from animal or vegetable fats
bit:
[1] A tool for boring or cutting which fits into a drill. See drill bit.
[2] The tip of a screwdriver.
Also see
hexagon bit
hex bit
screwdriver bit
socket bit
twisty bits
bit adapter:
A tool (like a screwdriver) with a hollow socket (instead of the blade) to accept a
variety of bits
bite:
[1] A vehicle's ability to adhere to the road (especially to a racing track).
[2] The ability of a tool to secure itself to a fastener as in I want my wrench to get a
good bite on that bolt.
bits:
See twisty bits
bitter end:
The inboard end of a ship's anchor chain that is secured in the chain locker
bituminous paint:
Black or dark colored tarry paint which contains bitumen. Used for the protection of
exposed metal parts.
BL:
Acronym for "British Leyland"
black:
See carbon black
black and white checkered flag:

A flag which is waved at the finishing line in races to indicate the winner.
black box:
[1] A recording device which reveals conditions just prior to a crash.
[2] A control unit
black chromium plating:

An electroplating deposit of a black chromium layer for decorative purposes
blackening:
See
bulb blackening
lamp blackening
black flag:
A flag which is colored black and is waved at a race. It indicates that the driver must
return to his pit for consultation. It means that the driver has violated a serious
racing rule such as spilling fluid on the track or was speeding on the pit road.
Blackhawk:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models are classic cars.
blacksmith hammer:
A special hammer for hitting and shaping heated iron.
black smoke:
Incompletely burned fuel in the exhaust indicating the fuel mixture is too rich
blackwall:
Tires which do not have any white or red coloring.
See
whitewall
red line
bladder:
A hollow bag which can be inflated. In some instances, fuel tanks will become rusty
inside. A possible cure is to install a bladder. This is done by flushing out the rust
chips, applying an acid solution to remove any oil/gas residue, and coating the
inside with a plastic compound. When done correctly, this plastic coating does not
dissolve when it comes in contact with gasoline.
blade:
[1] A straight narrow flat part like the end of a screwdriver or knife.
[2] The part of a windshield wiper (blade rubber) which contacts the windshield.
[3] One of the vanes of a rotor or impeller.
Also see
bumper blade
bumping blade
fan blade
feeler blade
fork blade
blade connector:
A plain metal tongue for forming electrical connections
bladed impeller:
A rotating part of a centrifugal pump that has blades or vanes
blade rubber:
The rubber strip that fits into the arm of a windshield wiper
blades:
See fork blades
blank:
See sheet metal blank
blanking piece:
A flat piece of metal which closes off a tube. Also called a "blanking plate"
blanking plate:
A flat piece of metal which closes off a tube. Also called a "blanking piece"
blanking plug:
A rubber stopper for filling in the holes of sheetmetal such as drain holes in the
floorpan
blast:
See
ocean liner blast horn
sand blast
blast cleaning:
The removal of corrosion, dirt, paint, etc. by a blast of abrasive particles.
Also see
bead blasting
sand blasting
blaster:
See bead blaster
blast horn:
See ocean liner blast horn
blasting:
See
bead blasting
grit blasting
shot blasting
bleed:
[1] To remove air bubbles from hydraulic lines and components of a system.
Also see
air bleed
air bleed screw
compensating jet
.
[2] To reduce the air pressure in tires that have been run, warmed up, and thus
increased from their starting pressure -- an action which should be avoided.
bleed down:
The collapse of a hydraulic lifter as oil drains out
bleeder:
The valve or screw used to vent the air out of a liquid-filled system.
See
brake bleeder
pressure bleeder
bleeder nipple:
See bleeder screw
bleeder screw:
A screw used to release the air from a system like the brake system.
Also see
bleeder valve:
The device which vents air from the brake system.
bleeding:
See brake bleeding
bleed screw:
A screw used to release the air from a system like the brake system.
Also see
bleed valve:
The device which vents air from the brake system.
bleeding:
[1] A lower (older) color coming through a fresh coat of paint.
[2] The action of venting air from a liquid-filled (hydraulic) system.
[3] Reducing the air pressure in tires that have been run, warmed up, and thus
increased from their starting pressure -- an action which should be avoided.
bleeding a system:
Remove air bubbles from a brake system, a fuel injection system, or a cooling
system so that they won't impede the flow of liquid through that system.
bleeding the brakes:

This refers to the removal of air from the hydraulic system, bleeder screws are
loosened at each wheel cylinder, (one at a time) and brake fluid is forced from the
master cylinder through the lines until all air is expelled.
blem:
An abbreviation for blemish.
blemish:
A tire with a slight imperfection in appearance that will not affect tire life or safety.
Also called a "blem."
blind:
See car blind
blind quarter:
An unusually wide C-pillar enclosing the rear seat area
blind rivet:
A pop rivet
blind spot:
An area not visible from the driver's seat. It is usually the area behind the rear
quarter and not visible in the mirrors. When approaching another vehicle in a lane
beside you, avoid being in its blind spot. Also do a shoulder check before switching
lanes to check for vehicles in the blind spot
blister:
[1] A bubble on a paint surface.
[2] A localized bubble on the surface of a tire, normally caused by a separation
between plies or between surface rubber and a ply.
blistering:
The formation of bubbles on the paint surface.
BLM:
Acronym for the "Bureau of Land Management."
BLMC:
Acronym for "British Leyland Motor Corporation"
block:
That part of the engine containing the cylinders.
Also see
bearing block
big-block
block heater
brake block
brake pad
cylinder block
die
EN-block
en block
engine block heater
engine block
hollowing block
hydraulic control block
long block
long block engine
monoblock
rubbing block
sanding block
short block
tread block
valve block
keel blocks
block coefficient:
The ratio of the underwater volume of a ship to the volume of a rectangular block
with the same effective lengths, draft and beam
block deck:
The cylinder head gasket surface
block engine:
See
long block engine
short block engine
block heater:
A devices which, during very cold weather, keeps the engine warm when the
vehicle is not being used -- thus making cold starts easier. The free end is plugged
into 110 volt AC wall socket. It is especially important for starting diesel engines at
very low temperatures.
Also see
cylinder block heater
engine block heater
blocking ring:
See balk ring
blocks:
See keel blocks
block sanding:
The process of using a wooden block wrapped in sandpaper to sand the material.
blood alcohol content:

The amount of alcohol in the bloodstream as a result of drinking liquor
blood alcohol level:

The amount of alcohol in the bloodstream as a result of drinking liquor
bloom:
A surface film on rubber, caused by the migration to the surface of sulphur, wax, or
other unreacted ingredients of the compound. It may be protective to the tire and
detrimental only if appearance is a major factor.
blooming:
A formation of an undesired thin surface film or a milky white haze or mist on
paintwork. It is caused when paint is applied during humid, cold conditions as
moisture is trapped in the wet film
blow:
To become defective either by leaking or burning through.
Also see
arc blow
striking blow
blow back:
Because of a sticky valve or the intake valve closing late, some of the air-fuel
mixture is blown back through the carburetor
blowby:
The mixture of fuel-air which is lost past the piston rings and causes fumes that
form acid and sludge in the crankcase and smoking from the oil filer hole. Generally
there is a loss of engine power. Most are removed through the PCV system.
blow-by:
The mixture of fuel-air which is lost past the piston rings and causes fumes that
form acid and sludge in the crankcase and smoking from the oil filer hole. Generally
there is a loss of engine power. Most are removed through the PCV system.
blowdown:
The escape of gases between the opening of the exhaust valve and the piston
reaching bottom dead center, or in a two-stroke engine between exhaust port
opening and transfer port opening.
blowdown period:
In a two-stroke engine, it is the time between the exhaust port opening and the
transfer port opening which should be sufficiently long enough to allow time for the
cylinder pressure to drop below the crankcase pressure, so that the exhaust gases
can be expelled more easily
blower:
[1] Also called a "supercharger" or "turbocharger." This is a pump which forces air
into the cylinders at higher than atmospheric pressure. The increased pressure forces
more air into the cylinders than what would be drawn in normally. In this way the
engine can burn more fuel and thus produce more power. There are two main types
of blowers: the turbocharger, which uses some of the waste heat energy in the
exhaust gases to drive a compressor and pump the air; and the belt-driven or shaft-
driven supercharger which uses engine power to pump air.
[2] A fan for an interior heating and ventilating system or even for an air-cooled
engine.
Also see
heater blower
blow gun:
A paint spray gun with a wide nozzle which is fed by air pressure. It is used to blow
out crevices in material that is otherwise hard to reach.
blowlamp:
A British term for blow torch
blown:
[1] An engine equipped with a turbocharger or supercharger.
[2] An engine which is ruined. Usually the piston is seized.
Also see
blown head gasket.
blown head gasket:
A gasket that has a break between the opening for the cylinder and an opening for
the coolant. The coolant will leak into the combustion chamber. This condition can
be diagnosed by a loss in coolant and white smoke out the exhaust.
blowoff valve:
A one-way valve that opens to the atmosphere above a certain set pressure to
relieve excessive internal pressure buildup; often used with a turbocharger
installation to limit boost pressure to the engine. Also called pressure-relief
valve.
Also see
wastegate
blow-off valve:
See blowoff valve
blow out:
To clean a dirty or blocked pipe by blowing compressed air through it
blowout:
A sudden rupturing of tire body, causing complete loss of air pressure which
flattens the tire.
blow-out:
A sudden rupturing of tire body, causing complete loss of air pressure which
flattens the tire.
blow-over:
A respray of doubtful quality, often poorly prepared and carelessly masked.
blowpipe:
Another term applied to the oxyacetylene torch
blow through:
A turbocharger system in which the turbocharger blows air through the
carburetor(s) or fuel injector(s), i.e., the air and fuel mixing occurs downstream
from the turbocharger
blow torch:
A tool which is attached to a bottle of flammable gas. The gas is ignited to give an
intense flame for brazing and soldering. The British term is "blowlamp"
blue book:
A listing of the current prices for used cars, based on age, condition, and optional
equipment. Available at banks, loan offices, libraries, and insurance companies.
blueing:
The blue color that appears on chrome pipes when subject to intense heat. In some
cases, it can be removed; but most often it is permanent.
blueprinting:
Dismantling engine and reassembling it to exact specifications and tolerances. This
process may help to improve engine performance, smoothness, and reliability.
Sometimes called "balancing."
blue smoke:
The color of the exhaust which indicates that oil is escaping into the combustion
chamber and abeing burned. It is probably due to worn rings, valve seals, etc.
blushing:
The formation of a whitish or misty appearance on the finish color of the paint
surface.
BMAP:
Acronym for barometric and manifold absolute pressure sensor
BMC:
Acronym for "British Motor Corporation"
BMEP:
Acronym for brake mean effective pressure
BMW:
Acronym for "Bayerische Motoren Werke." A vehicle brand of Click here for
which the 1925-48 models 327, 328, 327/328, and 335 are classic books on
cars. The 507 models for 1957-59 are milestone cars. BMW
BMW roundel:
The little black, blue, and white BMW checkerboard logo.
board:
A printed circuit board.
Also see
circuit board
dash board
on board diagnostics
printed circuit board
running board
shifting board
board diagnostics:
See on board diagnostics
board test:
A test of a printed circuit board
boat chock:
A cradle or support for a lifeboat.
boat trailer:
A trailer for carrying a boat
BOB:
Acronym for break-out box
bodge:
A British term to describe work that is done poorly or with defective materials
bodily harm:
Physical injury to a person caused by an accident
bodily injury:
Physical injury to a person caused by an accident
body:
[1] The main portion of an automobile. Often it refers just to the outside shell.
[2] The main part of a housing.
[3] The shank of a bolt.
[4] In welding, it refers to the main structural part of a regulator.
Also see
all-aluminum body
all-enveloping body
all-steel body
aluminum body
coachbuilt body
distributor body
dump body
fabric body
fibreglass body
fully galvanized body
half-round body file
headlight body
integral body and frame construction
parallel middle body
spark plug body
special body
stressed body
throttle body
tire body
torpedo body
unit body
valve body
body and frame:

See integral body and frame construction
body and frame construction:

See integral body and frame construction
body assembly:
The building up of the automobile body from its various components
body builder:
A person who builds automobile bodies, i.e., coachbuilder.
body-colored:
Something that is painted the same color as the body.
Also see
color-coded
body component:
Any structural part that makes up the body of a vehicle.
body computer module:

(BCM) Key element of self-diagnostic system used to control vehicle functions
based on monitored inputs
body construction:
The manufacturer of a vehicle body
body file:
When patching hole in a body panel and filling it with body putty, a body file which
is a hand tool) is used for smoothing the putty to conform to the contour of the
body.
Also see
body filler:
A substance (often with the name Bondo) which is a paste used to fill minor
imperfections in a body panel. It hardens and is shaped to fit. It can also be painted
to match the rest of the vehicle.
body flange:
A point on the body where two panels overlap, forming a small step
body framing:
An assembly of the body components
body fuel injection:

See throttle body fuel injection
body glass:
The windshield, backlight (rear window), and side windows of a vehicle
body hammer:
A hammer with a large flat pounding surface for removing dents
body housing:
See valve body housing
body-in-white:
In the process of building a vehicle, this is a body shell after everything is welded
but before it is painted
body injection:
See throttle body injection
body jack:
A hydraulic tool for pushing or pulling body panels into shape
body lead:
An alloy of lead and tin which is used to fill dents and seems in a body panel to
establish a smooth surface. When heated it flows easily to fill the imperfections
body panel:
The sheet metal that forms the outside body pieces.
body plan:
A drawing showing the forms of the various cross sections, the curvature of the
deck lines at the side, and the projections, as straight lines of the waterlines, the
buttock lines, transverse elevations and the diagonal lines
body putty:
A malleable material designed to smooth on dented body areas, upon hardening, the
putty is dressed down and the area painted. Also called "bondo."
body rattle:
A noise in the bodywork usually cased by loose parts, badly fitting doors, hood, or
trunk lid
body repair:
After a vehicle has suffered an accident or has corroded panels, the body needs to be
repaired to bring it back to like-new condition
body roll:
The rocking or tilting motion of a vehicle when it goes around the corner
body sealer:
A tar-like substance which is used to seal body joints
body separator plate:

See valve body separator plate
body shell:
The bare skeleton of a vehicle with all the wheels, doors, hood, trunk lid, etc.
removed
body shop:
A service outlet specializing in vehicle body repair work.
body side molding:

A protective stripe along each side of the vehicle running from the leading edge of
the front fender, along the door panel(s) to the rear end of the back fender. It may be
solid plastic or rubber attached directly to the panels while others are attached to a
metal strip which in turn is attached to the panels.
body spoon:
A tool with a flat contoured working surface like a spoon. It is used to slap out dents
and is sometimes used in place of a dolly when it is too difficult to reach behind the
panel
body stripe:
A decorative stripe applied to a motorcycle fuel tank or the outside of a car to
enhance the appearance. Sometimes model names are also part of the stripes.
body styling kit:

An additional set of bolt-on parts (like spoilers, air dams, fender skirts, laker pipes,
wings) which are intended to improve the looks, performance, and efficiency
body tub:
The bare body shell (minus the doors, trunk lid, hood, fenders) which is lowered
onto the chassis at the time of assembly
bodywork:
The complete body structure mounted on the chassis of a vehicle with a separate
chassis, and the complete sheet metal panel for unibody vehicles.
bog:
A hesitation usually experienced when starting out.
bogie:
An assembly of four wheels on two axles with common suspension, usually on
heavy commercial vehicles, trailers, and older Ski-Doos
bogie wheel:
One of the suspension wheels on an older Ski-Doo
boil:
The process of change from a liquid to a gas through the application of heat.
boiling point:
The exact temperature at which a liquid begins to boil or changes to a gas (i.e.,
vaporizes). The boiling point of a liquid decreases with increasing altitude, and
increases with pressurization. The coolant in a modern radiator/coolant system can
be as high as 260°F (127°C).
Also see
dry boiling point
wet boiling point
bold-up:
The application of retread or repair rubber.
bolster:
[1] A supporting brace.
[2] The act of supporting.
Also see
hexagonal bolster
bolt:
A securing device upon which a nut is threaded. It usually has a nut-type head. It is
usually measured not so much by the size of the wrench required to secure the bolt;
but by the diameter of the threads, the thread pitch, the length of the bolt under the
head, and the strength of the bolt.
Also see
anchor bolt
big-end bolt
binder bolt
carriage bolt
coach bolt
countersunk bolt
crankarm fixing bolt
cylinder head bolt
eccentric bolt
fixing bolt
flange bolt
four bolt mains
hexagon bolt
hex bolt
locking lug bolt
lug bolt
mounting bolt
octagonal bolt
octagonal head bolt
pivot bolt
round head bolt
shear bolt
stirrup bolt
through bolt
u-bolt
wheel bolt
wheel lug bolt
bolt and nut:

A pair of objects with matching screw threads. When either the bolt or the nut is
turned, it moves with great force. Often used as fixing devices. The nut is the
circular piece that looks like a ring with threads on the inside hole. The bolt is the
shaft with threads.
Also see
pivot bolt.
bolt hole:
The hole in metal through which a bolt must be inserted or screwed in place.
Also see
wheel bolt hole.
bolt hole circle:

See wheel bolt hole circle.
bolt mains:
See four bolt mains
bolt-on:
Accessories which are easily secured to an automobile with just a few bolts rather
than having to be welded in place. Usually done by the owner.
bolt-on fender:
A fender which is secured with bolts rather than being welded in place
bolt-on goodies:
Accessories which are easily secured to an automobile, but are often for show rather
than function
bolt-on kit:
A group of parts available in one package which the owner can attach himself.
bolt-on wing:
British term for bolt-on fender
bomb:
A vehicle which is in very poor shape, "The car is a bomb and not worth a nickel."
In contrast, it can mean a vehicle which has great acceleration, "The car flew down
the track like a bomb."
bond:
[1] A state of adhesion.
[2] The act of connecting two components by means of a glue or adhesive
[3] The junction of the weld metal and the base metal
bonded abrasive:
A grinding part which is made of very hard particles which have been glued
together to form a wheel, bar, rod, or cone used to wear down or smooth metal.
bonded brake lining:

brake lining that is attached to the brake shoe by an adhesive rather than by rivets.
bonded lining:
Brake lining cemented to shoes or bands which eliminates need for rivets
bonding:
See
adhesive bonding
panel bonding
bonding agent:
A material which provides adhesion
bonding method:
A procedure of joining two components with adhesive
bondo:
See body putty.
bone:
See
A bone
T-Bone
backbone frame
herringbone gears
wishbone.
boned:
See T-boned
bonnet:
British term for vehicle hood.
Also see
auto bonnet
bonnet badge:
British term for hood badge
bonnet bump rubber:

British term for hood bump rubber
bonnet bumper:
British term for "hood bumper" or hood bump rubber
bonnet landing panel:

British term for hood landing panel
bonnet liner:
British term for hood liner
bonnet lock:
British term for hood lock
Bonnet pin:
British term for hood pin
bonnet pin kit:

British term for hood pin kit
bonnet release:
British term for hood release
bonnet stay:
British term for hood rod
bonnet support:
British term for hood rod
bonnet tape:
British term for hood tape
bonus:
See no-claims bonus
book:
See
blue book
paint chip book
booming:
[1] A noise caused by interruptions to the flow of air such as an open windows.
[2] Low pitched resonance, especially in the exhaust.
[3] Thumping sound coming from large stereo woofers
boost:
[1] The amount of positive pressure created in an intake system above normal
atmospheric pressure by a turbocharger or supercharger. Normal atmospheric
pressure is 14.7 psi. A blower providing 10 psi boost increases the pressure to 24.7
psi. Boost is sometimes measured in atmospheres where one atmosphere equals
14.7 psi. Thus 24.7 psi is about 1.7 atmospheres.
Also see
on boost
off-boost
[2] The action of jump starting one battery from another.
[3] To increase power, charge, or pressure, etc.; or to amplify volume, audio sound,
etc.
boost-activated ignition retard:

On a turbocharged engine, a system which retards the ignition timing when the
intake manifold is under pressure, in order to reduce the chance of detonation
boost-controlled deceleration device:

(BCDD) a valve that, during deceleration, is triggered into action by high intake
manifold vacuum the BCDD valve allows an additional source of air and fuel to
enter the intake manifold during deceleration to obtain a more burnable mixture
boost control valve:

See blowoff valve
booster:
[1] A radio device which amplifies the signal or the audio output to the speakers.
Because of its size it is mounted in the glovebox, under the dash, in the center
console, under the seat, or in the trunk.
[2] A device incorporated in vehicle system (such as brakes and steering), to
increase the pressure output or decrease amount of effort required to operate, or
both.
Also see
brake booster
hydraulic brake booster
power booster
spring booster
vacuum booster
vacuum brake booster
booster battery:
A second battery used in commercial vehicles to give a little more power when
starting.
booster cable:
See jumper cables
booster coil:
A secondary ignition coil which increases the intensity of the spark
booster venturi:
A small venturi located immediately above and concentric with the main venturi in
a carburetor. Boosters are designed to amplify the weak venturi vacuum signal that
occurs during low airflow conditions
boost gauge:
An instrument or meter which indicates boost pressure
boosting:
See start boosting
boost pressure:
Pressure in the intake system of a supercharged engine when the supercharger
operates. See the first definition of boost.
boost sensor:
A sensing device in a supercharger. It is located in the choke tube which sends a
signal to the ignition control unit according to pressure conditions. In turn, the
control unit adjusts the ignition timing for the best performance.
boost valve:
A valve in a hydraulic system which increases the pressure
boot:
[1] British term for a trunk.
[2] The rubber or plastic cover located at either end of the spark plug cable to
insulate the connections between the cable ends and the spark plug and distributor
terminal. Always grasp the cable by the boot when removing it. See spark plug
boot.
[3] The protective cover of the ball joint that holds the grease.
Also see
dust boot
CV joint boot
[4] The covering around the CV joint.
[5] A simple protective device (sometimes a piece of tube, tire, etc., cut to size)
placed between the casing and tube. It offers temporary protection for the tube
against pinching by an injury in the casing. It is not a repair of the injury and is
unsafe to use.
[6] A denver boot, which is a device which clamps on the wheels of a parked car to
immobilize it. Also called a heavy yellow boot.
[7] A colloquial term for the action of going very fast as in, We were booting along
as fast as the snowmobile would go.
booted:
A vehicle which has been disabled by a denver boot is said to be "booted."
booted version:
British term for trunk model
booth:
See
low-bake booth
paint booth
spray booth
boot handle:
British term for trunk handle
bootlid:
British term for trunk lid
boot puller:
See spark plug boot puller
boots:
See boot.
boot spoiler:
British term for trunk spoiler
border shopping:
See Canadian cross border shopping
bore:
[1] The cylinder hole itself.
Also see
piston bore.
[2] The diameter or width of the cylinder.
[3] As a verb, it means to cut a circular hole.
[4] With the word "full" it means to go fast.
Also see
full bore
center bore
cylinder bore
wheel center bore
bored:
To increase the diameter of the cylinder.
Also see
stroked.
bore diameter:
The diameter of the cylinders. It is usually measured in either inches or millimetres.
When a cylinder is bored out because of scored walls, it is increased by "ten thou"
of an inch (0.01") or 0.25 mm.
bore-stroke ratio:
The relation between the diameter of the cylinder bore and the length of the stroke
of the piston. If the stroke is longer than the cylinder bore diameter then the engine
is called a long stroke engine. If the stroke is shorter than the cylinder bore diameter
then the engine is called a short stroke engine. If the stroke is the same as the
distance of the cylinder bore diameter then the engine is called a square engine
Borgward:
A German automobile manufacturer which began by Carl F. Click for books on
W. Borgward in 1921. Borgward
boring bar:
A machine with a stiff bar that has multiple cutting bits used to cut engine cylinders
to a specific size. As used in garages, to cut worn cylinders to a new diameter or
bearing bores in proper alignment with each other.
boring:
Renewing the cylinders by cutting them out to a specified size, a boring bar is used
to make the cut.
boss:
An extension or strengthened section that holds the end of a pin or shaft. For
example, the holes in the piston through which the piston pin is placed would
easily break the thin walls of the piston when under pressure. The area around
the hole (on the inner side of the piston) are strengthened to prevent breakage.
This area is the piston boss.
Also see
gudgeon pin boss
horn boss
piston pin boss.
bossing mallet:
A hammer with a pear-shaped wooden head used for shaping and stretching metal
over a sandbag or wooden block.
botch:
[1] A repair job which is very poorly done.
[2] To do a repair job poorly
botched-up job:
A colloquial term for a poor repair which will not be permanent.
bottle:
See acetylene bottle
bottled gas:
(LPG) (liquefied petroleum gas or propane) gas compressed into strong metal
portable tanks. The gas, when confined in the tank, under pressure, is in liquid form.
bottle jack:
A hydraulic lifting device which is in the shape of a bottle
bottleneck:
A traffic situation where the road narrows to the point where traffic is excessively
slowed
bottom:
[1] The lowest point. See door bottom.
[2] To lower something.
[3] To reach the end of its travel (i.e., bottom out).
[4] To make contact with the road.
Also see
double bottom
bottom bracket:
The cylindrical part of a bicycle frame that holds the crank axle, two sets of ball
bearing, a fixed cup, and an adjustable cup.
bottom dead center:

(BDC) The lowest point of the piston and connecting rod travel in a cylinder. In a
horizontally opposed engine, it is sometimes called the outer dead center. Opposite
to top dead center.
Also see
after bottom dead center
before bottom dead center
bottom dumps:
Trailers that unload through bottom grates.
bottom end:
[1] All the moving parts in the crankcase and their bearings.
[2] The lower range of engine revolutions
bottom end gasket kit:

All the gaskets below the base gasket (crankcase gaskets and inspection cover
gaskets) and all the O-rings and replaceable spacers in the bottom end of an engine.
Also see
top end gasket kit.
bottom gear:
The lowest gear in a transmission.
bottoming:
[1] A situation where the suspension reaches the end of its travel.
[2] A situation where the lowest part of the chassis touches the ground, especially
on a bump
bottom out:
To reach the end of its travel.
bottom tank:
In a thermosyphon water-cooling system, this is the bottom radiator tank.
Also see
header tank
radiator tank
bounce:
[1] When referring to valves, it indicates a condition where the valve is not held
tightly closed in the seat even though the camshaft has not opened it. Also called
"flutter" or valve bounce
[2] When referring to a distributor, it indicates a condition where the points make
erratic contact when they should remain closed. See contact bounce.
[3] When referring to suspension, it indicates an up-and-down motion called
"jounce" and "rebound." You can test it by pushing down and releasing a corner of a
vehicle
bound electron:
See b.
bound electrons:
Electrons in the inner orbits around the nucleus of the atom, they are difficult to
move out of orbit.
bourdon tube:
A circular, hollow piece of metal that is used in some instruments, pressure on the
hollow section causes it to attempt to straighten, the free end then moves a needle
on the gauge face.
bow:
See
header bow
hinge bow
hood bow
main bow
spring bow
bowed:
A bent shape.
bowden cable:
A wire control cable within a metal or rubber sheath and used for activating a valve,
clutch, choke, or accelerator
bowl:
See float bowl.
bowl vent:
(BV) connects the float bowl to the carburetor's air inlet. Depressurizes the fuel
being pumped into the float bowl by the fuel pump and acts as a vapor separator by
allowing vapors in the float bowl to escape into the carburetor air inlet. Bowl vents
are cut at a 45-deg angle and face incoming air so that reference pressure remains
the same regardless of airflow
bowl vent port:

(BVP) the port in the carburetor which vents fumes and excess pressure from the
float bowl to maintain atmospheric pressure
bowser:
A tanker used for refuelling military ground vehicles or airplanes
bow thrusters:
A propeller at the bow of the ship, used during maneuvering to provide transverse
thrust
bow wow:
A vehicle in very bad shape. A dog.
bow-wow:
A vehicle in very bad shape. A dog.
box:
[1] Colloquial term for a transmission.
Also see
crash gearbox
[2] A term for an electrical or electronic device.
Also see
E-box
control box
control unit
crash recorder
fuse box
[3] A silencer.
Also see
black box
cdi box
crash box
panhard rod mounting box
rocker box
roof box
slush box
squirt box
steering box
stuffing box
tail light box
transfer box
trigger box
boxed rod:
connecting rod in which the I-beam section has been stiffened by welding plates on
each side of the rod.
boxer engine:
A horizontally opposed engine.
box member:
A structural part made as a box section
box section:
A closed panel structure of square cross section which is used to strengthen a
vehicle's underbody
box spanner:
A British term for a hollow tube with a socket at each end and two holes through
which a bar can be inserted to turn the wrench. The bar is called a T-bar; but the
British call it a tommy bar
box van:
A British term for a cube van with a large cargo box behind the driver's cab.
box wrench:
A tool designed to secure or remove a bolt or nut. Each end of the wrench fits
around the bolt head or nut. British term for "ring spanner." In contrast, see open
end wrench.
boxy:
A derogatory description of a car that has square angles instead of smooth curved
lines.
boy:
See low boy
boy racer:
A low-cost car without much sophistication or performance; but it does have a very
sleek and sporty appearance.
BP:
Acronym for barometric absolute pressure sensor or barometric pressure sensor
BPA:
Acronym for bypass air solenoid
B-pillar:
The center body pillar on sedans. It connect the sills and provides roof
support. Sometimes referred to as simply post, as in 1957 Chevy two-door
post. On a true hardtop design these pillars are missing, leaving uninterrupted
glass area along the sides of the car. Also called "B-post."
B pillar:
See B-post.
B post:
B-post.
B-post:
The center body post on sedans. It connect the sills and provides roof support.
Sometimes referred to as simply post, as in 1957 Chevy two-door post. On a
true hardtop design these pillars are missing, leaving uninterrupted glass area
along the sides of the car. Also called "B-pillar."
BPS:
Acronym for exhaust back pressure transducer valve
BPV:
[1] Acronym for bypass valve.
[2] Acronym for exhaust back pressure transducer valve
Bra:
A protective cover, usually of leather or vinyl, which is mounted to the front of a
vehicle to protect the finish from stones.
Also see
stealth Bra
brace:
A support beam to give reinforcement between two objects.
Also see
roof brace
speed brace
bracing:
[1] To stiffen something by using a brace.
[2] A brace. See cross bracing
bracket:
a support device which is often a right-angled shape.
Also see
bilge bracket
bottom bracket
bumper bracket
drive end bracket
end bracket
fender support bracket
margin bracket
slip-ring end bracket
spring bracket
towing bracket
tripping bracket
wing support bracket
bracket set:
See chassis bracket set
braided hose:
A rubber hose which is covered in a woven material or braided wire. Used for
various hoses under the hood.
brake:
[1] To slow down a vehicle.
[2] The mechanism that converts motion (kinetic energy) into heat energy through
friction. The most common instance is found in the wheels of cars where the brake
shoes or disc pads are designed to press against the brake drum or brake disc.
Also see
air brake
anti-lock brakes
anti-lock brake system
armature brake
assisted brakes
band brake
bleeding the brakes
bonded brake lining
cable brake
caliper disc brake
cantilever brakes
clutch brake
coaster brake
disc brake
disc brake gauge
disc brake rotor
disc brakes
double leading brake shoe
drum brake
dual brakes
duo-servo brake
E-brake
emergency brake
engine brake
fixed-caliper disc brake
fixed-cam brake
flexible brake pipe
floating caliper disc brake
flushing the brakes
foot brake
forward brake shoe
four wheel disc brakes
high-mounted brake light
hinged-caliper disc brake
hub brake
hydraulically-activated brakes
hydraulically-assisted brakes
hydraulic assisted brakes
hydraulic brakes
inboard brake
jake brake
jam on the brakes
jam the brakes
juice brake
leading brake shoe
low brake pedal
master brake cylinder
maximum brake power
mechanical brakes
non-servo brake
park brake
park brake extension
parking brake console
parking brake lever strut
parking brake lever
parking brake pedal
parking brake
pin slider caliper disc brake
power assisted brakes
power brake
press brake
primary brake shoe
primary forward brake shoe
prony brake
pumping the gas brakes
pump the brakes
reverse brake shoe
rim brake
riveted brake lining
rollercam brake
self-energizing brake shoe
service brake
servo action brake
servo brake
shooting brake
single-anchor self-energizing brake
sliding-caliper disc brake
sprag brake
spring brake
U-brake
uni-servo brake
vacuum assisted brake
ventilated brakes
brake adjuster:
A device which moves the drum shoes closer to or further apart from the drum.
brake adjusting spanner:

A British term for brake wrench
brake adjusting wrench:

A wrench which is used to adjust the brake shoes
brake anchor:
A steel stud or pin upon which one end of the brake shoes is either attached to or
rests against. The anchor is firmly affixed to the backing plate.
brake, anti-lock:
See anti-lock brakes.
brake antiroll device:

See brake anti-roll device.
brake anti-roll device:

A unit installed in the brake system to hold brake line pressure when the vehicle is
stopped on an upgrade, when the vehicle is stopped on the upgrade and the brake
pedal released, the anti-roll device will keep the brakes applied until either the
clutch is released or as on some models, the accelerator is depressed.
brake backing plate:

A rigid metal (steel) plate, located inside the brake drum, on which the wheel
cylinder, brake shoes, and other brake parts are mounted. The braking force
applied to the shoes is absorbed by the backing plate.
brake band:
A band, faced with brake lining, that encircles a brake drum, it is used on several
parking brake installations. It differs from brake shoes in that brake shoes squeezes
against the inside surface of a drum while a brake band squeezes against the outside
surface of a drum.
brake bias:
The front/rear distribution of a vehicle's braking power. For the shortest stopping
distance, brake bias should match the vehicle's traction at each end during hard
braking brake modulation -- the process of varying pedal pressure to hold a vehicle's
brakes on the verge of lockup. Ideally, the brakes will unlock with only a slight
reduction in the pressure needed to lock them. Typically, however, a considerable
pressure reduction is required.
brake bleeder:
A valve attached to each wheel brake. This valve can be opened and closed to allow
air to be removed or bled from the brake lines.
brake bleeding:
See bleeding the brakes.
brake block:
See brake pad.
brake booster:
A mechanical device which attaches to the brake system to multiply the force
the driver applies with his foot (or hand as in the case of a motorcycle). The
device uses air, vacuum, or hydraulic fluid to accomplish this purpose.
Sometimes called "power assisted brakes," "vacuum assisted brakes,"
"hydraulically assisted brakes," or just "power brakes." In most cars, the boost
comes from engine intake vacuum. In motorcycles it comes from hydraulic
fluid.
Also See
vacuum brake booster
brake cable:
A wire cable which activates the brakes. Used on motorcycles, trailers, and for the
parkbrake
brake caliper:
See calipers.
brake console:
See
computer brake control
brake cylinder:
A cylinder containing a movable piston actuated by hydraulic pressure to push fluid
through the lines and wheel cylinders and force the brake lining or pads against a
drum or disc.
Also see
wheel cylinder
brake disc:
A British term for brake rotor.
brake disc type:

A braking system that instead of using the conventional brake drum with internal
brake shoes, uses a steel disc with caliper type lining application, when the brakes
are applied, a section of lining on each side of the spinning disc is forced against the
disc thus imparting a braking force. This type of brake is very resistant to brake
fade.
Also see
disc brake.
brake dive:
The action of the front end of a vehicle as it dips down when the brakes are applied.
Opposite to squat.
Also see
anti-dive system
anti-lift
anti-squat system
brake drum:
A cast iron or aluminum housing bolted to the wheel, that rotates around the
brake shoes. When the shoes are expanded, they rub against the machined
inner surface of the brake drum and exert a braking effect upon the wheel to
slow or stop the vehicle.
brake drum lathe:

A machine to refinish the inside of a brake drum.
brake dust:
The dust created as the brake linings wear down in normal use. Brake dust usually
contains dangerous amounts of asbestos
brake extension:
See park brake extension
brake fade:
Reduction or loss in braking force due to loss of friction between brake shoes and
drum (or brake pads and disc). Caused by heat buildup through repeated or
prolonged brake application.
brake failure:
The total inability of the brakes to function. May be caused by worn out pads or
shoes, broken hydraulic lines, broken cable or other linkage, non-functioning master
cylinder, low or empty brake fluid reservoir, etc.
brake feel:
A discernible, to the driver, relationship between the amount of brake pedal pressure
and the actual braking force being exerted. A special device is incorporated in
power brake installations to give the driver this feel.
brake fluid:
A special fluid used in hydraulic brake systems to stop or slow the vehicle. Never
use something else in place of regular fluid. There are four types of brake fluid on
the market. DOT 3, DOT 4, DOT 5, and DOT 5.1.
Also see
silicone brake fluid
brake fluid reservoir:

In an automobile, it is a translucent tank located in front of the master cylinder. It
usually has two chambers containing brake fluid. In a motorcycle, it may be found
on the handlebar (for the front brake) or near the back of the bike (for the rear
brake).
brake flushing:
Cleaning the brake system by flushing with alcohol or brake fluid. This is done to
remove water, dirt, or any other contaminant, flushing fluid is placed in the master
cylinder and forced through the lines and wheel cylinders where it exits at the
cylinder bleed screws.
brake gauge:
See disc brake gauge
brake horsepower:
(bhp) A measurement of the actual usable power (not calculated power) measured at
the output shaft (usually the crankshaft) rather than at the driveshaft or the wheels.
Thus none of the auxiliaries (gearbox, generator, alternator, differential, water
pump, etc.) are attached. It is called the brake horsepower because the shaft power
is usually measured by an absorption dynamometer or "brake." This is not the brake
on the vehicle's wheels but a testing device applied to the shaft. This instrument is
applied to stop or absorb the rotation of the output shaft and returns a value.
Compare SAE gross horsepower and SAE net horsepower.
Also see
horsepower
brake hose:
A flexible high-pressure hose that is reinforced. It connects between the brake pipes
and the brake assembly. It needs to be flexible because of the constant movement of
the suspension
brake lathe:
The machine used to resurface the friction surfaces of brake discs or drums
brake lever:
[1] A blade attached to the right side of the handlebars of a motorcycle which
usually activates the front brake.
[2] A device for activating the park brake.
Also see
parking brake lever
brake lever strut:

See parking brake lever strut
brake light:
A red light at the rear of the vehicle which is activated when the brakes are applied.
Also called "stop light."
Also see
auxilliary brake lights
brake line:
See brake lines.
brake lines:
A system of hoses and metal tubes through which the brake fluid flows from the
master cylinder to the brake calipers at each wheel. Cracks or breaks in these lines
will cause the fluid to leak out and result in loss of brakes.
brake lining:
A heat-resistant friction material (usually asbestos) that is attached to the brake
shoe. When the shoe is pressed against the brake drum, the lining grabs the inside of
the drum, which stops the vehicle and also prevents the drum and the shoe from
wearing each other away.
Also see
bonded brake lining
brake lock:
See steering wheel and brake lock
brake master cylinder:
The part of the hydraulic brake system which stores the brake fluid. As the
brake pedal is applied pressure is forced against a small movable piston in the
master cylinder to push hydraulic fluid through the lines to the wheel cylinders
and force the brake linings against the drum (in the case of drum brakes) or
force the brake pads against the disc (in the case of disc brakes).
brake mean effective pressure:

(BMEP) The average pressure in the cylinders of an engine divided by its
mechanical efficiency, i.e., the ratio of the power actually delivered at an output
shaft to the power developed in the cylinders. It is used as an indication of torque.
brake pad:
The friction material or lining which is secured to metal plates. They press
against the brake disc or rotor to enable the wheel to stop. They are to be
distinguished from brake shoes which press against the inside of a drum. On a
bicycle, brake pads are blocks of rubber-like material fastened to the end of
the brake caliper; they press against the wheel rim when the brakes are
applied. Also called "brake block." Sometimes the term "brake pad" refers to
both the pad and the metal backing.
Also see
ceramic brake pad
sintered metal brake pad
brake pads:
See brake pad.
brake pad wear indicator:

A device which detects the thickness of the brake pad by using an L-shaped strap
which will scrape against the disc when the pad thickness is below tolerance. Others
use an electrical circuit in which a worn pad closes an electrical circuit that
illuminates a light on the dash panel.
brake pedal:
A foot operated device which engages the brakes to stop or slow the rotation of the
wheels.
Also see
low brake pedal
parking brake pedal
spongy brake pedal
brake pipe:
A steel pipe used to transmit the brake fluid. See flexible brake pipe
brake piston:
On a motorcycle, pressure from the brake lever (when squeezed) forces the brake
fluid to flow from the master cylinder down through the brake line and into the
caliper. The pressure of the brake fluid causes the piston to push the brake pad to
rub against the disc, thus stopping movement of the motorcycle.
brake, power:
See
power brakes
maximum brake power
brake puck:
See brake pads.
brake pucks:
See brake pads.
brake pulling:
A situation where the vehicle moves to one side when the brakes are applied. It is
usually due to uneven application of the brakes from side to side.
brake, parking:
See
parking brake
emergency brake
brake proportioning valve:

A valve that limits braking force to the front or rear wheels, usually as a
function of pedal effort or line pressure, loading of the vehicle or front-rear
weight transfer, to prevent wheel locking and provide the most effective
braking.
brake rod:
A long rod which connects between the brake pedal and the brake actuating lever.
brake rotor:
The brake disc which is attached to the wheel and is surrounded by a brake caliper.
Also see
disc brake rotor
brakes, antilock:
brakes, anti-lock:
brake servo:
A device which multiplies the driver's physical effort in applying the brakes by
using manifold vacuum
brake servo unit:

See brake servo
brake shoe:
That part of the brake system, located at the wheels, upon which the brake
lining is attached. There are usually two shoes (curved or arc-shaped pieces) in
each wheel. When the wheel cylinders are actuated by hydraulic pressure they
force the brake shoes apart and bring the lining into contact with the brake
drum. In this way the vehicle is slowed or stopped. On a bicycle, it is the
metal part that holds a brake pad and is bolted to the end of a brake caliper.
Also see
forward brake shoe
leading brake shoe
primary brake shoe
reverse brake shoe
secondary brake shoe
single leading brake shoe
trailing brake shoe.
brake shoe grinder:

A grinder used to grind brake shoe lining so that it will be square to and concentric
with the brake drum.
brake shoe heel:
That end of the brake shoe closest to the anchor bolt or pin.
brake shoe return spring:

A spring which is attached to the two brake shoes. After the brake is applied, this
spring pulls the shoes away from the drum
brake shoe toe:

The free end of the shoe, it is not attached to or resting against an anchor pin.
brakes, power:
See power brakes.
brake system:
A system that uses hydraulic pressure to enable your vehicle to slow and stop
safely. Consists of the master cylinder, brake lines, and disc or drum brakes at each
wheel.
Also see
brake system cleaner:

A type of solvent designed exclusively for cleaning brake system components. It
will not destroy plastic, rubber, or synthetic rubber components and it dries quickly,
without leaving a residue
brake test:
A testing procedure which determines the efficiency of a vehicle's brakes in order to
pass safety tests
brake torquing:
A procedure generally used in performance tests to improve the off-the-line
acceleration of a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission. It is executed by
firmly depressing the brake with the left foot, applying the throttle with the vehicle
in gear to increase engine rpm, then releasing the brakes. Brake torquing is
particularly effective with turbocharged cars because it helps overcome turbo lag.
brake warning light:

An indicator light on the dash which indicates problems such as low fluid level in
the brake fluid reservoir, a malfunction in any of the hydraulic brake circuits, or
excessive wear of the brake pads or shoes. It also illuminates when the parkbrake is
applied. When the ignition is first started, the light will illuminate momentarily to
show that the light is working.
brake wrench:
A wrench which is used to adjust the brake shoes. The British call it a "brake
adjusting spanner."
braking:
The action of operating the devices for slowing the motion of a vehicle.
Also see
active braking time
all-out braking
cadence braking
diagonal split braking system
dual-circuit braking system
dual-line braking system
dual braking system
engine braking effect
heavy braking
hydraulic braking system
late braking
light braking
regenerative braking
stab braking
trail braking
braking distance:
A measurement of the distance that a vehicle will travel from the time the brakes are
first applied to the actual moment it stops.
Also see
stopping distance
braking effect:
See engine braking effect
braking efficiency:
braking effort as a percentage of the weight of the vehicle
braking effort:
The amount of strength needed by the operator to bring a vehicle to a stop or the
amount of resistance in the brake system
braking force:
The amount of strength needed by the operator to bring a vehicle to a stop or the
amount of resistance in the brake system
braking ratio:
The distribution of braking effort between the front and rear wheels
braking system:
All the components that contribute to stopping the vehicle.
Also see
anti-lock braking system
dual-circuit braking system
dual-line braking system
dual braking system
hydraulic braking system
secondary braking system
single-circuit braking system
single-line braking system
braking time:
See active braking time
brand number:
A series of identifying numbers and letters which some companies burn into the
sidewall rubber of a truck tire to show their initials, mounting date, etc.
brass hammer:
A hammer with a brass head. Because the head is softer than steel it is used for
hitting a steel object without damaging that object
brass punch:
A drift or punch made of brass which is used to remove bushings and bearing races
because brass does not score or mark steel.
brass hammer:
A hammer with a brass head which is used to pound steel pins etc. into place
without damaging them.
braze:
To join two pieces of metal together by heating the edges to be joined and then
melting drops of brass or bronze on the area. Unlike welding, this operation is
similar to soldering, except a higher melting point material is used.
braze on:
See braze-ons.
braze-on:
See braze-ons.
braze-ons:
Parts for mounting shift levers, derailleurs, water bottle cages, and racks, which are
fastened to a bicycle frame through a type of soldering process known as brazing.
braze welding:
Making an adhesion groove, fillet, or plug connection with a brazing alloy
brazing:
Making an adhesion groove, fillet, or plug connection with a brazing alloy
breadth:
See beam
break:
[1] The action of an item when it no longer holds integrity -- usually resulting in
unusable pieces.
See
impact break
circumferential break
[2] To dismantle a vehicle for parts.
[3] To separate as when a switch breaks contact when it is shut off
break away:
See breakaway
breakaway:
The action of a wheel when it turns very rapidly and loses traction so that there is no
contact with the ground. Bias-belted tires and radial tires resist the breakaway action
better than a bias ply tire. Also see spark breakaway
breakbulk vessel:
A general, multipurpose, cargo ship that carriers cargoes of nonuniform sizes
break down:
[1] To cease to operate as in our car broke down on the highway.
[2] To lose its insulating effectiveness
breakdown:
[1] A failure of a mechanism or vehicle as in we had a breakdown on the highway.
[2] A loss of insulating effectiveness
breakdown recovery:
Rescue of a vehicle that has suffered a breakdown by towing it to a service station,
etc.
breakdown service:
A service provided by a tow-truck in providing repairs at the place where the
breakdown occurred
breakdown truck:
A tow-truck
breaker:
[1] A person who dismantles a vehicle for parts. Also called a dismantler.
[2] A cushioning layer between the belt layers and the tread in radial tires.
[3] A device for removing contact.
Also see
bead breaker
chain breaker
circuit breaker
contact breaker
dual breaker points
glaze breaker
breaker arm:
The movable part of a pair of contact points in a distributor or magneto.
breaker cam:
The lobed cam rotating in the ignition system which interrupts the primary
circuit to induce a high tension spark for ignition.
breaker gap:
See contact breaker gap
breaker plate:
The movable plate inside the distributor to which the points and the condenser are
attached.
Also see
contact breaker plate
breaker point:
See breaker points
contact breaker point
breaker points:
A mechanical switch in the distributor with two metal contact points (usually
made of silver, platinum, or tungsten) that open and close. When the points are
closed, energy is stored in the primary windings of the coil. When the breaker
points open, this energy is transferred to the secondary windings of the coil
and stepped up, resulting in a high voltage to fire the plugs. The air gap
between the breaker-point surfaces is critical. If the gap is too small, the
timing is retarded, if too wide advanced. Also called "points," "contact
points," and "ignition points."
Also see
dual breaker points
contact breaker point.
breakerless:
A distributor or ignition system where the mechanical switching device (such as
points or contacts) are replaced by an electronic switching device through the use of
transistors. They are also called "contactless" or "all-electronic ignitions."
breaker's yard:
A British term for a salvage yard
breaker-triggered transistorized ignition:

A transistorized ignition system whose distributor is the same as that of a coil
ignition system, but whose contact breaker switches only the control current of the
transistor, not the primary current. Usually not fitted as original equipment.
break in:
See break-in.
break-in:
Period of operation between the installation of new or rebuilt parts and the time in
which the parts are worn to the correct fit, driving at a reduced and varying speed
for a specified mileage to permit parts to wear to the correct fit. British term is "run-
in."
break-in oil:
Special formulated oil used in a new engine for a specified amount of time so that
all bearing surfaces, etc. are properly seated.
break-out box:
(BOB) a service tool that tees-in between the computer and the multi-pin harness
connector. Once connected in series with the computer and the harness, this test
device permits measurements of computer inputs and outputs
breakover:
The area of a dent in a panel where the sheet metal is actually buckled into the
opposite direction of its normal shape
break time:
The length of time the contact breaker points remain open. Opposite to dwell
break up:
British term for dismantling a vehicle and selling the parts. Similar to part out
breakwater:
Plates fitted on a forward weather deck to form a V-shaped shield against water that
is shipped over the bow
breasthook:
A triangular plate bracket joining port and starboard side stringers at the stem.
breathalyze:
To administer a breathalyzer test
breathalyzer:
A device into which a driver blows to determine the amount of alcohol in his breath
(and thus in his blood)
breathalyzer test:
A test given by the police to determine if a driver has exceeded the allowable
alcohol content in his system.
breather:
A vent in the crankcase for relieving internal pressure or admitting air.
Also see
crankcase breather
oil breather pipe
oil breather
breather pipe:
A pipe opening into the interior of the engine. It is used to assist ventilation the pipe
usually extends downward to a point just below the engine so that the passing air
stream will form a partial vacuum thus assisting in venting the engine.
Also see
oil breather pipe
breather port:
See replenishing port
breathing:
The action of taking in air for combining with fuel for burning as energy and then
exhausting it. See breathing capacity.
breathing capacity:
The volume of air that enters the cylinder during each intake stroke. Volumetric
efficiency is determined by comparing the actual volume of air with the maximum
possible amount. Also called "air capacity."
breath test:
See breathalyzer test
brevet:
Literally, the word means "certificate," "patent," or "diploma" in French. In
randonneuring, it means two things: certification of having successfully done a
randonné, and the long-distance bicycle event itself of at least 200 kilometers.
Brevet and randonnée are often interchangeable terms, but a randonnée might be
considered to be less structured or less formal than a brevet.
Brewster:
classic cars.
BRG:
Acronym for British Racing Green
bricklayer hammer:
A special hammer for chipping cement blocks and bricks
bridge:
A metal support which is installed in the valve slot of a wheel rim and prevents the
flap and tube from bulging through the slot under high pressure and high heat
conditions. Also called "lemna."
Also see
flying bridge
house bridge
navigating bridge
port bridge
bridge bolts:
High-strength bolts used to fasten together the halves of a split brake caliper
bridged:
See diode.
bridge igniter:
A device for detonating the air bag
bridge washer:
A protective thin metal washer installed at the valve stem between the flap and rim
base to prevent the tube and flap from protruding through the valve slot as a result
of high pressure and high temperature.
bridging:
A characteristic of undercoats that occurs when a scratch or other imperfection in
the surface isn't completely filled. Usually due to under-reducing the primer or
using a solvent that dries too fast.
Also see
gap bridging
bright:
A lustrous, shiny finish. Opposite to matt
brightening:
See chemical brightening
Brinell hardness:
A test of a metal's hardness by hydraulically pressing a hard ball into the metal
Bristol:
See Arnolt Bristol.
British Association:
(BA) A term used to describe a series of fine, small diameter threads for electrical
and precision equipment
British Leyland:
(BL) A former manufacturer of British automobiles, now called the Rover Group
British Motor Corporation:

(BMC) A former manufacturer of British automobiles which changed its name to
British Leyland and then to the Rover Group
British Racing Green:

(BRC) A dark green color which used to be the official racing color for British cars
British Standard Fine:

(BSF) The fine screw thread used on most British vehicles before metrication. The
coarse thread was British Standard Whitworth
British Standards Institution:

(BSI) An organization which prepares and issues British standard specifications
British Standard Whitworth:

A coarse screw thread used on British vehicles before metrication
British thermal unit:

(BTU) A measurement of the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one pound of water, one degree Fahrenheit.
brittle point:
A low extreme temperature at which a substance (like rubber) fractures on sudden
impact.
broach:
Bringing a metal surface to the desired shape by forcing (pushing or pulling) a
multiple-edged cutting tool across the surface.
broken-in:
A condition in which a new engine has overcome any wear-in problems.
broken storage:
The spaces between and around cargo packages, including dunnage, and spaces not
usable because of structural interference.
broker:
an intermediary with legal authority to operate on behalf of the manufacturer.
bronze:
An alloy of copper and tin.
See
phosphor-bronze
sintered bronze
bronze welding:
See braze welding
Brough:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 Superior with required application are
classic cars.
Brougham:
See Cadillac Eldorado Brougham
BROW:
A small inclined ramp to allow passage of trucks over a hatch coaming or bulkhead
door sills etc
bruise:
Any tire injury which weakens, breaks, or separates the carcass cords without
damaging the visible rubber surface.
brush:
[1] A paintbrush. See airbrush.
[2] The pieces of carbon, or copper, that rub against the commutator on the
generator or starter motor or against the slip rings on an alternator. As they wear
down, they need to be replaced.
Also see
carbon brush
card brush
cup-shaped wire brush
file card brush
spark plug brush
third brush
wire brush
brushes:
See brush.
brush holder:
A device which keeps the carbon brushes in an electric motor in contact with the
commutator or slip ring
brush spring:
A spring which pushes against the back end of a carbon brush in an electric motor to
force it against the commutator or slip ring.
Also see
carbon brush spring
BSF:
Acronym for British Standard Fine
BSI:
Acronym for British Standards Institution
BSW:
Acronym for British Standard Whitworth
BTDC:
before top dead center. Spark occurs on the compression stroke, before the piston
reaches top dead center.
B thread:
See
internal thread
class B thread
BTU:
Acronym for "British thermal unit." The amount of heat that must be added to one
pound of water to raise its temperature one Fahrenheit degree.
bubble:
A small blister in the finish of paint
bubble car:
A type of small car which was popular in the 1950s. It had a bulbous-shaped glass
front to provide maximum interior room in spite of its small size. The door opened
to the front of the driver. Examples are the BMW Isetta and Heinkel Trojan
Bucciali:
classic cars.
bucket:
See
headlight bucket
rust bucket
shim under bucket
bucket seat:
An individual seat which is found in pairs in the front of a vehicle. Named because
the curvature of the backrest and cushion resembles a cut-out bucket.
bucket tappet:
valve lifters that are hollow, cylindrical, and closed at one end and used with
some overhead camshafts. The flat, closed end of the tappet (bottom of the
bucket) rests against the camshaft lobe with part of the valve spring and valve
stem enclosed by the cylinder. Called "bucket tappets" because they are
shaped like upside-down buckets.
Buckland:
See AC Buckland Open Tourer.
buckle:
[1] A locking clasp usually found on seat belts and tie-down straps.
[2] To crumple up, especially when metal bends in a vehicle accident
buckled plates:
Battery plates that have been bent or warped out of a flat plane
buckler:
A portable cover secured over the deck opening of the hawsepipes and the chain
pipes to restrict the flow of water through the openings
buckle up:
To put your seat belt on. British term is "belt up"
BUDC:
before upper dead center. Same as BTDC.
budd mounting:
See double cap nut.
buff:
As a verb it means to polish. As a noun it indicates an expert in a field or a person
greatly interested in the field as in Jim is a car buff.
Also see
nut
buff contour:
The specked shape of a buffed retread tire.
buffer:
A machine used to rasp the old tread from the tire.
Also see
jounce buffer
buffered radius:
A dimension that ensures the proper contour of the buffed surface according to tire
size and type and matrix dimensions.
buffeting:
Severe, pulsating force of wind. When you drive in a convertible with the top down,
you will often experience this buffeting action of the wind. It is also noticeable
when a vehicle is driven quickly with the windows down.
buffing:
[1] Smoothing and polishing a surface by using a buffing wheel and polishing paste
or liquid.
[2] Grinding or rasping off remaining tread rubber to give the casing proper texture
to accept new retread stock and proper dimensions to fit the matrix.
buffing template:
A machined device of a specific shape used to obtain the required buffed contour.
buffing wheel:
A disc which is covered in soft cloth or lambswool. It is powered by a tool like a
drill which spins the disc to give a high gloss shine to the surface of a vehicle.
buff line:
The dividing line in the cross section of a tire between the buffed surface of the
original tire and the new retread rubber.
bug and tar remover:

A solution which will dissolve bugs and tar residue. After application, it needs to be
washed off or it will also remove the paint.
bug deflector:
A length of clear plastic which is attached to the front of the hood to prevent bugs
from hitting the windshield.
Bugatti:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models are classic cars. Click for books on
The 1951 Type 101 model is a milestone car. Bugatti
Buick:
A vehicle brand of which the Riviera for 1949 and 1963-70 are Click for
milestone cars. The 1931-32 series 90 with required application are books on
classic cars. The 1953-54 Skylark are milestone cars. Buick
Buick Century:
A model of automobile manufactured by Buick Click for books on Buick Century
Buick Electra:
A model of automobile manufactured by Buick Click for books on Buick Electra
Buick Grand National:

A model of automobile manufactured by Click for books on Buick Grand
Buick National
Buick Park Avenue:

A model of automobile manufactured by Click for books on Buick Park
Buick Avenue
Buick Regal:
A model of automobile manufactured by Buick Click for books on Buick Regal
Buick Riviera:
A model of automobile manufactured by Buick Click for books on Buick Riviera
Buick Skylark:
A model of automobile manufactured by Buick Click for books on Buick Skylark
build:
The thickness of the paint film deposited on the body during spraying (measured in
mils).
Also see
heavy film build
build date code:

A code which tells you what day, month, and year the engine was made. Expressed
alpha-numerically and stamped somewhere on the block
builder:
In retreading a tire, a machine used to apply tread rubber to a casing.
Also see
body builder
Builders and Repairers Association:

See vehicle Builders and Repairers Association
building basin:
A structure in which one or more ships may be built and floated by flooding the
basin.
build quality:
The quality of workmanship and material composition in the construction of a
vehicle.
build up:
[1] To increase the surface level of metal by welding more material on it (and later
grinding it to shape) or by adding filler to it.
[2] To assemble or put something together.
[3] To add material to something.
See
carbon build-up
pressure buildup
buildup:
[1] The amount a weld face is extended above the surface of the metals being
joined.
[2] An excess of some material as in, "There was a buildup of carbon on the top of
the piston."
Also see
carbon build-up
built-up crankshaft:
A crankshaft which is not cast or forged as one piece, but made of several different
parts.
bulb:
An electronic device which gives off light by the heating of an element contained
with a glass enclosure. The metal base which conducts the electricity may be a
barrel with locating pins, or it may have small filament wires protruding from the
base. In some cases it is a tube with contacts at either end. When replacing bulbs,
especially high intensity bulbs like halogen, be sure to avoid touching the glass. The
oil from your fingers will cause the bulb to overheat and burn out quickly. If you do
touch the glass, you need to clean it with air dry it.
Also see
alcohol
bayonet bulb
double filament bulb
festoon bulb
halogen bulb
light bulb
outer bulb
quartz-halogen bulb
quartz halogen bulb
tungsten-halogen bulb
bulk cargo:
Cargo such as oil, coal, ore, woodchips, etc. not shipped in bags or containers
bulk carrier:
Ship designed to carry cargo such as grain, woodchips, ore, coal, etc. in bulk
bulk charging:
Using large containers of refrigerant to charge the system. Commonly employed
with charging stations to perform complete system charges
bulkhead:
[1] A structural partition that separates compartments. This is generally a metal wall
that extends from one side of a vehicle to the other. In the engine compartment, you
would find a radiator bulkhead near the front and a firewall near the back. Another
bulkhead separates the passengers from the trunk. The dashpanel is also a bulkhead.
Also see
rear bulkhead.
[2] Vertical partition walls which separates the interior of a ship into compartments
or rooms.
Also see
afterpeak bulkhead
collision bulkhead
forepeak bulkhead
screen bulkhead
swash bulkhead
bulkhead connector:
An OEM device used to connect wiring inside the vehicle body with wiring outside
the body. Usually located at the bulkhead or firewall
bulkhead deck:
The uppermost deck to which the transverse watertight bulkheads are carried
bulk refrigerant drum:

A large (e.g., 10 lbs, 25 lbs, 30 lbs) container of refrigerant generally used in
professional air conditioning service shops which employ charging stations to
perform complete system charges
bull bar:
The upward extension of a bumper to protect lights and the grille.
Also see
nerf bar
bullet-point pick hammer:

See pick hammer
bull horn:
A warning horn that sounds like the bellow of a bull or the moo of a cow
bull low:
The lowest gear in a transmission. Some older transmissions listed their gears as
bull low (used for getting out of a stuck condition or climbing a very steep hill), low
or first (used for starting out from a stop or for climbing a moderate hill), second
(used for town driving or slight hills), third (used for highway cruising).
bulwark:
Fore-and-aft vertical plating immediately above the upper edge of the sheer strake
bump:
The upward movement of the wheels and suspension. Also called "jounce."
Also see
hood bump rubber
bump and rebound:

The two stages of suspension movement requiring damping.
Also see
bump
rebound
bumper:
Originally a bumper was a separate metal bar or blade at each end of a vehicle to
prevent damaging the main part of the vehicle from damage occurred by a slight
bump into an obstruction or another vehicle.
Also see
bumper system
energy-absorbing bumper
energy absorbing bumper
front bumper
hood bumper
jounce bumper
quarter bumper
rear bumper skirt
absorbing bumper
bonnet bumper
bumper to bumper
wrapround bumper
bumper bar:
A tubular bar or series of bars which are designed to protect the front of a vehicle
bumper blade:
A flat bar which is designed to protect the front or rear of a vehicle.
bumper bracket:
A device to which the bumper is attached to the frame, body, or chassis
bumper filler:
A small panel usually made of plastic which fits between the bumper and the body
of the vehicle.
bumper horn:
A short bumper extension which is mounted vertically (i.e., perpendicular to the
main bumper), usually one on each side of the bumper. The British term is
"overrider."
bumper insert:
A rubber or plastic strip fitted to the width of a bumper to prevent scoring of the
bumper.
bumper iron:
A bumper bracket
bumper jack:
A device for lifting one corner of a vehicle to change a tire. Older cars used a long
bar which fitted into a base. A device on the long bar had a hook which was placed
in a strategic place on the vehicle. A lug wrench was inserted into the other end of
the device and used to move the device up the long bar thus lifting the vehicle.
bumper panels:
See side bumper panels
bumpers:
See jounce bumpers
bumper skirt:
See rear bumper skirt
bumper system:
An energy-absorbing system with some type of deformable material including
hydraulic cylinders which enable the bumpers to protect the vehicle from damage in
low-speed impacts.
bumper to bumper:
[1] A traffic condition in which a line of vehicles are stopped one after the other or
are moving very slowly.
[2] A way of expressing the entire vehicle from one bumper to the other.
bumping blade:
An autobody tool used for slapping out slight dents (sometimes without a
supporting dolly). It has slight serrations which hold the metal to avoid stretching.
Also called a "bumping file."
bumping file:
An autobody tool used for slapping out slight dents (sometimes without a
supporting dolly). It has slight serrations which hold the metal to avoid stretching.
Also called a "bumping blade."
bumping hammer:
An autobody hammer used with a dolly for restoring a panel's shape.
Also see
fender bumping hammer
bumping out:
An autobody term in which a damaged panel is hit with a hammer until it is nearly
the correct shape.
bumping spoon:
See spring beating spoon
bump rubber:
See hood bump rubber
bump start:
[1] A method of starting a manual transmission (not for automatics) vehicle by
pushing it (especially down a hill) and letting in the clutch while in second gear and
the ignition set to the "on" position.
[2] To start a car using a bump start
bump steer:
When an uneven road surface causes a vehicle to steer or lose directional stability,
this is called "bump steer." At the front, bump steer is associated with the tie-rod
and linkage-arm relationship. It is caused by the method of locating the rear
suspension, the type of rear suspension, and the geometry of the various linkages. In
race cars, bump steer is designed out of the suspension so that the handling is as
precise as possible. In most cars it is present to some degree. In fact, it can be useful
to allow engineers to design a small amount of understeer or oversteer into the
chassis.
bump stop:
A cushioning device, usually rubber, that limits the upward movement of the
wheels and suspension to prevent metal-to-metal contact that could lead to
suspension damage or failure. Also called "jounce bumpers."
bungee cord:
A rubber tie down strap of various lengths (usually 10 mm diameter) with a metal
hook on each end. Most are covered with fabric. The hooks are often plastic coated
to minimize scratching. Some have an extra hook attached in the middle. Others are
linked with a second cord to produce an X-shape. They are used to secure objects to
a luggage rack. See bungee net.
bungee net:
A specialized bungee cord shaped in the pattern of 25 squares with plastic covered
hooks on two opposite sides of the net. It is used to secure objects to a luggage rack.
See bungee cord and cargo net.
bunk:
A built-in bed on a ship
bunkers:
Fuel consumed by the engines of a ship
buoyancy:
See center of buoyancy
Bureau of land management:

(BLM) The United States government agency within the U.S. Department of the
Interior which has divided trails into four classes: Type I is at least 7 feet (213 cm)
wide (enough for a family vehicle), paved, easy to traverse. Type II is also at least 7
feet (213 cm) wide, not paved, but is usually improved. However it may be rough or
rutted and contain washboards. It is best travelled by high-clearance 4WD vehicles.
Type III is a narrow unimproved dirt road, often with rocks, steep hills, and mud
over which only 4WD should use. Type IV trails are for mountain bikes, dirt bikes,
and ATVs. 2WD or 4WD vehicles are not allowed.
burglar:
See car burglar
burned metal:
A term occasionally applied to the metal which has been combined with oxygen to
the end that some of the carbon has been changed into carbon dioxide and some of
the iron into iron oxide.
burned valves:
Valves that have become pitted so that they do not close properly
burner:
A device which tends to consume a lot of material.
Also see
fuel burner
gas burner
lead burning
oil burner
burning:
[1] The violent combination of oxygen with any substance to produce heat.
[2] The action of consuming something to produce heat, i.e., combustion.
Also see
lead burning.
[3] The action of erosion or eating away. Electrical contacts are burning when they
wear away; exhaust valves are burning when they pit and don't close properly.
[4] flame cutting.
Also see
afterburning
lead burning
burnish:
To bring a surface to a high shine by rubbing with a hard, smooth object.
burn rate:
See
cbr process
controlled burn rate
burn rubber:
The action of rapid acceleration where the wheels make rapid rotation, but there is
only very little momentum. As a result, the driving wheels leave some rubber
behind on the pavement.
Also see
peel rubber.
burnt valves:
See burned valves
burr:
A roughness left on a cut or punched metal. A rough edge or ridge.
burred wheel:
A wheel which has metal slivers or roughness around the edge of the rim.
burr walnut:
A wood veneer used for dashboards and door trim on some cars.
Also see
zebrawood
burst:
To explode and suddenly lose all the air in a tire.
bury the needle:

Going beyond the displayed maximum speed. For example, a digital speedometer
may show speeds from zero to 137 kph (85 mph) on its display. When the needle
goes beyond the maximum displayed point, it may go beyond the line of sight and is
considered buried.
bus:
[1] A large public or private passenger vehicle used for transporting many (at least
10) passengers.
Also see
articulated bus
single-decker bus
double-decker bus.
[2] A busbar which is a heavy conductor used to carry or make a mutual connection
between several circuits.
busbar:
A heavy conductor used to carry or make a mutual connection between several
circuits. Also called a "bus."
bush:
British term for bushing.
bushing:
[1] A protective liner or sleeve that cushions noise, friction, or movement.
Suspension bushings are often made from two pipes (one inside the other) with a
sleeve of rubber in the space between the two pipes.
[2] Rubber bushings on the suspension system should be lubricated regularly.
[3] A bearing for a shaft, spring shackle, piston pin, etc., of one piece construction
which may be removed from the part.
Also see
valve bushing
buster:
See lock buster
busy intersection:
A road junction where there is a lot of traffic and may be controlled by signal lights
or not. Usually a place where accidents are more likely to occur.
butane:
A petroleum gas that is a liquid, when under pressure. Often used as engine fuel in
trucks.
Also see
LPG.
butt:
[1] The end joint between two plates or other members which meet end to end.
[2] The square ends of a piston ring
butt connector:
A solderless wire connector used to permanently join two wire ends together
butted tubing:
Tubing whose outside diameter remains constant but whose thickness is reduced in
midsection where less strength is needed.
butterfly:
See
butterfly valve
throttle butterfly
butterfly valve:
A nut with wings to be turned by thumb and finger. Sometimes called a "wing nut."
butterfly valve:
A small metal disc located in the carburetor that controls the flow of air into the
carburetor. It is so named due to its resemblance to the insect of the same name.
butt joint:
[1] A piston ring gap in which the two ends of the ring are squared off.
[2] A weld where the two panels are not overlapped but fit against each other end to
end.
button:
A small disk or knob which activates something electrical when it is pressed such as
a starter button.
Also see
abs override button
eject button
frequency scan button
horn button
memory button
override button
preset station button
push button
release button
reset button
scan button
button head:
A bolt with a round head
buttons:
See button.
buttress:
A thick rubber reinforcement in the shoulder of a tire. It provides support at the
edge of the tread, limits shoulder area flexing, and protects the shoulder of off-road
tires. See fender strengthening buttress
buttressed thread:
A screw thread with one vertical and one inclined flank
butt strap:
A strap that overlaps the butt between two plates, serving as a connecting strength
strap between the butted ends of the plating
butyl:
A non-porous synthetic rubber used in making inner tubes and tubeless tire liners.
buy at end-of term interest rate:

The effective net interest rate for the lease if, at the end of the lease, the car is
purchased at the end-of-lease purchase price.
buying decisions:
the act of determining whether or not a product purchase or repair, will be made,
and/or which product or service will be purchased.
BV:
Acronym for bowl vent
BVP:
Acronym for bowl vent port
BVT:
Acronym for backpressure variable transducer
B/W:
Black and white, usually referring to photographs.
BW:
Acronym for "blackwall," as in BW tires.
bypass:
[1] A road which avoids the congested area of a city traffic.
[2] An alternate route for a flowing substance.
[3] To go around something to avoid it.
Also see
oil cooler bypass valve
oil filter oil filter bypass valve
start bypass
bypass air screw:

A screw located on the airflow sensor of a fuel injection system. It adjusts the
amount of air allowed into the air-fuel mixture.
bypass air solenoid:

(BPA) a device used to control the idle speed on some fuel-injected vehicles
bypass filter:
An oil filter that constantly filters a portion of the oil flowing through the engine.
bypass valve:
(BPV) A valve that can open and allow fluid or gas to pass through in other than its
normal channel.
Also see
"C"
[Home] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M]
[N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]
[C] [Ca] [Cb] [Cc] [Cd] [Ce] [Cf] [Cg] [Ch] [Ci] [Ck] [Cl] [Cn] [Co] [Cp] [Cr] [Cs] [Ct]
[Cu] [Cv] [Cw] [Cy]
C:
[1] Abbreviation for Celsius or centigrade.
[2] Abbreviation for coulomb.
[3] Abbreviation for comfort.
C-3:
Acronym for a computer command control system
C3I:
Acronym for computer controlled coil ignition
C-4:
Acronym for computer command control system
C-4 system:
See computer-controlled catalytic converter
CA:
API classification for diesel engine oil widely used in the late '40s and '50s.
CAAM:
Acronym for "China Association of Automobile Manufacturers."
cab:
[1] A taxi or car for hire.
[2] The closed part of a truck (or even a car) where the driver sits.
Also see
chassis cab
cab chassis:
A truck chassis which includes the driver compartment.
cab-forward design:
A car design in which the front end is short and the footwells extended to the front
axle. This design gave more passenger space and pushed the windshield further
from the passengers
cabin:
A passenger compartment.
Also see
rear cabin pillar
cabin forward:
See cab-forward design
cabin-forward design:
See cab-forward design
cabin pillar:
See rear cabin pillar
cable:
A cord generally made of strands of thin wire. Electrical cables are covered with a
protective non-conducting material. Control cables are housed within an outer
sleeve.
Also see
booster cable
bowden cable
brake cable
clutch cable
control cable
gearchange cables
heavy cable
ignition cable
jumper cables
light cable,
shift cables,
spark plug cable,
speedo cable,
speedometer cable,
speedometer drive cable,
starter switch control cable,
stirrup cable,
straddle cable,
transverse cable
cable activated:
A device which is controlled by a cable. As a lever or pedal is engaged, the device
is correspondingly moved. The longer the cable the less efficient is the system.
Cables tend to stretch and fray with use.
cable brake:
A braking device which is activated by a cable
cable clamp:
[1] A device for securing a cable end to the point where it connects.
[2] A device which secures the outer sheath of a cable
cable cover strip:

See spark plug cable cover strip
cable guide:
A tube which is secured in place to channel the cable which runs through it
cable lock:
A thick cable with a lock at one end and which can be wrapped around a bicycle
frame and a post to protect the bike from being stolen.
cable loom:
See spark plug cable loom
cable marker:
See spark plug cable marker
cable operated:
An item which is controlled by a cable
cables:
See cable.
cable separator:
See spark plug cable separator
cabriolet:
Similar to the sport coupé, it has a provision for converting to an open-type body
(i.e., convertible). A rumble seat is a common on older vehicles, but not mandatory
feature. Mercedes-Benz distinguishes the cabriolet from the roadster in that the
former has a soft-top which folds up while the roadster has a hard-top which is
stored in the trunk. Also called a "drophead coupé."
CACIS:
Acronym for "Continuous AC Ignition System"
CAD:
Acronym for "computer aided design"
Caddy:
An euphemistic name for Cadillac
Also see
plug caddy
cadence braking:
A braking method in which the driver rapidly depresses and releases the brake pedal
to bring a vehicle to an emergency stop
Cadillac:
The following Cadillacs are classic cars:
• All 1925-35 models Click for books on

• All 12-cylinder models Cadillac
• All 16 cylinder models
• All 1938-41 60 Special models
• All 1936-48 series #67, #70, #72, #75, #80, #85,
#90
For a history of Cadillac, see Cadillac History.
Cadillac Eldorado:
A vehicle brand of which the 1953-58, 67-70 Eldorado
models are milestone cars. Also see the history of Cadillac Click for books on
Eldorado. Cadillac Eldorado
Cadillac Eldorado Brougham:

A vehicle brand of which the 1957-58 models are milestone cars. Also see history
of Cadillac Eldorado.
Cadillac 60 Special:
of Cadillac.
Cadillac 61 Coupe Fastback:

of Cadillac.
Cadillac 62:
A vehicle brand of which the Sedanet and Convertible DeVille for 1948-49 are
milestone cars. Also see history of Cadillac.
Cadillac 75:
A vehicle brand of which the Sedan/Limo for 1946-70 are milestone cars. Also see
history of Cadillac.
Cadillac Seville:
A model of automobile manufactured by General Click for books on Cadillac
Motors Seville
cadmium-plated:
Something that is covered with a coating of cadmium. It is usually used to protect
aluminum and steel nuts and bolts
CAE:
Acronym for Computer Aided Engineering
CAFE:
Acronym for "Corporate Average Fuel Economy."
cafe racer:
An early sportbike motorcycle which originated in Europe. They had a low
windshield and the rider was bent forward to optimize the flow of air. Its name
came from those who raced from one restaurant (cafe) to another.
cage:
[1] On a front derailleur of a bicycle, it is a pair of parallel plates that push the chain
from side to side; on a rear derailleur, it is a set of plates in which pulleys are
mounted to hold and guide the chain from cog to cog.
[2] Any device for holding or securing something, e.g., a bottle cage on a bicycle.
[3] When referring to bearings, it is the part which holds the balls or rollers in place.
Usually called ball cage.
Also see
bearing cage
needle cage
roller cage
[4] When referring to a vehicle, it is the safety enclosure called a "roll cage."
[5] Any enclosure.
See
differential cage
integrated roll cage
multi-reed cage
CAJAD:
Acronym for "Canadian Association of Japanese Automobile Dealers"
CAL:
Acronym for Computer Aided Lighting
calcium chloride:
A chemical (salt) which is added to water in a liquid ballast.
calculation:
See load distribution calculation
calendering:
A thin layer of rubber inside the tire casing which covers the carcass cords to
protect them from moisture and to protect the tube from chafing by the cord body.
In tubeless tires, calendering consists of a layer of air proof butyl rubber.
calibrate:
As applied to test instruments it is the procedure of adjusting the dial needle to the
correct zero or load setting.
calibration:
Marking the measuring units on an instrument or checking their accuracy
calibration oil:
Oil which is used in a tester for checking injection nozzles, meeting SAE J967D
specifications
California wheel:
A name given to a spoked wheel produced by particular manufacturer. Although the
wheel is popular in the East and Midwest of United States, it is not common in
California or other Western states.
caliper:
[1] The apparatus on disc brakes which hold the disc pads and straddles the
disc. When actuated the pads press against the disc to stop or slow the vehicle.
Also see
brake caliper
swinging caliper
[2] On bicycles, the brake arms that reach around the sides of a wheel to press brake
pads against the wheel rim.
[3] An adjustable measuring tool that is placed around (outside caliper) or within
(inside caliper) an object and adjusted until it just contacts. It is then withdrawn and
the distance measured between the contacting points.
Also see
dial caliper
digital caliper
inside spring caliper
machinists' caliper
outside spring caliper
pocket caliper
pocket slide caliper
vernier caliper
caliper disc:
See
caliper disc brake:

See
caliper gauge:
A caliper (definition #3)
calk:
To fill seams in a wood deck with oakum or hammer the adjoining edges of metal
together to stop leaks. Also spelled "caulk"
call:
See close call
calliper:
Alternate spelling for caliper
Cal-look:
A style modification of small vehicles which first started in California. Most of the
chrome is removed and the vehicle is painted a bright color like yellow, light blue,
and red.
calorie:
A metric measurement of the amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of water from
0° to 1° Celsius
calorific value:
A measure of heating value of fuel
calorimeter:
An instrument to measure amount of heat given off by a substance when burned
CAM:
Acronym for "Computer Aided Manufacturing"
cam:
[1] A designed bump on a shaft or disc which causes a rocking motion in an
adjacent part.
[2] A metal disc with irregularly shaped lobes used in the camshaft to activate the
opening and closing of the valves and in the distributor, to force the points to open.
[3] A colloquial name for the camshaft.
[4] A name for the breaker cam.
Also see
adjuster cam
closing cam
distributor cam
double overhead cam
dual overhead cam engine
exhaust cam
fast idle cam
floating cam
inlet cam
intake cam
overhead cam
single-overhead cam
cam-and-lever steering:
A steering system in which a conical peg mounted on a lever engages in a helically
cut groove on a cylindrical drum. Also called "cam-and-peg steering"
cam-and-peg steering:
See cam-and-lever steering
cam-and-roller steering:
A steering system in which a tapered disc or a set of discs or rollers engage with a
helically cut, tapered groove on a cylindrical drum
cam angle:
See dwell.
Camaro:
A series of pony cars from the Chevrolet division of General Motors.
It is often misspelled as "Camero" because of a mispronunciation. The Click for
1967-69 SS/RS V-8 and Z-28 models are milestone cars. Also see books on
Chevrolet Camaro Camaro
cam belt:
See timing belt
camber:
[1] A wheel alignment adjustment of the inward or outward tilt on the top of
the wheel when viewed from the front of the vehicle. Tipping the top of the
wheel center line outward produces positive camber. Tipping the wheel center
line inward at the top produces negative camber. When the camber is positive,
the tops of the tires are further apart than the bottom. Correct camber improves
handling and cuts tire wear. Camber is measured in degrees. See wheel
camber.
[2] The rise of a deck of a ship, athwartship
cambered axle:
An axle that has a slight arch which curves upward at the center so that the wheels
can tilt outward at the top. In this way it is better than an axle which might sag
under load.
camber thrust:
The side force generated when a tire rolls with camber. Camber thrust can add to or
subtract from the side force a tire generates.
cam chain:
A timing chain which controls the overhead camshaft.
cam design:
See cam profile
camel:
A padded fender to keep a vessel away from a pier or quay to prevent damage to the
hull or pier
camelback:
Uncured retread rubber in crescent shape, available in various widths and depths
according to size and type of tire being retreaded.
Also see
die size
Camel Grand Touring Prototype:

(GTP) An International Motorsports Assocation's (IMSA) premier racing category
until 1993 when it was replaced by the controlled cars World Sports Car
Championship. GTP cars were the most powerful and the fastest on most road
racing circuits in North America at that time. Over the years, many automakers
fielded factory teams in this series including Ford, Toyota, Jaguar, Nissan, and
Porsche.
cam engine:
See
twin cam engine
cam face:
The surface of a cam lobe
cam follower:
The unit that contacts the end of the valve stem and the camshaft. The
follower rides on the camshaft and when the cam lobes move it upward, it
opens the valve. Also called "valve lifter" or "tappet."
cam ground piston:

See cam-ground piston.
cam-ground piston:
A piston with a skirt that is ground slightly egg-shaped or oval-shaped. The widest
diameter of the skirt is at right angles to the piston-pin axis. When it is heated, it
becomes round. The design allows for a closer fit in the cylinder so that there is a
reduction of blowby gas, cylinder scuffing, and
piston slap.
cam heel:
The lowest point of a cam opposite the lobe. Also called base circle
cam lobe:
See cam lobes.
cam lobes:
The bumps on a cam that contact and activate such devices as the lifters, which
operate the valves, and the rubbing block, which causes the points to open and
close, as the cam spins with the distributor shaft.
cam lubricator:
A device, often in the form of a wick, for lubricating the contact breaker cam in the
distributor
campaigning:
Racing a particular vehicle for an entire season.
camper:
A structure which fits into a truck bed for camping purposes. It usually has beds and
possibly cooking and washing facilities. Also called a "truck camper."
Also see
van camper
camping:
See folding camping trailer
camping trailer:
A trailer containing camping equipment.
Also see
folding camping trailer
soft-top trailer
hard-top trailer
trailer
cam profile:
The shape of each lobe on a camshaft. These shapes determine when the valves
open or close.
cam/rocker:
See opening cam/rocker
cam/rocker:
See opening cam/rocker
cam roller:
Rotating wheel acting as a cam follower
Camry:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Camry
camshaft:
A shaft with cam lobes (bumps) which is driven by gears, a belt, or a chain
from the crankshaft. The lobes push on the valve lifters to cause the valves to
open and close. The camshaft turns at half the speed of the crankshaft.
Also see
double-overhead cam
double overhead camshaft
exhaust camshaft
inlet camshaft
intake camshaft
overhead cam
overhead camshaft
race camshaft
three-quarter race camshaft
single-overhead camshaft
twin camshaft
twin overhead camshaft
camshaft bearing:
Usually a plain bearing which supports the camshaft
camshaft drive:
A connection between the crankshaft and camshaft by means of gears, chain, drive
belt, shaft, or eccentric shaft to maintain the ratio of 1:2.
camshaft drive belt:

A timing belt
camshaft drive sprocket:

A sprocket attached to a crankshaft (either at one end or somewhere in the middle)
which drives the camshaft with the use of a chain
camshaft end play:

The amount of lateral movement of the camshaft once it is installed
camshaft engine:
See twin camshaft engine
camshaft gear:
A gear that is used to drive the camshaft.
camshaft housing:
That part of the engine which encloses the camshaft and often other parts of the
valve train.
camshaft journal:
That part of the camshaft that runs in one of its bearings
camshaft pulley:
The pulley on the end of the camshaft for the camshaft drive belt
camshaft sprocket:
The sprocket on the camshaft which (through a chain) is driven by the camshaft
drive sprocket
can:
[1] A tube in a canned motor pump which insulates the motor winding.
[2] A muffler.
[3] A container for liquid or other substances.
Also see
oil can
Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement:

(FTA) Implemented in January 1989 to eliminate all tariffs on U.S. and Canadian
goods by January 1998 and to reduce or eliminate many non-tariff barriers.
Canadian Automotive Repair and Service Council:

(CARS) A not-for-profit organization established to serve the human resource and
training needs of the Canadian car and truck repair and service industry.
Canadian cross border shopping:

cross border shopping describes the purchasing by Canadian consumers of products
in the United States. Of particular interest is the decision by these buyers to obtain
their products in the U.S., even though similar products are available in the
Canadian market.
Canadian Environmental Protection Act:

(CEPA) act where the goal is pollution prevention and protection of Canadians from
toxic substances.
cancellation:
See noise cancellation
candela:
(cd) A basic unit of luminous intensity. If, in a given direction, a source emits
monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 Hz, and the radiant intensity in
that direction is 1/683 watt per steradian, then the luminous intensity of the source is
1 candela.
candle:
See candle power.
candle power:
A measurement of the light producing ability of a light bulb.
candy apple paint:

A bright color (usually red) paint (often with metal flakes) with a transparent clear
coat
candy paint:
A bright color (usually red) paint (often with metal flakes) with a transparent clear
coat
canibalize:
The action of removing good parts from one vehicle in order to put them into
another vehicle.
canister:
A small metal box or can.
Also see
activated carbon canister
adsorption canister
charcoal canister
vapor canister
canister air filter:

A centrifugal force air filter
canister purge shut-off valve:

(CPSOV) a vacuum-operated valve that shuts off canister purge when the air
injection diverter valve dumps air downstream
canister purge solenoid:

An electrical solenoid that opens the canister purge valve between the fuel vapor
canister line and the intake manifold when energized
canister purge valve:

Valve used to regulate the flow of vapors from the evaporative canister to the
engine
canned motor pump:

A glandless pump with a special type of submersible or "canned" motor, whose
stator winding is insulated from the fluid pumped by a tube, the so-called can
cannibalize:
To take parts from a vehicle to fit to another vehicle
canning:
The insertion of the catalyst element into the converter shell of a catalytic converter
cant beam:
Beams supporting the deck plating in the overhanging portion of the stern.
cant frame:
A frame connected at the upper end to the cant beams
cantilever:
An arm that projects from a source and supports cables.
Also see
cantilever brake
cantilever brake:
rim brake on bicycles with pivoting arms mounted on fork blades or seatstays at or
below rim level.
cantilever brakes:
See cantilever brake.
cantilever spring:
[1] A leaf spring which is mounted upside down and attached to the vehicle at its
mid-point. This system is no longer in use in modern vehicles.
[2] A quarter-elliptic leaf spring
cantrail:
The roof rail
canvas top:
The convertible top.
cap:
[1] A protective round cover which is secured to something.
[2] The base of a light bulb which fits into a socket.
[3] Cleaner air package system of reducing the amount of unburned hydrocarbons in
the automobile exhaust.
Also see
air cap battery cap
bayonet cap
bearing cap
big-end cap
car cap
cold cap
distributor cap
double cap nut
dust cap
end cap
filler cap
flip-top filler cap
fuel cap
full cap
hot cap
hubcap
inner cap nut
insulating cap
net cap cost
oil filler cap
outer cap nut
plug cap
pressure cap
pressure radiator cap
radiator cap
radiator pressure cap
roto cap
safety pressure cap
spark plug cap
spindle cap
top cap
valve cap
valve spring cap
capacitance:
The property which opposes any change in voltage in an electrical circuit. The
property of a nonconductor by which it stores electrical energy when separated
surfaces of the nonconductor are maintained at a difference of potential.
Capacitance is measured by the ratio of the charge induced to the potential
difference and is proportional to the area of the conducting plates and the dielectric
constant of the nonconducting material, and inversely proportional to the separation
of the plates (mks unit: farad).
capacities:
See fluid capacities
capacitive discharge:
(CD) A type of ignition system. It can be either all-electronic or breaker point
controlled. The primary power is drawn from the engine's battery and put into the
CD power supply, where it is changed from 12 volts direct current to about 300
volts of pulsating direct current that is stored in a capacitor (condenser). The release
of this energy through the coil is governed by a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR).
When the SCR switch is closed, the voltage stored in the capacitor is supplied to the
coil, which acts as a voltage step-up transformer boosting firing voltage to around
30,000 volts to fire the plugs.
capacitor:
A device which gives capacitance, usually consisting of conducting plates or foil
separated by layers of a dielectric. A potential difference applied across the plates
induces a separation of charge centers in the dielectric, thus storing electrical
energy.
Also see
condenser
ignition capacitor
capacitor controlled electronic ignition:

See
electronic ignition system
capacitive discharge
capacitor discharge ignition:

(CDI) See capacitive discharge
capacity:
[1] The ability to contain or hold something.
[2] Maximum production attainable under normal conditions. With regard to normal
conditions, the company's operating practices are to be followed with respect to the
use of production facilities, overtime, workshifts, holidays, etc.
[3] The output of an electric motor or other electrical equipment.
[4] The volume of fluid which a pump can handle.
Also see
air capacity
ampere hour capacity
battery capacity
breathing capacity
carrying capacity
cubic capacity
energy
engine capacity
fuse
fuse capacity
load capacity
net capacity
nominal capacity
passenger capacity
ply rating
rated capacity
reserve capacity
seating capacity
top off
work capacity
capacity plan:
A plan outlining the spaces available for fuel, cargo, ballast, fresh water, etc, with
guides on weight and volume for spaces at various drafts and displacements
capacity rating:
See rated capacity
cap cost:
See
capitalized cost
net cap cost
cap cost reduction:

See capitalized cost reduction
cape chisel:
A metal cutting chisel shaped to cut or work in channels or grooves
capillary:
A tube with a very small bore used for temperature gauges
capillary action:
The property of a liquid to move into small spaces if it has the ability to "wet" these
surfaces
capillary tube:
A tube usually gas-filled, with a precisely calibrated length and inside diameter,
used to connect the remote bulb or coil to the expansion valve or thermostat. A tube
with a very small bore used for temperature gauges. Also called pressure sensing
line
capitalized:
See net capitalized cost
capitalized cost:
The total price of the vehicle, in effect, its purchase price. In theory, the cap cost
should equal the amount you would pay for the vehicle if you were purchasing the
vehicle. When a lease is made, the dealer sells that vehicle to the leasing company
(for the cap cost), which then leases the the vehicle to you.
Also see
net capitalized cost
capitalized cost reduction:

A fancy name for a cash down payment, money you pay up front that is applied to
the final purchase price of a lease. A large cap cost reduction will, of course reduce
the monthly payments, but it will also negate one of the big advantages of leasing.
However, if you own your present car, you may be able to use it, as a trade-in, to
satisfy the cap cost reduction to start the lease. Remember, you must pay sales tax
on any cap cost reduction you make. Another source of capital cost reduction may
be dealer or manufacturer participation. Dealers and manufacturers will sometimes
lower the cap cost or offer a rebate that reduces the cap cost. A dealer or
manufacturer cap cost reduction does lower your total out-of-pocket dollars, unlike
a cap cost reduction that you must pay.
capital expenditures:
expenditures to acquire or add to capital assets that will yield benefits over several
accounting periods. Included are cost of procuring, construction, installing new
durable plants, machinery and equipment where for replacement, addition or for
lease or rent to other companies including subsidies.
cap nut:
A nut that is closed at the threaded end often with a dome.
Also see
double cap nut
inner cap nut
outer cap nut
capping:
[1] Installing a new tread on a tire carcass.
Also see
retreading.
[2] Door molding or capping
capstan:
A stump with a vertical axis used for handling mooring and other lines
capstan screw:
A screw or bolt with a round head and one or more holes through it into which a bar
may be inserted for securing or removing it
capstat:
A wax-type thermostat at the base of the jet of a SU carburetor, which expands and
reduces fuel flow when the underhood temperature rises.
Also see
temperature compensator
capsule:
See
advance capsule
vacuum capsule
captive:
Something that is permanently located in the desired position
captive finance company:

A leasing or finance company which is affiliated with an automobile manufacturer
or distributor.
captive import:
an imported motor vehicle or part manufactured by another automaker usually for
sale under the brand name of the importer.
captive nut:
A nut which fits into a cage and is welded in place. This is done where the nut is not
easily accessible.
car:
A wheeled vehicle such as an automobile, a section of a train, or a streetcar. The
word is an abbreviation of "carriage" -- a device to carry people or goods.
Also see
49-state car
bubble car
champ car
city car
classic car
collector car
compact car
company car
competition car
concept car
cult car
cycle car
donor car
dream car
edwardian car
electric car
estate car
executive car
family car
fleet car
forty-nine state car
full-size car
funny car
hybrid car
intermediate car
kit car
luxury car
mass-produced car
mid-size car
milestone Car Society
milestone cars
motor car
multi-storey car park
new car dealer
open car
pace car
parts car
passenger car wheel
passenger car
pony car
production car
program cars
recycling car
shopping car
solar car
spares car
sports car
stock car
street car
sun car
super car
touring car
town car
veteran car
vintage car
volume car
car accident:
A collision between two or more vehicles (or between a vehicle and a stationary
object), whether the vehicles are cars or trucks. Some are minor like a fender bender
while others are totalled.
Also see
written off
caravan:
[1] A group of vehicles (belonging to one organization) which follows after one
another.
[2] A British term for camping trailer or a mobile home.
caravanning:
A British term for travelling with a camping trailer
carb:
An abbreviation for "carburetor."
car banger:
A British term for a person or organization which fakes a car accident in order to
defraud an insurance company
car banging:
The act of faking a car accident in order to defraud an insurance company
carbide:
See silicon carbide
car blind:
A curtain or pull-down covering for the backlight (i.e., rear window) to obscure the
bright headlights of a following vehicle. Some are also used for side windows for
privacy. It is generally illegal to use them on the driver's side window or the
windshield.
carbon:
[1] The hard or soft, black deposits found in the combustion chamber, on the plugs,
under the rings, on and under the valve heads, etc. Although it is not a metal, it is a
good conductor of electricity.
[2] An element which forms various kinds of steel when combined with iron. In
steel, it is the changing carbon content which changes the physical properties of the
steel.
[3] Carbon is used in a solid form as an electrode for arc welding, as a mold to hold
weld metal, or for motor brushes.
Also see
activated carbon
high carbon steel
low carbon steel
medium carbon
carbon black:
A by-product of the petroleum industry used as a pigment and to give body in the
manufacture of rubber products, both natural and synthetic. Carbon is the black
residue from burning petroleum.
carbon brush:
A block of carbon to which a copper wire (or braided cable) is attached at one end
and the other end rubs against a commutator, collector ring, or slip ring to transmit
electricity
carbon brush spring:

See brush spring
carbon build-up:
A deposit of burned oil which collects in the combustion chamber on the top of the
piston and the head. Too much carbon build-up can lead to an inefficient engine and
sticky valves.
carbon canister:
See activated carbon canister
carbon-core leads:
High tension wire going from the distributor to the coil or the spark plugs. Each
wire has a core of carbon or graphite rather than copper wire to conduct the
electricity. Carbon-core wire is not recommended for most small engines such as
motorcycle engines.
carbon dioxide:
(CO2) A colorless, odorless, non-toxic gas which is a product of breathing and the
combustion process.
carboned up:
covered with a thick deposit of carbon. In Britain it is called "coked up"
carbon fiber:
Threadlike strands of pure carbon that are strong and flexible. Carbon fiber can be
bound in a plastic resin matrix to form a strong composite. It is light-weight and
stronger than steel. Can also be spelled "carbon fibre."
carbon fibre:
See carbon fiber.
carbon fouling:
The situation that occurs when the two electrical terminals of the spark plug are
coated with carbon causing a reduction in efficiency leading to intermittent firing or
complete failure.
carbonize:
Building up of carbon on objects such as spark plugs, pistons, heads, etc.
carbonizing:
Another term for carburizing or reducing
carbon knock:
When there is a build-up of carbon in the combustion chamber, uncontrolled
ignition will take place causing a knocking noise.
carbon monoxide:
(CO) A deadly, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas found in the engine exhaust.
Toxic even in relatively small concentrations. Formed by incomplete burning of
hydrocarbons. Thus at its greatest with a rich mixture.
carbon pin:
A thin cylinder of carbon located in the distributor cap to transfer high tension
electricity from the coil to the rotor to the high tension leads going to the spark
plugs.
carbon steel:
See
high carbon steel
low carbon steel
carbon tetrachloride:
A liquid often used in fire extinguishers. The fumes are toxic -- avoid inhaling.
carbon tracking:
A trace of carbon found inside the distributor cap which leads away some
electricity, thus causing the engine to misfire.
carbs:
Abbreviation for carburetors.
Also see
dual carbs
carburation:
British term for carburetion
carburetion:
The mixture of vaporized fuel and air in the proper proportions for combustion in an
engine
carburetor:
Optionally spelled carburetter or carburettor. A device that vaporizes fuel and
mixes it with air in proper quantities and proportions to suit the varying needs
of the engine. A filter screens the air which is drawn into the carburetor. Here
the gasoline mixes with the air and this fuel vapor enters the combustion
chamber through the intake valve where it is compressed and burned.
Also see
air-valve carburetor
air valve carburetor
barrel carburetor
compound carburetor
cross-draft carburetor
double-barrel carburetor
downdraft carburetor
dual carbs
dual carburetors
feedback carburetor
fixed-choke carburetor
fixed-jet carburetor
flood the carburetor
four-barrel carburetor
hif carburetor
horizontal draft carburetor
progressive carburetor
sidedraft carburetor
single-barrel carburetor
slide carburetor
starting carburetor
stromberg carburetor
su carburetor
tamperproof carburetor
twin-choke carburetor
twin barrel carburetor
twin carburetors
two-stage carburetor
updraft carburetor
variable-choke carburetor
variable-venturi carburetor
vv carburetor
carburetor adapter:
An adapter that is used to fit or place one type of carburetor on an intake manifold
that may not be originally designed for it. Also used to adapt four-barrel carburetors
to two-barrel manifolds.
carburetor barrel:
The tube-like part of the vehicle through which air flows and is mixed with
vaporized fuel. The choke butterfly valve is located at the top of the carburetor
barrel, and the throttle valve is located at the bottom. Midway through, the barrel
narrows, and this part is called the "venturi." Carburetors can have one, two, or four
barrels.
carburetor circuit:
A series of passageways and units designed to perform a specific function idle
circuit, full power circuit, etc.
carburetor circuits:
See carburetor circuit.
carburetor engine:
A combustion engine which uses a carburetor instead of fuel injection.
carburetor icing:
The formation of ice on the throttle plate or valve during certain atmospheric
conditions. As the fuel nozzles feed fuel into the air horn it turns to a vapor. This
robs heat from the air and when weather conditions are just right (fairly cool and
quite humid) ice may form.
Also see
icing
carburetor throat:
See venturi
carburetor venturi:
See venturi
carburetter:
British spelling for carburetor.
carburettor:
See carburetor.
car burglar:
A person who steals object from a car, but does not steal the car itself.
Also see
car thief
carburization:
The process of creating carbon steel by increasing the carbon content of steel to
reach the desired degree of hardness
carburizing:
A carburizing flame in welding terms is an oxygen-fuel gas flame with a slight
excess of the fuel gas
car cap:
A waterproof cover which encloses just the greenhouse (i.e., the roof, windshield,
side glass, and backlight)
car care product:

One of several items for taking care of the outward finish of the car (i.e., cleaners,
polish, wax, preservers) as well as the interior pieces (e.g., dash cleaners, upholstery
cleaners and sealers)
carcass:
The primary structure of a tire body with its cords, plies, rim wires, etc. apart from
the tread itself. Structurally the carcass should hold air and provide strength to the
tire, but would not wear well without the tread.
Car Club of America:
See Classic Car Club of America
car cover:
A cover which encloses the entire vehicle to protect the finish from the elements.
car crash:
A car accident
card:
See file card brush
cardan:
See cardan joint.
cardan joint:
A type of universal joint named after the Italian Cardan who developed the
concept in the 16th century. In the 17th century, Robert Hooke of England
developed and patented the conventional universal joint. Sometimes it is
called the "Cardan universal" or the "Hooke universal." It has two yokes at
right angles to each other.
cardan shaft:
A shaft with universal joints at each end
cardan universal:
See cardan joint.
card brush:
See file card brush
car dealer:
See new car dealer
care product:
See car care product
cargo:
See
bulk cargo
general cargo
cargo area:
The space within a station wagon or van for carrying goods or the bed of a pickup
truck for carrying goods
cargo battens:
Strips of wood fitted inside the frames to keep cargo away from hull steelwork.
Also called sparring
cargo net:
A type of bungee net usually found in the trunk of a car to secure packages from
moving around.
cargo port:
Opening in a ship's side for loading and unloading cargo.
cargo shifting:
Movements or changing positions of cargo from one place to another which can
easily endanger the seaworthiness of the ship
cargo ship:
See dry cargo ship
Carina:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Carina
car insurance:
An insurance policy (mandatory in most states and all of Canada) to cover possible
damage to the vehicle or property or passengers, etc. Sometimes basic insurance is
abbreviated PL&PD (public liability and property damage). Also called "motor
insurance"
car jacker:
A person who steals a car at gunpoint.
car jacking:
A process of stealing a car while the driver is still in it. The car may be stopped at a
traffic light when a car jacker appears with a gun and demands that the driver get
out, then he drives away with the car. If it happens to you, give him the car -- your
life is worth more than the vehicle.
car key:
An unlocking device for the ignition switch, doors, trunk, gas cap, etc.
car lot:
A place where vehicles are sold by an independent dealer
car mechanic:
See mechanic
car park:
A parking area usually located within a building.
Also see
carpeting:
The action of covering the passenger compartment floor (and sometimes the trunk
floor) with a form-fitting rug or carpet.
car phone:
A telephone that is installed in a vehicle, but has recently been replaced by personal
cell phones.
Also see
cellular phone
car polish:
A product which enhances the shine of the paintwork of a vehicle
car radio:
A radio receiver which is installed (usually in the dash) in a vehicle
carriage:
[1] A horse-drawn vehicle for people to ride in.
[2] A railroad vehicle for passengers.
carriage bolt:
A bolt that has a smooth dome head (like a mushroom) so that no screwdriver or
wrench can remove it from the dome-side.
carriageway:
See dual carriageway
carrier:
See
barge carriers
bicycle carrier
bulk carrier
carrier bearing
contract carrier
differential carrier
hub carrier
jet carrier
lng carrier
luggage carrier
ore-bulk-oil carrier
ore carrier
pinion carrier
planet carrier
product carrier
spare tire carrier
carrier bearing:
The bearings upon which the differential case is mounted.
carrier bearings:
See carrier bearing.
carrier, pinion:
See pinion carrier.
carrier, planet:
See planet carrier.
carriers:
See
barge carriers
top carriers
carrosserie:
French term for coachwork.
carrozzeria:
Italian term for coachwork.
carrying capacity:
The maximum load that a tire is allowed to carry with a particular wheel and rim.
Also called "load capacity."
CARS:
Acronym for "Canadian Automotive Repair and Service Council"
car society:
See milestone Car Society
car sponge:
A large sponge for washing the exterior of a vehicle
car stereo:
A listening device in an automobile which usually has an AM/FM radio and often a
cassette player, CD player, and/or CD changer. It also includes at least a pair of
speakers.
car tax:
A government imposed tax which is added to the price of a new car. Some
governments charge a road-use tax and call it a car tax.
car test:
A test of a vehicle's roadworthiness, reliability, and performance.
car theft:
Unauthorized removal (i.e., stealing) of a car or the items in or on a car.
Also see
car jacking
car thief:
A person who steals a car. If someone steals just the objects from a car, he is a car
burglar.
Also see
car jacker
car tire:
An automotive tire which is used exclusively on a passenger car, not a light truck,
etc.
cartridge:
See
filter cartridge
oil filter cartridge
cart spring:
A leaf spring used in small trailers.
carvac:
A small, hand-held vacuum cleaner which is either battery-operated or which is
plugged into the accessory outlet or cigarette lighter socket.
car wash:
[1] A place where you can get your car cleaned. Some are automatic (you drive
through and large brushes clean the car) while others provide a bay with spray
wands and brushes for you to do the labor.
Also see
automatic car wash
[2] A product like soap which is added to water for the purpose of cleaning a
vehicle.
car wax:
A polish which may be in a paste or a cream and used in protecting the finish of a
car.
car wheel:
See passenger car wheel
CAS:
Acronym for "cleaner air system"
case:
See
basket case
battery case
chain case
converter case
differential case
top case
transfer case
case harden:
The action of hardening the surface of steel.
case-hardened:
A piece of steel that has had the outer surface hardened while the inner portion
remains relatively soft.
casehardening:
The action of adding carbon to the surface of a mild steel object and heat treating to
produce a hard surface.
cash value:
See actual cash value
casing:
[1] The outside shell of something such as the shell of an alternator or starter motor.
Also see
axle casing
differential casing
spiral casing
turbine casing
volute casing
[2] The tire casing.
casing factor:
That portion of the load supported by tire casing stiffness instead of air pressure.
casing head gasoline:

A term used to describe the lighter parts of petroleum products, which were
obtained from natural gasoline by condensing natural gas from an oil well
cassette compartment:
A storage place for cassettes
cassette player:
A unit which plays (but does not record) cassettes and is often linked with a stereo
unit in an automobile
cast:
[1] To shape molten metal by pouring it into a mold.
[2] A model or result made by pouring metal into a mold.
See
cast iron
casting
die cast
castellate:
Formed to resemble a castle battlement: e.g., a castellated nut
castellated:
See castellated nut.
castellated nut:
A nut with several lugs protruding from one end making it look like the turrets on
the top of the wall of a castle. This nut is used on a shaft with a hole drilled in it. It
is secured to the shaft by passing a cotter pin through an opening in the nut and
through the shaft hole.
caster:
A wheel alignment adjustment that positions the wheels like the casters on a
chair or shopping cart, so the tires follow naturally in a forward straight line.
In a truck or older car, the top of the kingpin is either forward (negative) or
toward the rear of the vehicle (positive). On a turn, the wheels will tend to
straighten out when the steering wheel is released. If the car has independent
front suspension, the upper ball joint is set forward or rearward in relation to
the lower ball joint. Caster is measured in degrees.
Also see
trail distance
caster action:
The self-centering action which causes a caster wheel to move into a straight-ahead
position.
caster angle:
The inclination or angle that a wheel makes when measuring the distance between
the vertical post and the offset of the wheel placement.
caster offset:
The distance on the ground between where the vertical post would touch the ground
if it were extended and the point where the wheel touches the ground. Also called
caster trail
caster trail:
The distance on the ground between where the vertical post would touch the ground
if it were extended and the point where the wheel touches the ground. Also called
caster offset
caster wobble:
A condition generally produced in the front wheels when they are attached to the
ends of a beam axle. It is particularly noticeable on rough roads and the shimmy at
the steering wheel makes it difficult to control the vehicle. You have probably seen
this condition in a shopping cart that has caster wheels that wiggle or fluctuate back
and forth and will not roll in a straight line.
casting:
[1] A process technology that delivers a liquid molten metal into a purpose-built
mold. After cooling, the solid metal surface has the shape of the mold cavity.
[2] Pouring metal into a mold to form an object.
Also see
die casting
lost-foam casting process
malleable castings
monobloc casting
sand casting
thin-wall casting
casting number:
The number cast into a block, head, or other component when the part is cast.
Casting numbers can be helpful when identifying an engine or its parts, but they are
not completely accurate, because castings are sometimes machined differently
casting process:
See lost-foam casting process
castings:
Metallic forms which are produced by pouring molten metal into a shaped container
or mold.
Also see
malleable castings
cast iron:
An alloy of iron and more than 2% carbon. It is used for engine blocks and
transmission and differential cases because it is relatively cheap and easy to mold
into complex shapes.
castle:
See castellated nut.
castle nut:
British term for castellated nut.
castle section:
A panel with humps or ribs which strengthen the panel. They are called "castle"
because from the end they look like the turrets of a castle
castor:
British spelling of caster.
cast spoke assembly:

That part of the vehicle consisting of the brake drum and wheel spider, having 3, 5
or 6 spokes.
cast spoke type:

A type of dual mounting wheels where two demountable rims are mounted directly
on the spoke wheel and drum assembly held apart by a spacer band and locked in
place by clamps and nuts which attach to studs in the spoke face.
cat:
An abbreviation for catalytic converter
catalog:
See parts catalog
catalyst:
[1] A substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being
used up.
[2] A special agent which is added to a plastic body filler or resin or paint to speed
up the hardening process.
Also see
aged catalyst
fresh catalyst
metal catalyst
oxidizing catalyst
particulate catalyst
pellet catalyst
reducing catalyst
three-way catalyst
two-way catalyst
catalyst bed:
A layer of catalyst-coated material such as pellets or ceramic in a catalytic converter
through which the gases pass.
catalyst charge:
A catalyst-coated material such as pellets or ceramic in a catalytic converter.
catalyst coating:
A catalytic layer
catalyst container:
A housing of a catalytic converter. Also called a "converter shell"
catalyst contamination:
A reduction of efficiency because of impurity deposits
catalyst degradation:
A reduction of efficiency because of impurities or overheating. Also called catalyst
deterioration
catalyst deterioration:
A reduction of efficiency because of impurities or overheating. Also called catalyst
degradation
catalyst efficiency:
See catalytic efficiency
catalyst indicator:
A light on the instrument panel which glows when a prescribed distance has passed
in order to remind the driver to have the catalytic converter replaced.
catalyst substrate:
A base material which carries the catalytic layer or coating. Also called catalyst
support
catalyst support:
A base material which carries the catalytic layer or coating. Also called catalyst
substrate
catalytic:
See
catalytic converter
dual-bed catalytic converter
mini catalytic converter
open-loop catalytic converter
pellet-type catalytic converter
primary catalytic converter
three-way catalytic converter
catalytic activity:
The rate a catalytic converter purifies the exhaust system
catalytic converter:
A pollution-control device found on the exhaust system of all cars since its
introduction in 1974 which acts like an afterburner to reburn unburned gas in the tail
pipe. It looks like a small muffler and is usually made of stainless steel. It contains
platinum, rhodium, or palladium which is a catalyst for the chemical reaction
needed to burn off any unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide by turning
them into water vapor, carbon dioxide and other less toxic gases.
Also see
single-bed 3-way catalytic converter
two-way catalytic converter
catalytic efficiency:
The effectiveness of a catalyst in purifying exhaust gases
catalytic layer:
A thin layer of catalyst such as platinum and supported by a ceramic or metal carrier
material
catamaran:
A double hulled vessel
cataphoretic painting:
A process of applying the first coat of paint to the body of a car by positively
charging the paint particles and then dunking the metal into the paint. A current is
turned on so that the positively charged paint is attracted to the negative metal
panel. Also called cathodic electropainting
catback:
A performance exhaust system upgrade which consists of new pipes from the
catalytic converter to the tail pipe which increases horsepower. These new pipes are
larger, thus, more exhaust can exit the system. The faster the exhaust can exit, the
more horsepower you gain.
catch:
See safety catch
category:
See speed category
cathode:
In an electric circuit, the negative terminal.
cathode ray tube:

A sealed tube on which graphs or pictures are displayed like a TV screen
cathodic electropainting:
A process of applying the first coat of paint to the body of a car by positively
charging the paint particles and then dunking the metal into the paint. A current is
turned on so that the positively charged paint is attracted to the negative metal
panel. Also called cataphoretic painting
cathodic protection:
The action of protecting metal from electrochemical corrosion by using it as the
cathode of a cell with a sacrificial anode
catwalk:
[1] A raised walkway running fore and aft from the midship.
[2] An obsolete term for the section between the fender and the hood. On modern
cars, this section does not exist at all. But on older cars (like the 1939 Cadillac), the
fender was spaced a little way apart from the hood. The headlights were mounted
toward the front of the catwalk.
caulk:
To fill seams in a wood deck with oakum or hammer the adjoining edges of metal
together to stop leaks. Also spelled "calk"
caustic etching:
The removal of metal by dipping aluminum parts in caustic soda
caution:
A period in racing in which track conditions are too hazardous for racing due to an
accident or debris on the racing surface. The cars remain in their racing positions
behind the pace car until it is determined that it is safe to resume the race.
caved:
Dented inward as in When the car hit me, it caved in the door.
cavitation:
A condition in which a partial vacuum forms around the blades or impeller wheels
of a pump, reducing the pump's output because part of the pump blades lose contact
with the liquid. It can be a problem in fuel and water pump, fluid couplings, torque
converters. When severe, it can result in the erosion of the pump blades and other
internal surfaces.
cavity:
[1] An empty space in a body structure, either in a box section or a double-skinned
area.
[2] A holder and contact for fuses
cavity sealant:
A product made of oil, wax, and rust inhibitors which is painted or sprayed into a
cavity to prevent rust and corrosion.
CB:
[1] diesel engine oil introduced in 1949.
[2] An acronym for Contact Breaker.
[3] An acronym for Citizens' Band.
Also see
CB radio
CB radio:
A two-way radio which is limited to specific frequencies. Initially used by truck
drivers and later by both mobile vehicles and stationary sites; but more recently it
has declined in use with the advent of cell phones.
CBR process:
Acronym for Controlled Burn Rate process. It is a method of improving fuel
economy by increasing or decreasing the rate which the fuel burns
CBU:
Acronym for "Completely Built-Up."
CC:
[1] Cruise control.
[2] A type of diesel engine oil introduced in 1961.
[3] (cc) Cubic centimeter.
CCC:
Acronym for computer command control
CCCA:
Acronym for "Classic Car Club of America."
CCEC:
Acronym for "constant current electronic circuit"
CCEGR:
Acronym for coolant controlled exhaust gas recirculation
CCFA:
Acronym for "Comité Des Constructeurs Français d'Automobiles"
C-clamp:
A tool which is in the shape of the letter "C". A screw at one end of the clamp
forces the end of the screw against the object to be secured.
Also see
long-reach C-clamp
CCOT:
Acronym for "cycling clutch orifice tube system" or "Cycling clutch orifice tube air
conditioning system"
CCP:
Acronym for controlled canister purge
CCS:
Acronym for "controlled combustion system" of reducing unburned hydrocarbon
emission from the engine exhaust.
CCT:
Acronym for computer controlled timing
Cd:
Abbreviation for "Drag Coeffient," a measurement of air resistance (drag). The
lower the number, the less drag that a vehicle or shape has.
CD:
[1] Diesel engine oil introduced in 1955.
[2] See capacitive discharge.
[3] (Cd) A measurement of drag coefficient.
CD changer:
A device which is connected to a stereo system and allows several music CDs to be
played.
CDI:
Acronym for "Capacitor discharge ignition";
Also see
CDI box
CDI box:
Acronym for "capacitive discharge Ignition" device sometimes controlled by a
computer. It is designed to help the spark plug fire at a rate consistent with the rpms
of the engine.
CD player:
A device which plays music compact discs. Usually combined with a stereo radio
receiver and sometimes with a CD changer.
CDR:
Acronym for crankcase depression regulator
CDV:
Acronym for "Car-Derived Van" (e.g., Renault Kangoo).
Cd value:
a number representing the coefficient of drag which is the amount of resistance that
a moving vehicle makes in a wind tunnel
CEC:
Acronym for "combination emission control"
ceiling:
See
hold ceiling
joiner work ceiling
Celebrity:
A model of small car produced by Chevrolet Click for books on Celebrity
Celica:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Celica
cell:
[1] A compartment or chamber in a battery which contain positive and negative
plates suspended in electrolyte. A six-volt battery has three cells, a twelve-volt
battery six cells.
[2] The combustion chamber in a rotary engine.
Also see
battery cell: Seedry cell
electrolytic cell
fuel cell
galvanic cell
local cell
microgalvanic cell
passenger cell
primary cell
roller cell pump
seam sealing cell
secondary cell
storage cell
cell battery:
See gel cell battery
cell connector:
The lead bar or strap connecting battery cell groups.
cell phone:
See cellular phone
cell pump:
See roller cell pump
cellular phone:
A portable, wireless telephone which was first introduced in 1983 in the US.
Currently it is used both as a car phone and a personal phone. Commonly called
"cell phone."
cellular telephone:
A portable, wireless telephone which was first introduced in 1983 in the US.
Currently it is used both as a car phone and a personal phone. Commonly called
"cell phone."
cellulose:
A popular term for nitrocellulose -- a universal automotive finish, which is thin and
therefore suitable for spraying, fast drying, and gives a hard and brilliant finish
cellulose putty:
A filler used to cover minor body imperfections.
Celsius:
Thermometer on which the boiling point of water is 100 deg and the freezing point
is 0 deg. The term replaces the word "centigrade." To convert from Fahrenheit to
Celsius, subtract 32 then multiply the result by 5 and divide by 9. To convert from
Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, then divide by 5. Now add 32 to the result.
CEMA:
Acronym for "Consumer Electronics Manufacturers Association."
cement:
An adhesive rubber compound dissolved in solvent used to provide building tack
and cured adhesion for tires. May be brushed or sprayed on the buffed surface. Also
called contact cement
cementite:
FE3C Iron carbide. A hard substance found in cast iron.
census value added:

residual representing the difference between the value of goods and industrial
services produced and the direct material costs associated with the production of
goods.
center:
To place something in a central place in relation to other items.
Also see
after top dead center
before top dead center
before upper dead center
bottom dead center
dead center
diagnostic center
Driver and Vehicle Licensing Center
drop center rim taper
drop center rim
gravity, center
high center rim
inner dead center
lower dead center
message center
outer dead center
roll center
top dead center
upper dead center
center bore:
See wheel center bore.
center console:
A section of the dash which is mounted between the driver and passenger sections.
It often houses the shifter, cup holders, storage space, and possibly the stereo.
center differential:
A differential which is used in a four-wheel-drive vehicle to distribute the power to
both the front and rear differentials.
Also see
variable limited-slip axle/center differential
center drive:
Most engines have the power take-off at the end of the crankshaft. A center drive
has the power take-off between the cylinders.
center drive plate:

The disc between the driven plates in a twin plate clutch.
centered:
See high-centered
center electrode:
[1] Electrode which protrudes out of the insulator nose of a spark plug.
[2] A center terminal.
Also see
compound center electrode
center gear:
The sun gear of a planetary gearset.
center girder:
A vertical plate on the ship's centerline between the flat keel and inner bottom
extending the length of the ship. Also called center vertical keel.
center-hung float:
This type of carburetor float pivots on an axis that's parallel with the vehicle axles.
It's a better float design than a side-hung float during high speed cornering because
the float isn't affected by centrifugal force, so it won't pull the inlet valve open in the
middle of a corner
centering:
See
self-centering
steering wheel centering
center keelson:
See center girder
centerline:
[1] An imaginary line which passes from the front to the rear of a vehicle, half way
between the distance between the left and right side of the vehicle.
[2] The middle line of the ship, extending from stem to stern at any level.
center locking disc:

A hub cap which is secured in place with a bolt or other locking device.
center lock nut:

A spinner which secures the wheel to the hub.
center median:
On a divided highway, the area between the two directions of traffic. The British
call it the "central reserve."
center of buoyancy:
The position in a floating object where the upthrust appears to act.
center of gravity:
(CG) That point in an object, if through which an imaginary pivot line were drawn,
would leave the object in balance. In the vehicle, the closer the weight to the
ground, the lower the center of gravity. Cornering, acceleration, and other forces act
upon the vehicle's center of gravity, thus affecting body roll and other handling
characteristics.
center of pressure:
An aerodynamically determined point at which wind force on the side of a vehicle is
assumed to be concentrated for analytical purposes. It is a function of the shape and
aerodynamic drag (resistance) of an automobile's body shell, determines the effect
of side winds on a vehicle's direction of travel, and is a concept similar to the center
of gravity.
center pillar:
The supporting post which is located in the middle of the car and holds up the roof.
It is also called the "B-post" or "B-pillar"
center point steering:

A steering geometry where the steering axis cuts the wheel axis in the wheel center
plane, with no offset at the road surface.
center punch:
A metal tool that is shaped like a pencil where you can hit the blunt end with a
hammer so that the sharp point makes an indentation in some metal. In this way the
drill-bit can fit into the indentation when you want to make a hole.
center rim:
See
drop center rim
high center rim
semi-drop center rim
center rim taper:

See
semi-drop center rim taper
center section damage:

A description of a vehicle after it is involved in an accident when it has been hit on
the side somewhere between the front and rear wheels. The frame and body are
bashed in at the center, but the front and rear of the vehicle may not have sustained
any damage.
center steering linkage:

A steering system using two tie rods connected to the steering arms and to a central
idler arm, the idler arm is operated by a drag link that connects the idler arm to the
pitman arm.
center terminal:
A high tension distributor has a rotor which spins around a center post and transfers
electrical energy from the center post or terminal to each of the surrounding
terminals located in the distributor cap. In this way the energy from the coil is
transferred to the high tension leads going to each spark plug.
center the clutch:

To align the center holes in the clutch plates so that they fit easily on the splines of
the crankshaft.
center tunnel:
The hump which runs from front to rear between the left and right passenger (i.e.,
driver and passenger). It often accommodates the transmission and/or drive shaft. In
front wheel drive vehicles it covers the wiring leading to the rear of the vehicle.
Also see
transmission tunnel
center vertical keel:

See center girder
centigrade:
Thermometer on which the boiling point of water is 100° and the freezing point is
0°. The term is no longer in use and is replaced by the word Celsius.
centimeter:
See cubic centimeter
central fuel injection:

(CFI) a computer-controlled fuel metering system which sprays atomized fuel into a
throttle body mounted on the intake manifold
central gearchange:
The usual arrangement with the gear lever in the center of the floor.
central chassis lubrication:

A configuration of the engine and chassis where an oil change and the greasing of
grease (zerk) fittings can be made from one spot -- generally underneath the vehicle.
central locking:
The locking or unlocking of all the doors by locking from one location. This may be
done by turning a key in a door lock or using an electronic device.
Also see
central locking hub
central locking hub:

A wheel with splines in the center which match up with the splines on the outside of
the hub. This system is usually found on wheels that are attached to the hub with a
center attaching nut on older cars -- especially sports cars -- rather than the type that
is attached with several studs or bolts in a circular pattern.
central reservation:
A British term for the median which divides the north and southbound lanes (or east
and westbound lanes) of a divided highway.
central reserve:
A British term for the median which divides the north and southbound lanes (or east
and westbound lanes) of a divided highway.
centre:
See center.
centrifugal advance:
A device found on the distributor which, through the action of centrifugal
force on two weights, advances or retards the ignition spark to correspond
with changes in engine speed and load.
Also see
vacuum advance
centrifugal clutch:
A clutch that uses centrifugal force to expand a friction device on the driving shaft
until it is locked to a drum on the driven shaft.
centrifugal force:
That force which tends to keep moving objects travelling in a straight line, when a
moving vehicle is forced to make a turn, centrifugal force attempts to keep it
moving in a straight line, if the vehicle is turning at too high a speed, centrifugal
force will be greater than the frictional force between the tires and the road and the
vehicle will slide off the road.
centrifugal force air filter:

A type of canister air filter used on the engines of semi-tractor-trailer units which
removes the dust before it reaches the filter element.
centrifugal governor:
A device which controls the speed by using centrifugal force. As the speed of a
shaft increases, weights are moved outward. When the weights reach a
predetermined place, the shaft can no longer increase in speed. This governor may
be found in automatic transmissions
centrifugal oil filter:

A filter in the lubrication system which pushes any impurities to the outside of the
filter as it rapidly rotates.
centrifugal pump:
A pump which forces liquid from one location to another by the rotation of an
impeller.
centrifugal weight:
The movable part in a centrifugal clutch or centrifugal advance. The weight
(sometimes called a "finger") moves outward as a result of centrifugal force.
Changing the mass of the weight will cause the weight to move outward sooner or
later. The heavier the weight the later the movement.
centrifuge brake drums:

To combine the strength of steel with the desirable friction characteristics of cast
iron, a lining of cast iron is sprayed on the inside of a steel drum. Both metals are
handled while hot to encourage the fusion of the two metals
centripetal force:
A force which acts towards a central point, such as Earth's gravity. In a sense it is
the opposite of centrifugal force.
century:
A bicycle ride of 100 miles (160.9 km).
Also see
metric century
Buick Century
CEPA:
Acronym for "Canadian Environmental Protection Act."
ceramic:
A product made from clay or glass. Currently some manufacturers are trying to
develop ceramic cylinders because of its ability to retain its shape when heated in
contrast with metal which expands when heated.
Also see
ceramic filter
ceramic brake pad:

A brake pad constructed with ceramics to reduce wear and heat.
ceramic filter:
A filtering device using a porous ceramic as the filtering agent.
ceramic honeycomb:
The interior of a monolithic converter which supports the catalyst.
ceramics:
See ceramic.
certificate:
See
international load line certificate
international tonnage certificate
mot certificate
seaworthiness certificate
type approval certificate
certificate of registry:
A document specifying the country the vessel is registered.
Certification Label:
See safety Compliance Certification Label
cetane number:
A method of rating diesel oil or fuel by measuring the time lapse between fuel
injection and ignition to determine how easy it is to ignite and how fast it will burn.
The lower the cetane number, the higher the temperature required to burn the oil.
cetane rating:
A method of rating diesel oil or fuel by measuring the time lapse between fuel
injection and ignition to determine how easy it is to ignite and how fast it will burn.
The lower the cetane number, the higher the temperature required to burn the oil.
ceton filter:
A sock-type filter in the fuel tank capable of wicking diesel fuel, but not water;
keeps water from the rest of the fuel system until the sock is 90% submerged in
water
CFC:
Acronym for chlorofluorocarbon.
CFC gases:
Chlorofluorocarbon gases.
CFI:
Acronym for central fuel injection. A Ford fuel injection system that uses an
injector mounted throttle body assembly
CFM:
Acronym for "Cubic Feet per Minute." This is the rating of the volume of air
moved.
CG:
Acronym for center of gravity.
chafer:
The area between the bead and sidewall of a tire.
chafer strip:
The area between the bead and sidewall of a tire.
chafing plate:
A bent plate for minimizing chafing of ropes
chain:
Linked, flexible metal "rope" that connects two sprockets (e.g., the chainwheel to
the back wheel, sized differently for different types of bikes.) The teeth of the
sprockets fit inside the spaces between the links. Also called a roller chain.
Also see
cam chain
derailleur chain, narrow width
derailleur chains
double roller chain
drive chain
duplex chain
O-ring chains
primary chain
safety chains
silent chain
simplex chain
single roller chain
snow chains
timing chain
tire chains
triplex chain
chain breaker:
A tool for removing the pins in a roller chain so that the links can be removed.
chaincase:
An enclosed metal covering which encircles the drive and driven sprockets as well
as the chain.
chain case:
See chaincase.
chain drive:
A system of transferring power from one shaft to another by means of sprockets and
an endless chain. This is the system used on a bicycle; but it is also used on an
engine to control the timing of valve opening (called "timing chain" or "cam
chain").
chain filter wrench:

A chain wrench which encircles the oil filter to assist in its removal.
chain guard:
A metal or plastic covering for the top run of a chain. It is most often found on
bicycle chains where the guard keeps your clothing from being caught in the chain
or even from getting greasy.
chain hoist:
A lifting device which uses a chain and block and tackle to lift large objects like
engines.
chain locker:
A compartment for the stowage of anchor chain
chain pipe:
A pipe for passage of chain from windlass to chain locker
chain pipe wrench:

A chain wrench which circles around a pipe and grips it so that the pipe can be
tightened or removed.
chainring:
A sprocket attached to the right crankarm of a bicycle to drive the chain. Also called
"chainwheel."
chainring nut spanner:

A special bicycle tool used to loosen the slotted nuts that fasten a chainring to a
crankarm.
chain run:
The distance between the front and rear sprockets.
chains:
See chain
chain scrubber:
A device attached to a chain which rubs away the grime while the chain is moving.
chainstay:
One of the two tubes of a bicycle frame that run from the bottom bracket back to the
rear dropouts.
chainstays:
The two tubes of a bicycle frame that run from the bottom bracket back to the rear
dropouts.
chain stopper:
A device used to secure the chain cable when riding at anchor, thereby relieving the
strain on the windlass
chain switch:
See snow chain switch
chain tensioner:
A device which takes up the slack in a chain. Some use an idler wheel which can be
adjusted (manually or automatically), others use a flat slide which pushes against
the chain to keep it from bouncing around. Most modern units are spring loaded so
that the tensioner automatically takes up the slack. Some require that you need to
undo a locking nut to allow the spring to push against the chain. Afterward the lock
nut needs to be secured again.
chainwheel:
A sprocket attached to the right crankarm of a bicycle to drive the chain. Also called
"chainring."
chain whip:
A tool consisting of a metal bar and two sections of chain, used in changing cogs on
a freewheel. Sometimes called "chain wrench."
chain wrench:
A locking pliers which employs a chain to wrap around an object such as a pipe to
secure or remove it.
Also see
chain whip
chair:
Motorcycle sidecar
chalking:
The appearance of a white powder on a paint surface as it weathers and ages.
chamber:
[1] A pressure chamber used to vulcanize pre-cured tread stock to the buffed casing.
[2] A compartment which is basically empty or hollow.
Also see
climatic chamber
combustion chamber
exhaust chamber
fireball combustion chamber
float chamber
gas chamber
hemispherical combustion chamber
humidity chamber
main combustion chamber
mixing chamber
pent-roof combustion chamber
plenum chamber
pre-chamber
pre-combustion chamber
pre-compression chamber
pumping chamber
salt spray chamber
spherical combustion chamber
suction chamber
swirl chamber
twin swirl combustion chamber
vacuum chamber
wedge combustion chamber
chamber recess:
See combustion chamber recess
chamber volume:
See combustion chamber volume
chamfer:
To bevel or taper the edge of an object especially the sides of a hole or a sharp
corner
chamfered:
a chamfered object is one that has a symmetrically bevelled edge.
chamois:
Pronounced SHAM-mee. A soft piece of animal skin (from a deer, sheep, goat, etc.)
used to absorb water after washing the surface of a vehicle. Also called a chamois
leather or shammy leather.
chamois leather:
See chamois.
champ car:
When Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) was co-sponsored by FedEx, the
series became known as the FedEx Championship Series for the PPG Cup. The cars
in this series, previously known as Indy Cars, are called Champ Cars.
change:
To remove something and replace it with something else.
Also see
climate change
downward change
floor change
oil change
range-change
upward change
change down:
A British expression meaning to shift to a lower gear.
change gear:
The action of selecting a different gear. This expression is used more in Britain than
in North America where the expression is "shift gear."
change into:
A British term for the action of shifting into another gear, such as "change into
second" (shift into second gear) or "change into top" (shift into high gear)
change of state:
Rearrangement of the molecular structure of matter as it changes between any two
of the three physical states: solid, liquid, or gas
changeover:
[1] The refitting of equipment to either neutralize the effects of the just completed
production or to prepare equipment for production of the next scheduled item, or
both.
[2] The removing of new original equipment tires in exchange for a different make,
size, or type.
changer:
See
CD changer
column changer
column gear changer
change-speed gearbox:
A transmission which houses a set of gears which move into various configurations
of engagement in order to produce different output ratios.
change the oil:
The act of draining out the old or dirty oil from an engine and replacing it with fresh
oil.
change up:
A British term meaning to shift up to another gear
change valve:
A British term for a valve in an automatic transmission which raises the oil pressure
as the vehicle speed increases. In North America it is called the shift valve.
changing:
See
charge changing
wheel changing
channel:
[1] To lower the vehicle body around the frame.
[2] A route or groove through which anything passes.
Also see
chassis channel
distribution channel
glass channel
grip channel
runabout run channel
run channel
window channel
channelled:
Vehicle body lowered down around the frame.
channel section:
A long metal U-shaped member used in the chassis.
chap:
See tank chap
Chapman:
Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman (1928-1982), the founder of Lotus. One of the most
innovative engineer in automotive racing history.
Chapman strut:
A type of rear suspension using a lower lateral link and a long spring-shock
strut to determine wheel geometry. The basic principle is the same as that of
the front MacPherson strut and it is so named because Colin Chapman first
used it on the original Elite; it is also used on the Elan models, the new Elite,
and the Datsun (Nissan) Z-car.
characteristic map:
A three-dimensional picture showing the relationship between various components
of a vehicle. With the help of a computer, engineers can modify one component to
see the effect it has on the whole operation of the vehicle.
characteristics of materials:
See performance characteristics of materials
character line:
The design line or bend in the side of the vehicle that separates the upper and lower
sections of the fenders and doors
charcoal:
The amorphous form of carbon obtained by the destructive distillation of animal or
vegetable matter in a limited supply of air. In automotive use, it is used to purify air
or exhaust gases.
Also see
activated carbon
activated charcoal
charcoal canister:
Another name for activated carbon canister
charcoal filter:
A filtration system using activated carbon to remove impurities.
charcoal trap:
See activated charcoal trap
charge:
[1] The action of passing an electric current through a battery to restore it to the
active (charged) state. Normally the vehicle's generator or alternator takes care of
this. If the vehicle is not used much, an external charger is needed to charge the
battery.
[2] The definite quantity of electricity usually found in a storage battery.
[3] Refers to the mass of air and fuel that enters a cylinder during the intake stroke.
[4] A refund amount of money. See core charge.
Also see
air charge temperature
battery charge
catalyst charge
core charge
cylinder charge
electric charge
fuel charge
intake charge
state of charge
stratified charge
trickle charge
charge air:
The air/fuel mixture.
charge air cooling:

An intercooler
charge-air recycling:
A device on a turbocharger which maintains the speed of the compressor when there
is no boost so that the boost is more instantly available on demand.
charge changing:
In a two-stroke engine, the removal of exhaust gases through the exhaust port in
order to introduce a new load of fuel-air into the transfer port. Also called "charge
exchange process."
chargecooler:
A radiator that cools and therefore recondenses the intake air that has been
compressed and heated by the turbocharger thus allowing a greater amount of air
into the engine. With more air in the combustion chamber, the ECM can deliver
more fuel and make more power. This radiator can be either cooled by air or by
water. Also called intercooler
charged:
See dry charged battery
charged battery:
See dry charged battery
charge engine:
See stratified charge engine
charge exchange process:

Another name for charge changing
charge indicator:
See battery charge indicator
charge losses:
In a two-stroke engine, the exhaust gases are expelled out the exhaust port and the
fresh charge is brought in through the transfer port. Sometimes some of the fresh
charge is also forced out with the exhaust gases. There is therefore a loss of some of
the fresh air-fuel charge.
Also see
scavenging losses
charger:
Common name for a battery charger.
Also see
fast charger
trickle charger
turbo charger
charges:
See on-the-road charges
charge temperature:
See air charge temperature
charging:
See
battery charging
piston charging pump
slow charging
charging characteristic:
When a battery is being charged, the charger will reveal how much voltage and/or
amperage is being required to bring the battery up to full charge.
charging circuit:
See charging system.
charging current:
The amount of electric current being supplied to the battery from the alternator or
from a battery charger.
charging efficiency:
[1] In a vehicle's electrical charging system, its efficiency is the ratio of energy
output to energy input, i.e., how well does the alternator work to supply voltage to
the electrical components and still charge the battery.
[2] In a two-stroke engine, it is the ratio of the amount of the fresh charge that
remains in the cylinder after the two ports are closed and the actual volume.
charging hose:
A small diameter hose constructed to withstand high pressures. It is connected
between the air conditioning system and the manifold set
charging piston:
In a two-stroke engine, this is a secondary piston which precompresses the fresh
charge and sends it into the cylinders
charging point:
A place where a battery can be charged -- especially for battery-powered electrical
vehicles. Also called battery charging station
charging pressure:
See boost pressure.
charging pump:
See piston charging pump
charging rate:
The amount of electrical current which is delivered by the charging system. It is
usually measured in amperes.
charging station:
See battery charging station
charging stroke:
See induction stroke.
charging system:
A system that, using a fan belt driven by the engine, enables the alternator (or
generator) to generate electrical current, which is stored in the battery and delivered
to the electrically operated pars of the vehicle chassis: The parts of the vehicle
which are left when the body and fenders are removed.
Charpy test:
An impact resistance test in which the specimen is supported as a horizontal beam
and broken by a single swing of a pendulum with the impact line midway between
the supports and directly opposite the notch for notched specimens.
chart:
See color chart
chase:
To repair damaged threads on a bolt or nut with a tap or die
chassis:
Generally, chassis refers to the frame, engine, front and rear axles, springs, steering
system, fuel tank. In short, everything but the body or cab and fenders. Because
most modern automobiles (apart from trucks) do not have a separate chassis, the
body is sometimes called the chassis.
Also see
backbone chassis
cab chassis
cowl chassis
ladder chassis
mid-engine chassis configuration
punt chassis
separate chassis
chassis bracket set:

when the sill panel does not have a jointing flange, a set of securing pieces are
welded under the sill before straightening a bent or damaged sill.
chassis cab:
A truck with a cab but no bed. To this system various bodies (ambulance, moving
van, flat beds, etc.) can be added by aftermarket suppliers.
chassis channel:
A channel section which makes up a member of the chassis.
chassis configuration:
See mid-engine chassis configuration
chassis dynamometer:
A test stand for a vehicle to determine its power output or emission levels, etc. when
the vehicle is placed under a variety of driving conditions.
Also see
dynamometer
chassis frame:
A frame (found on large trucks) which is made up of two long side members which
are joined by several crossmembers. The suspension and axles are attached to this
frame.
chassis leg:
The short channel or box section which runs along the vehicle's main axle. It is an
auxiliary member, not the main side member.
chassis lubrication:
See central chassis lubrication
chassis number:
The serial number of an older vehicle which was originally stamped on a chassis
member. Later it became known as a vehicle identification number (VIN)
chassis section:
One of the chassis channels or boxes, whether bolted or welded to the whole.
chatter:
[1] A noise which is caused by an irregular movement of rattling parts.
[2] The jerky movement of two components which may have moved in a systematic
way under low speed; but as the speed increases, the components make irregular
contact.
Also see
contact bounce
contact chatter
check:
[1] An inspection to determine if everything is functional.
[2] A slight slash or marking which may appear in a tire or upholstery.
Also see
checking
compression check
door check arm
door check strap
optical check
check arm:
See door check arm
check ball:
A small ball (like a ball bearing) often made of metal or plastic, found in a check
valve to halt the progress of fluid in a certain direction.
check engine light:

A light on the instrument panel that lets the driver know of any detectable engine
management system malfunctions. Also used as an emission maintenance reminder
light on some vehicles. Often when this light is on, a trouble code is stored in the
computer
check engine warning light:
An light on the dash which is illuminated when one of the engine sensors or
components does not function properly.
checkered flag:
The black and white flag to signal the end of the race.
checking:
[1] Short, very fine crack lines that appear in the paint film.
[2] Small cracks in the surface of rubber (e.g., tires) caused by aging and oxidation.
Also see
ozone checking
check point:
[1] A designated spot on a component where it is possible to determine if there is a
malfunction.
[2] A place on the road where vehicles are stopped during a rally.
check routine:
A series items in an inspection which traces a fault or problem or which determines
if all the components of a new vehicle meets the required specifications.
check stop:
An action taken by the police to stop vehicles in order to determine if the drivers
have been drinking, wearing seat belts, and conforming to the other requirements of
operating a vehicle.
check strap:
See door check strap
check the battery:

Determine if the electrolyte is at the correct level and add distilled water to bring it
up if necessary
check the oil:

Using a dipstick, determine if there is sufficient oil in the crankcase
checkup:
The process of discovering the reliability of a vehicle or its components. "Give my
engine a checkup." Sometimes it means "tune-up."
check valve:
A one-way valve that opens to permit the passage of fluid or air in one direction and
closes to prevent passage in the opposite direction.
Also see
residual check valve
cheese head:
A cylindrical head for a screw with a straight slot and straight sides.
chemical brightening:
The improvement of the smoothness of the surface of metal by immersing it into a
solution designed to remove any roughness. Also called "chemical polishing."
chemical cure:
Vulcanization at room temperature or above, activated by chemical agents without
the application of heat from an outside source.
chemical polishing:
See chemical brightening.
chemical staining:
Spotty discoloration of the paint caused by air pollution in industrial areas
chemical toilet:
A portable toilet which is used in campers and motorhomes. They contain chemicals
to deal with the feces and its smell until the contents are dumped.
Chenard-Walcker:
classic cars.
cherry:
A colloquial term for a vehicle that has been kept in, or restored to, perfect
condition. Also called "mint" or "like new."
cherry condition:
condition. Also called "mint condition."
chest:
See sea chest
Chevelle:
An intermediate model automobile produced by Click for books on
Chevrolet Chevelle
Chevrolet:
A vehicle brand of which the 1955-57 Bel Air V-8 Hardtop Click for books on
and Convertible are milestone cars. Chevrolet
Chevrolet Camaro:
A vehicle brand of which the 1967-69 SS/RS V-8 and Click for books on
Z-28 models are milestone cars. Chevrolet Camaro
Chevrolet Celebrity:
See Celebrity
Chevrolet Chevelle:
See Chevelle
Chevrolet Corvair:
A vehicle brand of which the 1960-64 Monza models are milestone Click for
cars. The 1962-64 Monza Spyder models are milestone cars. The books on
1965-69 Monza/Corsa models are milestone cars. Corvair
Chevrolet Corvette:
A vehicle brand of which the 1953-70 models are milestone
cars. See also a history of the Corvette Click for books on
Corvette
Chevrolet Monte Carlo:

See Monte Carlo
Chevrolet Nomad:
A vehicle brand of which the 1955-57 models are milestone cars.
Chevrolet Nova:
See Nova
Chevrolet type:
A dual mounting wheel type consists of one cone locking nut on each stud that
holds both wheels in place against the hub.
childproof lock:
On the rear doors of a car, a specially designed locking device can be set to normal
or to childproof. When set to childproof, the door cannot be opened from the inside.
child restraint system:

A term for a number of items which are designed to protect children from injury
during an accident (such as child seats).
child safety:
See integrated child safety seat
child safety seat:

See integrated child safety seat
child seat:
A small safety seat which is mounted on a regular car seat and is held in place by
the seat belt.
Also see
integrated child seat
chilled iron:
cast iron possessing a hardened outer skin.
chimney:
See
coil tower
coil chimney
chip:
[1] Small pits in the glass (windshield or headlight) or in the paint caused by small
flying stones.
[2] To cut with a chisel.
[3] A collection of sample paint.
Also see
paint chip book
chip book:
See paint chip book
chip damage:
See stone chip damage
chipping:
The action of tearing away small bits or flakes of paint or of rubber from the tread
of a tire. When larger pieces of rubber tear away, it is called chunking.
chipping hammer:
A hammer used to remove the slag from weld seams.
chisel:
A thick pencil shaped tool with a sharp flat end like a blade screwdriver. When you
hit the blunt end with a hammer, it forces the blade end into metal to mark it or even
cut through it.
Also see
splitting chisel
chloride:
See
calcium chloride
polyvinyl chloride
chlorofluorocarbons:
(CFCs) A gas compound which was used as a propellant in aerosol cans and in
refrigerants.
chock:
[1] A wedge used to prevent a wheel from rolling -- especially when replacing a
tire/wheel. Also called a "wheel chock."
[2] A heavy smooth-surfaced fitting usually located near the edge of the weather
deck through which wire ropes or fiber hawsers may be led, usually to piers.
Also see
boat chock
choke:
A butterfly valve or plate located near the top of the carburetor that limits or
restricts the amount of air allowed to enter the carburetor, thus enriching the fuel-air
mixture and enabling the vehicle to start and run more easily when cold. Automatic
chokes have a thermostatic coil or thermostatic spring that activates a butterfly
valve at the top of the carburetor barrel. Older cars have manually operated chokes.
Some vehicles use an enrichner instead of a choke.
Also see
manual choke
radio choke
choke stove:
A flapper near the top of the carburetor which regulates the amount of air entering
the carburetor.
Also see
choke
choke control:
A device or system for operating a non-automatic choke. It is usually a cable
attached at one end to the choke butterfly and a knob on the dash at the other end.
choke index:
Automatic chokes have index marks. The factory setting closes the choke when the
bimetal is about 70° F. If you want less or more choke at this temperature, move the
choke index one mark in the direction indicated by the arrows designating a leaner
or richer mixture. You will seldom need to move the choke more than one mark
choke kick:
A preset position for the choke valve set by manifold vacuum that is routed through
a carburetor body passage to the choke diaphragm
choke knob:
A knob on the dash fascia which is part of the choke control system.
choke stove:
A heating compartment in or on the exhaust manifold from which hot air is drawn
to the automatic choke device.
choke thermal vacuum switch:

(CTVS) a switch used on some GM vehicle to deny vacuum to either the front or
the auxiliary choke vacuum breaks. Its purpose is to slow the opening of the choke
and to provide better driveability when the engine is cold
choke tube:
The part of the carburetor air horn where the choke butterfly is positioned. Also
called a carburetor venturi.
choke valve:
In a carburetor, it is the choke butterfly.
chop:
Lowering the height of some area of the vehicle roof, hood, top, etc.
chopped wheel:
Lightened flywheel.
chopper:
[1] A motorcycle which has been modified so that it has lengthened and raked front
forks and a lowered seat. Often the original fuel tank is changed to a smaller size.
The handlebars are also lengthened.
[2] To travel by motorcycle.
chop shop:
[1] A garage which specializes in turning a two-door car into a convertible by
removing the steel top.
[2] An illegal garage which processes stolen cars by removing valued parts and
selling them privately or by changing the serial numbers for illegal resale.
Christmas tree:
A device, using a series of lights, to start cars on the timed 1/4 mile drag run.
chromate:
[1] A salt or ester of chromic acid which is often used as a paint pigment.
[2] The action of treating metal with a solution of chromium compound to produce a
protective metal chromate coating. Also called "chromatize."
chromate coating:
A conversion coating produced by chromating.
chromate treatment:
A solution of chromium compound is applied to metal to produce a protective
coating of metal chromate.
chromatize:
The action of treating metal with a solution of chromium compound to produce a
protective metal chromate coating. Also called "chromate."
chrome:
[1] A short form for chromium.
[2] The chromium plating of metal on a vehicle.
[3] To plate with chromium.
Also see
piston ring, chrome
ring, chrome
chrome-hardened:
Steel that has been made harder by adding chromium.
chrome-plated:
In order to prevent iron from rusting and showing bright and shiny, the iron is
coated with a layer of chromium by process of electroplating (or electrodeposition).
chrome ring:
A piston ring with a chrome face.
Also see
piston ring, chrome
chrome steel:
in order to improve rust resistance and increase hardness, chrome is added to steel.
Also called "chromium steel."
chrome work:
All the metal on a vehicle which has been plated with chrome.
chromic acid:
electrolyte which is used in anodizing processes for producing non-transparent, non-
metallic oxide layers.
chromium:
A very hard grey metal used in electroplating and the production of very hard steel
compounds that are also resistant to rust.
Also see
hard chromium plating
chromium-plated:
A coating of metal with chromium to protect the metal from rust.
chromium plating:
The process of coating metal with a layer of chromium to prevent rust.
Also see
black chromium plating
chromium steel:
In order to improve rust resistance and increase hardness, chrome is added to steel.
Also called "chrome steel."
Chrysler:
A vehicle brand of which the 1926-30 Imperial 80, 1931 Imperial 8
Series CG, 1932 CG and CH, 1933 CL, 1934-6 CW with required Click for
application are classic cars. The 1970 300 Hurst is a milestone car. books on
The 1955-65 300 Letter Series are milestone cars. The 1946-50 Town Chrysler
and Country models are milestone cars.
chubby screwdriver:
A British term for a screwdriver with a short handle and blade for reaching into
confined spaces. In North America it is called a "stubby screwdriver."
chug:
[1] The short explosive sound of an engine going steadily and rather slowly.
[2] To make the sound of chug.
[3] To drive slowly and steadily.
chunking:
The action which occurs when large pieces of rubber from the tread of tire breaks
away. When small pieces break away, it is called chipping.
CI:
[1] Acronym for "compression ignition."
[2] Acronym for "coil ignition."
Ciera:
A model of automobile manufactured by General Motors Click for books on Ciera
CIH:
Acronym for "camshaft in head"
CIH engine:
A type of overhead valve engine (OHV) where the camshaft is enclosed within the
cylinder head not placed on top of it. It is not the same as an overhead camshaft
(OHC).
CID:
Acronym for "cubic inch displacement."
cigar lighter:
A device which heats up an element when engaged. In turn, the lighter can ignite
something flammable like a cigarette. The socket can also be used to power other
electrical components requiring 12 volts.
cigar lighter:
A device which heats up an element when engaged. In turn, the lighter can ignite
something flammable like a cigarette. The socket can also be used to power other
electrical components requiring 12 volts.
CIM:
Acronym for "computer-integrated manufacturing."
circle:
See
base circle
bolt hole circle
cam heel
hole circle
pitch circle diameter
pitch circle
traffic circle
turning circle
wheel bolt hole circle
circle diameter:
See pitch circle diameter
circlip:
A flat retaining ring in the shape of an incomplete circle where the ends at the gap
may have small holes for inserting special pliers to spread the circlip apart. Also
called a snap ring.
Also see
internal circlip pliers
piston pin circlip
wrist pin circlip
circlip pliers:
See internal circlip pliers
circuit:
[1] A source of electricity (battery), a resistance unit (headlight, etc.) and wires that
form a path for the flow of electricity from the source through the unit and back to
the source. The path of electrical current through an electrical system. See starting
system.
[2] The path of the fuel in the carburetor. See carburetor circuits.
[3] The course over which vehicles are raced particularly if it is somewhat circular.
Also see
carburetor circuit
charging circuit
cranking circuit
high-tension circuit
HT circuit
idle circuit
idling circuit
ignition circuits
low-speed circuit
low speed circuit
low voltage circuit
LT circuit
open circuit
parallel circuit
primary circuit
printed circuit board
printed circuit
secondary circuit
series-parallel circuit
series circuit
series parallel circuit
short circuit
circuit board:
See printed circuit board
circuit breaker:
A protective device that will make and break the flow of current when current draw
becomes excessive. Unlike the fuse, it does not blow out but vibrates on and off
thus giving the driver some light to stop by.
Also see
cutout
circuit diagram:
A wiring diagram showing the path of the electrical connections and the various
colors of the wires.
circuiting:
See short circuiting
circuitry:
See
phase-locked loop circuitry
pll circuitry
circuit tester:
A tool which looks like a screwdriver with a light at the end of the handle as well as
a long wire with an allegator clip. The pointed end touches the hot wire while the
allegator end touches or clips to the ground. If there is continuity and power, the
light in the handle will glow.
circular headlamp:
The older type of headlight which may be the larger one (7 inch) with both high and
low beam or the smaller one (5.75 inch) dedicated to either low or high beam.
circular mil:
Unit of area equal to the area of a circle one mil in diameter
circulating pump:
A centrifugal pump, like an automotive water pump, which moves the liquid in a
closed system.
circulation:
See
forced circulation
oil circulation
circumference:
See rolling circumference
circumferential break:
An injury to the tread or sidewall of a tire which encircles the tire.
circumferential crack:
A crack in the grooves of the tread which may be evident around the whole tire.
CIS:
Acronym for "continuous injection system." A Bosch fuel injection system which
injects a steady stream of pressurized fuel into each intake port. CIS was once
widely used throughout the industry
CIS-E:
A CIS system with electronic controls
CIS-Lambda:
A CIS system with an oxygen sensor
CIS with Lambda:

See K-Jetronic with Lambda
Cisitalia:
A vehicle brand of which the 1946-49 GT (Pininfarina) models are milestone cars.
citizens band radio:

A CB radio which is used to communicate over a specified frequency. It was
particular the domain of truck drivers.
Citroen:
A vehicle brand of which the 1955-64 models D8 and ID 19 Click for books on
are milestone cars. Citroen
city car:
A compact vehicle used for driving within a city rather than on the highway. It is
usually only 10 to 12 feet (300 to 360 cm) long.
city cycle:
An adult bicycle or tricycle used for riding within the city. Also called an urban
cycle.
Civic:
A model of automobile manufactured by Honda Click for books on Honda Civic
CKD:
Acronym for "Completely-Knocked Down."
CL:
Acronym for "Comfort Luxe" as a designation for a vehicle which is more luxurious
than an "L" but not quite as luxurious as a "GL"
cladding:
[1] a process of covering one material with another and gluing them together under
high pressure and temperature.
[2] The outer body panels which are attached to the vehicle's frame.
[3] Excessive decorative elements applied to a vehicle.
Claire:
See wills Sainte Claire
clamp:
A fastening device which secures something within its jaws without constant human
pressure.
Also see
bar clamp
battery clamp
battery hold down clamp
C-clamp
cable clamp
distributor clamp
distributor hold-down clamp
G-clamp
hold-down clamp
hose clamp
hose clamp installer
hose clamp pliers
hose clamps
locking bar clamp
locking clamp
long-reach C-clamp
piston ring clamp
sheet metal clamp
triple clamp
v-band clamp
welding clamp
wheel clamp
clamping load:
In a clutch, the amount of pressure on the plates.
clamp installer:
See hose clamp installer
clamp pliers:
See hose clamp pliers
clamshell:
A shape which has a bottom and top but is hinged at one end so that it can be
opened to expose its interior.
clapboard:
A narrow board which is thicker at one edge than the other edge and used to protect
from the weather.
Clark:
Clark, Jim -- Winner of 3 Formula One Championships, 25 Grand Prix races and of
the 1965 Indianapolis 500
class A thread:
A British term for external thread.
class B thread:
A British term for internal thread.
classic car:
A vehicle that is generally considered to be one of the finest models ever built.
Unlike antique cars, classic cars do not have to be extremely old. Mustangs and VW
bugs built in the late 1960s are considered to be classics by many people; however,
they are really milestone cars. Classic cars are defined by the Classic Car Club of
America and are considered to be certain models during the years 1925-1948. They
include the following built during those years:
• A.C.; Adler*
• Alfa-Romeo
• Alvis Speed 20, 25, and 4.3 litre
• Amilcar*
• Armstrong-Siddeley*
• Aston-Martin*
• Auburn
• Austro-Daimler
• Ballot*
• Bentley
• Benz*
• Blackhawk
• BMW (327, 328, 327/328, 335)
• Brewster*
• Brough Superior*
• Bucciali*
• Bugatti
• Buick (1931-32 series 90)*
• Cadillac (1925-35, all 12-cyl and 16-cyl, 1938-41 60 Special, 1936-48 all
series 67, 70, 72, 75, 80, 85, 90)
• Chenard-Walcker*
• Chrysler (1926-30 Imperial 80, 1931 Imperial 8 Series CG, 1932 CG and
CH, 1933 CL, 1934-6 CW)*
• Cord
• Cunningham
• Dagmar (25-70 model only)
• Daimler*
• Darracq (8-cyl. cars and 4-litre, 6-cyl. cars only)
• Delage (Model D-8, not 4-cyl.)*
• Delahaye (Series 135, 145, 165 not 4-cyl.)*
• Delaunay Belleville (6-cyl. cars only)
• Doble
• Dorris
• Duesenberg
• DuPont
• Excelsior*
• Farman*
• Fiat*
• FN*
• Franklin (All models except 1933-34 Olympic Six)
• Frazer Nash*
• Graham-Paige (Custom body only)*
• Hispano Suiza
• Horch
• Hotchkiss*
• Hudson (1929 Series L)
• Humber*
• Invicta
• Isotta-Fraschini
• Itala
• Jaguar (1946-48 2.5 Litre, 3.5 Litre Mark IV, not 4-cyl.)
• Jensen*
• Jordan (Speedway Series 'Z' only)
• Julian*
• Kissel (1925-26 all models, 1927 8-75, 1928 8-90 and 8-90 White Eagle,
1929 8-125 and 8-90 White Eagle, 1930 8-125)
• Lagonda (all except Rapier)
• Lanchester*
• Lancia*
• LaSalle (1927-1933)
• Lincoln (All L, K, KA, and KB, 1941 168H, 1942 268H)
• Lincoln Continental
• Locomobile (All models 48 and 90; 1927 8-80; 1928 8-80; 1929 8-80)
• Marmon (All 16-cyl.; 1925 74; 1926 74; 1927 75; 1928 E75; 1930 Big 8;
1931 88 and Big 8)
• Maserati*
• Maybach
• McFarlan
• Mercedes*
• Mercedes-Benz (All 230 and up, and K, S, SS, SSK, SSKL, Grosser and
Mannheim)*
• Mercer
• MG (1935-39 SA, 1938-39 WA)*
• Minerva (All except 4-cyl)
• Moon (Custom bodies only)*
• N.A.G.*
• Nash (1930 Twin Ignition 8, 1931 Series 900, 1932 Series 990, Advanced 8,
Ambassador 8)*
• Packard (All sixes and eights 1925-34, all 12-cyl. models, 1935 Models
1200-1208, 1936 Models 1400-1408, 1937 Models 1500-1508, 1938 Models
1603-1608, 1939 Models 1703-1708, 1940 Models 1803-1808, 1941 Models
1903-1908, 1942 Models 2004-2008 plus 2023, 1946-47 Models 2106 and
2126, all Darrin-bodied)*
• Peerless (1926-28 Series 69
• 1930-31 Custom 8
• 1932 Deluxe Custom 8)
• Peugeot*
• Pierce-Arrow
• Railton*
• Raymond-Mays*
• Renault (45 HP)*
• Reo (1931-33 Royale 8-31, Royale 8-35, Royale 8-52, and Royale Custom 8
and 1934 N1, N2, and 8-52)
• ReVere
• Riley*
• Roamer (1925 8-88, 6-54e, 4-75; 1926 4-75e and 8-88; 1927; 1928; 1929 8-
88; 1929 8-125; 1930 8:125)
• Rochet-Schneider*
• Rohr
• Rolls-Royce
• Ruxton
• Squire
• SS and SS Jaguar (1932-1940 except 4-cyl.)
• Stearns-Knight
• Stevens Duryea
• Steyr*
• Studebaker (1929-33 President)
• Stutz
• Sunbeam (8-cyl. and 3-litre twin-cam only)
• Talbot (all 105C and 110C)
• Talbot Lago (all 150C)
• Tatra*
• Triumph (Dolomite 8 and Gloria 6 models only)
• Vauxhall (25/70 and 30/98 only)
• Voisin
• Wills Sainte Claire
• Willys-Knight (Series 66)*.
The items marked with an asterisk (*) indicate that these models require application
to be a classic car.
Classic Car Club of America:

P.O. Box 443, Madison, NJ 07940. Organization which defines which cars are true
classics.
Classification:
See American Industrial Classification
classification society:
Independent and reputable organizations which verifies and inspects vessels for
seaworthiness. As technical experts, they serve to provide the necessary basis for
adjusting insurance rates for the vessel.
Classification System:
See North American Industrial Classification System
claw hammer:
a hammer with a forked end on the head which is used for removing nails.
Claxton horn:
A horn which makes a particular sound "Ah-oo-gah."
Also see
horn
clay model:
When the design department is creating a new model, it will be built in clay to full
size to determine its looks etc.
clean:
See steam clean
cleaner:
A product to purify or remove unwanted substances.
Also see
abrasive cleaner
air cleaner horn
air cleaner
air filter
bath air cleaner
low-profile air cleaner
paper air cleaner
piston ring groove cleaner
thermostatic air cleaner
cleaner element:
See air cleaner element
cleaner horn:
See air cleaner horn
cleaning:
See
blast cleaning
self-cleaning
cleaning unit:
See spray gun nozzle cleaning unit
clean oil:
Fresh oil that has not been used in a vehicle before.
clean oil lubrication:

A lubrication system where fresh oil is supplied to the engine as needed -- such as in
a two-stroke engine.
clearance:
A given amount of space between two parts such as between piston and cylinder,
bearing and journal , etc.
Also see
bearing clearance
front wheel tire clearance
ground clearance control
ground clearance
lateral clearance
lateral tire clearance
longitudinal tire clearance
pedal clearance
piston clearance
piston ring side clearance
radial clearance
ring side clearance
tire clearance
valve clearance
vertical tire clearance
clearance control:
See ground clearance control
clearance depression:
See valve clearance depression
clearance fit:
Parts that are assembled so that there is clearance between them so that one part can
slide in or on the other. Also called "sliding fit"
clearance height:
[1] The distance between the ground and the lowest portion of the bottom of a
vehicle (not counting the wheels). Also called ground clearance.
[2] The distance between the top of a vehicle and the bottom of a bridge or tunnel
which determines whether the vehicle can pass under it.
clearance lamp:
A light which is mounted on the extreme edges of the roof of a truck to show the
maximum height and width of a vehicle. Also called "marker lamp."
clearance sensor:
See ground clearance sensor
clearance volume:
The space above a piston when it is at the top dead center.
clear coat:
A clear paint covering used on modern vehicle bodies. It is the top coat.
clear system:
See base and clear system
clearwater stern:
A stern with a "shoeless" stern frame
cleat:
Clips at intervals on the horizontal stiffeners of hatch coamings to secure the hatch
covers
CLEPA:
Acronym for "Comité de Liaison de la Construction d'Equipements et de Pièces
d'Automobiles" (i.e., European Association of Automotive Suppliers).
clevis:
A U-shaped metal piece with holes in each end through which a pin or bolt is run,
used for attaching the brake pedal to the power brake booster pushrod, the clutch
pedal to the clutch cable or master cylinder pushrod and for various other
connections on an automobile
click:
See kilometer
click-type torque wrench:

A torque wrench which gives out an audible click when the preset torque is reached.
climate change:
the international concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases
(GHGs) in the atmosphere are changing the climate in ways detrimental to our
social and economic well-being.
climate control:
A lever or button which you can move to change the temperature in the passenger
compartment of a vehicle. It controls the heater, vent, and/or air conditioner.
climatic chamber:
A test area into which an automobile can be placed to see if it will meet the
extremes of temperature and humidity.
climbing ability:
While some vehicles may have a high top end speed on a road with no incline, the
real test of a vehicle in mountainous terrain is its ability to go up a hill at an
adequate speed (i.e., its climbing ability).
clincher:
A tire whose edges hook under the curved-in hooked edge of a special rim, not
commonly found anymore on bicycles and often confused with the common wired-
on tire.
clincher rims:
Type of wheel rim used with early beaded-edge tires
clincher tire:
A tire whose edges hook under the curved-in hooked edge of a special rim, not
commonly found anymore on bicycles and often confused with the common wired-
on tire.
clinometer:
An instrument which measures the steepness of a hill.
clip:
See
alligator clip
crocodile clip
hose clip
hose clip installer
hose clip pliers
jubilee clip
rebound clip
spring clip
clip installer:
See hose clip installer
clipless pedal:
See clipless pedals.
clipless pedals:
Road bike pedals that use a releasable mechanism like that of a ski binding to lock
onto cleated shoes and do not use toe clips or straps.
clip-on engine:
An engine that is attached to a conventional bicycle frame
clip-ons:
Low racing handlebars that clamp directly onto the fork legs
clip-on weight:
A wheel weight that is clipped on the rim between the rim and the tire. It is used to
balance a wheel.
clip pliers:
See hose clip pliers
clock:
[1] An instrument showing the time.
[2] An odometer as in the statement I want to buy this car, but it has too many miles
on the clock.
[3] To record the speed or time that vehicle makes.
clocking:
[1] The action of recording the speed of a vehicle.
[2] In Britain, it is the action of turning the odometer back.
C/locking:
Abbreviation for "central locking."
clockwise:
Rotation to the right like the direction of clock hands. In most cases it is the
direction to secure a nut to a bolt. It is the opposite to counterclockwise.
clog:
To obstruct a passageway or track so that the normal flow or operation of something
is hindered.
close call:
In driving it is the near possibility of an accident.
close coils:
The coils or loops of a spring which are tightly together.
close coupled sedan:

See close-coupled sedan.
close-coupled sedan:
Similar to the sedan, this body style is shorter and thus usually accommodates only
five passengers. The rear quarter windows were eliminated.
closed cooling system:
See coolant recovery system.
closed crankcase ventilation:

A system in which crankcase vapors are discharged into the engine intake system
(usually through the intake manifold) and pass through the engine cylinders rather
than being discharged into the atmosphere.
closed-end connector:
Solderless connector shaped like a hat. Used to join two, three, or more wires
together. Similar to wire connectors used in home wiring, but installed by crimping
instead of twisting
closed end lease:

Most leases offered today are close-end leases, meaning that the residual value is
fixed and stated in the lease contract. The lessee's financial obligations are
unaffected by what the vehicle is actually worth when the lease ends. In other
words, the lessee assumes no risk for the depreciation of the vehicle.
closed loop:
An operating condition or mode which enables modification of programmed
instructions based on a feedback system
closed loop system:

A self-adjusting system which keeps conditions stable and is controlled by negative
feedback from a sensor.
close-ratio gearbox:
A transmission in which there is very little difference between one gear ratio and the
next. This kind of transmission makes it easy for fast shifting.
closes:
See
exhaust valve closes
intake valve closes
closing:
See power closing
closing cam:
A cam or rocker which closes a valve in a mechanically operated valve system.
Other types close the valve through the operation of the valve spring. Also called
"closing rocker."
closing force:
The force needed for the spring to close a valve.
closing panel:
A panel which covers a hole in the body, interior panels, or frame.
closing rocker:
A cam or rocker which closes a valve in a mechanically operated valve system.
Other types close the valve through the operation of the valve spring. Also called
"closing cam."
closing system:
See automatic closing system
closure:
See road closure
cloth:
See
emery cloth
tack cloth
cloth upholstery:
The fabric of the seats made of cloth rather than leather or vinyl.
cloud point:
The temperature at which diesel oil tends to thicken and cloud up (i.e., become
cloudy).
cloverleaf:
A highway overpass system which has four basic loops for getting on the highway
or leaving it.
club:
See
automobile club
Royal Automobile Club
club coupe:
The club coupe designation seems to come from club car, describing the
lounge (or parlor car) in a railroad train. The early postwar club coupe
combined a shorter-than-sedan body structure with the convenience of a full
back seat, unlike the single-seat business coupe. That name has been used less
frequently in the 1976-86 period, as most notchback two-door models (with
trunk rather than hatch) have been referred to as just "coupes." Moreover, the
distinction between two-door coupes and two-door sedans has grown fuzzy.
Also see
two-door club coupe
club hammer:
A hammer with a short handle but a large, heavy head. It is used to hit the back end
of a chisel or drift.
clunker:
A vehicle which might run but is rusty and in need of a lot of repair work.
cluster:
See
analog cluster
analogue cluster
electronic cluster
footpedal cluster
instrument cluster
lamp cluster
rear lamp cluster
seat cluster
cluster gear:
The cluster of gears that are all cut on one long gear blank. The cluster gears ride in
the bottom of the transmission. The cluster provides a connection between the
transmission input shaft and the output shaft. Also called "counter gear."
cluster panel:
The reverse side of the instrument panel or dash where all the wiring or circuit
board is located.
clutch:
A device that disconnects the engine from the transmission, to allow the
vehicle to change gears, and then allows the engine and transmission to
resume contact and turn together at a new speed.
Also see
center the clutch
centrifugal clutch
clutch diaphragm spring
clutch disc
clutch explosion
clutch housing
clutch lever
clutch pedal free travel
clutch pedal
clutch pilot bearing
clutch pressure plate
clutch semi-centrifugal release fingers
clutch shaft
clutch solenoid
clutch throwout fork
coil spring clutch
cone clutch
diaphragm spring clutch
diaphram clutch
disengage the clutch
dog clutch
double clutch
double clutching
dry clutch
electromagnetic clutch
fan clutch
fluid clutch
freewheeling
friction clutch
heavy clutch
hydraulically-activated clutch
hydraulically-assisted clutch
hydrodynamic clutch
light clutch
lock-up clutch
magnetic clutch
multi-plate clutch
multiple-plate clutch
multiple disc clutch
oil-immersed clutch
one-way clutch
one way clutch
overrunning clutch starter drive
overrunning clutch starter
overrunning clutch
positive clutch
pull-type clutch
push-type clutch
reactor one-way clutch
reverse clutch
riding the clutch
roller clutch
self-operating clutch
single-plate clutch
slip the clutch
sprag clutch
stator roller clutch
sticky clutch
torque converter lock-up clutch
twin-plate clutch
wet clutch
clutch aligning set:

A group of tools used to align the clutch plates with the flywheel. Usually there is a
shaft, pilot bearing adapters, and tapered universal sleeves
clutch aligning tool:
A tool which looks like a bar or a disc which can be used to line up the clutch plates
with the flywheel.
clutch brake:
A device for slowing down the clutch discs (and thus the gears themselves) so that
shifting is smoother and quieter.
clutch cable:
A cable (usually a cluster of thin strands within a plastic sheath) which operates the
movement of the clutch plates. At the other end is a pedal (in automobiles) or a
handlebar lever (left side).
clutch cover:
A metal cover which encases the clutch plates.
clutch diaphragm spring:

A round dish-shaped piece of flat spring steel. It is used to force the pressure plate
against the clutch disc in some clutches.
clutch disc:
A spinning plate located at the end of the driveshaft facing the engine flywheel and
covered with a friction material such as asbestos. When the clutch is engaged, the
disc is squeezed between the flywheel and the clutch pressure plate, causing the
engine and the transmission to turn at the same speed. British term is called "clutch
plate."
clutch drag:
When the clutch discs do not disengage completely after the clutch pedal is
depressed or the clutch lever is pulled in, there is excessive friction so that it is
difficult to shift gears because both the driven discs and the input shaft are both
rotating.
clutch explosion:
clutches have literally flown apart (exploded) when subjected to high rpm, a scatter
shield is used on competition cars to protect the driver and spectators from flying
parts in the event the clutch explodes.
clutch facing:
The asbestos-type lining on a clutch plate.
clutch field:
A clutch part on an air condition compressor, consisting of hundreds of windings of
wire, that creates a magnetic field when current is applied, pulling in the armature to
engage the clutch
clutch fork:
When the clutch pedal (or lever) is depressed, it pulls on a cable which moves the
clutch fork which in turn pushes on the release bearing and disengages the clutch
discs.
clutch housing:
A cast iron or aluminum housing that surrounds the flywheel and clutch mechanism.
Also called "bell housing."
clutching:
See double clutching
clutch interlock switch:

A switch that prevents the vehicle from starting unless the clutch pedal/lever is
pressed.
clutch judder:
A British term for "clutch shudder."
clutch lever:
A hand-operated blade located on the left side of the handlebar of a motorcycle.
When the clutch lever is pulled in, it disengages the clutch so the engine and the
crankshaft can turn independently of the transmission and the rider can change
gears.
Also see
clutch release finger
clutch lining:
The friction material on the face of the clutch discs.
clutch pedal:
A foot-operated pedal located on the floor of the vehicle to the left of the brake
pedal on cars with manual transmission. When the clutch pedal is depressed, it
disengages the clutch so the engine and the crankshaft can turn independently of the
transmission and the driver can change gears.
clutch pedal free travel:

The specified distance that the clutch pedal may be depressed before the throwout
bearing actually contacts the clutch release fingers.
clutch pilot bearing:
A small bronze bushing, or in some cases a ball bearing, placed in the end of the
crankshaft or in the center of the flywheel depending on the vehicle, that is used to
support the outboard end of the transmission input shaft.
clutch plate:
The clutch discs.
clutch pressure plate:

That part of a clutch assembly that through spring pressure, squeezes the
clutch disc against the flywheel thereby transmitting a driving force through
the assembly. To disengage the clutch, the pressure plate is drawn away from
the flywheel via linkage.
clutch release bearing:

See throwout bearing.
clutch release finger:

A flat piece of metal shaped like a curved finger. Through the movement of the
throwout fork, the throwout bearing pushes against the clutch release fingers or
levers to release pressure against the pressure plate. Also called "clutch release
lever."
clutch release lever:

See clutch release finger.
clutch semi-centrifugal release finger:

See clutch semi-centrifugal release fingers.
clutch semi-centrifugal release fingers:

Clutch release fingers that have a weight attached to them so that at high rpm the
release fingers place additional pressure on the clutch pressure plate.
clutch shaft:
The shaft that takes power from the clutch into the gearbox. Also called the "drive
pinion."
clutch shudder:
When the clutch tries to engage (when the pedal or lever is released), but the discs
do not mate securely, the discs engage intermittently and slip past each other
making a noise like a shudder. In Britain, it is called "clutch judder."
clutch slip:
Clutch slip occurs when the clutch tries to engage (when the pedal or lever is
released), but the discs do not mate securely.
clutch solenoid:
In some automotive air conditioners, a solenoid that operates a clutch on the
compressor drive pulley. When the clutch is engaged, the compressor is driven and
cooling takes place.
clutch spring:
The clutch cover will have several posts over which the clutch spring (shaped like a
cylinder) fits and pushes the pressure discs against the driven clutch discs to
transmit power.
clutch starter:
See
clutch starter drive:

See overrunning clutch starter drive
clutch starter interlock:

A device which disengages the starter once the engine has started.
clutch stop:
A clutch brake
clutch throwout bearing:

The clutch release bearing.
clutch throwout fork:
The device or fork that straddles the throwout bearing and that is used to force the
throwout bearing against the clutch release fingers.
clutch thrust bearing:

The clutch release bearing.
cluttered engine compartment:

An engine compartment or bay in which all the available space around the engine is
occupied by other objects (alternator, pumps, air intake system, battery, wiper
motor, heater motor, windshield washer motor, starter, radiator, air conditioner,
hoses, pipes, wiring, electronic boxes, etc.)
C-matic transmission:
Citroen's name for a semi-automatic transmission
C motorhome:
See type C motorhome
CNG:
Acronym for "Compressed Natural Gas"
CO:
Acronym for "carbon monoxide." A deadly, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas
found in the engine exhaust. Toxic even in relatively small concentrations. Formed
by incomplete burning of hydrocarbons. Thus at its greatest with a rich mixture.
coach:
[1] An enclosed two-door type body with permanent back panels and top, it is
similar to the coupe, but the seating is different. A full width cross seat in the rear
accommodates three passengers. Two separate seats in the front fold out of the way
to admit rear passengers. There is no trunk, but trunk racks are frequently provided.
[2] A luxurious bus, a tour bus.
coach bolt:
A bolt with a mushroom head, but just below the head there is a square neck and
then the threads. The square neck fits into a matching square hole to keep the bolt
from moving.
coachbuilder:
A person or company which manufactures special bodies for automobiles.
coachbuilt body:
A separate body which is not integral with the chassis.
coachbuilt construction:
The process of building an automobile so that the body is separate from the chassis.
Often the bodies are built to customer specifications and may differ from one
another even though they are built upon the same chassis design.
Also see
skeleton construction
unitary construction
coachlining:
Pinstriping along the side of a vehicle or along the side of the fuel tank of a
motorcycle.
coach paint:
A slow-drying, high-gloss paint used on cars in the early 1900s. It was painted on
car bodies with a brush.
coachwork:
Although it is strictly the body of an automobile, it is particularly the comfort and
luxury appointments as distinguished from the operational chassis thus it would
include the interior, seats, upholstery, dashes, fenders, etc. -- everything but the
mechanicals and the chassis. The French call it Carrosserie, the Germans call it
Karosserie, and the Italians call it Carrozzeria. Also called "bodywork."
coalescing action:
The process of smaller water droplets merging together into larger droplets which
takes place in a water separator
coaming:
See hatch coaming
coarse:
See national coarse thread
coarse-cut file:
A file with deep grooves for removing a lot of metal quickly. It leaves rough edges
which will need to be cleaned up with a smooth-cut file
coarse file:
A file with deep grooves for removing a lot of metal quickly. It leaves rough edges
which will need to be cleaned up with a smooth-cut file
coarsening:
See grain coarsening
coarse pitch:
Gears or screw threads which have wide gaps between each tooth or thread.
coarse thread:
The threads of a screw are wider apart. Opposite to fine thread.
Also see
national coarse thread
coast:
[1] To proceed, usually downhill, on a bicycle without pedalling; or in a motor
vehicle without the aid of the engine.
Also see
freewheel.
[2] A designation on a cruise control switch which (when activated) will cause the
vehicle to slow down to a lower cruise controlled speed.
coastal:
Domestic shipping routes along the coast.
coaster:
A vehicle, usually a bicycle, which has no means of propulsion (you can't pedal it
and it is without any engine).
coaster brake:
A braking system on a bicycle in which the rider stops pedalling forward (thus
coasting) and pedals backward to engage the brake within the hub of the rear wheel.
coat:
[1] A covering of paint or similar substance.
Also see
anodize
base coat
clear coat
color coat
cross-hatch coat
cross coat
finish coat
fog coat
gel coat
guide coat
intermediate coat
mist coat
prime coat
protective coat
single coat
tack coat
top coat
undercoat
[2] To apply a covering of paint, etc.
coat drier:
See top coat drier
coated abrasive:
Sandpaper or grinding wheel where an abrasive material such as sand or diamond
grit is glued to a backing material and used to reduce or smooth a surface.
coated electrode:
See covered electrode
coating:
A protective covering usually of paint.
Also see
anodic coating
anti-chip coating
catalytic layer
chromate coating
coil-coating
conversion coating
electrostatic powder coating
galvanized coating
hard anodic coating
manganese phosphate coating
phosphate coating
polymer coating
protective coating
pvc underseal coating
roll coating
spray coating
underbody coating
undercoating
zinc phosphate coating
coat oven:
See top coat oven
cobble:
To put something together in a rough or clumsy manner. This is usually done as a
temporary measure until more permanent repairs can be made.
cobbled:
The action of putting something together in a rough or clumsy manner. This is
usually done as a temporary measure until more permanent repairs can be made.
Cobra:
See AC Shelby Cobra
COC:
Acronym for conventional oxidation catalyst
cock:
A tap or shut-off valve which controls the flow of liquid.
Also see
fuel cock
radiator drain cock
cockpit:
The area, usually in racing cars, in which the driver sits and the instruments in front
of him.
code:
A system of symbols (as letters, numbers, or words) used to represent meaning of
information.
Also see
highway Code
Nordic Anti-Corrosion Code
coded:
See color-coded
code hopping:
A technology which prevents thieves with scanners from either picking up your
encoded remote-control signal or from randomly firing numerous codes at your
vehicle in order to stumble upon the one that will disarm your security system.
coefficient:
See
block coefficient
drag coefficient
coefficient of drag:
See drag coefficient.
coefficient of friction:
A measurement of the amount of friction developed between two objects or surfaces
in physical contact when one of the objects is drawn across the other. If a book were
placed on a table and a measuring scale used to pull the book, the amount of weight
or pull registered on the scale would be the coefficient of friction. This coefficient
of friction is dependent upon both surfaces in contact. It is large if the surfaces are
rough and small if they are smooth.
cofferdam:
Narrow void space between two bulkheads or floors
cog:
Any toothed gear. A sprocket attached directly to the rear wheel hub on a single-
speed bike and mounted on a freewheel on a multi-speed bike.
cog belt:
A toothed belt normally of fibreglass-reinforced rubber for driving the
camshaft from the crankshaft. In cars, cog belts are primarily used with
overhead camshafts but are sometimes used to drive pumps.
cogged belt:
See cog belt
coil:
[1] Metal bands or strands of wire wrapped in a circular fashion.
[2] A pulse-type transformer for increasing the voltage to fire the spark plugs.
Also see
booster coil
close coils
exciter coil
field coil
four-spark ignition coil
glow coil
high energy coil
hold-in coil
holding coil
ignition coil resistor
ignition coil
induction coil
multi-spark coil
multi-spark ignition coil
multiple-spark coil
multiple-spark ignition coil
open coil glow plug
pick-up coil
pickup coil
pulser coil
single-spark ignition coil
thermostatic coil choke
coil binding:
Compressing a valve spring to the point at which each coil touches the adjacent coil
coil chimney:
The top of the ignition coil where the high tension leads are attached.
coil choke:
See thermostatic coil choke
coil glow plug:

See open coil glow plug
coil ignition:
The standard ignition system which uses an ignition coil which stores the power
from the battery and steps it up. Then the high voltage is sent to the spark plugs.
Also see
transistorized coil ignition
coil ignition with Hall sensor:

See transistorized coil ignition with Hall sensor
coil lead:
A British term for the high tension wire going from the coil to the distributor. In
America, it is called the "coil wire."
coil resistor:
See ignition coil resistor
coils:
See close coils
coil spring:
A section of spring steel rod wound in a spiral pattern or shape. Widely used
in both front and rear suspension systems. Like large metal bed springs, these
coils cushion and absorb the shocks and bumps as the vehicle is driven. They
are usually found near the front wheels, but some cars have them in the rear as
well. Often the shock absorbers run up the center of the coil springs.
coil spring clutch:

A clutch which has a ring of coil springs which hold the pressure plate in position.
coil spring compressor:

See spring compressor
coil tester:
See spark gap coil tester
coil tower:
The top of the ignition coil where the high tension leads are attached.
coil wire:
The high tension wire going from the coil to the distributor or spark plug.
coin holder:
A device which retains coins for easy access.
coked up:
A British term for "carboned up" to indicate something covered in carbon.
cold:
The relative absence of heat
cold air:
Air that is below the prevailing ambient temperature.
cold air induction:

The induction system forces cold air into the combustion chamber. Because cold air
is more dense than warm air, it contains more oxygen molecules. With more
oxygen, fuel will burn more effectively and thus increase horsepower.
cold air intake:

The induction system forces cold air into the combustion chamber. Because cold air
is more dense than warm air, it contains more oxygen molecules. With more
oxygen, fuel will burn more effectively and thus increase horsepower.
cold cap:
A process in retreading a tire where the tire is placed in a pressure chamber in a
temperature range of 195°-212° until bonding of the pre-cured tread rubber is
achieved.
Also see
hot cap
cold-condensate corrosion:
The corrosion of the inside of an exhaust system by direct chemical attack resulting
from an acidic, aqueous solution that condenses from the exhaust gas at relatively
low temperatures and collects at the cooler rear portions of the exhaust system.
cold cranking ability:

A measurement in amps of a battery's ability to start a vehicle under cold
temperatures. A higher number is better than a lower one. Basic automobile
batteries begin around 400 cold-cranking amps (which is only marginally acceptable
in most vehicles). The best batteries are around 1000 cold-cranking amps.
cold cranking amps:

See cold cranking ability
cold-cranking rating:
The minimum number of amperes a fully charged 12-volt battery can deliver for 30
seconds at 0° F without falling below 7.2 battery volts
cold galvanizing:
The application of zinc to prevent rusting. It can be applied by a paint with lots of
zinc or by electroplating with zinc.
cold lash:
The valve lash clearance, measured between the rocker arm and valve tip, when the
engine is cold
cold manifold:
An intake manifold not heated by exhaust gas
cold plug:
A spark plug which has a short insulator nose which absorbs less heat and dissipates
heat quickly. A colder plug is used in a hot engine while a hot plug is used in a cold
engine. Thus if the plugs are fouling too much, try a hotter plug. If the plugs are
coming out white, try a colder plug. The ideal color of the center insulator nose
should be a light chocolate brown.
cold solder joint:

A poor soldering technique where the solder has not quite melted enough to produce
a good electrical contact.
cold spark plug:

See cold plug
cold spraying:
A method of paint spraying where the paint is excessively diluted with solvent. This
process makes spraying easy, but the coats are very light.
cold start:
Getting a vehicle started which has been sitting for some time and cooled down to
ambient temperature. When temperatures reach -40°, a vehicle may require three or
four times as much battery power as it would during the summer. As well, the
carburetor or fuel injection system needs to be much richer (more gasoline than air).
Because condensation has a tendency to build up in the gas tank during the winter,
the liquid going to the carburetor or fuel injectors may be diluted with water -- thus
making starting more difficult. The application of isopropyl alcohol (marketed as
"gasline antifreeze") removes the water from the tank.
cold starting:
See cold start
cold start enrichment:

A method of providing a higher ratio of fuel to air for starting a cold engine. In
some cases, more fuel is fed into the engine with a cold start injector; in other cases,
the amount of air is restricted through the use of a choke.
cold start injector:

A device in a fuel injection system which shoots an extra amount of fuel into the
cylinder to increase the ratio of fuel to air.
cold weather modulator:

(CWM) a vacuum modulator located in the air cleaner on some models. The
modulator prevents the air cleaner duct door from opening to non-heated intake air
when outside air is below 55° F. Similar to a temperature vacuum switch
collapse:
See piston collapse
collapsed piston:
A piston whose skirt diameter has been reduced due to heat and the forces imposed
upon it during service in the engine.
Also see
piston collapse
collapsible spare tire:

A space-saver spare wheel.
collapsible steering column:

When a vehicle is involved in an accident, the driver's chest is forced into the
steering wheel. In older cars, the immovable steering column meant that the driver
could sustain chest damage. The collapsible steering column telescopes or folds
(articulate) so that chest damage is reduced.
collar:
A sleeve that fits over a shaft.
Also see
hexagonal collar
split collar
underhead collar
valve spring collar
collector:
See solar collector
collector car:
An older car which may not fit into the category of a classic car or a milestone car,
but it has nostalgic appeal.
collet:
A removable ring or collar which fits into a groove to hold something in place.
collier:
Vessel used for transporting coal.
collision:
See head-on collision
collision avoidance system:

Electronic system used to prevent collisions in inland navigable waterways.
collision bulkhead:
The foremost main transverse watertight bulkhead designed to keep water out of the
forward hold in case of bow collision damage. Also called forepeak bulkhead
collision insurance:
Insurance coverage that pays to repair damages to your vehicle when it is involved
in an accident.
colonnade hardtop:
In architecture, the term colonnade describes a series of columns, set at regular
intervals, usually supporting an entablature, roof, or series of arches. To meet US
federal rollover standards in 1974 (standards that never emerged), General Motors
introduced two-door and four-door pillared body types with arch-like quarter
windows and sandwich type roof construction. They looked like a cross between
true hardtops and miniature limousines. Both styles proved popular (especially the
coupe with louvered coach windows and canopy top) and the term colonnade was
applied. As their "true" hardtops disappeared, other manufacturers produced similar
bodies with a variety of quarter-window shapes and sizes. These were known by
such terms as hardtop coupe, pillard hardtop, or opera-window coupe.
color:
See
four color
identification color
integral color anodizing
off color
paint color matching
color anodizing:
See integral color anodizing
color chart:
A listing of paint samples of available exterior paint for a vehicle.
color coat:
A coat of paint with the final color. Sometimes a clear coat is applied over it.
color-coded:
[1] Something that is colored the same as the main part of the bodywork. Also
called "color-keyed" or "color-matched."
[2] A series of similar things in which each one is a different color to distinguish
one from the other, such as the wiring (e.g., the red wire goes from the battery to the
fuse box, the blue wire goes from ... to the ...).
colored:
See body-colored
color-keyed:
See color-coded.
color-matched:
See color-coded.
color matching:
See paint color matching
color scheme:
The combination of exterior colors which harmonize, e.g., A maroon body and a
white roof.
column:
See
absorbing steering column
adjustable steering column
collapsible steering column
safety steering column
steering column
telescopic steering column
tilt column
column changer:
See column shifter
column controls:
See steering column controls
column gearchange:
See steering column gearchange
column gear changer:

See column shifter
column shifter:
A gear changer lever and mechanism which is located on the steering column below
the steering wheel. In Britain it is called a "column changer" or "column gear
changer."
combi:
Vessel designed for a combination of passengers, and different types of cargo.
combination:
A vehicle like a motorcycle and sidecar or a tractor and trailer.
combination lamp:
A light or group of lights which serves two or more purposes. For example, the rear
combination lamp illumines the running lights (i.e., the ones that are turned on
when the headlight is turned on) and brake light and/or the signal light
combination pliers:
A British term for a Lineman's pliers or slip-joint pliers
combination spanner:
A British term for combination wrench
combination valve:
A brake system hydraulic control device includes a pressure differential valve,
metering valve, and proportioning valve
combination weight:
See gross combination weight
combination wrench:
A flat wrench with a hex ring at one end and an open end at the other.
combination valve:
A pressure-regulating valve in braking systems incorporating a failure warning
switch and comprising two or more of the following valves: pressure-differential
valve, metering valve, and proportioning valve.
combined weight rating:

See gross Combined Weight Rating
combiner:
See holographic combiner
combustion:
The intense burning of the fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber. Some used
to think that the fuel-air mixture exploded; but further investigation has shown that
it rapidly burns.
Also see
combustion chamber volume
combustion chamber
combustion space
compression ignition
controlled combustion system
external combustion engine
internal combustion engine
pre-combustion chamber
combustion chamber:
The volume of the space in the cylinder above the piston with the piston at top
dead center (TDC) in the compression stroke. The head of the piston, the
cylinder walls, and the head form the chamber. Combustion of the fuel-air
mixture begins here when ignited by a spark plug. The design and shape of the
combustion chamber can affect power, fuel efficiency, and emissions of an
engine.
Also see
spherical combustion chamber
twin swirl combustion chamber
combustion chamber recess:

The area where combustion occurs in a rotary piston engine
combustion chamber volume:
volume of combustion chamber (space above piston with piston on TDC) measured
in cc (cubic centimetres).
combustion engine:
See
combustion pressure:
The pressure created during the combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder,
measured in pounds per square inch.
combustion residue:
Carbon and other deposits resulting from combustion.
combustion space:
See combustion chamber.
combustion system:
See controlled combustion system
CO meter:
A device for checking exhaust gases for carbon monoxide, a high level indicates an
over-rich mixture as well as causing pollution.
Comet head:
A cylinder head with a swirl chamber for indirect injection diesel engines.
Comfort:
A designation of some automobiles as a basic or standard line usually abbreviated
as "C"
Comfort Luxe:
An automobile designation (abbreviated as CL) which has more luxury
appointments than a "Comfort" but less than a Grand Luxe (GL).
commercial tire:
A tire which is designed for truck and industrial use.
commercial vehicle:
A vehicle (like a truck or bus) used for carrying goods or large numbers of
passengers for money.
commutator:
A series or ring of copper bars that are connected to the armature windings. The
bars are insulated from each other and from the armature. The brushes (as in the
generator or starter) rub against the whirling commutator.
compact:
See
compact car
sub-compact
compact car:
A designation no longer used because even "full-size cars" are now about the size of
what was the compact car. In 1970, for instance, a Chevrolet Impala was a full-size
car, a Chevelle was an intermediate, a Nova was a compact. When cars smaller than
the Nova came out (i.e., Chevette), they were called sub-compacts.
companionway:
An access way in a deck, with a ladder leading below, for the use of the crew
company logo:
An emblem which represents all or part of a company's trademark.
comparison and identification:

See program comparison and identification
compartment:
See
battery compartment
cassette compartment
cluttered engine compartment
crowded engine compartment
engine compartment
glove compartment
passenger compartment
compartmentation:
The subdividing of the hull by transverse watertight bulkheads so that the ship may
remain afloat under certain flooding conditions
compass:
An instrument with a magnetic needle which is mounted on the dash to give the
driver an idea of where magnetic north might be.
compensating bar:
See compensator
compensating jet:
A fuel tube or pipe in the carburetor, into which air is admitted through one or
more holes to compensate for a tendency of the main nozzle to deliver too rich
a mixture as the air velocity through the carburetor increases. Also called "air
bleed."
compensating port:
A small hole in a brake master cylinder to permit fluid to return to the reservoir.
compensator:
A horizontal bar which is pulled forward when the parkbrake is applied at its central
point, which is pivoted, while it is connected at each end to the parkbrake cable,
enabling equal force to be exerted on each rear brake.
Also see
temperature compensator
compensator valve:
A valve in automatic transmissions designed to increase the pressure on the brake
band during heavy acceleration.
competition:
See interchannel competition
competition car:
A vehicle which is designed to compete in races, hill climbs, and rallies.
compliance:
A slight resiliency, or "give," designed into suspension bushings to help absorb
bumps. Good compliance allows the wheels to move toward the rear a little as they
hit bumps but does not allow them to move laterally (sideways) during cornering.
Compliance Certification Label:

See safety Compliance Certification Label
component:
[1] One of the parts that make up the whole system or device, as in The brake pad is
a component of the brake system.
[2] A raw material, ingredient, part or subassembly that goes into a higher level
assembly, compound, or other item.
Also see
body component
primary structure component
shared component
component assembly:
A combination of two or more parts or sub-components to form an assembly.
component design:
the activity for the design of specific components including responsibility for
material, cost, weight, reliability, durability, function, appearance, and
serviceability.
components:
The various parts that make up the whole system or device.
component sharing:
The use of the same basic parts used in different models -- even in models from
different manufacturers.
composite:
Any material that consists of two or more substances where one or more of them are
high strength fibers and another is an adhesive binder. The most common composite
is fiberglass, which consists of thin glass fibers bonded together in a plastic matrix.
The structural properties of composites can be altered by controlling the orientation
and configuration of the high-strength components.
composite headlamps:
Reflector and lens system designed for specific vehicle model
composite headlight:
A headlight system which is unlike the sealed beam headlight. When the bulb fails,
you can replace just the bulb, not the whole unit. Because the lens is contoured to
the shape of the vehicle, there are many different shapes. Thus each lens is low
production and can be very costly to replace.
composite propeller shaft:
A single-piece propeller shaft made of fibre-reinforced epoxy in which the fibres are
usually glass and/or carbon.
compound:
[1] Two or more ingredients mixed together.
[2] An abrasive paste or liquid that smooths and polishes the painted surface.
Also see
anti-drum compound
anti-ozone compound
cutting compound
intermetallic compound
ozone compound
rubbing compound
sealing compound
sheet molding compound
underbody sealing compound
valve grinding compound
valve lapping compound
compound carburetor:
A carburetor with more than one choke. Usually there are two: one for the large
throttle opening and one for the small throttle opening, but they fit to a single port
compound center electrode:

Also called compound electrode
compound electrode:
A spark plug with a copper core and a jacket of a nickel-based alloy.
compound gauge:
A gauge that can indicate both pressure and vacuum. Also called a low side gauge
compound glass:
See laminated glass
compounding:
See pre-compounding
compound motor:
A direct current electric motor with two separate field windings, one in parallel and
the other in series with the armature circuit; used as a starter motor
comprehensive insurance:
Insurance coverage that pays for damages to your car, its accessories, spare parts
against loss or damage caused by an accidental collision, fire, theft, vandalism,
typhoon, earthquake, and flooding. It will also pay expenses to have the disabled
vehicle towed to the repair shop and expenses to return the vehicle back to you
when the repairs are completed. It also covers for the death and bodily injury of the
insured or driver; loss or damage to someone else's property as a result of the
accident; legal liabilities to the death or bodily injury of the third party arising from
the accident; legal liabilities to the damage to property of the third party arising
from the accident; loss or damage to the property of the spouse(s) or the child(ren)
of the insured or driver; and medical expenses of the insured or driver's injury
caused by the accident.
compress:
To place under pressure or to squeeze into a small space.
Also see
pre-compress
compressed-air spray gun:

A paint gun which makes a fine spray of paint for coating the surface.
compressed natural gas:

Abbreviated CNG. See natural gas
compression:
[1] Applying pressure to a spring, or any springy substance, thus causing it to
reduce its length in the direction of the compressing force.
[2] Applying pressure to a gas, thus causing a reduction in volume.
[3] One of the essential factors in a internal combustion engine (fuel, air, proper
proportion of mixture, compression, timing, spark). It is the squeezing of the fuel-
air mixture in the cylinder of a spark-ignition engine or the squeezing of the air in a
diesel engine. Compression makes the process of combustion more effective and
increases engine efficiency.
Also see
crankcase compression
grooved compression ring
high compression head
piston ring, compression
primary compression ratio
primary compression
ring, compression
secondary compression
compression check:
Testing the compression in all the cylinders at cranking speed. All plugs are
removed, the compression gauge placed in one plug hole, the throttle cracked wide
open and the engine cranked until the gauge no longer climbs. The compression
check is a good way in which to determine the condition of the valves, rings, and
cylinders.
compression gage:
See compression gauge.
compression gauge:
A gauge used to test the compression in the cylinders. A poor compression reading
can indicate that there is leakage through the valves or the piston rings. In two
stroke engines, it could indicate that there is poor primary compression because of a
leak in the crankshaft seals.
compression head:
See high compression head
compression ignition:
combustion of a fuel-air mixture without spark. In the diesel engine, air is drawn
into the cylinder and compressed to a temperature sufficiently high that fuel oil
injected at the end of the compression stroke burns in the cylinder without a spark to
initiate combustion. A prank played on new employees is to send them on a search
for the spark plugs for a diesel engine -- they don't exist.
compression leakage:
In an engine, when some gases escape past the piston because the rings or cylinder
walls are worn, the compression is reduced so that there is less efficiency.
compression molding:
The shaping of molding material by softening it under pressure and the action of
heat, and forcing it through a hole into a hollow space which it completely fills.
Also see
molding
compression moulding:
British term for compression molding
compression ratio:
When the piston is at the bottom of its travel (BDC), the volume of cylinder is
measured (suppose the volume is X). Then the piston is placed at the top of its
travel (TDC) and the volume of the cylinder is measured (suppose this volume is
Y). The compression ratio is a comparison of these two values expressed as X:Y.
Then the values are mathematically changed so that the second number is always 1.
Thus you hear of ratios like 10.5:1 or 9.5:1 or 8:1. The higher the compression ratio,
the more mechanical energy an engine can squeeze from its air-fuel mixture. Higher
compression ratios, however, also make detonation more likely.
Also see
compression ring:
A ring which surrounds the piston and fits in a grove in the piston. It is designed to
seal the burning fuel charge above the piston. Generally there are two compression
rings per piston and they are located in the two top ring grooves. They also help to
transfer heat from the piston into the cylinder walls and subsequently to the water
jacket surrounding the cylinder.
Also see
stepped compression ring
tapered compression ring
compression spring:
An open-coil, helical spring that offers resistance to a compressive form.
compression stroke:
The second stroke of the four-stroke cycle, in which the piston moves upward
from bottom dead center to top dead center, compressing the fuel-air mixture.
compression tester:
A device which is screwed or pushed into the spark plug hole so that when the
engine is turned over, it measures the amount of compression in that cylinder.
compressor:
[1] A mechanism in a refrigerator or air conditioner that pumps vaporized
refrigerant out of the evaporator, compresses it to a relatively high pressure and then
delivers it to the condenser.
[2] A tool for compressing a coil spring, such as a valve spring.
Also see
air compressor
coil spring compressor
piston-type compressor
piston compressor
positive displacement compressor
reciprocating compressor
roots compressor
spring compressor
valve spring compressor
compressor cut-off switch:

A device used by some manufacturers to prevent compressor operation. Such as the
wide open throttle (WOT) cut-off switch, low pressure switch, and high pressure
switch
compressor discharge switch:

A device that shuts off the compressor when refrigerant pressure is low. The switch
is wired in series between the compressor clutch and the control panel switch
compressor impeller:
An impeller of a turbocharger driven by the turbine at speeds up to 160,000 rpm,
which accelerates by centrifugal force the charge air which enter axially and leaves
radially at a very high velocity.
compressor pressure ratio:

In a turbocharger system, the ratio between the absolute pressure at the compressor
outlet and the compressor inlet
compressor ratio:
In a turbocharger system, the ratio between the volume in the cylinder when the
piston is at the bottom of its stroke and the volume in the cylinder when the piston is
at the top of its stroke
compressor shaft seal:
A seal in an air conditioner compressor, surrounding the compressor shaft, that
permits the shaft to turn without the loss of refrigerant or oil
Comprex supercharger:
A supercharger using the pressure waves created by the expanding exhaust gases to
compress the inlet charge. Also called "pressure wave supercharger."
computer:
A device which calculates information and sends the results to a specific
destination. In automobiles, computers are used to regulate fuel flow, control the air
conditioner, display speed, time, ETA, etc.
Also see
diagnostic computer
fuel computer
on-board computer
spark control computer
trip computer
computer-aided:
Something which has been helped or designed by a computer.
computer brake control:

See anti-skid.
computer command control:

(CCC) an electronically-controlled fuel metering system used on GM vehicle. Uses
an oxygen sensor, a throttle position sensor and other information sensors to provide
a computer with the data it needs to alter the air/fuel ratio via mixture control
solenoid in the carburetor
computer command control system:

(C-3) an earlier engine management system used on GM vehicles. (C-4) A later
engine management system used on GM vehicles
computer-controlled:
Something which is monitored by a computer
computer controlled coil ignition:

(C3I) GM's computerized ignition coil system, used on many different engine
applications
computer controlled timing:

(CCT) a system that feeds input from various engine sensors into a computer. The
computer then matches spark timing exactly to engine requirements throughout its
full range of operations
con:
See
forked con rod
master con rod
concave weld face:

A weld having the center of its face below the weld edges
concealed headlamps:
Headlamp doors close to resent a flush fitting sheet metal to reduce air resistance in
headlamp area
concealed headlights:
Headlight which (when not lit) are hidden behind a panel. When the headlight
switch is turned on vacuum is applied to a controller which opens the panel
exposing the light. Also called "hide-away headlights" or "pop-up headlights."
concentration:
See stress concentration
concentric:
Two or more circles so placed as to share a common center but different diameters.
concept car:
A vehicle that is not currently in production, but is still in the design stage. Some
are merely paper drawings, but others are clay mock-ups. The ideas in the concept
cars sometimes appears in production models.
Also see
prototype
concept vehicle:
a current production vehicle modified for installation of new design concepts for
evaluation of environmental functional feasibility.
concho:
A chrome trim disk for saddlebags and leathers.
concours:
Also called "concours d'elegance." This is the term used to describe a show where
cars in superb condition are judged against a standard of excellence established by
the sponsors, with awards given to winners. Show cars compete in a concours.
concours d'elegance:
See concours.
cond:
Abbreviation for "condition," as in excellent cond.
condensate:
See cold-condensate corrosion
condensate corrosion:
See cold-condensate corrosion
condensation:
Moisture, from the air, deposited on a cool surface. The reverse of evaporation.
condense:
Turning a vapor back into a liquid.
condenser:
[1] A small metal cylinder which is usually located in the distributor. It is installed
between the breaker points and coil to prevent arcing at the breaker points by
absorbing or storing the excess current. A condenser (also called a "capacitor") has
the ability to absorb and retain surges of electricity. It is constructed of two metal
plates separated by an insulator.
[2] The unit in an air conditioning system that cools the hot compressed refrigerant
and turns it from a vapor into a liquid. It is the opposite of an evaporator.
Also see
steam engine
condition:
See
air conditioner
battery charge
battery condition
cherry condition
conditioner
mint condition
original condition
spark plug condition
conditioned:
See air-conditioned
conditioner:
See air conditioner.
conditioning:
See air-conditioning
conditions:
See driving conditions
conductance:
A measure of the ease with which a conductor allows electron flow. In DC circuits,
conductance is the reciprocal of resistance
conduction:
The transfer of heat from one object to another by having the objects in physical
contact.
Also see
thermal conduction
conductive:
The ability of something to conduct electricity.
conductivity:
The ability of something to conduct electricity. Opposite of resistivity.
Also see
electrical conductivity
heat conductivity
conductor:
A material forming a path for the flow of current, such as silver, copper, and carbon.
Also see
semiconductor
cone:
[1] A bearing race that curves to the inside of a circle of ball bearings and works in
conjunction with a cup.
[2] In welding, it is the inner visible flame shape of a neutral or near neutral flame.
Also see
bearing cone
inner cone
cone clutch:
A clutch using a cone-shaped member that is forced into a cone-shaped depression
in the flywheel, or other driving unit, thus locking the two together, although no
longer used on cars, the cone clutch finds some applications in small riding tractors,
heavy power mowers, etc.
configuration:
The particular arrangement of the parts in relation to each other.
Also see
chassis configuration
delta configuration
mid-engine chassis configuration
Y-configuration
conformation:
The ability of a precision insert bearing to match the shape and contour of a shaft
surface even after it has been in use for some time.
conical:
something in the shape of a cone. It is usually tapered.
conical seat:
A circular, tapered place that something rests. For instance, a spark plug may fit into
a tapered hole.
connecting rod:
The connecting link or arm between the piston and the crankshaft. It converts the
up-and-down (reciprocating) motion of the piston into the circular (rotary) motion
of the spinning crankshaft. Often called "con rod."
Also see
big-end bearing
boxed rod
forked con rod
master con rod
slave con rod
throwing a rod
connecting rod bearing:

A precision insert bearing. Also called "big end bearing"
connecting rod shank:

A longitudinal part of the connecting rod
connection:
the joining of two or more parts which generally conduct electricity.
Also see
axle connection
earth connection
ground connection
rigid axle connection
negative connections
positive connections
connections:
See
negative connections
positive connections
connector:
A device which joins two items.
Also see
adapter
battery connector
blade connector
cell connector
engine diagnostic connector
eyelet connector
helmet connector
multicon connector system
T-connector
Y-connector
connector system:
See multicon connector system
con rod:
See connecting rod.
con rod bearing:

See connecting rod bearing.
conscious:
See environment-conscious
console:
A small storage space or fascia between the two front seats in a car with bucket
seats. Often it houses the shifter, some instruments, coffee holders, coin holders, etc.
Also see
brake console
center console
seat rail console
constantan:
An alloy made of nickel and copper which is used in resistance wire and in
thermocouplers.
constant depression:
See air-valve carburetor.
constant-depression:
constant idle system:

An electronically-controlled air bypass around the throttle. Also called idle speed
actuator or idle-speed stabilizer
constant mesh gearbox:

A type of transmission in which all or most of the gears are always in mesh with
one another, as opposed to a sliding-gear transmission, in which engagement is
obtained by sliding some of the gears along a shaft into mesh. In a constant-mesh
manual gearbox, gear ratios are selected by small clutches that connect the various
gearsets to their shafts so that power is transmitted through them.
Also see
sliding mesh gearbox
constant mesh gear:

One of the gears that is always in mesh with another -- whether it is driving or not
(i.e., just idling).
constant mesh gears:

Gears that are always in mesh with each other -- whether it is driving or not (i.e.,
just idling).
constant vacuum:
constant-vacuum:
constant velocity joint:

(CV joint) A type of universal joint so designed as to create a smooth transfer
of torque from the driven shaft to the driving shaft without any fluctuations in
the speed of the driven shaft.
constant velocity universal joint:

See constant velocity joint.
constant voltage regulator:

(CVR) a device used to maintain a constant voltage level in a circuit, despite
fluctuations in system voltage. CVRs are wired into some gauge circuits so voltage
fluctuations won't affect accuracy of the gauge readings
constant volume sampling:

See constant-volume sampling.
constant-volume sampling:
An exhaust-emissions measuring technique in which the exhaust gases produced by
a vehicle's engine are collected as it is driven through a test sequence of
accelerations, decelerations, and cruise modes on a chassis dynamometer. A
quantity of air is added to the exhaust gases until a specific volume (the same for all
cars) is obtained. Concentrations of pollutants in the total sample are then analyzed
for determination of their actual mass.
construction:
See
body and frame construction
body construction
coachbuilt construction
frameless construction
monobloc construction
palletized construction
sandwich construction
skeleton construction
unibody construction
unitized construction
consumer factors:
demographic characteristics of consumers including age, gender, income and
geographic location, affordability.
consumption:
The act of using up an amount of fuel. Actually the fuel is joined with air and
merely changed into other substances (Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, etc. and
energy).
Also see
fuel consumption indicator
fuel consumption
oil consumption
specific fuel consumption
consumption indicator:
See fuel consumption indicator
contact:
[1] The touching of two or more parts.
[2] The parts that actually touch each other when making electrical connection
whether permanently or intermittently.
Also see
fixed contact
ground contact area
moving contact
sliding contacts
contact area:
The part of the tire that actually touches the ground at any particular moment.
Also see
ground contact area
tire contact area
contact arm:
The movable segment of the points which is moved by the lobe of the distributor.
contact bounce:
The rapid movement of the breaker arm as it opens and closes
contact breaker:
See breaker points.
contact breaker gap:

The distance between the contact points at their furthest opening.
contact breaker plate:

The plate on which the breaker points are mounted. When adjusting the points, the
plate and the points are moved apart in relation to each other.
contact breaker point:

The individual contact of the breaker points.
contact cement:
See cement.
contact chatter:
The rapid movement of the breaker arm as it opens and closes
contact controlled electronic ignition:

See electronic ignition system.
contact gap:
See point gap.
contactless electronic ignition:

See breakerless transistorized ignition
contactless ignition:
See breakerless.
contact patch:
The area of a tire's tread that touches the ground.
contact pattern:
The visible wear pattern created by two parts which touch each other
contact point:
See contact points.
contact points:
Two movable points or areas that when pressed together, complete a circuit. These
points are usually made of tungsten, platinum, or silver.
Also see
breaker points
contact set:
Replacement parts consisting of breaker points and possibly breaker plate and
condenser.
contact spring:
A spring which pushes on a contact which holds something in place and maintains
contact.
contact zone:
See tire contact zone
container:
A strong steel box of standard dimensions of 8 feet square and length of 20 feet or
40 feet, in which cargo is preloaded.
Also see
catalyst container
reefer container
containerization:
A shipping system where cargo is loaded into a large container at the factory and
shipped from truck to train to ship, etc. without rehandling of contents within the
container.
container ship:
A ship designed to carry containers as cargo.
contamination:
See catalyst contamination
contaminant:
Some impurity in gasoline or oil or anything else.
content:
See blood alcohol content
Continental:
A vehicle brand of Ford cars of which the 1956-57 Mark II Click for books on
models are milestone cars. Continental
Also see
Lincoln Continental
continental tire:
The bulge in the rear portion of the trunk which resembles a tire or a rear mounted
tire
Continental-type fuse:
A ceramic fuse with conical end caps. They are color coded for different values.
Continuous AC Ignition System:

Abbreviated CACIS. An ignition system where a high-energy alternating current arc
burns for the entire power stroke. In this system, the spark plugs don't erode as
quickly and the air/fuel mixture is more completely burned. Thus there is no need
for a catalytic converter.
continuous injection system:

(CIS) A mechanical fuel injection system designed and manufactured by Bosch,
used on many German vehicles. In a CIS system, the fuel injectors are always open
(i.e., they emit a continuous spray of fuel into the intake ports). The amount of fuel
sprayed is determined by the fuel pressure in the system, which in turn is
determined by the position of the throttle.
Also see
K-jetronic
continuously variable transmission:

Abbreviated CVT. See infinitely variable transmission.
continuous weld:
Completing a weld in one operation
Conti tire system:

Abbreviated CTS. A run flat tire and wheel combination which allows the tire to be
run for up to 400 km (250 miles) at a speed of up to 80 kph (50 mph)
contour:
See
buff contour
panel contour
contract carrier:
A shipping company which is transporting goods because of a contract with another
shipping company.
contracting-band brake:
A brake in which a band is tightened around a rotating drum
contraction:
A thermal action where the size (mass or dimension) of an object is reduced when
cooled; the opposite of expansion.
contre:
See outboard contre pente
contre pente:
Abbreviated CP. A French designed wheel where the raised portion of one of the
rim bead seat is designed to hold the tire bead of a nearly flat tire without breaking
the bead (i.e., becoming unseated).
Also see
outboard contre pente
contre pente on both bead seats:

Abbreviated CP2. A safety rim contour with a contre pente on both rim bead seats
control:
[1] A device or mechanism for adjusting a component. See cruise control.
[2] The ability of the driver to make a vehicle perform as required.
[3] To regulate.
Also see
air control
automatic frequency control
automatic level control
automatic speed control
automatic temperature control
automatic volume control
balance control
choke control
clearance control
climate control
computer brake control
corrosion control
cruise control
digital frequency control
dimmer control
dwell-angle control
electric air control valve
electronic control module
electronic control unit
electronic engine control
electronic ride control
electronic spark control
electronic traction control
electronic transmission control
emission control
engine control system
evaporation control system
evaporative emission control system
exhaust emission control
feedback control
finance and control
flow control
ground clearance control
headlight leveling control
heat control valve
height hamper pitch control
hydraulic control block
ignition control unit
illumination control
inflation control seam
infrared remote control
intermittent wiper control
IR remote control
knock control
level control
limit cycle control
low-speed traction control
low speed traction control
manifold heat control valve
mirror control
mixture control knob
mixture control screw
mixture control unit
multi-function control stalk
oil control ring
overrun control valve
piston ring, oil control
remote control
running-on control valve
speed control
temperature control
vacuum control
vacuum ignition-timing control
vacuum timing control
control arm:
A metal strut on the suspension which is located at the top and bottom of the wheel
spindle. The upper and lower control arms allow the front wheels to change
direction. Also called a "wishbone" or "A-arm."
Also see
suspension system
track control arm
control arms:
See control arm.
control block:
See hydraulic control block
control box:
A container which houses electrical components which regulate the action of
something.
control cable:
A wire cable which runs from a knob or lever to a device which operates or
regulates. Also called a "control wire."
Also see
starter switch control cable
control computer:
See spark control computer
contrôle:
A checkpoint where randonneur bicycle riders must stop to have their route cards
signed and stamped to prove they have kept to the course within the time limits.
control element:
See temperature control element
control head:
The dashboard mounted assembly which houses the mode selector, the blower
switch and the temperature control lever of the heating, air conditioner, and
ventilation system
Control Information:
See Vehicle Emission Control Information
control knob:
See mixture control knob
controlled burn rate:

See CBR process
controlled canister purge:

(CCP) ECM-controlled solenoid valve that permits manifold vacuum to purge the
evaporative emissions from the charcoal canister
controlled combustion system:

An emission control term used by General Motors to include the following:
• modified combustion chamber design

• high-temperature coolant systems
• thermostatically controlled air cleaners
• very lean air/fuel mixtures
• high idle speeds
• severely retarded ignition timing
• TCS (transmission controlled spark) and TVS (thermal vacuum switch)
controlled electronic:
See magnetically controlled electronic ignition
controlled electronic ignition:

See
contact controlled electronic ignition
magnetically controlled electronic ignition
capacitor controlled electronic ignition
controlled intersection:
A road junction which is controlled by traffic lights (signal lights)
controlled spark:
See transmission controlled spark
controlled vehicle:
A vehicle with a reduced emission system consisting of a catalytic converter, EGR,
air injection, fuel evaporative emission control, etc. Also called a "detoxed vehicle."
controller:
See
battery discharge controller
solid state controller
control link:
See toe control link
control module:
See
transmission control module
control orifice valve:

See oil control orifice valve
control plunger:
[1] A device in a fuel injection system which moves up and down to provide the
correct amount of fuel to each cylinder.
[2] One of several names for a solid state device which monitors engine conditions
and controls certain engine functions, i.e., fuel injection, ignition timing, glow plug
system in a diesels engine, etc
control pressure:
[1] The pressure in a fuel injection system.
[2] the pressure coming from line pressure or throttle pressure in the automatic
transmission which pushes on the command valves.
[3] In a Bosch CIS, the pressurized fuel used as a hydraulic control fluid to apply a
counterforce to the control plunger in Bosch CIS. Control pressure alters the air-fuel
ratio through the operation of the control-pressure regulator
control ring:
See oil control ring.
controls:
See
dual controls
emission controls
exhaust emission controls
instruments and controls
steering column controls
control screw:
See
volume control screw
control seam:
See inflation control seam
control stalk:
A shaft which projects from the steering column just below the steering wheel. It
may control lights, cruise control, wipers, windshield washer, signal lights, horn,
etc.
Also see
control switch:
See vacuum control switch
control system:
See
active noise control system
anti-spin regulation traction control system
engine control system
evaporation control system
exhaust emission control system
traction control system
transmission control system
control unit:
See
electronic control unit
ignition control unit
mixture control unit
vacuum control unit
warm-up control unit
control vacuum advance:

See speed control vacuum advance
control valve:
A valve which regulates or operates a system, especially a hydraulic or vacuum
control system.
Also see
air control valve
boost control valve
heat control valve
oil control orifice valve
control valve assembly:

A casting located in the sump of the automatic transmission. It contains most of the
valves for the hydraulic control system.
control wire:
A wire cable which runs from a knob or lever to a device which operates or
regulates. Also called a "control cable."
controlled combustion system:

(CCS) A system of reducing unburned hydrocarbon emission from the engine
exhaust.
conv:
Abbreviation for "convertible."
convection:
The transfer of heat from one object to another when the hotter object heats the
surrounding air and the air in turn heats the other object.
Also see
thermal convection
conventional oxidation catalyst:

(COC) a catalyst which acts on the two major pollutants: HC and CO
convenience:
See flags of convenience
conventional cross ply:

A tire having two or more carcass plies arranged in a criss-cross manner and
diagonally to the beads and travels approximately 1/3 the distance around the
circumference before attaching to the other bead. Each cord in the next ply is
arranged in the same manner, but in the opposite direction.
conventional ignition:
The transfer of heat from one object to another when the hotter object heats the
surrounding air and the air in turn heats the other object.
conventional ignition system:

An ignition system consisting of the battery, ignition switch, ballast resistor,
ignition coil, distributor, contact breaker points, condenser, centrifugal or vacuum
advance unit, spark plugs, and high tension wires.
conventional spare tire:
A spare tire & rim which is the same size as the other four wheels. Most cars do not
have them because they take up too much space in the trunk.
conventional theory:
The direction of current flow was arbitrarily chosen to be from the positive terminal
of the voltage source, through the external circuit, then back to the negative terminal
of the source
conventional tire:
A bias ply tire.
conversion:
[1] The change from one state to another, e.g., harmful gases into harmless gases.
[2] altered state of a particular system, or set of parts needed to achieve it.
Also see
manual choke conversion
energy conversion
tractive conversion
conversion coating:
A coating of some metal which uses the same kind of metal in the coating
compound and improves paint adhesion and corrosion resistance
conversion rate:
The rate at which a given catalytic converter purifies the exhaust gas stream,
governed by various parameters such as operating conditions and converter design
converter:
[1] When used with LPG (propane), it is a device which turns LPG (propane) from
liquid to vapor for use in the engine.
[2] Referring to a transmission it is the device that transfers engine torque to the
transmission.
Also see
catalytic converter
hydrodynamic torque converter
lock-up torque converter
lockup torque converter
monolithic converter
oxidizing converter
rust converter
single-bed 3-way catalytic converter
single-bed oxidizing converter
three way catalytic converter
torque converter
two-way catalytic converter
converter case:
An assembly in the automatic transmission encasing the impeller with the converter
cover welded to it. It contains the converter fluid and vane wheels and connected to
the crankshaft by means of the drive plate and revolving at engine speed.
converter, catalytic:
See
catalytic converter
converter cover:
A part in the automatic transmission that is welded to the pump and makes up the
converter case
converter drive plate:

See torque converter drive plate
converter housing:
[1] A stationary outer part of the automatic transmission which encloses the
converter case.
Also see
torque converter housing
[2] The housing of a catalytic converter. Also called "converter shell."
converter lock-up clutch:

See torque converter lock-up clutch
converter preheating:
An emission control device which increases catalytic action in cold starts when HC
and CO are their highest. Although not in use in current cars, it may become
necessary in the future. Thus it may mean the following: Take longer to start a
vehicle in the morning, require a larger battery, necessitate plugging a vehicle into
household circuit, need for frequent replacement of the catalytic converter.
Also see
preheating
converter shell:
See the second definition of converter housing
convertible:
Generally this is a two-door automobile without a fixed roof. Instead, the roof folds
up or is removed in some way so that the passenger compartment is exposed to the
open air. Some roofs are made of flexible fabric or plastic which folds up behind the
passenger compartment. Other roofs are not flexible and retract into the trunk. Some
retract automatically while others must be manually removed and placed in the
trunk. The term was introduced in the 1930s. In the 1950s, a hardtop convertible
was introduced to look like a convertible with its top up; but its fixed roof did not
fold or retract. It was also called a "drophead coupé" or "open car."
Also see
hardtop convertible
convertible sedan:
This is similar to the sedan body type, but with provisions of lowering both the all-
weather side windows and the fabric top to create a four-door convertible.
convertible top:
The soft foldable canvas or vinyl top of a convertible. It usually has a clear plastic
rear window.
convex weld:
A weld with the face above the eld edges
coolant:
Liquid in the cooling system. Usually a mixture of water and antifreeze (ethylene
glycol). This mixture lowers the freezing point of the water in the cooling system,
prevents rust and corrosion, lubricates the water pump, and picks up heat from the
engine and transfers it to the air passing through the radiator.
Also see
engine coolant
coolant controlled exhaust gas recirculation:

(CCEGR) a system that prevents exhaust gas recirculation until engine coolant
temperature reaches a specific value
coolant level warning light:

A small light on the dash which is illuminated when the radiator is low on coolant
coolant pump:
See water pump
coolant recovery system:

A small bottle that acts as a reservoir for liquid expelled from the cooling system
through the overflow pipe and returns the liquid to the system when it cools down.
A special radiator pressure cap is also part of the kit. It is also called a "Closed
Cooling System" when it is part of the original equipment.
coolant temperature override switch:

CTO A switch that prevents vacuum from reaching a component until coolant
temperature reaches a certain value
coolant temperature sensor:

A sensor located at the bottom of the radiator which is connected to the temperature
gauge.
cooled:
See
air-cooled
air cooled
liquid-cooled
water-cooled
cooled engine:
See air cooled engine
cooled valve:
See sodium cooled valve
cooler:
A device for cooling hot liquid or air by passing air through the vanes of a heat sink.
Also see
aftercooler
oil cooler
cooler bypass:
See oil cooler bypass valve
cooler bypass valve:

See oil cooler bypass valve
cooling:
See
charge air cooling
fan cooling
flushing the cooling system
intercooling
thermosyphon cooling
cooling fan:
[1] A large fan designed to suck relatively cool air and force it onto a warm object
like an engine.
[2] A large fan designed to pull away the radiant warm air surrounding a hot object.
cooling fins:
The greater the surface area that needs to be cooled, the better you will be able to
cool off a hot object, like an engine. By putting a number of fins on a surface, you
increase the overall area. On air cooled engines, for instance, you will see a series of
closely formed ridges or fins in parallel. As the air passes by them, the engine heat
is dissipated.
cooling jacket:
See water jacket
cooling system:
The system that removes heat from the engine. In a water-cooled engine it includes
radiator, pressure cap, fan, water pump, thermostat, water jackets; in an air-cooled
engine it consists of a fan, cooling fins, and ducting.
Also see
closed cooling system
water cooling system
copolymer:
A polymer produced from two different monomers.
Also see
graft copolymer
copper core:
The center electrode of a spark plug or the center wires of a high tension wire which
is made of copper.
copper-faced hammer:
A hammer with a round head made of copper or brass. It is used to hit objects
without damaging them where hitting them with a steel hammer might.
copper plating:
The application of a thin layer of copper by a process of electrolysis. Primarily it is
done to electrical contacts and terminals to give excellent conduction of electricity.
Cord:
[1] A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 model cars are classic cars.
[2] A strand of fabric or steel cable used in the ply of a tire.
[3] A rope.
Also see
bungee cord
cordura:
The brand name for a heavy-duty, synthetic material made by DuPont that feels like
canvas. It is often used in the manufacture of lightweight clothing, backpacks, and
camping gear.
core:
[1] When referring to casting -- a sand unit placed inside of a mold so that when the
metal is poured, the core will leave a hollow shape.
[2] The magnetic center of a coil usually made of iron.
[3] The primary part (engine block, alternator, starter, radiator, etc.) which has
malfunctioned, but is still suitable for rebuilding or remanufacturing. You can
exchange it for a new or rebuilt part. Thus, instead of paying full price for a new
alternator, you can submit your old alternator as a core and pay a lower amount for
the new alternator. "CORE" is an acronym for "cash on return."
Also see
bead core
copper core
laminated iron core
timer core
valve core
core charge:
The word "core" is short for "cash on return." When you purchase a part which is
rebuildable, you can return your old part and receive a core charge. Generally a core
charge is collected for engines, crankshafts, alternators, radiators, brake shoes. If the
part is beyond repair, there may be no core charge.
core hole plug:

See
core plug
freeze plug
core hole plugs:

See core plug.
core/insulator:
See projected core/insulator nose
core/insulator nose:
See projected core/insulator nose
core leads:
See carbon-core leads
core plug:
A metal plug located in the sides of the engine block which can pop out because of
excessive pressure or freezing and prevent the engine block from cracking. These
plugs are located in the water jacket and can sometimes leak and should then be
replaced. Block heaters are installed by removing a core plug and inserting a heating
element. Core plugs are also called "freeze plugs" or "expansion plugs."
core plugs:
See core plug.
core support:
The framework that supports the radiator and air conditioner condenser assembly
and also serves as the attaching point for the front fenders, grille assembly, hood
latch, etc.
corncob:
A bicycle term used to describe a cluster of cogs on a racing freewheel because of
the small variation in number of teeth on adjacent cogs.
corner:
See
inside corner weld
outside corner weld
rear corner valance
rear corner panel
cornering:
The negotiation of a curve, bend, or corner of a road. Good cornering ability allows
the vehicle to go around a curve at a reasonable speed without body roll and
breakaway.
cornering force:
The forces exerted on a tire by the slip angle when moving around a curve.
Also see
ultimate cornering force
cornering limit:
The maximum speed that a vehicle can travel around a particular curve.
cornering speed:
The speed that a vehicle makes when turning. It is relative to the sharpness of the
curve and the ability of the vehicle to stay on the road under control.
corner joint:
A junction formed by edges of two pieces of metal touching each other at an angle
of about 90°
corner panel:
A panel used to fill a gap between larger panels or frame members meeting at an
angle and to serve as a stiffener, such as those at the intersection of sidemembers
and crossmembers and the rear corner panels of rear fenders.
Also see
rear corner panel
windshield corner panel
corners:
See across corners
corner steady:
A British term for a jack stand used to support and level the corner of a parked
travel trailer.
corner valance:
See rear corner valance
corner weld:
See
inside corner weld
outside corner weld
Corolla:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Corolla
Corona:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Corona
corporate Average Fuel Economy:

(CAFE) Regulation enacted in 1975 which requires a motor vehicle manufacturer to
classify its U.S. vehicle fleet sales as either domestic or import for the purpose of
fuel economy averaging.
corporation:
Business association endowed by law with the rights and liabilities of an individual
correction jet:
See air correction jet
corrector:
See height corrector
corrode:
To eat away, gradually, the surface material from an object by chemical action, such
as rust.
corrosion:
The chemical process in which a metal is eaten away (i.e., rusting).
Also see
anti-corrosion
atmospheric corrosion
bimetallic corrosion
cold-condensate corrosion
electrochemical corrosion
electrolytic corrosion
fretting corrosion
galvanic corrosion
general corrosion
graphitic corrosion
intercrystalline corrosion
intergranular corrosion
localized corrosion
microbial corrosion
oxygen corrosion
pitting corrosion
scab corrosion
selective corrosion
underfilm corrosion
uniform corrosion
corrosion control:
The minimizing of corrosion by coating with a protective metal, an oxide, or similar
substance, or with protective paint, or by making the metal passive.
corrosion cracking:
See stress corrosion cracking
corrosion inhibitor:
A substance which reduces or prevents corrosion in oils, anti-freeze, paints, etc.
corrosion prevention:
corrosion product:
A substance formed as a result of corrosion (i.e., the rust itself)
corrosion protection:
corrosion resistance:
The ability of metal not to corrode. For example, nickel has a high corrosion
resistance while iron does not.
corrosion warranty:
See anti-corrosion warranty
corrosive:
Causing corrosion, e.g., acid is corrosive because it eats away the substance on
which it is applied. That's why acid rain is so harmful to the surface of automobiles.
Also see
anti-corrosive
Ford Cortina:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford of Click for books on Ford
England Cortina
Corvair:
A vehicle brand of which the 1960-64 Monza models are milestone Click for
cars. The 1962-64 Monza Spyder models are milestone cars. The books on
1965-69 Monza/Corsa models are milestone cars. Corvair
Corvette:
A vehicle brand of which the 1953-70 models are milestone Click for books on
cars. See also a history of the Corvette Corvette
cost:
The price that a shop charges for a vehicle or one of its components. To the shop, it
is the price they pay for the component (i.e., the net price) to which they add an
amount or percentage to arrive at the selling price.
Also see
cap cost
capitalized cost
net cap cost
net capitalized cost
opportunity cost
total Out-Of-Pocket Cost
operating costs
cost-effective:
worthwhile. Usually a determination of whether repairing a vehicle is worth the
expense in comparison with junking or selling it in favor of purchasing a newer
vehicle. If you spend a $1000 to repair a vehicle worth $20,000, that is cost
effective. If you spend a $1000 to repair a vehicle worth $200, it probably is not.
The exception would be a vehicle which has nostalgic or historic value.
cost of production:
actual cost to the manufacturer of producing a vehicle (does not include mark-up).
cost option:
An optional item for a new vehicle for which extra money must be paid to obtain it.
cost per kilometer:
A ratio which is obtained by dividing the total cost of the tire by the distance the tire
has gone. The total cost involves adding up the initial price of the tire, price of
retreading, repairs, rotation of tires, balancing tires, and other services. From this
total any credits such as warranty, rebates, and trade-in value is subtracted. It must
be remembered that when calculating the cost per kilometer of summer tires if
winter tires were installed for a few months that only the number of kilometers that
the summer tires were actually in use should be determined for this ratio. When
purchasing tires, it may be helpful to divide the retail cost by the number of
expected kilometers in order to compare one brand or one series against another.
cost per mile:

A ratio which is obtained by dividing the total cost of the tire by the distance the tire
has gone. The total cost involves adding up the initial price of the tire, price of
retreading, repairs, rotation of tires, balancing tires, and other services. From this
total any credits such as warranty, rebates, and trade-in value is subtracted. It must
be remembered that when calculating the cost per mile of summer tires if winter
tires were installed for a few months that only the number of miles that the summer
tires were actually in use should be determined for this ratio. When purchasing tires,
it may be helpful to divide the retail cost by the number of expected miles in order
to compare one brand or one series against another.
cost reduction:
See
cap cost reduction
capitalized cost reduction
cost reduction effort:

See supplier cost reduction effort
Cotal gearbox:
A semi-automatic electrically controlled transmission made in France just after
WWII
cotter:
A tapered pin or wedge which is inserted into holes in two parts to secure them.
Older bicycles used a cotter to secure the crank arm to the crank spindle.
Also see
cottered crank
cotter pin:
A fastener shaped like a pin, but split up the center. After it is inserted, the legs are
bent around the item containing the hole. A length of wire which is folded almost in
half and the bend forms an eye. Also called a "split pin."
cottered crank:
A bicycle crankset in which the crankarms are fastened to the axle by means of
threaded cotter pins and nuts.
cotterless crank:
A bicycle crankset in which the crankarms are fastened to the axle by means of nuts
or bolts instead of cotter pins.
cotterless crankset:
A bicycle crankset in which the crankarms are fastened to the axle by means of nuts
or bolts instead of cotter pins.
coulomb:
Abbreviated: C. A unit of electric charge. It is the amount of electricity conveyed in
one second by a current of one ampere.
Council for Automotive Research:

See United States Council for Automotive Research
counter:
See
rev counter
revolution counter
trip mileage counter
counter balance:
A weight attached to some moving part so that the part will be in balance.
Also see
crankshaft counter-balance
counterbore:
Enlarging a hole to a certain depth.
counterclockwise:
Rotation to the left as if the hands of a clock were going backwards. In most cases it
is the direction to remove a nut from a bolt. It is the opposite to clockwise.
counterforce:
In Bosch CIS, the force of the fuel-pressure applied to the top of the control plunger
to balance the force of the airflow pushing against the sensor plate
counter gear:
See cluster gear.
countershaft:
The shaft in a manual gearbox that carries power by means of gears from the clutch
shaft to the driveshaft, turning opposite to them. The British term is "layshaft"
countersink:
To make a counterbore so that the head of a screw may set flush, or below the
surface.
countersunk bolt:
A bolt with a special head. The underside of the head is tapered to fit into a hole that
has tapered sides (countersunk hole) so that when the bolt is screwed in all the way,
the top of the bolt is flush with the surface
countersunk hole:
A hole with sloping sides where the top of the hole is larger than the bottom of the
hole as in the shape of the letter "V"
countersunk screw:
A screw with a special head. The underside of the head is tapered to fit into a hole
that has tapered sides (countersunk hole) so that when the screw is screwed in all
the way, the top of the screw is flush with the surface
counterweight:
[1] Weight added to a rotating shaft or wheel to balance normal loads on the
part and offset vibration. Counterweights are used on the crankshaft and are
often found on the flywheel and driveshaft.
[2] A balance weight
coupe:
An enclosed single-compartment body with two doors and varying passenger
capacity depending on seat arrangements. The SAE standard J1100 defines it as
having less than 33 cubic feet (934 liters) of interior volume. Larger coupes have
rear quarter windows. Coupes have fixed permanent back panels and top, as well as
a luggage compartment in the rear deck. Originally it meant a vehicle which was
"cut" (thus the French "coupé") by a glass partition behind the front seats so that the
driver was exposed to the air while those in the back were enclosed.
Also see
club coupe
drophead coupé
hatchback coupe
sport coupe
three-door hatchback coupe
two-door club coupe
two-door coupe
two-door hatchback coupe
coupé:
See coupe
coupled sedan:
See close coupled sedan
coupler:
A device which links two other components.
coupling:
A connecting device used between two objects so motion of one will be imparted to
the other; it may be mechanical,
hydraulic, or electrical.
Also see
doughnut coupling
föttinger coupling
flexible coupling
fluid coupling
foettinger coupling
guibo coupling
layrub coupling
rotoflex coupling
rubber coupling
rubber doughnut coupling
shaft-to-cage coupling
shaft-to-shaft coupling
viscous coupling
coupling differential:
See viscous coupling differential
coupling point:
This refers to the point at which both the pump and the turbine in a torque converter
are travelling at the same speed, the drive is almost direct at this point.
coupling sleeve:
A collar or sleeve which is moved along the main shaft of a transmission by a
selector fork engaging in a groove on its center and having dog clutches at either
end.
courier bag:
A flat rectangular-shaped bag with a long strap. They are slung over the head and
one shoulder. Called a courier bag because they were originally made for
motorcycle and bicycle couriers.
course:
See road course
courtesy light:
A light in the cab of a vehicle which is illuminated when the door is opened.
cover:
[1] A protective panel designed to protect or hide components.
Also see
arm cover
battery cover
car cover
clutch cover
converter cover
dust cover
end cover
end cover plate
engine cover
headlight cover
nut cover
rocker arm cover
rocker cover gasket
rocker cover
sill cover
tonneau cover
transfer port cover
transmission cover
valve cover
wheel cover
[2] The tire itself as opposed to the inner tube.
coverage:
The surface area that a given quantity of paint will cover adequately
covered electrode:
A metal rod used in arc welding which has a covering of materials to aid in the arc
welding process
cover gasket:
See
rocker cover gasket
valve cover gasket
cover plate:
See end cover plate
cowl:
[1] The part of the vehicle body between the engine firewall and the front of the
dash panel. It usually houses the instruments and the plenum chamber for the
heater-ventilation system. The British term is "scuttle."
[2] The part of the bodywork which protects and/or provides streamlining for a
usually projecting component.
cowl chassis:
A truck chassis with front fenders and hood as well as the instrument panel. It is
used for companies want their own custom body and cab.
cowling:
The part of the bodywork which protects and/or provides streamlining for a usually
projecting component.
cowl panel:
A British term for cowl
cowl section:
A subassembly of the body shell that includes the bulkhead, cowl, and windscreen
pillars; it is preassembled in the factory and spot-welded with the other
subassemblies to form the body shell
cowl shake:
This is a vibration or shake of a vehicle, usually a convertible type, in the cowl area
due to lack of torsional rigidity of the frame and body. A certain amount is almost
unavoidable in convertibles unless frame-strengthening weight penalties are of no
concern.
cowl side panel:

A vertical panel at either end of the cowl
CP:
Acronym for contre pente
CP2:
Acronym for contre pente on both bead seats
cpe:
Abbreviation for "coupe."
C pillar:
See C-post.
C-pillar:
The body post that supports the rear of the roof and to which the left and right sides
of the back glass are attached. Also called "C-post."
C post:
See C-post.
C-post:
The body post that supports the rear of the roof and to which the left and right sides
of the back glass are attached. Also called "C-pillar."
CPSOV:
Acronym for canister purge shut-off valve
CR:
Acronym for "compression ratio."
crab:
The action of a vehicle where the rear wheels are offset from the track of the front
wheels.
crab-tracked:
A situation where the front wheels are wider apart than the rear.
crack:
[1] To open something just a little.
[2] A fracture in something which does not split it open. A hairline crack is a very
narrow fracture which is often barely visible with the naked eye.
Also see
circumferential crack
groove cracks
incipient crack
cracker:
A non-American colloquial term for something that is very enjoyable, e.g., "My
car's a cracker."
Also see
nut cracker
cracking:
[1] The action of opening a valve slightly and then closing the valve immediately.
[2] forming of cracks for instance in the sidewalls of a tire because of the hardening
of the rubber or in paintwork because of weathering.
Also see
heat cracking
radial cracking
stress corrosion cracking
stress cracking
weather cracking
cracking groove:
A split in the grooves of the tread caused by excessive strain.
cracking tread:
A split in the grooves of the tread caused by excessive strain.
cradle frame:
A motorcycle frame with two tubes passing under the engine.
Also see
open cradle frame
crank:
[1] An arm set at right angles to a shaft or axle, used for converting reciprocal (to-
and-fro) motion into circular motion.
Also see
cottered crank
cotterless crank
flat crank
hand crank
[2] The action of trying to start a vehicle engine or an electrical motor by means of a
crank handle or by an electrical starter.
crankarm:
[1] A part, one end of which is attached to the bottom bracket axle and the other
holds a pedal, whose forward rotation provides the leverage needed to power the
bicycle.
[2] An arm set at right angles to a shaft or axle, used for converting reciprocal (to-
and-fro) motion into circular motion.
crankarm fixing bolt:

The bolt that holds a crankarm on the end of the axle in a cotterless crankset of a
bicycle.
crankcase:
The lower part of the engine that surrounds the crankshaft. It contains the
crankshaft, piston cylinders, connecting rods and other moving parts of the engine.
As well, in non-air-cooled engines, it has a number of internal passages for the
coolant and oil transfer. In air-cooled engines, it has internal passages for oil
transfer; but usually it has fins on the exterior to dissipate the heat. The crankcase is
not to be confused with the pan which is a thin steel cover that is bolted to the
bottom of the crankcase.
Also see
positive crankcase ventilation system
positive crankcase ventilation
crankcase breather:
A vent which allows fumes and blow-by gases to escape. It reduces condensation.
This breather is usually connected to the air intake of the carburetor so that the
fumes can be burned in the combustion chamber
crankcase compression:
The primary compression in a two-stroke engine located below the pistons and
enables a more fresh charge to be fed into the cylinder. Also called "crankcase pre-
compression."
crankcase depression regulator:

(CDR) a device which aids in the control of crankcase gases by maintaining a
specific amount of vacuum in the crankcase
crankcase dilution:
An accumulation of unburned gasoline in the crankcase, an excessively rich fuel
mixture or poor combustion will allow a certain amount of gasoline to pass down
between the pistons and cylinder walls and dilute the engine oil.
crankcase emissions:
Pollutants allowed to escape into the atmosphere from the crankcase
crankcase half:
One side of a crankcase usually split down the middle. Usually found in motorcycle
engine.
crankcase pre-compression:
See crankcase compression
crankcase scavenging:
A system in a two-stroke engine where the fresh charge is induced into the cylinder
by way of the crankcase and the transfer ports
crankcase ventilation:
circulation of air through the crankcase of a running engine to remove water, blow-
by, and other gases in order to prevent oil dilution and contamination, sludge
formation, and pressure build-up.
Also see
closed crankcase ventilation
crankcase ventilation system:

See positive crankcase ventilation system
cranked:
something which has an elbow or right-angle shape.
cranking:
The act of engaging the starter by turning the key in the ignition switch which
makes the engine turn over. In the old days, a hand crank was used to do this, thus
the term "cranking."
Also see
cold cranking ability
cranking ability:
See cold cranking ability
cranking amps:
See cold cranking amps
cranking circuit:
See starting system.
cranking motor:
See starter.
cranking On The Throttle:

The action of moving a twist grip so that more fuel enters the engine and thus
increases the speed of the vehicle.
cranking speed:
The speed at which the starter turns the engine.
crank kit:
A reground or reconditioned crankshaft and new main and connecting rod bearings
crankpin:
The bearing surface on a crank of the crankshaft to which the connecting rod is
attached. Also called the "journal" or "crank throw."
Also see
splayed crankpins
crankset:
A group of components on a bicycle that includes the bottom bracket removable
parts, two crankarms, and one or more chainrings.
Also see
cotterless crankset
crankshaft:
A main rotating shaft running the length of the engine. The crankshaft is
supported by main bearings. Portions of the shaft are offset to form throws to
which the connecting rods are attached. As the pistons move up and down, the
connecting rods move the crankshaft around. The turning motion of the
crankshaft is transmitted to the transmission and eventually to the driving
wheels.
Also see
assembled crankshaft
balanced crankshaft
built-up crankshaft
offset crankshaft
stroked crankshaft
crankshaft counter-balance:
A series of weights attached to or forged integrally with the crankshaft so placed as
to offset the reciprocating weight of each piston and rod assembly
crankshaft counterbalance:
Series of weights attached to or forged integrally with crankshaft & placed to offset
reciprocating weight of each piston and rod assembly
crankshaft gear:
A gear mounted on the front of the crankshaft. It is used to drive the camshaft gear.
crankshaft journal:
The journals running in the main bearings as opposed to those for the big-end
bearings.
crankshaft position sensor:

A sensor which sends information concerning the precise position of the crankshaft
so that accurate ignition timing can be achieved.
crankshaft pulley:
A wheel attached to the front end of the crankshaft which is connected by fan belts
to the fan, the alternator, and other devices so that the rotating crankshaft can drive
these other parts as well. The crankshaft pulley usually has timing marks located on
it, and these are necessary for checking and adjusting timing with a timing light.
Also called a "harmonic balance wheel."
crankshaft runout:
A term used to describe how much a crankshaft is bent
crankshaft sprocket:
A chain-sprocket mounted on the nose of the crankshaft which drives the camshaft
by means of a timing chain
crank throw:
[1] The part of the crankshaft that the connecting rod fastens to. See crankpin.
[2] The distance between the crankpin and the axis of rotation or centerline of the
crankshaft, which is equal to half the stroke
crank web:
One of the pair of arms which carry the big-end journal
crash:
A vehicle collision with another vehicle or a stationary object.
Also see
car crash
frontal crash
head-on crash
oblique crash test
crash barrier:
A longitudinal railing usually found on the edge of the road especially around a
curve to help prevent vehicles from leaving the road.
crash box:
An informal term for a non-synchromesh transmission. Short term for "crash
gearbox."
crash gearbox:
An informal term for a non-synchromesh transmission.
crash recorder:
An electronic device which measures and records a number of characteristics of a
vehicle for 60 seconds before a crash: the speed, direction, braking, etc. so that the
cause of a crash can be determined.
crash sensor:
A sensor which deploys an air bag when a crash is determined -- usually because of
excessive deceleration
crash test:
A controlled test of a vehicle in which it is propelled into a wall or another vehicle
at a given speed in order to determine the effect on its structure and the
effectiveness of its safety devices.
Also see
oblique crash test
crash test dummy:

A specially designed manikin which records the effects in the event of a crash
crate:
[1] A framework of wooden boards for protecting something during transport.
[2] A vehicle which appears to be unreliable and ready to fall apart.
crater:
A depression in the face of a weld, usually at the termination of an arc weld
cratering:
The formation of holes in the paint coat due to surface contaminants.
crawler:
A British term for a slow-moving vehicle
crawler gear:
A British term for a very low gear used especially in off-road application
crawler lane:
A British term for a truck lane for slow moving trucks, especially going up a hill.
crazing:
Many fine cracks in the paint surface, resembling crow's feet. It is similar to
checking, but more sever, where fine lines or cracks appear in the paint
cream:
[1] To hit another vehicle.
[2] A soft paste.
Also see
barrier cream
crease:
A wrinkle or ridge in metal as a result of design or accident damage.
creep:
[1] The tendency of a vehicle with automatic transmission to edge forward when
idling when the transmission is in Drive and the brake is not engaged. Also called
"idling drag."
[2] When a crankshaft has slightly excessive runout (is slightly bent), it can
sometimes be corrected by laying the crank in its saddles, installing the center main
bearing cap (with its bearing insert) and leaving it for a day or two. Sometimes the
crank will creep or bend enough to put it within the specified runout range
creepage:
The slow spreading of rust under the paint which usually first appears as a blister
and then flaking
creeper:
A platform on four small caster wheels that allows you to move around easily while
lying on your back under your vehicle.
Also see
mechanic's creeper
crescent:
The part between the inner and outer gears of an internal gear pump
crescent wrench:
An adjustable wrench with smooth jaws.
Cressida:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Cressida
crest:
The highest point of a screw thread. The opposite is called a "root."
Also see
thread crest
crew cab:
A pickup truck with a larger passenger compartment usually with four doors.
crimper tool:
See wire stripper/crimper tool
crimping:
The creation of corrugations in two thin metal parts as they are pressed tightly
together in order to join them. This is often the method used to attach fittings to the
end of an electrical wire -- thus avoiding the necessity of soldering
crimping pliers:
A tool which looks like pliers with serrated jaws which are used to attach fittings to
the end of an electrical wire.
crimping tool:
A tool which looks like pliers with serrated jaws which are used to attach fittings to
the end of an electrical wire.
critical speed:
The top speed of an engine or shaft at which unwanted vibration begins.
crocodile clip:
British term for alligator clip
Crosley:
A vehicle brand of which the 1950-52 Hotshot/SS models are milestone cars.
crossbar:
[1] any transverse bar, especially a tie rod across the chassis.
[2] The top tube of a bicycle or motorcycle frame.
[3] A short bar used to assist a combination wrench in providing extra torque. The
British term is "Tommy bar"
cross-bolt:
A system of securing the main bearing caps with four bolts per cap by which two
bolts support the bearing cap from below, in the conventional manner, and two
other bolts enter the bearing from the side, passing through the sides of the engine
block. The cross-bolts are visible from the outside of the engine. This system of
securing the main bearing caps ensures good side-to-side, as well as up-and-down
rigidity
cross border shopping:

cross bracing:
strengthening ribs or other members which connect two sides of a frame
cross coat:
Paint spraying technique in which consecutive coats are sprayed at right angles to
one another
cross-country vehicle:
An off road vehicle
cross-draft carburetor:
A sidedraft carburetor
cross-draught carburetor:
A sidedraft carburetor
crossflow cylinder head:

A cylinder head design (especially in an OHC engine) with the inlet manifold on
one side and the exhaust manifold on the other side of the head, so that inlet and
exhaust valves are arranged on opposite sides of the combustion chamber, giving a
wider engine but better gas flow.
crossflow head:
A cylinder head with the intake valves) on one side of the combustion chamber and
the exhaust valve(s) on the other. Also called T-head
crossflow radiator:
A radiator in which the water flows sideways instead of vertically, and which is
therefore wider than it is high, permitting a lower hood line
cross hatch:
See cross-hatch.
cross-hatch:
The desired checkerboard design of the inner surface of cylinder after it is honed.
cross-hatch coat:
Checkerboard application of paint to be sure of a continuous paint film. One
medium coat is usually followed by a second medium coat in a perpendicular
direction.
cross-head screw:
A screw with a slot which looks like an X or + into which the tip of the blade of a
Phillips or Reed and Prince screwdriver can be inserted
cross-head screwdriver:
A Phillips or Reed and Prince screwdriver where the tip forms an X or +
cross-jetting:
Rejetting the carburetor jets from left-to-right to compensate for a left-to right
variation in performance. These tests are usually conducted using an engine
dynamometer
cross member:
A brace or strut which provides structural stability for the sides of a frame -- often
in the shape of an "X".
Also see
axle crossmember
rear axle crossmember
rubber-isolated crossmember
crossover:
See heat crossover.
crossover gearing:
A bicycle gearing system whose shift sequence involves moving from the lowest to
the midrange of gears on the smaller chainring, then crossing over to the larger
chainring for the remainder of the gears.
cross ply:
See conventional cross ply
cross-ply tire:
See bias ply tire
cross-point screwdriver:
A Phillips or Reed and Prince screwdriver where the tip forms an X or +
cross scavenging:
Scavenging in a two-stroke engine with flow across the cylinder assisted by a
wedge-shaped piston crown
cross section:
A view of an object when cut transversely at right angles across its center.
Also see
section width
cross-shaft:
[1] Any transverse shaft.
[2] The outgoing shaft of the steering gearbox, to which the pitman arm is
connected. The British term is "rocker shaft"
cross-shaft lug wrench:

See lug wrench.
cross-shaft lug wrench:

See lug wrench.
cross shaft:
The shaft in the steering gearbox that engages the steering shaft worm, the cross
shaft is splined to the pitman arm.
cross-spoke wheel:
Modern design of alloy wheel which imitates the appearance of the classical wire
wheel
cross-threaded:
The characteristic of a bolt or nut in which the bolt is inserted at an angle so that the
original threads are damaged
cross three:
A spoking pattern in which a spoke passes over two and under a third spoke before
being attached to the rim.
crosswind:
Wind blowing at the side of a vehicle
crotch rocket:
See sportbike.
crowbar:
A iron bar tool with a crook at one end with a forking device for removing nails,
etc. The other end has a wedge shape.
crowded engine compartment:

An engine compartment or bay in which all the available space around the engine is
occupied by other objects (alternator, pumps, air intake system, battery, wiper
motor, heater motor, windshield washer motor, starter, radiator, air conditioner,
hoses, pipes, wiring, electronic boxes, etc.)
crown:
[1] The tread area of a tire.
[2] The top part of the head of a piston.
[3] The outward curvature of an apparently flat sheet metal
panel. Click for books on
[4] The curve or convex surface of a properly finished Crown
weld.
[5] A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota
Also see
fork crown
high crown spoon
low crown panel
pent crown piston
piston crown
valve crown
crown panel:
See
high crown panel
low crown panel
crown piston:
See pent crown piston
crown radius:
The measurement of the curvature of a tire tread between the shoulders of the tire.
Expressed as a percentage, it indicates the relative flatness of the tire tread area.
crown spoon:
See high crown spoon
Crown Victoria:
A model of automobile manufactured by Click for books on Ford Crown
Ford Victoria
crown wheel:
The larger of two gears in a bevel gear drive with teeth around its periphery facing
sideways
crown wheel and pinion:

A pair of gears in the final drive of a vehicle, always found in the back axle of a
rear-wheel drive layout where the pinion is on the end of the propeller shaft driving
the crown wheel mounted on the differential at right angles to it, and also in front-
wheel drives where the engine is not transversely mounted
crown width:
The distance of a tire tread shoulder to shoulder measured along the buffed contour.
CRT:
Acronym for cathode ray tube
cruciform frame:
A frame with an X-shaped bracing either as a chassis frame, or in a monocoque as
strengthening for the floor
crude oil:
Unrefined petroleum as it comes out of the ground. It forms the basis of gasoline,
engine oil, diesel oil, kerosene, etc.
cruise:
To drive at a constant speed, often at highway speed.
cruise control:
A feature that keeps your vehicle moving at a set speed. Old cruise controls were
mere throttle control units which kept the engine speed the same. When the vehicle
approached a hill, the vehicle slowed down noticeable going up and speeded up
going down. Later models used vacuum controls to push or pull on the accelerator
rod. Newer models use electronic controls to accomplish this task. It can be turned
off by hitting the off button or touching the brake pedal. The resume switch allows
you to return to the pre-set speed after brake disengagement. The coast switch slows
the speed down and the accelerate switch increases it.
cruiser:
[1] Any motorcycle designed to be ridden long distances.
[2] Motorcycle riders who ride long distances.
cruiser bag:
A leather bag which is mounted on the top surface of the fuel tank or possibly other
parts of a motorcycle. Although it can be filled with anything for a trip, usually it
contains items that you want to access quickly (e.g., camera, road map).
cruiser stern:
A spoon-shaped stern used on most merchant ships designed to give maximum
immersed length
cruising circuit:
The main carburetor metering system
cruising speed:
constant speed at which a vehicle can be driven on the highway
crumple zone:
An area of a vehicle that is designed to compress during an accident to absorb the
energy from the impact.
crush:
A slight distortion of the bearing shell that holds it in place as the engine operates
crusher:
A machine which crushes scrapped cars into small blocks.
crush height:
The precision insert bearing must fit the bottom end of the connecting rod in order
to transfer friction heat to the connecting rod. The insert will protrude a small
amount above the rod bore parting surface. This distance is called the crush height.
When the rod halves are drawn together, the inserts touch before the halves, thus
forcing the inserts tightly into place.
crush washer:
A disc with a hole in the center. It is placed around the threads of a bolt and secured
with a nut or screwed into a hole. When the head of the bolt is forced against it, the
washer is squashed. Crush washers are used on some spark plugs to provide a better
seal when installed.
CRX:
A model of automobile manufactured by Honda Click for books on Honda CRX
cryogenics:
The study of physical phenomena at a temperature below -50°F (46°C)
c spanner:
See C-spanner.
c-spanner:
A wrench whose end is shaped like a C, used to loosen the lockring on a bottom
bracket of a bicycle.
CSSA:
Acronym for "Chambre Syndicale Suisse de L'Automobile et Branches Annexes"
(Switzerland).
CTC:
Acronym for "Chrysler Technology Centre."
CTO:
Acronym for coolant temperature override switch
CTS:
Acronym for Conti Tire System
CTVS:
Acronym for choke thermal vacuum switch
cubby hole:
A glove compartment on older cars, often without a lid.
cubes:
A colloquial term for cubic inches, or cubic inch displacement of an engine.
cube van:
A truck with a large compartment behind the driver's cab and used for moving
various products.
cubic capacity:
See displacement.
cubic centimeter:
(cc) Metric measurement of engine displacement. 1000 cc = 1 liter (litre) which is
about 61 cubic inches (61.02374409). Thus a 428 cubic inch engine is 7 liters
(428/61) and a 2 liter engine is 122 cubic inches (2 x 61).
cubic inch:
a measurement of volume equal to 16.387 cc
cubic inch displacement:

See displacement.
cubic inch engine:
An engine which is measured in cubic inches rather than cubic centimeters.
cu. ft.:
Abbreviation for "cubic feet."
cu. in.:
Abbreviation for "cubic inch" (also C.I.).
cult car:
A car which has many enthusiastic owners, but may not necessarily be a classic or
milestone car.
Cunningham:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models are classic cars. The 1951-55
models are milestone cars.
cuno filter:
A filter made up of a series of fine discs or plates pressed together in a manner that
leaves a very minute space between the discs. Liquid is forced through these
openings to produce a straining action.
cup:
A type of lip seal used on hydraulic pistons.
Also see
adjustable cup
agitation cup
bearing cup
bearing shell
cup washer
fixed cup
vacuum suction cup
viscosity cup
cup dent puller:

See suction cup dent puller
cup holder:
A device to hold a coffee cup or pop bottle. Also called beverage holder
cup seal:
Synthetic rubber seal with a single lip used for sealing hydraulic and pneumatic
pistons
cup-shaped wire brush:

circular wire brush on an arbor for use with an electric drill
cup washer:
A washer that is dished.
curb:
A stone or cement ridge between the road and the sidewalk. In Britain it is called
"kerb"
curber:
[1] A person who buys cars needing a lot of work and fixes them, then sells them
privately from his own residence.
[2] A person who steals a car, falsifies the registration information, and sells it from
a place not near his own home. You need to contact him on his cell phone where he
informs you that you need to meet him at some parking lot or on the curb of a
residential area.
curb idle:
Normal idle rpm. Computer controlled on many modern vehicle
curb-idle port:
See idle discharge hole
curb-idle stop screw:

A screw which provides an adjustable stop for the throttle lever
curb weight:
The weight of a vehicle without passengers or payload, but including all fluids (oil,
gas, coolant, etc.) and other equipment specified as standard.
cure:
A process of vulcanizing raw rubber through the application of heat, pressure, and
time to permanently shape and set the rubber at the degree of hardness desired to
protect it from the effects of normal operating temperatures and wear.
Also see
chemical cure
cure time:
The time required at a reference temperature for a compound to reach optimum
physical properties.
curing:
[1] Process of heating or otherwise treating a rubber or plastic compound to convert
it from a thermoplastic or fluid material into the solid, relatively heat-sensitive state
desired in the commercial product. When heating is employed, the process is called
vulcanization.
[2] The final drying stage where the paint reaches maximum strength.
curing gum:
A soft, tacky rubber compound used in retreading and repair to facilitate bonding
between different rubber compounds and between plies, etc.
Also see
cushion gum
curing rim:
When retreading a tire, a special rim that supports the inflated tire during the curing
process.
curing time:
The length of time required for paint or plastic to harden.
curing tube:
In retreading a tire, a heavy tube within the tire that provides pressure to force the
casing against the matrix during the curing process.
current:
[1] The movement of free electrons through a conductor.
Also see
alternating current
charging current
direct current
discharging current
electric current
spark current
[2] The most recent model vehicle (i.e., made in the same year as the present
calendar).
current for low temperatures:

See test current for low temperatures
current regulator:
A device for controlling the current output of a generator (which increases with
engine speed) by opening a switch when the current exceeds a certain value, thus
protecting the generator from damage due to excess current.
curtain:
See side curtain
curve:
[1] A gradual bend in the road. A sharp bend is a corner.
Also see
advance curve and torque curve
cush drive:
A motorcycle transmission shock absorber, usually a rubber cushion in the rear hub
cushion:
See
air bag
air cushion
impact cushion
seat cushion
cushion gum:
A soft, tacky rubber compound used in retreading and repair to facilitate bonding
between different rubber compounds and between plies, etc.
custom:
[1] A restyled or modified vehicle.
[2] A new body mounted on an existing chassis.
customer:
A person who is at least potentially able to purchase something. Good customer
service involves providing the customer with the best answers to his questions and
the best choices to meet his needs or wants.
customize:
[1] To restyle or modify a vehicle.
[2] To mount a new body on an existing chassis.
customs duties:
Customs duties levied on imported goods under the Customs Tariff.
custom wheel:
A special wheel with attractive styling, usually alloy, available as an aftermarket
accessory, designed to make a car look more sporty
cut:
See T-cut
cut-and-shut:
A British term for a process of shortening a vehicle by cutting out a section of the
chassis and/or bodywork.
cutaway:
A drawing which shows some of the exterior part and at the cutaway the interior
parts and their workings are shown.
cut gears:
See straight cut gears
cut in front:
The action of an overtaking (passing) vehicle which pulls back into the lane of the
overtaken (passed) vehicle. Usually it is a derogatory expression of a vehicle's
action which does not allow for much distance between the two vehicles. Also
called, "cut off" as in "He cut me off so I had to jam on the brakes to avoid hitting
him." Proper driving etiquette states that you should not pull in until you see the
front of the overtaken vehicle in your rear-view mirror.
cut-in speed:
The speed at which the generator has to rotate to produce a voltage which is greater
than that across the battery terminals
cut off:
See
cut in front
deceleration fuel cut-off
fuel cut-off switch
inertia fuel cut-off switch
power cut-off switch
power cut-off
cut-off/shut-off:
See overrun cut-off/shut-off
cut-off switch:
See
fuel cut-off switch
fuel cut-off switch
cutout:
[1] A form of bypass valve, located in the exhaust line, that can be used to divert the
flow of exhaust from one pipe to another. Often used to bypass the muffler into a
straight pipe. See exhaust cutout.
[2] A device to connect or disconnect the generator from the battery circuit. When
the generator is charging, cutout makes circuit, when generator stops, cutout breaks
circuit. Also referred to as "cutout relay," and "circuit breaker."
[3] A portion of a panel which has been removed so that a cover can be inserted.
[4] A circuit-breaker, especially one in the charging circuit of a generator output is
less than the battery voltage, so that the battery does not drain into the generator.
Also called a "cutout relay."
Also see
exhaust cutout
low-pressure cut-out
valve cut-out
wheel cutout
cutout relay:
A device to connect or disconnect the generator from the battery circuit. When the
generator is charging, cutout makes circuit, when generator stops, cutout breaks
circuit. Also referred to as "circuit breaker."
Also see
cutout
cutter:
A small pincer with sharp jaws for cuning and stripping wires, etc. The British term
is "end cutters" or "end cutting pliers."
Also see
end cutters
manual panel cutter
metal cutter
milling cutter
mini tube cutter
monodex-type cutter
panel cutter
sheet metal cutter
side cutters
taper cutter
tube cutter
valve seat cutter
variable hole cutter
cutters:
See
end cutters
side cutters
cut thread:
A thread produced by removing material from the surface with a form cutting tool.
This method keeps the unthreaded portion of the shank equal to the major diameter
of the thread.
cutting:
See
acetylene cutting
arc cutting
end cutting pliers
flame cutting
heavy-duty diagonal cutting pliers
heavy-duty end cutting pliers
high leverage diagonal cutting pliers
high leverage end cutting pliers
hole cutting snips
oxygen acetylene cutting
cutting compound:
An abrasive paste which is used to remove oxidation in the surface of paint in order
to bring back the shine.
cutting disc:
An abrasive wheel of an angle grinder
cutting flame:
A process in welding where cutting takes place by a rapid oxidation at a high
temperature produced by a gas flame accompanied by a jet action which blows the
oxides away from the cut.
cutting line:
A line established by the factory along which welded-up assemblies must be cut
when replacing a sheet metal part, in order to maintain structural strength in the
finished repair
cutting pliers:
See
end cutting pliers
cutting snips:
See hole cutting snips
cutting torch:
An oxyacetylene torch for cutting through metal, used by welders.
CV joint:
Abbreviation for "constant velocity joint."
CV joint boot:
A rubber cover over the CV joint. It usually has accordian folds.
CVK:
Acronym for center vertical keel.
Also see
center girder
CVMA:
Acronym for "Canadian Vehicle Manufacturer's Association"
CVR:
Acronym for constant voltage regulator
CVT:
Acronym for "Continuously Variable Transmission." See infinitely variable
transmission.
CWM:
Acronym for cold weather modulator
cwt:
Abbreviation for "hundredweight."
cycle:
[1] A vehicle with one or more wheels (usually spoked) where the rider/driver
straddles the vehicle as a bicycle, motorcycle, tricycle, etc. It also includes other
vehicles adapted from a traditional cycle where the rider/driver no longer straddles
the vehicle (recumbent cycle, four-wheel side-by-side pedal powered vehicle).
Obviously the distinction blurs with automobiles -- are they a cycle?
[2] A sequence of changes of state after which the system is in its original state
again.
Also see
city cycle
diesel cycle
ece test cycle
four-stroke cycle engine
four-stroke power cycle
four cycle engine
four stroke power cycle
four stroke cycle engine
ftp test cycle
limit cycle control
miller cycle
otto cycle
refrigeration cycle
two-stroke cycle
two stroke cycle
urban test cycle
working cycle
cycle car:
A term used to describe the very light production automobile made prior to 1922. It
was usually made from motorcycle parts and generally powered by single-cylinder
or twin-cylinder engine. They disappeared when genuine light cars appeared.
cycle control:
See limit cycle control
cycle engine:
See
four cycle engine
two-stroke cycle engine
two stroke cycle engine
cycling clutch orifice tube system:

(CCOT) the GM system that utilizes an accumulator (instead of a receiver-drier).
The system uses a fixed orifice tube located at the evaporator outlet, instead of an
expansion valve. A thermostatic switch or a pressure sensing switch cycles
compressor operation off and on in accordance with system status.
cycling clutch system:

Any system that controls compressor clutch operation as a means of temperature
control
cyl:
Abbreviation for "cylinder," as in 12-cyl. engine.
cylinder:
[1] The round chamber or hole in the cylinder block that houses the pistons
and where combustion takes place. Also called "bore" or "barrel."
[2] Any tube-like device.
Also see
acetylene cylinder
brake cylinder
brake master cylinder
cylinder bore
cylinder head
cylinder sequence
cylinder sleeve
dual-piston master cylinder
inner cylinder
lock cylinder
master cylinder
oxygen cylinder
slave cylinder
split-system master cylinder
tandem master cylinder
wheel cylinder
working cylinder
cylinder bank:
One half of a V-6, V-8, V-12, and V-16 engines along one side.
cylinder barrel:
An external casing of a cylinder forming a separate unit, especially of an air-cooled
engine
cylinder block:
The basic framework of the engine to which other engine parts are attached. It
is usually a casting and includes the engine cylinders and the upper part of the
crankcase.
Also see
engine block
cylinder block heater:

An electric heater element in the water jacket connected at the other end to house
current. The element warms the coolant so that in very cold weather the block will
not crack and the car will start easier. Often just called "block heater."
cylinder bore:
The cylinder holes.
cylinder charge:
A quantity of fresh mixture fed into the combustion chamber prior to combustion
cylinder head:
The detachable metal (aluminum or iron) section that is bolted to the top of the
cylinder block. It is used to cover the tops of the cylinders, in many cases the
cylinder head contains the valves, it also forms part of the combustion
chamber. It has water and oil passages for cooling and lubrication. It also
holds the spark plugs. On most engines a valve cover or rocker arm cover is
located on top of the cylinder head. Some engines have just one cylinder head
covering several cylinders, while others have separate heads for each cylinder.
In some motorcycle engines and small engines, the cylinder head is not
detachable -- it is cast with the cylinder which forms a blind hole.
Also see
crossflow cylinder head
x-flow cylinder head
cylinder head bolt:

One of several bolts which hold the cylinder head in place
cylinder head gasket:

See head gasket
cylinder head nut:

One of several nuts which hold the cylinder head in place.
cylinder head tester:

A device used to detect cylinder head leakages which cause combustion gases to
appear in the cooling system
cylinder hone:
A tool that uses an abrasive to smooth out (hone) and bring to exact measurements
such things as engine cylinders, wheel cylinders, bushings, etc.
cylinder liner:
[1] A cylinder sleeve.
[2] A hard metal block forming the cylinder wall and in which the piston runs
cylinder sequence:
The order in which the cylinders are located on a vehicle. It is important to locate
the number one cylinder to check and adjust timing. In some cars it may be at the
front of an engine on U.S. built cars and at the rear of some foreign cars.
Also see
firing order
cylinder sleeve:
A replaceable cylinder liner or tube, it is made of a pipe-like section that is either
pressed or pushed into the block. If the cylinder cannot be re-bored to an oversize or
if the liner has been damaged beyond repair, the cylinder may be re-sleeved.
cylinder surfacing hone:

Puts a cross-hatch pattern on the cylinder walls, after they have been bored, to help
seat the new rings properly
cylinder wall:
The inner surface of a cylinder.
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D:
[1] Abbreviation for "diesel."
[2] Abbreviation for "drive."
[3] A mark on the output (live) terminal on a generator (contrasts with "F")
DAB:
Acronym for "Digital Audio Broadcast."
dagmar:
[1] Large bullet-shaped protrusion on bumpers of cars in the 1950s. It was named
after the nickname of a buxom television star, Virginia Ruth Egnor (1921-2001).
[2] Dagmar is an automobile of which only the 25-70 models of 1925-1948 are
classic cars.
Daimler:
Also called Austro-Daimler. A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with
required application are classic cars. The 1949-53 DE-36 Custom Built models are
milestone cars. The 1949-53 2.5 Special Sport Convertible models are milestone
cars.
dam:
See
air dam
heat dam
damage:
See
accident damage
center section damage
direct damage
ecological damage
engine damage
frame damage
impact damage
indirect damage
internal damage
secondary damage
stone chip damage
damp:
[1] To reduce the oscillations of spring, carburetor piston, etc.
[2] To reduce the vibration in a crankshaft
damper:
[1] A friction device sometimes called a "shock absorber." Used for
controlling and damping spring oscillations. The springs actually absorb road
shocks; the dampers convert the energy imparted to the springs into thermal
energy (by friction), which is dissipated to the atmosphere or the vehicle's
chassis. Dampers are distinguishable by the type of friction involved,
mechanical or hydraulic but most modern cars used tubular-shaped hydraulic
shock absorbers. Because they affect up and down wheel motions, dampers
are an important link in tuning a vehicle's ride and handling.
[2] A moveable plate which permits or restricts the flow of liquids or gasses.
Also see
friction damper
gas damper
harmonic balancer
mass damper
monotube damper
piston damper
pulsation damper
steering damper
steering wheel damper
torsional vibration damper
torsion damper
twin-tube damper
vibration damper
damper piston:
A piston in a cylinder whose movement is restricted by a liquid or gas, which thus
also restricts the movement of another member to which it is connected.
damper settings:
See spring and damper settings
damper springs:
Springs in a clutch plate providing a cushion against sudden loads due to abrupt
engagement
damper strut:
A suspension strut whose hub carrier is attached to the spring element rather than to
the damper tube. Compare Macpherson strut
damping:
Cushioning of force.
damping force:
The amount of cushioning applied by a shock absorber
damping rate:
The amount of cushioning applied by a shock absorber
Darracq:
A vehicle manufacturer in which only the 8-cyl. cars and 4-litre, 6-cyl. cars of 1925-
1948 are classic cars.
dash:
See dashboard.
dash board:
See dashboard
dashboard:
That part of the body containing the driving instruments, switches, etc. Also called
the "instrument panel" or "dash panel" or just "dash."
dashboard gearchange:
British term for dash shifter
dashboard plaque:
[1] A metal or plastic plate which is mounted to the dash to indicate the brand,
model, or series of vehicle.
[2] A metal plate which is mounted to the dash to indicate an award for attending or
winning a rally or other automotive event.
dash design:
See wrapround dash design
dash panel:
[1] A structural panel with bracing across the width of the car on the inside of the
bulkhead below the windshield that provides the mounting locations of the
dashboard.
[2] The bulkhead
dash plaque:
[1] A metal or plastic plate which is mounted to the dash to indicate the brand,
model, or series of vehicle.
[2] A metal plate which is mounted to the dash to indicate an award for attending or
winning a rally or other automotive event.
dashpot:
A unit using a cylinder and piston or a cylinder and diaphragm with a small vent
hole, to retard or slow down the movement of some part.
dash-pot:
(DP) a diaphragm that controls the rate at which the throttle closes
dash shifter:
A shift lever and indicator which is located on the instrument panel either as a short
lever or push buttons
Data:
See radio Data System
Data System:
See radio Data System
Datsun:
A model of automobile manufactured by Nissan Click for books on Datsun
Datsun Truck:
A model of truck manufactured by Nissan Click for books on Datsun Trucks
Datsun Z:
A model of automobile manufactured by Nissan Click for books on Datsun Z
davit:
A crane arm for handling lifeboats, stores, etc.
day-night mirror:
A mirror which adjusts to prevent the glare from the headlights of following cars.
The British term is "dipping mirror."
days' supply:
number of days needed to sell all vehicles in inventory, based on the previous
month's sales rate.
daytime running lights:

A safety-oriented lighting system in which the headlights or other front lights are
constantly on even during the day. They help to prevent possible accidents because
oncoming traffic can be seen.
dazzle:
The glare from the headlights of oncoming traffic which can momentarily blind a
driver.
dazzle mirror:
See dimming mirror
dBA:
A unit of measure for decibels, the measure of sound intensity or pressure named
after Alexander Graham Bell. It is a logarithmic measurement; every 3dB increase
represents a doubling of the sound pressure. The "A" in dBA indicates that the
measurement was taken with an A-weighted scale; sound pressure varies across the
audible spectrum, and the A-weighted scale approximates the human ear's
sensitivity to various frequencies.
DBI:
Acronym for "De Danske Bilimport rer" (Denmark)
dbl:
Abbreviation for "double," as in dbl.-wide rear wheels.
DC:
[1] As an electrical term, it is an acronym for "direct current."
[2] As a piston position, DC is an acronym for "dead center" where the piston at the
extreme top or bottom of its stroke.
DC generator:
See generator
DC rim:
Abbreviation for Drop-Center rim
dead:
See
inner dead center
lower dead center
outer dead center
dead axle:
An axle that does not rotate nor is driven but merely forms a base upon which
to attach the wheels. Also see beam axle. It contrasts with a live axle.
dead battery:
A battery that registers almost no electrical charge. Sometimes it can be brought
back to life with a charger. The British call it a "flat battery"
dead center:
The point at which the piston reaches its uppermost or lowermost position in the
cylinder the rod crank journal would be at 11 o'clock UDC or 6 o'clock LDC.
Also see
bottom dead center
inner dead center
lower dead center
outer dead center
top dead center
upper dead center
deadfreight factor:
The amount of a ship's carrying capacity that is not utilized.
dead-head pressure:
A fuel pressure reading taken directly at the fuel pump outlet. Many systems use a
fuel pressure regulator; dead-head pressure is an unregulated measurement
dead pedal:
A footrest located to the far left of the driver so that he can brace his left leg during
hard cornering or to balance the position of the right foot on the throttle pedal
during normal driving.
dead rear axle:

A rear axle that does not turn. E.g., rear axle of front wheel drive car
dead rise:
Athwartship vertical rise between the keel and the bilge
dead space:
The space below the piston availaable for pre-compression of the incoming fresh
charge of the two-stroke engine.
deadweight:
The total weight in tons (2240 lb.) that a ship carries on a specified draft including
fuel, water in tanks, cargo, stores, passengers, baggage, crew and their effects, but
excluding the water in the boilers. It is the difference in weight between a vessel
when it is fully loaded and when it is empty measured by the water it displaces.
Also see
tonnage deadweight
dealer:
[1] a firm that buys and sells, adding some value for the consumer in the process.
Dealer often means a firm which operates closer in the distribution channel to the
consumer than a distributor or wholesaler and may add more value for consumers
than either of the above-mentioned terms. Also called "dealership."
[2] A person whose business is buying and selling cars and trucks or motorcycles.
Also see
authorized dealer
auto dealer
car dealer
franchised dealer
new car dealer
scrap dealer
used car dealer
dealer invoice:
The price the dealer pays for a vehicle.
dealer participation:
The amount contributed by the dealer to reduce the final purchase price in the lease
contract. Dealer participation can take the form of a rebate or simply a discount. The
dealer participation is reflected in the lease contract as a capitalized cost reduction.
dealer principal:
The individual or corporation that owns and controls one or a number of auto
dealerships.
dealership:
A firm that buys and sells, adding some value for the consumer in the process. A
dealership often means a firm which operates closer in the distribution channel to
the consumer than a distributor or wholesaler and may add more value for
consumers than either of the above-mentioned terms.
death rattle:
An informal term for a noise from an engine which indicates that it is likely to break
down at any moment
debugging:
The process of locating and correcting faults in a system
deburr:
To remove burrs from a metal surface
deburring:
Removing burrs from a metal surface or bearing
decal:
A sticker or transfer which is applied to a smooth surface to identify a particular
product. Pronounced dee-KALL in the United States, but DECK-ull in Canada.
decarbon:
The action of removing carbon buildup from the surface of the cylinder head and
the dome of the piston. The accumulation of carbon indicates poor combustion and
will result in loss of performance.
decarbonize:
See decarbon
decelerate:
The action of slowing down. The opposite of accelerate
deceleration:
Negative acceleration; the rate of change in velocity as a vehicle slows down during
braking.
deceleration fuel cut-off:

A device which stops the flow of fuel to the carburetor or injectors when the vehicle
rapidly decelerates in the event of a crash thus preventing the possibility of a fire or
explosion.
decelerometer:
An instrument for measuring deceleration.
deck:
[1] The bed of a half-ton truck.
[2] The floor of a commercial vehicle like a bus.
[3] The trunk lid of a car. Also called "rear deck."
[4] In an engine, top face of the cylinder block on which the cylinder head mounts.
[5] A platform in a ship corresponding to a floor in a building.
Also see
bulkhead deck
freeboard deck
main deck
radio/cassette deck
rear deck
rear deck panel
shelter deck
strength deck
tween deck
weather deck
deck beam:
An athwartship horizontal structural member supporting a flat or deck
decker:
See double-decker
deck house:
Small superstructure on the top deck which contains the steering wheel and other
navigational instruments.
decking:
See shaving
deck lid:
The panel which covers the engine in a vehicle with the engine in the rear of the car.
Also see
hood
deck panel:
The sheet metal panel extending from the bottom of the rear window to the rear
panel and enclosing the cutout for the trunk lid, extending sideways to the top of
both rear fenders. In some cases, this panel covers only the area between the bottom
of the rear window and the front edge of the trunk lid.
Also see
rear deck panel
deck ship:
See flush deck ship
deck stringer:
The strake of deck plating that runs along the outboard edge of a deck
declutch:
The action of disengaging the clutch (i.e. releasing the clutch pedal or lever).
Also see
double-declutch
decoke:
To decarbon
decompressor:
A valve which is manually operated to release compression in a cylinder by
allowing air to escape in order to facilitate manual starting of an old engine or a
diesel engine. Some motorcycles also used a decompressor to assist in kick-starting.
dedicated:
Something that is designed for a specific use or for a specific vehicle.
de Dion axle:
A rear axle setup developed by Count de Dion in the 19th century in which the
driving wheels are attached to curved dead axle that is attached to the frame
by a central pivot, the differential unit is bolted to the frame and is connected
to the driving wheels by drive axles using universal joints. The De Dion
system keeps the wheels upright (the same as a live axle does), but unsprung
weight is reduced because the differential is out of the axle. De Dion
suspension also leaves room around the differential for inboard brakes, which
can further reduce unsprung weight.
deep cycling:
The process of discharging a battery almost completely before recharging
deep tank:
Tanks extending from the bottom or inner bottom up to or higher than the lowest
deck of a ship
deer alert:
A device which is mounted on the outside of a vehicle and which makes a high-
pitched sound to warn deer and other animals away. Whether it really works or not
is debatable.
defect:
A fault in a system or a flaw in materials or a finish
defective:
A description of a component which is faulty or flawed.
defensive driving:
A driving technique in which the driver prepares for and watches for the mistakes of
other drivers around him so that he can avoid an accident.
deflated:
An air chamber (like a tire or lumbar support chamber) which has lost all its air.
deflation:
The loss of air from a tire or other air chamber
deflation warning system:

(DWS) developed by Dunlop for on-line detection of tire pressure loss. When tire
pressure is reduced, the tire circumference is also reduced resulting in increased
wheel rpm. The system uses the wheel speed sensors of an existing ABS system to
continuously monitor wheel speed and tire condition, and triggers a warning signal
upon detecting a problem.
deflection:
The movement of a suspension piece when subjected to a load.
Also see
effective deflection
deflection rate:
The distance that a spring squeezes together (deflects) in relation to the pressure
applied. E.g., 5 inches per 1000 lb load.
deflection under load:

See temperature of deflection under load
deflector:
[1] A device which causes bugs, tar, and grime from hitting other components.
[2] A special piston profile used to achieve cross scavenging in earlier two-stroke
engines.
Also see
air deflector
air shield
bug deflector
stone deflector
wind deflector
deflector piston:
A piston design which had a crown designed to direct the incoming fresh mixture
upwards to expel the burnt exhaust gas from the cylinder. This design is no longer
used today.
deflector shield:
See sunroof deflector shield
defog:
The action of removing mist or condensation from the inside of a window or the
outside of a mirror by means of blowing air or heated wires imbedded in the glass.
The British term is "demist." See defogger.
defogger:
An electric or hot air device to remove the fog or ice from both the inside and
outside of the windshield, backlight (i.e., rear window) or even mirrors. Some are
designed to remove fog from the side windows.
defogging system:
See backlight defogging system
deformation:
An alteration of shape or dimension which is caused by stress, expansion, or
contraction because of temperature, humidity, or metallurgical changes.
Also see
plastic deformation
deformation zone:
A crumple zone
defrost:
The action of removing frost from the inside of a window or the outside of a mirror
by means of blowing air or heated wires imbedded in the glass.
defroster:
The apparatus (either a fan connected to the heating system or electrical wires
imbedded in the glass) which removes frost or fog from a window. Also called a
"demister."
deglaze:
The action of removing the smooth finish on cylinder walls so that a new set of
rings will seat.
deglazer:
An abrasive tool used to remove the glaze from cylinder walls so that a new set of
rings will seat.
Also see
glaze breaker
degradable:
See bio-degradable
degradation:
The deterioration in the condition of something.
Also see
catalyst degradation
degrease:
[1] To remove oil and grease from the surface of a parat.
[2] Wiping the surface to be painted with a clean cloth saturated in a solvent. This is
essential to good paint adhesion.
degreaser:
A substance which removes dirt and grease from a mechanic's hands. Also called
"hand cleaner."
degreasing:
The removing of grease or oil from a surface.
Also see
alkaline degreasing and vapor degreasing
degreasing agent:
A solvent or alkaline solution which is used for removing oil and grease
degree:
1/360 part of a circle.
degree wheel:
A wheel-like disc divided into 360 equal parts that is attached to the engine
crankshaft it is used to time the valves to a high degree of accuracy.
dehumidifier:
A device which absorbs moisture from the atmosphere. It can be a unit dedicated for
this purpose, or even an air conditioner.
de-ice:
To remove the ice from the outside of the windshield.
de-icer:
A liquid or spray which is applied to the windshield to assist in removing ice.
Also see
door lock de-icer
lock de-icer
de-ionized water:
Water from which impurities have been removed by a special process and used for
topping up batteries.
Delage:
An old brand of automobile of which the 1925-1948 Model D-8 (but not the 4-cyl.)
with required application is a classic car. The 1946-49 D-6 Sedans are milestone
cars.
Delahaye:
An old brand of automobile of which the 1925-1948 Series 135, 145, 165 (but not
the 4-cyl.) with required application are classic car. The Type 135, 175, 180 (1946-
51) are milestone cars.
Delaunay:
An old brand of automobile of which the 1925-1948 6-cyl Belleville are classic
cars.
delay:
See
headlight on/off delay system
ignition delay
delay relay:
See time delay relay
delay system:
See headlight on/off delay system
delay vacuum bypass system:

(DVB) an optional system used by Ford that bypasses the spark delay valve during
cold operation to improve driveability
delay valve:
A valve used in a vacuum or hydraulic system in which the valve's opening or
closing is delayed. Also called vacuum delay valve
delay wiper:
A windshield scraper which can be set to activate at various times and pauses
between each swipe. It is useful when there is a mist or light rain. Also called
"intermittent wiper."
d'elegance:
See concours.
d'elegance:
See concours d'elegance
deliver:
[1] To pump or discharge a liquid.
[2] To drive a new car from the factory to the distributor or dealer. Or to drive it to
the customer.
delivery:
[1] The discharging of a liquid from a pump.
[2] Driving a new car from the factory to the distributor or dealer
delivery lines:
Fuel lines used to carry fuel from the fuel injection pump to the injector nozzles
delivery mileage only:

The odometer reading reflects only the distance from the factory to the selling
dealer.
delivery valve:
[1] The valve on the outlet side of a pump.
[2] A fuel injection pump valve that rapidly decreases injection line pressure to
achieve an abrupt fuel cutoff at the injector
Delorean:
A model of automobile manufactured by John Z. Click for books on
DeLorean Delorean
Del Sol:
A model of automobile manufactured by Honda Click for books on Honda Del Sol
delta configuration:
A triangular connection of the three stator windings of an alternator.
Also see
Y-configuration
deluxe:
Abbreviated (DL). A term used to indicate a series of vehicle which is just above
the basic version.
delugger:
A machine used to cut the lugs from tires prior to buffing.
demagnetize:
Removing residual magnetism from an object which had been previously
magnetized
demist:
A British term to clear fog or frost from the windshield or rear window. In the US
and Canada, the term is defog.
demister:
A British term for a defogger or defroster
demonstrator:
A vehicle used by a dealer for test drives and sold later at a reduced price.
Also see
ex-demonstrator
demountable flange:
A side ring or side and lock ring combination that retains the tire on the rim. It is
removable to permit tire mounting or removal.
demountable rim:
A two piece rim found on trucks. The main part of the rim remains on the axle while
a side piece and a locking ring is removable. In this way the whole rim is not
removed from the vehicle like a passenger car's rim and wheel. Also called a
"detachable rim"
denatured alcohol:
Ethyl alcohol to which a denaturant has been added
Denovo tire:
A special tire (fitted to a special rim) which used to be made by Dunlop, and which
can be run flat for up to 160 km (100 miles) at up to 80 kph (50 mph)
density:
Compactness; relative mass of matter in a given volume.
dent:
[1] A hollow or dip in a body panel caused by a sharp blow or impact.
[2] To cause a dent in a body panel
dent puller:
A tool with a strong suction cup to pull out dents in body panels.
Also see
panel puller
suction cup dent puller
Denver boot:
A locking device which wraps around the wheel of a vehicle to immobilize its
movement
départ:
The starting line of a randonnée or brevet
departure angle:
The most sharply angled incline the vehicle can leave without its rear hitting the
ground. As with approach angles, it's formed on one side by the horizontal axis, and
on the other by a straight line connecting the rear edge of the rear tire and the most
prominent point at the rear of the vehicle, usually the bumper or exhaust pipe.
depolarize:
Removal of residual magnetism thereby destroying or removing the magnetic. To
remove polarity
deposit:
A coating of unwanted mineral or layer of sediment at the bottom of a tank.
[2] To apply a coating of something (often metal by electrolysis).
Also see
gum deposit
lead deposit
refundable deposit
deposition:
See
electrolytic deposition
vapor deposition
zinc vapor deposition
depreciation:
The loss of value of a vehicle because of age or deterioration
depression:
[1] An indentation or dent in the surface of a sheet of metal whether through
deliberate design or accident.
[2] A restriction of airflow which causes low pressure and a partial vacuum.
Also see
constant-depression
constant depression
engine depression
valve clearance depression
depressor:
See valve spring depressor
depress the accelerator:

The action of pressing down on the gas pedal (accelerator) to cause more fuel to
enter the engine thus making the vehicle go faster. Opposite to "ease up on the
accelerator."
depress the gas pedal:

enter the engine thus making the vehicle go faster. Opposite to "ease up on the gas
pedal."
depress the throttle pedal:

The action of pressing down on the throttle pedal (accelerator) to cause more fuel to
throttle pedal."
depth:
See
molded depth
profile depth
skid depth
throat depth
tread depth
well depth
depth gauge:
A measuring tool for determining the depth of something.
Also see
tread depth gauge
depth micrometer:
A measuring device (micrometer) used for precise measurement of a hole depth,
recesses, keyways, etc.
depth of thread:
The distance from the thread crest to root measured perpendicular to the axis of the
thread
derailleur:
A lever-activated mechanism that pushes the chain off one sprocket of a bicycle and
onto another, thus changing the gear ratio.
derailleur chain, narrow width:

A bicycle chain made especially for use on an "ultra" or narrow freewheel often
recognized by bulging inner link plates and flush chain pins.
derailleur chain, standard width:

A bicycle chain designed to fit a freewheel of standard width, usually characterized
by straight-edged plates and chain pins that protrude slightly beyond the outer link
plates.
derrick:
A device for hoisting and lowering heavy weights, cargo, stores, etc
derust:
To remove rust from a metal part
derv:
Diesel oil when used as a fuel for road vehicles. Acronym for "diesel-engined road
vehicle"
descaling:
The removal of scale or metallic oxide from metallic surfaces by pickling
desiccant:
A drying agent (silica gel or a similar substance) used in refrigeration or air
conditioning systems to remove excess moisture from refrigerant vapour
design:
[1] The arrangement of parts or the form of construction.
[2] To arrange parts or construction of a vehicle or major component.
Also see
cab-forward design
cabin-forward design
cam design
cam profile
component design
open-deck design
product design
wrapround dash design
designation:
See
model designation
one-piece rim designation
rim designation
type designation
desmodromic:
something (like valves) which is opened and closed by a mechanical device. In most
4-stroke engines the valves are opened by the cam, but closed by the action of the
valve springs. In a desmodromic system, the valves are opened by a cam and closed
by a cam or a cable. A desmodromic system is more costly and more difficult to
manufacture, but the advantage is more precise control of the valves and less valve
bounce which is seen in a normal engine at high speed.
desorption:
The removal of material which has been adsorbed. It is the opposite of adsorption.
DeSoto:
A vehicle brand of which the 1956-58 Adventurer models Click for books on
are milestone cars. DeSoto
detachable rim:
A wheel rim which is bolted to the wheel center or spider and can be disassembled
for replacing the rubber tire. It is found on trucks and some quads. It is also called a
demountable rim
detachment:
See flow detachment
detail:
The action of correcting all appearance flaws in a vehicle.
detailitis:
A term coined by Art Treta to indicate a compulsive disorder which compels a
vehicle owner to correct its every flaw to the extent that he searches for even the
most hidden flaw.
Also see
restorationitis
detector:
See
glass tampering detector
radar detector
detent ball and spring:

A spring loaded ball that snaps into a groove or notch to hold some sliding object in
position.
detergent:
A soap-like chemical added to the engine oil (particularly MS oil) or gasoline to
improve its characteristics and keep the engine clean by controlling the formation of
sludge and gum as well as controlling foaming.
detergent oil:
An MS oil which keeps the engine clean by preventing the formation of sludge and
gum.
deterioration:
See
catalyst deterioration
thermal deterioration
DeTomasoPantera:
A model of automobile manufactured in Italy Click for books on Pantera
detonation:
The action of the fuel charge firing or burning too violently, almost exploding. It
sometimes results in a noise called "pinging." Detonation is caused by autoignition
of the "end gas" i.e., that part of the charge not yet consumed in the normal flame-
front reaction. Detonation occurs because piston motion and compression of the end
gas raise its temperature and pressure to the point where the end gas autoignites.
The pinging or knocking noise is the result of intense pressure waves in the charge
which cause the cylinder walls to vibrate. Also called "fuel knock."
detonation-activated ignition retard:

A system which retards the ignition timing when the detonation sensor picks up
vibration at frequencies typical of denotation
detonation sensor:
A sensor, , usually piezoelectric, mounted near the cylinders which can detect
engine knocking or frequencies of detonation so that it will send a message to retard
the ignition timing to prevent damage to the engine.
detour:
An alternative route which traffic has to follow due to closure of a stretch of road
for repairs, etc. A diversion.
detoxed vehicle:
A vehicle with a reduced emission system consisting of a catalytic converter, EGR,
air injection, fuel evaporative emission control, etc. Also called a "controlled
vehicle"
detuned:
The intentional adjustment of an engine to reduce its power in an attempt to reduce
emissions, reduce top-end speed, increase fuel economy, or meet specific
governmental standards.
deuce:
Hot rod built around a 1932 Ford coupe body.
deutsche Industrie Normen:

See DIN.
development:
See research & development
deviation angle:
See tire deviation angle
device:
A piece of equipment or a mechanism designed for a specific purpose or function.
See
anti-roll device
antiroll device
economy device
electronic sensing device
enrichment device
sensing device
triggering device
Devon:
A vehicle brand of which the 1958-62 S/S models are milestone cars.
dewax:
To remove a coating of wax from the body of a vehicle usually in preparation for
painting.
dew point:
The temperature at which vapor begins to condense.
DFC:
Acronym for digital frequency control
dhc:
Acronym for drophead coupe
DG:
Acronym for "Diesel General" oil for use under ordinary conditions in diesel
engines.
diagnosis:
Refers to use of instruments to determine cause of improper function of parts or
system of a vehicle
See
fault diagnosis
self-diagnosis
diagnostic:
See
engine diagnostic connector
on-board diagnostic system
diagnostic center:
A garage or part of a garage where problems with a vehicle or part of a vehicle are
determined.
diagnostic code:
[1] Code displayed on instrument panel which can be used to determine area in
system where malfunction may be located.
[2] Code numbers obtained by accessing the diagnostic mode of the engine
management computer. This code can be used to determine the area in the system
where a malfunction may be located
diagnostic computer:
A computer terminal or engine analyzer which is hooked up to the car's electronic
box and reveals the condition of the engine and various sensors.
diagnostic connector:
See engine diagnostic connector
diagnostic link:
The electric cord which connects the computer terminal to the socket on the vehicle.
diagnostics:
The process of identifying the cause or nature of a condition, situation, or problem
to determine the appropriate corrective action to take in the repair of an automotive
system. See on board diagnostics
diagnostic socket:
A socket on the vehicle (usually found in the engine compartment) which is part of
the onboard electronic sensor system.
diagnostic system:
The various sensors and electronic devices which record the operation of a number
of functions within the vehicle.
Also see
on-board diagnostic system
diagnostic testing:
The analysis of the various functions of the components of a vehicle to determine if
they are operating properly or have recorded faults which need to be corrected.
diagonal:
See
diagonal belt:
Another term for shoulder belt
diagonal cutting:
See
diagonal cutting pliers:

See
diagonal split braking system:

A dual-circuit braking system in which each circuit brakes one front wheel and the
diagonally opposite rear wheel, so that in the case of failure of one circuit
reasonably balanced braking can be achieved. See dual brakes -- especially the
picture.
diagonally split system:

A dual-circuit braking system in which each circuit brakes one front wheel and the
diagonally opposite rear wheel, so that in the case of failure of one circuit
reasonably balanced braking can be achieved. See dual brakes -- especially the
picture.
diagram:
See
circuit diagram
indicator diagram
timing diagram
wiring diagram
dial:
The face (usually circular) of an instrument like a speedometer, tachometer, vacuum
gauge, etc.
dial caliper:
A slide-type caliper which registers on a dial the distance between two points
dialed in:
The action of fine tuning an engine or component to its peak capacity.
dial gage:
See dial gauge.
dial gauge:
A precision micrometer type instrument that indicates the reading via a needle
moving across a dial face.
dial indicator:
A precision measuring instrument that indicates movement to a thousandth of an
inch with a needle sweeping around a dial face. See dial gauge.
dial torque wrench:

A wrench usually with a socket end and which measures the torque of a nut-bolt
fastener. It registers the value on a dial.
diameter:
The distance between one edge of a circular object to the other edge and passing
through the center.
Also see
bead seat diameter
bore diameter
circle diameter
external diameter
inside diameter
internal diameter
major diameter
minor diameter
nominal diameter
nominal rim diameter
nominal thread diameter
outer diameter
outside diameter
overall rim diameter
pitch circle diameter
pitch diameter
rim diameter
thread diameter
valve diameter
diamond frame:
[1] The traditional men's bicycle frame the principal parts of which form a diamond
shape.
[2] Tubular-frame design for motorcycles common until WW II and derived from
the bicycle layout. The engine cases often form part of the structure. In profile it
resembles a diamond shape
diamond star:
The name of Chrysler Corporation which comes from the pattern of its emblem.
diaphragm:
[1] A flexible cloth-rubber sheet that is stretched across an area thereby separating
two different compartments. A diaphragm is used in pumps to create a pressure
differential that causes a fluid to be pushed or pulled from one point to another.
Some carburetors have no float bowl (i.e., Tillotsen), but use a series of diaphragms
to pump gasoline into the engine.
[2] A flexible partition used to separate two chambers or elements.
[3] In air-conditioning system, a rubber-like piston or bellows assembly which
divides the inner and outer chambers of backpressure regulated air conditioning
devices.
[4] In fuel system, a thin dividing sheet or partition which separates a housing into
two chambers, one of which is usually vented to vacuum while the other is not; used
in vacuum-controlled secondaries, anti-stall dashpots, and other carburetor control
devices. Also see piston diaphragm
diaphram clutch:
Another term for a diaphragm spring clutch
diaphram link:
The arm which transmits the movement of the diaphram and the distributor
baseplate in a vacuum advance mechanism.
diaphragm pump:
A device which has a flexible diaphragm which moves forward and backward by a
solenoid or other mechanical device to transfer fluid.
Also see
twin diaphragm pump
diaphragm spring:
A type of spring shaped like a disc with tapering fingers pointed inward or like
a wavy disc, used in some clutches. In an automotive clutch the diaphragm
spring is part of the clutch pressure plate. When the clutch is engaged, this
spring forces the pressure plate against the clutch disc; driver effort through
the clutch linkage overcomes the spring pressure to disengage it. A type of
spring, shaped like a disc with tapering fingers pointed inward or like a wavy
disc, used in some clutches. In auto application, the diaphragm spring is part
of the clutch pressure plate. When the clutch is engaged this spring forces the
pressure plate against the clutch disc.
Also see
diaphragm spring clutch:

A common clutch used in most vehicles with manual transmission where a
diaphragm spring keeps the pressure plate in contact with the friction plate
dickey:
British term for rumble seat.
die:
[1] One of a matched pair of hardened steel blocks that are used to form (by
stamping, pressing, extruding, drawing or threading) metal into a desired shape.
Also see
bending die
lower bending die
[2] A tool for cutting threads. See tap and die set.
die back:
See die-back.
die-back:
In a lacquer finish the loss of gloss after compounding, caused by continued
evaporation of thinner.
die cast:
Manufactured by forcing molten metal into a die. Especially used of aluminum or
an alloy.
die casting:
Formation of an accurate and smooth object by forcing molten metal, plastic, etc.,
into a die under pressure. See cast.
dielectric:
A material which is an electrical insulator or in which an electric field can be
sustained with a minimum loss of power.
dielectric grease:
A special grease which is applied to the ends of electric terminals to inhibit
corrosion between the terminals or to be sure that there is good electrical contact
between the terminals.
diesel:
A type of engine or fuel or oil used for that engine.
Also see
diesel engine
dieselFuel
diesel oil
turbo-diesel
diesel cycle:
A four-stroke cycle where the air is sucked into the cylinder and compressed at a
ratio of up to 24:1. At the end of the compression stroke the fuel is injected.
Because of the high compression and resulting increase in temperature, the fuel is
ignited leading to the power stroke and followed by the exhaust stroke where the
combustion products are removed.
diesel engine:
An internal combustion engine that uses diesel oil for fuel. The true diesel does not
use a carburetor or an ignition system (i.e., spark plugs) but injects diesel oil into
the cylinders when the piston has compressed the air so tightly that it is hot enough
to ignite the diesel fuel without a spark. Because a cold engine cannot ignite the
diesel fuel, glow plugs are used to heat the mixture, but they do not provide a spark.
Named after Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913), the inventor.
Also see
diesel fuel:
A light oil fuel which has a relatively low ignition temperature
dieseling:
A form of autoignition in which a gasoline engine continues to fire after the ignition
has been shut off. In late-model emission-controlled engines, dieseling or run-on is
caused by heat and the unusually high manifold pressure that result from retarding
the spark at idle.
diesel knock:
The noise caused by the rapid rise in pressure in a diesel engine especially when the
engine is cold or running at a low speed. Also called "diesel rattle."
dieselling:
See dieseling
diesel oil:
Fuel for cars with diesel engines. This is not a form of lubricating oil. See cetane
rating.
diesel particulate filter:

A filter which removes small particles from a diesel exhaust. It looks like a
honeycomb catalytic converter but acts as a mechanical separator.
diesel rattle:
Another term for diesel knock
die set:
See tap and die set
die stock:
A tool used to hold and operate dies when cutting outside threads.
die size:
Retread rubber is designated by its crescent shaped dimensions in inches and
eighths, and its thickness in 32nds of an inch; (e.g., 66-72-16; the crown would
measure 6 and 6 eighths, the base 7 and 2 eighths wide; and the thickness 16/32 of
an inch, or gauge of the stock rubber.)
diff:
A colloquial term for a differential
differential:
A unit that takes the power of the rotating driveshaft at right angles to the rear
axle and passes it to the axle. It will not only drive both rear axles at the same
time, but will also allow them to turn at different speeds when negotiating
turns. In this way the tires do not scuff or skid.
Also see
automatic slip-control differential
axle differential
bevel differential
center differential
front differential
helical differential
inter-axle differential
limited-slip differential
limited slip differential
lockable differential
locking differential
lockup differential
multiple-disc limited-slip differential
no-spin differential
open differential
planetary gear differential
pressure differential switch
rear axle differential
rear differential
spur differential
torque sensitive limited slip differential
torsen differential
traction differential
variable limited-slip axle/center differential
visco-differential
differential cage:
The rotating metal fram which encloses the differential side gears and pinion gears
inside the axle casing. Also called the "differential carrier"
differential carrier:
See differential cage
differential case:
The steel unit to which the ring gear is attached. The case drives the spider gears
and forms an inner bearing surface for the axle and gears.
differential casing:
The differential housing
differential gear:
See differential gears.
differential gears:
The gears that transmit engine power to the driving axles and are arranged so as to
permit the rear wheels to turn at different speeds as required when the vehicle is
negotiating a turn.
differential grease:
See gear grease.
differential housing:
The enclosure which contains the differential gears.
differential lock:
A mechanism which eliminates the action of the differential so that both wheels can
be driven for better adhesion on slippery surfaces.
differentially:
See galvanize differentially
differential pinion:
The bevel pinion in the differential.
differential pressure:
The pressure difference between two regions, such as between the intake manifold
and the atmospheric pressures. In Bosch KE-Jetronic systems, the difference
between actuator fuel pressure in the lower chambers of the differential-pressure
valves and the system pressure entering the pressure actuator.
Also see
pressure drop
differential-pressure regulator:
A pressure actuator
differential-pressure valve:
Inside the Bosch CIS fuel distributor, these valves (there is one for each cylinder)
maintain a constant pressure drop at each of the control-plunger slits, regardless of
changes in the quantity of fuel flow
differential side gear:

The bevel gear on either side of the differential into the center of which the axle
shaft fits
differential switch:
See pressure differential switch
diffusing lens:
The lens in the headlight glass which helps to focus the beam
diffusion:
[1] The way in which innovations spread through market or non-market channels.
[2] Mixing the molecules of two gases by thermal agitation
digifant:
VW collaborated with Bosch to develop this electronic injection system. Digifant is
similar to a Motronic system, except that its timing control map is less complicated
than the Motronic map. And it does not have a knock sensor
digifant II:
A refined version of VW 's digifant. This system has some control improvements
and uses a knock sensor for improved timing control
digital caliper:
A slide-type caliper which gives a digital readout.
digital frequency control:

(DFC) A system which automatically stabilizes or tunes the frequency of a selected
radio station.
digital fuel injection:

(DFI) a GM system, similar to earlier electronic fuel injection system, but with
digital microprocessors. Analog inputs from various engine sensors are converted to
digital signals before processing. The system is self-monitoring and self-diagnosing.
It also has the capabilities of compensating for failed components and remembering
intermittent failures
digital speedometer:
A speedometer which shows the speed in digital numbers rather than a needle on a
dial gauge (which is called an analog speedometer).
digital volt-ohm multimeter:

(DVOM) a digital electronic meter that displays voltage and resistance
dig out:
To accelerate at top power.
diluent:
A fluid which thins or weakens another fluid.
dilution:
See crankcase dilution.
dimmer:
A switch used to lower or dip the headlights from high beam to low beam and back
again.
Also see
headlight dimmer switch
dimmer control:
A rotary control switch which will increase or decrease the intensity of the
instrument lights. Also called interior dimmer light switch.
dimmer switch:
A device used to lower or increase the brightness and focus of the headlights (i.e.,
from high-beam to low-beam). The British term is "dipswitch." Also called
DIN:
Acronym for "Deutsche Industrie Normen" (German industrial standards). DIN
horsepower is similar to the SAE net horsepower. It is measured at the output shaft
of an engine fully equipped with normal accessories.
dinging:
The action of straightening a damaged panel by using a hammer and dolly to bring
it back into shape.
DIN mounting:
The standard hole in the dash through which a DIN radio can be installed
Dino:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ferrari Click for books on Ferrari Dino
DIN radio:
An aftermarket radio which fits into a thinner hole than most American radios.
When installing a repacement radio, special faceplates are necessary
diode:
An electrical component having the ability to pass electric current readily in one
direction but resisting current flow in the other. When four diodes are connected in
a certain way (i.e., "bridged") they will convert AC to DC, thus becoming a
rectifier.
Also see
rectifier diode
zener diode
Dion axle:
See de Dion axle
dioxide:
See carbon dioxide
dip:
[1] A British term for dimming the headlights.
[2] A low horizontal indentation of the pavement which may cause a speeding
vehicle to lose control.
[3] To immerse.
See
full dip treatment
hot dip
dipped beam:
A British term for low beam
dipper:
A British term for the dimmer switch
dipper switch:
dipping mirror:
A British term for day-night mirror
dipstick:
The metal rod that passes into the oil sump it is used to determine the quantity of oil
in the engine. The oil level is marked on the rod and matches level indicators on the
rod. Dipsticks are used to check engine oil and transmission fluid. In most
instances, the dipstick is inserted as far as it will go and then removed to check the
level. In motorcycle engines, the dipstick is placed on the top of the threads (i.e., not
screwed down) to check the level. oil dipstick
dipswitch:
dip treatment:
See full dip treatment
direct-acting shock absorber:

A telescopic shock absorber.
direct current:
(DC) An electric current that flows steadily in one direction only. This is the type of
current found in a battery and throughout the lighting and accessory system of a
vehicle. Contrasts with alternating current (AC).
direct damage:
A vehicle damage caused directly by an impact with an object. In contrast with an
indirect damage.
direct drive:
When the gearing is such that the crankshaft and driveshaft revolve at the same
speed, the vehicle is in direct drive. Usually this occurs in high gear (except for
those with overdrive). It is represented as 1.00:1 ratio.
direct drive powertrain:

A system of propulsion where the speed of the engine, transmission, and propeller
shaft rotate the same.
direct ignition system:

(DIS) An ignition system which does not used a distributor but carries high voltage
from the ignition coils directly to the spark plugs.
Also see
integrated Direct Ignition System
direct injection:
A fuel injection system which is generally used in diesel engines and forces fuel
directly into the combustion chamber. It requires very high injection system
pressure to overcome the pressure within the combustion chamber.
Also see
high speed direct injection
directional baffle plate:

Installed in a Quadrajet carburetor's secondary bores to help direct the airflow for
improved distribution in the intake manifold
directional stability:
Ability of a vehicle to move forward in a straight line with a minimum of driver
control. A vehicle with good directional stability will not be unduly affected by side
wind, road irregularities, etc.
directional tire:
Directional designs are recognized by the grooves in the tread that swipe away in a
backward angle from the center of the tread face and rotate in only one direction. A
direction of rotation arrow is located on both sidewalls of the tire. Directional tires
enhance straight-line acceleration, provide maximum dry traction, better wet
performance which helps to reduce rolling resistance as well as providing shorter
stopping distances.
See
asymmetrical tread
directional tread
Symmetrical
directional tread:
An arrangement of bars, grooves, and ribs on a tire's tread in any manner that gives
most effective traction when the tire revolves in only one direction.
Also see
directional tire
direction indicator:
The signal lights which blink on either side of the front of the vehicle and either side
of the rear of the vehicle. Some early cars (like the Austin and Flying Standard) had
small illuminated arms that flipped out from the B-post instead. The purpose of
signal lights is to warn other drivers of a change in direction when turning a corner
or changing lanes.
direction indicator warning light:

A light on the instrument panel which flashes when the signal lights are operating.
Usually this light is in the shape of a green arrow. On some cars, like Cadillac, a
secondary light is mounted in a pod on the upper edge of each front fender and in a
pod inside the cab above the backlight (i.e., back window)
direction of rotation:
The direction in which a wheel or shaft turns or is supposed to turn.
direction of travel:
The direction in which an object (e.g., a vehicle) is moving.
direct polarity:
Direct current flowing from anode (base metal) to cathode (electrode). The
electrode is negative and the base metal is positive.
DIS:
An acronym for direct ignition system or a distributorless ignition system similar to
the C3I system, using two coils on four-cylinder engines
disabled:
[1] the condition of a vehicle which is not able to be driven because of a failure of
some component (e.g., bad battery, flat tire, engine seized) or because of an
accident.
[2] A driver who lacks the use of a limb.
disabler:
See ignition disabler
disassemble:
To take a vehicle or major component (e.g., the engine) apart in order to repair or
restore the vehicle or component or to sell or recycle them. Also called "dismantle."
disc:
May be spelled "disk." A flat dish-shaped item which may or may not have a center
hole.
Also see
abrasive disc
balance disc
brake disc
brake disc type
caliper disc
center locking disc
clutch disc
cutting disc
disc brake
friction disc
grinding disc
hardy disc
multi-disc
multiple disc clutch
multiple disc
padding disc
parking disc
plain disc wheel
rotary disc valve
tax disc
ventilated discs
wheel disc
discard diameter:
The diameter at which a worn brake drum should be replaced
discard thickness:
The thickness at which a brake disc should be replaced
disc brake:
A type of brake that has two basic components: a flat rotor (disc) that turns with the
wheel and a caliper that is stationary. When the brake pedal is depressed, linkage
(mechanical or hydraulic) causes the caliper to force its heat-resistant brake pads
against both sides of the rotating disc thus slowing or stopping the wheel. Almost all
new cars have disc brakes on the front wheels with drum brakes on the rear. More
expensive cars have four wheel disc brakes. Because of the need for greater pressure
to activate disc brakes, most cars so equipped also have a power booster. Wear takes
place in the pads and the rotors. The pads are usually replaced while the rotors can
sometimes be reground else they too must be replaced. If the rotors are not
tightened correctly when installed, they can warp and cause a jerking motion when
stopping.
Also see
brake, disc type
caliper disc brake
sliding-caliper disc brake
disc brake gauge:
A tool for measuring the thickness, wear, and score depth on brake discs
disc brake rotor:

See brake rotor
disc brakes:
See disc brake.
disc clutch:
See multiple disc clutch
discharge:
[1] The action of drawing electric current from the battery. The opposite action to
charging.
[2] to pour out liquid from a pump.
[3] the product (e.g., the liquid) that is poured out of a pump.
Also see
battery discharge controller
capacitive discharge
gas discharge headlight
gas discharge lamp
gas discharge light
gaseous discharge headlight
gaseous discharge lamp
main mixture discharge nozzle
discharge air:
Air conditioning air forced through the vents (ducts) into the passenger
compartment
discharge check ball:

In a carburetor, a small check ball that lifts off its seat when the pump well is
pressurized by the accelerator pump, which allows fuel to be discharged into the
venturi through the shooter nozzle
discharge controller:
See battery discharge controller
discharged battery:
A battery that cannot produce sufficient power.
discharge headlight:
See
discharge ignition:
See capacitor discharge ignition system
discharge indicator:
See battery discharge indicator
discharge lamp:
See
gas discharge lamp
discharge light:
See gas discharge light
discharge line:
In an air conditioning system, the line which connects the compressor outlet to the
condenser inlet
discharge nozzle:
In a carburetor, the end of the main delivery tube that discharges fuel into the
venturi area. See main mixture discharge nozzle
discharge pipe:
The outlet pipe from a pump
discharge plug:
See surface discharge plug
discharge pressure:
[1] The pressure exerted in a liquid pumped, expressed in psi.
[2] The (high side) pressure of the refrigerant being discharged from the air
conditioner compressor
discharge rate:
Amount of current discharged from a battery, expressed in amps
discharge side:
[1] Outlet side.
[2] The part of the air conditioner system under high pressure, extending from the
compressor outlet to the thermostatic expansion valve/tube inlet
discharge valve:
[1] Valve on the outlet side of a reciprocating pump. The opposite is suction valve.
[2] In an air conditioner system, a device used to check high side pressures, usually
referred to as the high side service valve
discharge voltage:
See spark discharge voltage
discharging current:
Current supplied by a storage cell or battery, whose direction is opposite to that of
the charging current
discolor:
To alter the color of (a finish, metal, etc.) to a color which is not wanted. This
fading may be caused by sitting in the sun, drops of contaminants (tree sap, bird
dropping, spilled gasoline), poor paintwork, etc.
disconnect:
To remove the terminal from a mechanical or electrical device or from the other
side of the terminal. While some may be simply pulled apart, others have catches
which must first be released.
disconnect terminal:
Solderless connectors in male and female forms, intended to be easily disconnected
and connected. Typically, a blade or pin (male connector) fits into a matching
receptacle or socket (female connector). Many components have built-in (blade)
terminals that require a specialized female connector
disconnect the battery:
The action of removing the high tension electrical cables from the battery terminals.
Also called "isolate the battery"
discount:
See
residual discount
manufacturer discounts
disc sander:
A round, rubber disc powered by an electric drill and covered with abrasive paper
for rough sanding work.
also see
orbital sander
disc type:
See brake disc type
disc valve:
A type of rotary valve that allows the passage of fluid through an arc-shaped slot.
Also see
rotary disc valve
disc wheel:
[1] A wheel constructed of stamped steel.
[2] A rim and metal disc that have been welded together. The disc is usually offset
from the centerline of the rim to allow for dual tire mounting and to provide
sufficient clearance between the duals. Disc wheels are attached to the hub with
either single nuts or double cap nuts.
Also see
plain disc wheel
solid disc wheel
disc wheel type:

A type of dual mounting wheels where the discs are offset from the centerline of the
rim to provide clearance between the tires. They are held in place by double cap
nuts, inner cap nuts, and outer cap nuts.
disengage:
To move (a gear, dog clutch, etc.) so that it no longer meshes with another matching
part
disengage the clutch:

During normal driving, the power of the engine is being transferred to the gears of a
manual transmission because the clutch plates are pressed together. When you press
down on the clutch pedal (or pull in the clutch lever on a motorcycle), you are
releasing that contact (i.e., disengaging the clutch) so that there is no connection
between the engine and the transmission. You engage the clutch when you release
the pedal or lever.
dish:
[1] A depression in the top of a piston.
[2] Offsetting of the hub on a rear wheel on a derailleur bike to make room for the
freewheel and still allow the wheel to be centered within the frame.
Also see
negative wheel dish
offset dish
dished:
A plate, washer, or disc is dished when the center is recessed from the rim like a
shallow bowl.
dished brake disc:

A disc that has worn thinner at the inner part of its friction surface. This is an
abnormal form of wear
dishing:
See negative wheel dishing
dish washer:
A washer is a flat disc with a hole in the center. The disc in a dish washer is dished
or bent in a concave fashion.
disk:
More commonly spelled "disc."
dismantle:
To take a vehicle or major component (e.g., the engine) apart in order to repair or
restore the vehicle or component or to sell or recycle them. Also called
"disassemble."
dispersant:
Dispersing or scattering in various directions; a state of matter in which finely
divided particles of one substance (disperse phase) are suspended in another
(dispersion medium) substance
displacement:
The total volume of air displaced by all the pistons in travelling from BDC to TDC,
i.e., the total volume of air and fuel the cylinder can hold before compression
occurs. Also called "piston displacement."
Also see
cubic inch displacement
engine displacement
light displacement
loaded displacement
piston displacement
positive displacement compressor
displacement compressor:
See positive displacement compressor
displacement taxes:
A vehicle taxation system which determines the amount of taxes based on the
engine displacement of the vehicle.
displacement volume:
That part of the cylinder capacity that is swept by the pistons on their up and down
strokes (i.e., the volume through which a piston moves in one stroke) formed by the
bore diameter and the piston stroke. Also called "swept volume."
display:
Any device that conveys information. In a vehicle, displays are either lights, gauges,
or buzzers. Gauges may be analog or digita
also l.
See compass display
graphic display unit
heads up display
display unit:
See graphic display unit
disposition fee:
A fee you pay at the end of the lease, to the lessor, that covers the lessor's cost of
getting the vehicle ready for sale after you have returned the vehicle. It is often
applied against any deposit you made at lease inception.
dissipate:
Scattered in various directions
distance:
See
braking distance
reaction distance
stopping distance
trail distance
distance piece:
A collar or spacer which is placed between two parts to keep them the correct
distance apart.
distance to the sun:

See mean distance to the sun
distillation:
Heating a liquid and then catching and condensing the vapors given off by the
heating process.
distilled water:
Pure water that through distillation has had all other chemicals (salts, suspended
solids, and organisms) removed. It is recommended for topping up batteries and
radiators.
distortion:
A warpage, bendng, twisting, or change in form from the original shape.
distribution:
See
asymmetic power distribution
asymmetrical power distribution
constant power distribution
equal power distribution
load-controlled power distribution
load distribution calculation
load distribution
power distribution
static high-voltage distribution
distribution calculation:
See load distribution calculation
distribution channel:
The path goods take as their title transfers from producer to consumer. The title
transfer for consumer goods is usually accompanied by transfer of the physical
goods, as well.
distribution tube:
See distribution tubes.
distribution tubes:
Tubes used in the engine cooling area to guide and direct the flow of coolant to vital
areas.
distributor:
[1] A unit in the ignition system designed to make and break the ignition
primary circuit and to distribute the resultant high voltage to the proper
cylinder at the correct time. The high voltage comes from the coil to the center
terminal of the distributor cap and passes down the rotor. As the rotor turns,
contact is made with each successive terminal on the circumference of the
distributor cap. From there, the voltage goes into the spark plug wires and to
the spark plug. Generally when your vehicle has its timing adjusted, it is the
distributor that is adjusted. Also called "ignition distributor."
[2] A distributor performs many of the same functions as wholesalers such as
selling, physical distribution, credit, etc.; but is between the dealer and the
wholesaler. Some industries use the term distributor instead of wholesaler.
Also see
breakerless distributor
fuel distributor
high-tension distributor
HT distributor
ignition distributor
shaft distributor
short-type distributor
distributor baseplate:
The fixed plate in the body of the distributor on which the contact breaker or
triggering device is mounted, and through the centre of which the distributor shaft
passes
distributor body:
The bowl-like part containing the distributor shaft with the rotor arm at its top end,
and, in the conventional version, the centrifugal advance mechanism and the contact
breaker
distributor cam:
The cam at the top of the distributor shaft with as many lobes as there are cylinders,
acting on the heel of the contact breaker arm
distributor cap:
An insulated cover containing a central terminal or tower with a series (one per
cylinder) of terminals or towers that are evenly spaced in a circular pattern around
the central terminal or tower, the secondary voltage travels to the central terminal or
tower where it is then channelled to one of the outer terminals or towers by the
rotor. The cap also keeps dirt and moisture out of the distributor.
distributor clamp:
See distributor hold-down clamp
distributor hold-down clamp:

A metal bracket at the base of the distributor that has a nut or bolt which can be
loosened to allow the distributor to be moved on its shaft to readjust ignition timing
or to open the points for gapping.
distributor injection pump:

A fuel injection pump using pistons which pressurizes fuel for injection in the
proper cylinder based on the relative port position of the rotating shaft in the
hydraulic head
distributorless ignition system:
(DIS or DLS) An electronic ignition system that does not have a conventional
rotating distributor. Instead, it uses multi-spark ignition coils or one ignition coil for
each spark plug.
distributor pipe:
A pipe or tube through which the fuel travels from the fuel distributor to the
injection nozzle
distributor rotor:
A rotating part of the distributor which transfers high voltage to each spark plug. In
a distributors with points, it is oblong-shaped; but in a distributors without points, it
is usually a disc. Also called a "rotor" or "rotor arm."
distributor shaft:
The metal shaft inside the distributor that has a cam wheel which revolves with the
shaft and forces the points to open. A spring causes the points to close. The
distributor rotor is mounted on the top of this shaft.
distributor tower:
The terminals at the top of the distributor cap into which the spark plug wires fit.
Also called "terminal tower"
distributor weight:
One of two flat pieces of metal found inside the distributor's centrifugal advance
mechanism on the baseplate. They swing out as speed increases and consequently
advances the timing of the spark.
distributor wrench:
A special tool used to tighten or loosen the distributor hold down clamp when
installing or removing a distributor
dive:
The action of the front of the vehicle to point downward (or dip) during braking.
The opposite is squat.
Also see
anti-dive system
anti-lift
anti-squat system
anti-dive
brake dive
nose dive
diversification:
In today's market, especially in smaller centers, a dealership cannot make a profit on
just one brand of vehicle -- especially foreign imports. Thus the dealership will
diversify by having several brands (e.g., Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Mazda). A car
manufacturer diversifies by making several different kinds of vehicles (trucks, vans,
luxury cars, family-size cars, commuter cars, compacts, convertibles, sports cars,
etc.) in an attempt to reach every segment of the population. Some dealers or
manufacturers may diversify by offering lawnmowers, boat motors, and
motorcycles as well as automobiles (e.g., Honda) or even musical instruments (e.g.,
Yamaha).
diversion:
An alternative route which traffic has to follow due to closure of a stretch of road
for repairs, etc. A detour.
divert:
To cause (air, a liquid, traffic, etc.) to follow a different course. For example, air is
diverted to the air cleaner; traffic has been diverted around the accident site.
diverter valve:
[1] A valve which adds an amount of air to the rich air-fuel mixture entering the
intake manifold during deceleration.
[2] Used in air injection system to channel airflow to either the exhaust manifold or
oxidation catalyst under different operating conditions.
See
air gulp valve
air bypass valve
divided propeller shaft:

A propeller shaft, usually in long chassis rear-wheel drive vehicles, which is divided
into two sections with a bearing and CV joint mounted on a chassis crossmember at
the central point. Also called "divided propshaft"
divided propshaft:
A propeller shaft, usually in long chassis rear-wheel drive vehicles, which is divided
into two sections with a bearing and CV joint mounted on a chassis crossmember at
the central point. Also called "divided propeller shaft"
divider:
A measuring tool with two straight pointed arms used to mark off and transfer
measurements, e.g., on sheet metal or other metal components.
Also see
spring divider
divorced choke:
Vacuum diaphragm is mounted on the carburetor, but the bimetal spring is mounted
either on a pad on the intake manifold or in a heat well in the exhaust man. Choke
lever is operated by a mechanical linkage rod from the bimetal spring. Also called a
remote choke
DIY:
An acronym for "Do-it-yourself."
Also see
do-it-yourself market
DIY mechanic:
A person, whether qualified or not, who does his own repairs on his own vehicle.
D-Jetronic:
Term used by Bosch to describe a fuel injection system controlled by manifold
pressure. The D is short for "druck," the German word for "pressure." Manifold
pressure is measured to indicate engine load (how much air the engine is using.)
This pressure is an input signal to the control unit (ECU) for calculation of the
correct amount of fuel delivery
DKW:
In 1904 Jörgen Skafte Rasmussen set up on his own as a manufacturer of boiler
fittings. In 1906 he purchased a textile mill in Zschopau, Saxony. Production started
there in 1907. During the First World War Rasmussen worked on a steam-driven
vehicle (Dampfkraftwagen), from which the three letters DKW were derived. In
1922 the company Zschopauer Motorenwerke started manufacturing its own
motorcycles. The sporting successes of the lightweight motorcycles with 2.25 hp
two-stroke engine were remarkable. Victories in the Berlin Avus race in 1922 and
the triple victory by the DKW team in the ADAC Reichsfahrt the same year made
people sit up and take notice. The first DKW motorcycle was consequently called
the Reichsfahrt. Over the next six years Zschopauer Motorenwerke/DKW
established itself as the world's biggest motorcycle manufacturer. Rasmussen finally
had access to a powerful engine for the DKW car (600 cc, 15 hp) in the form of the
two-cylinder motorcycle unit (1927). The vehicle, which had a load-bearing body
covered in imitation leather, had rear-wheel drive. It was produced in the Spandau
district of Berlin from 1928.
DL:
An abbreviation for deluxe which is usually applied to a series of vehicles which is
one step up from "custom"
DLI:
Acronym for "distributorless ignition"
dlr:
Abbreviation for "dealer"
dnf:
A racing term for "Did not finish"
Doble:
DOC:
Acronym for "double overhead camshafts"
dock:
See dry dock
document:
See
registration document
vehicle registration document
Dodge:
A vehicle brand of which the 1967-70 Coronet R/T models Click for books on
are milestone Dodge
dog:
[1] Man's best friend.
[2] A vehicle in very bad shape, which may not be man's best friend.
[3] A lug or protrusion on an object.
dog clutch:
[1] A simple coupling with two halves called "dogs," with square projections in one
that engage in square slots in the other to transmit drive, but can also be disengaged
to break the drive.
[2] Mating collars, flanges, or lugs which can be moved as desired to engage or
disengage similar collars, flanges, or lugs in order to transmit rotary motion
dog guard:
A grid made of tubular bars or wire mesh to keep a dog in the back part of a vehicle
dogleg pillar:
The C-post or C-pillar.
dogleg section:
An irregular shaped part of the leading edge of the rear quarter panel of a four-door
sedan along the wheel cutout and up to the waistline
DOHC:
Acronym for "double-overhead camshaft." Refers to an engine with two
overhead camshafts.
Also see
double overhead cam
engine type
do-it-yourself market:
(DIY) The vehicle maintenance and repairs conducted by the vehicle owner or
friend/relative who purchase auto parts from a retail outlet.
do-it-yourself mechanic:
A person, whether qualified or not, who does his own repairs on his own vehicle.
dolly:
[1] A metalworking tool, available in a variety of shapes and sizes, comprising a
curved polished block of cast iron or forged steel, used to assist in forming three-
dimensional shapes and in straightening dented panels, usually by holding the dolly
behind the metal to be shaped and hammering the metal. See heel dolly.
[2] A small two-wheeled trolley for moving heavy objects.
[3] A trolley that supports the front wheels or back wheels of a disabled vehicle for
towing it.
Also see
grid dolly
heel dolly
kidney dolly
mushroom-shaped dolly
shrinking dolly
toe dolly
wheel dolly
domains:
Groups of atoms that have same magnetic polarity
dome:
See
pop-up
piston dome
dome lamp:
A dome-shaped interior light. Also called a "dome light."
dome light:
A dome-shaped interior light. Also called a "dome light."
domestic:
A vehicle produced in Canada, United States, or Mexico. The opposite is "foreign."
donor car:
A car from which parts are used to repair another one of the same type or to build a
special or kit car
door:
The hinged side panels of a vehicle which permit the occupants to enter or leave the
passenger compartment. In most cases the doors open so that the hinge is toward the
front of the vehicle. When the hinge is toward the back of the vehicle, they are
called "suicide doors."
Also see
filler door
five-door
four-door
gull-wing door
pull-out door handle
rear-hinged door
sagging door
suicide door
three-door
two-door
door alignment:
Accuracy or fitting of the door in the door aperture
door aperture:
opening into which the door fits
door beam:
A longitudinal reinforcing bar which fits between the inner and outer shell of the
door. It is designed to withstand side impacts. Also called a side impact bar.
door bottom:
The lower door area, both of the door skin and of the door frame, also the narrow
horizontal lower panel of the door frame that has the drain holes
door capping:
the molding between the door trim panel and the window glass
door check arm:

A metal part near the hinge which has several notches which allows the door to
remain partially or fully open
door check strap:

A leather strap near the hinge which prevents the door from opening too far.
door face:
The edges of a door which are not visible from the outside or inside when the door
is shut. Also called "door shut."
door frame:
[1] the bare skeleton of the door to which the door skin and door trim are added.
[2] the door aperture.
door gap:
The distance around the door between the edge of the door and the aperture
door glass:
The glass pane filling the top half of a door, which can usually be lowered or raised
door handle:
The interior or exterior handle for opening a door.
Also see
door hinge:
The pivoting part which is attached to the door fram and the door pillar. It allows
the door to swing open or shut.
door hold-open spring:

A spring attached to the door hinge to provide a spring load to keep the door in an
open position
door latch:
That part of the door lock which contacts the striker plate as the door is closed, and
springs back when the door is fully shut to hold it in the closed position
door lock:
A mechanism for allowing a door to be opened either by the operation of a key on
the outside of the door or by releasing a mechanical switch on the inside of the door.
door lock de-icer:

A fluid which is inserted into the key-hole to melt the ice which has bound the
tumblers in a door lock.
door mirror:
An exterior, door mounted, rear-view mirror. On trucks and older vehicles the
mirror is manually adjusted; but on many cars they are adjuste either by a cable
inside the cab or by an electric motor with the switch inside the cab. The control
device is located on the door, on the dash, or on the console between the driver and
passenger.
door pad:
The door inner trim panel
door panel:
A panel covered in vinyl or other material and mounted to the inside of the door
door pillar:
One of the vertical members of the body shell ahead of and behind the doors, which
also support the roof structure and reinforce the body as a whole
door pillar switch:

A small switch, typically in the lower portion of the A-pillar, whose main function
is to turn on the courtesy lights when the door is opened and to indicate that the
door is open especially if the key is left in the door.
door pocket:
A container or pouch located on the lower inside portion of the door. It can be used
to store maps and other small items
door post:
One of the vertical members of the body shell ahead of and behind the doors, which
also support the roof structure and reinforce the body as a whole
door protector:
A strip of rubber, plastic, or chrome which fits over the edge of the door to protect it
from damage when opened carelessly
door pull:
A handle on the inside of a vehicle door which allows the driver/passenger to pull
his door shut
door rates:
The hourly rates charged by dealers on standardized units of service work. Hourly
rates may or may not correspond to an actual hour of work.
door seal:
A weatherstrip surrounding the door to form a seal when the door is closed
door shut:
The edges of a door which are not visible from the outside or inside when the door
is shut. Also called "door face."
door sill:
The bottom part of the door frame (i.e., the pat under the door when it is closed).
door skin:
The large sheet metal panel of the door visible from the outside. Available to body
shops as a replacement panel for most cars
door speaker:
Radio/stereo speakers mounted in the door panel
door stay:
A device incorporated in door hinges that keeps the door in an open position and
prevents it from closing under its own weight
door step:
Top part of the outer sill, visible when the door is opened
door surround:
The faces of the door step, door pillars, and roof section which makes up the door
aperture
door trim:
A panel covered in vinyl or other material and mounted to the inside of the door
door well:
A cavity enclosed by the door frame, door skin, and trim panel containing the
window winding mechanism and into which the window glass is lowered
doosy:
See Duesy.
dope:
Highly combustible alcohol/methanol-based fuel mixture
Dorris:
dos-a-dos:
Back to back seating on older cars where the driver and front passenger faced
forward; but the two rear passengers faced rearward.
DOT:
Acronym for "Department of Transportation" -- an American federal agency or
"Department of Transport" -- a British agency
DOT 3:
This brake fluid has a glycol base. It is clear or light amber in color. Its dry boiling
point is 401° minimum and wet boiling point of 284° minimum. It will absorb 1 to 2
percent of water per year depending on climate and operating conditions. It is used
in most domestic cars and light trucks in normal driving. It does not require
cleaning the system and it can be mixed with DOT 4 and DOT 5.1 without damage
to the system. The problem with it is that it absorbs moisture out of the air and
thereby reduces its boiling point. It can also damage the paint on a vehicle.
DOT 4:
This brake fluid has a borate ester base. It is clear or light amber in color. Its dry
boiling point is 446° minimum and wet boiling point of 311° minimum. It is used in
many European cars; also for vehicles in high-altitude, towing, or high-speed
braking situations, or ABS systems. It does not require cleaning the system and it
can be mixed with DOT 3 without damage to the system. The problem with it is that
it absorbs moisture out of the air and thereby reduces its boiling point. It can also
damage the paint on a vehicle.
DOT 5:
This brake fluid generally has a silicone base. It is violet in color. Its dry boiling
point is 500° minimum and has no wet boiling point in federal DOT 5
specifications. It is used in heavy brake applications, and good for weekend,
antique, or collector cars that sit for long periods and are never driven far. It does
not mix with DOT 3, DOT 4, or DOT 5.1. It will not absorb water and will not
damage the paint on a vehicle. It is also compatible with most rubber formulations.
The problem with it is that it may easily get air bubbles into the system which are
nearly impossible to remove, giving poor pedal feel. It is unsuitable for racing due
to compressibility under high temperatures. If as little as one drop of water enters
the fluid, severe localized corrosion, freezing, or gassing may occur. This can
happen because water is heavier and not mixable with silicone fluids. It is
unsuitable for ABS.
DOT 5.1:
This brake fluid has a borate ester base. It is clear or light amber in color. Its dry
boiling point is 500° minimum and wet boiling point of 356° minimum. It is used in
severe-duty vehicles such as fleets and delivery trucks; towing vehicles, and race
cars. It can be mixed with DOT 3 or DOT 4 without damage to the system. It
maintains higher boiling point than DOT 3 or DOT 4 fluids due to its higher borate
ester content. It is excellent for severe duty applications. The problem with it is that
it costs more than other fluids and there is limited availability. It also absorbs
moisture out of the air and thereby reduces its boiling point. It can also damage the
paint on a vehicle.
DOT number:
The symbol DOT on a tire means it meets or exceeds Department of Transportation
safety standards. Following DOT are a maximum of eleven numbers. E.g., "DOT
FT TW A2NX 092." ("DOT" = meets or exceeds federal standards; "FT" =
identifies manufacturing plant; "TW" = the code for tire size; "A2N" or "A2NX-3"
or optional 4 digits = manufacturer's code to identify the characteristics of the tire;
"092" = Week of mfg., in this case, 9th week of 1972. Prior to May 22, 1971 the
manufacturer's plant was identified by only three numbers (Example DOT 129).
Retreaded tires must also have a new serial number and can be determined by the
letter "R" following DOT letters.
double-acting:
(of a shock absorber or pump) having a piston with fluid on both sides so that in a
pump one piston end performs the suction stroke while the other discharges the
liquid, and in a shock absorber both upward and downward movements are damped
double-barrel carburetor:
Two throttle openings or barrels from the carburetor to the intake manifold. Also
called "twin-choke carburetor."
Also see
four-barrel carburetor
double bottom:
Compartments at the bottom of a ship between inner bottom and the shell plating,
used for fresh water, ballast water, fuel oil, etc
double cap nut:

(Budd mounting) A type of securing device which consists of an inner cap nut
(sleeve nut) and an outer cap nut. It is the most common method for mounting disc
wheels in dual.
double century:
A bicycle ride of 200 miles.
double clutch:
See double clutching.
double clutching:
Vehicles with manual transmission and no synchromesh have difficulty shifting
from one gear to another. With synchromesh, shifting is accomplished by
depressing the clutch pedal and moving the gearshift selector from one gear to the
next. Without synchromesh, shifting is not smooth unless you double clutch. Here
you depress the clutch pedal shift to neutral lift up on the clutch pedal blip the
throttle (accelerator), then depress the clutch pedal again and shift to the next gear.
While this action seems complicated, you can get used to doing it to avoid the
grinding noise heard in non-synchromesh transmissions.
double coat:
Two single coats of primer or paint applied with little or no flash time between
them.
Also see
single coat
double-decker:
A passenger bus with a set of seats on a floor above a lower set.
double-decker bus:
A passenger bus with a set of seats on a floor above a lower set.
double-declutch:
A British term for double clutch
double-ended spanner:
British term for double-ended wrench
double-ended wrench:
A tool which has a hexagon ring at each end.
double filament bulb:

A light bulb with two filaments. For example a headlamp bulb with one for the high
beam and another for the low beam; or a bulb with one filament for the stop light
and another for the taillight.
double flare:
The end of the tubing, especially brake tubing, has a flare made so that the flare area
uses two wall thicknesses. This makes a much stronger and safer joint in bicycle
tubing.
double helical gear:

A gear with two rows of inclined teeth, each forming an open "V" or chevron. Also
called "herringbone gear"
double hexagon socket:

A socket with 12 points rather than the normal 6 points.
double leading brake shoe:

A system of braking where two hydraulic plungers and separate pivots create better
braking when the vehicle is going forward; however it is not very effective when the
vehicle goes in reverse.
Also see
double overhead cam:

(DOHC) An engine with two camshafts located above the cylinders. One
drives the intake valves and the other operates the exhaust valve. In a single
overhead cam engine (SOHC), one cam has enough lobes to drive both the
intake and exhaust valves. The DOHC engine is considered to be a very
sophisticated and more efficient engine; but is sometimes more difficult to
adjust the valves. Also called "twin overhead camshaft." See engine type.
double overhead camshaft:

See double overhead cam
double-pivot steering:
Steering in which the steered wheels are pivoted on kingpins, which is the usual
arrangement on motor vehicles.
Also see
ackermann steering
single-pivot steering
double reduction axle:

A drive axle construction in which two sets of reduction gears are used for extreme
reduction of gear ratio
double reduction gearing:

Gearing in which the ratio is reduced in two stages, used especially in heavy trucks
double roller chain:

See duplex chain
double-tube shock absorber:

An older design of hydraulic shock absorber using two concentric tubes, one
serving as the working cylinder, the other as the reservoir.
Also see
double wishbone:
A form of independent suspension used on the front of a vehicle where both the
upper and lower wishbones are of equal length.
double wishbone suspension:

See double wishbone
doughnut:
See rubber doughnut coupling
doughnut coupling:
A flexible joint made of rubber and shaped like a ring doughnut. It is used, for
example, between the front of the propeller shaft and the gearbox. Also called
"doughnut joint."
Also see
rubber doughnut coupling
doughnut joint:
A flexible coupling made of rubber and shaped like a ring doughnut. It is used, for
example, between the front of the propeller shaft and the gearbox. Also called
"doughnut coupling."
dowel:
A pin projecting from one of two mating surfaces which fits into a correspondng
hole in the other thus lining up the two pieces accurately during assembly.
Also see
locating dowel
dowel pin:
A pin (steel or wood), passed through or partly through, two parts to provide proper
alignment and to prevent movement between them. Sometimes called "locating
pin."
downdraft carburetor:
A carburetor in which the air passes downward through the carburetor into the
intake manifold. Contrasts with sidedraft carburetor.
downdraught carburetor:
British spelling for downdraft carburetor
downflow radiator:
A traditional type of vertical radiator, with header tank and bottom tank and a
system of small tubes and cooling fins in-between, the hot water entering at the top
and exiting at the bottom. This type of radiator has been replaced by a crossflow
radiator.
downforce:
A vertical force directed downward, produced by airflow around an object such as
the body of a vehicle.
downgearing:
See downshifting.
downhand welding:
See flat position welding
downpipe:
The pipe that joins the entire exhaust system to the exhaust manifold.
downshift:
The act of selecting a lower gear. In Britain it is called "downward change."
Also see
forced downshift
downshifting:
Manually shifting to a lower gear in order to use the engine compression to assist in
reducing the vehicle's speed. Also called "downgearing."
downstroke:
The downward movement of the piston, either the intake stroke or the power stroke
in a four-cycle engine.
downtime:
Downtime occurs when a vehicle is being repaired (esp. a commercial vehicle), it
cannot fulfil its function. There is a loss in both potential proceeds from its use as
well as the salary of its operators.
down tube:
The tube running from the headset to the bottom bracket one part of the main
triangle on a bicycle frame.
downward change:
A British expression of shifting the transmission to a lower gear. The North
American term is downshift.
dozer:
A portable frame straightening machine
DP:
Acronym for "dash-pot"
D-pillar:
The fourth vertical post in a van or station wagon. Also called D-post
D-post:
The fourth vertical pillar in a van or station wagon. Also called D-pillar
dr:
Abbreviation for "door," as in 2-dr. Sedan."
draft:
[1] An unpleasant current of air intruding into the interior of a car.
[2] The depth of the ship below the waterline measured vertically to the lowest part
of the hull.
Also see
horizontal draft carburetor
drafting:
The action of following closely behind a faster vehicle so as to take advantage of
the aerodynamic effect which causes both the vehicles behind and the one in front to
move faster. See slip stream.
draft marks:
The numbers which are placed on each side of a ship at the bow and stern from the
lower edge of the number to the bottom of the keel
drag:
[1] To accelerate a vehicle from a standing start, over a course one-fourth mile in
length. Also called "drag racing."
[2] Used by some drivers when referring to challenging another driver to an
acceleration race.
[3] Air resistance. See aerodynamic drag.
[4] The condition of a clutch when it fails to fully disengage. The plates still rub
against each other and causes intermittent contact between the engine output and the
transmission gears. Called "clutch drag."
[5] The condition of brakes when the pads or shoes still rub the disc or drum. Called
"brake drag."
Also see
aerodynamic drag
clutch drag
coefficient of drag
idling drag
wind drag
drag coefficient:
(Cd) A number used in calculating the aerodynamic drag acting on a vehicle. The
drag coefficient is a function of factors like the shape of the vehicle, airflow through
the vehicle for ventilation and cooling. The number is determined in a wind-tunnel
or by coasting tests performed on the vehicle. The lower the drag coefficient the less
drag on the vehicle and the more aerodynamic is the vehicle. A sleek vehicle has a
drag coefficient, or "Cd," of about 0.30; a square, flat plate's is 1.98. Also signified
by Cx.
drag link:
A steel rod connecting the pitman arm to one of the steering knuckles. On some
installations the drag link connects the pitman arm to a center idler arm.
drag race:
A competitive match between two vehicles in which they race over a 1/4 mile
course.
dragster:
A specially constructed car for drag racing, typically with a huge supercharged V-8
engine mounted well back in the chassis and extremely wide rear tires
dragstrip:
A quarter-mile stretch of track for drag racing
drag wheel:
Special steering wheel used on some dragsters. Often consists of a crossbar spoke
and a portion of rim on each end.
drain:
[1] To empty a container usually from the bottom.
[2] A tube or channel which allows water to run to another place.
Also see
magnetic drain plug
oil drain plug
oil drain valve
radiator drain cock
radiator drain plug
draincock:
A petcock or drain tap.
Also see
radiator drain cock
drain hole:
A hole drilled in the bottom of a box section or a door, to allow water that has
accumulated to escape so as to prevent or delay rusting
draining tray:
A container used to catch oil when draining the sump, transmission, etc.
drain plug:
Usually a threaded plug at the lowest point of the sump, gearbox, cooling system,
etc., which is removed in order to drain the oil or coolant, and typically has a
recessed hexagon head.
Also see
magnetic drain plug
oil drain plug
oil pan drain plug
radiator drain plug
sump drain plug
drain plug key:

A tool for removing and tightening drain plugs, e.g., on transmissions and engine
sumps, either as a multi-purpose tool with a number of different drives in the form
of hexagonal or square projections at either end for different drain plugs, or as a
special tool for one specific size of drain plug. Also called a "drain plug wrench."
drain plug spanner:

A British term for a drain plug wrench
drain tap:
A device which controls the flow of fluid (oil or coolant) out of the bottom of the
cylinder block or the bottom of the radiator.
drain plug wrench:

A tool for removing and tightening drain plugs, e.g., on transmissions and engine
sumps, either as a multi-purpose tool with a number of different drives in the form
of hexagonal or square projections at either end for different drain plugs, or as a
special tool for one specific size of drain plug. Also called a "drain plug key."
drain valve:
See oil drain valve
draught:
British spelling for "draft"
draught excluder:
A British term for "weatherstrip"
draw:
[1] To form wires by pulling the wire stock through a series of hardened dies.
[2] The process of removing the hardness from a piece of metal.
[3] The amount of electrical load or electrical requirement.
drawback:
See duty drawback
drawbar:
Two converging bars forming a V-frame or an A-frame at the front of a trailer or
motorhome, which carry the coupling for attaching to the towing vehicle
draw filing:
A file is drawn across work at right angles. See draw-filing.
draw-filing:
Filing by passing the file, at right angles, up and down the length of the work.
draw-through:
A tubocharger system in which the turbocharger sucks the air/fuel mixture through
the carburetor or fuel in, i.e., the air and fuel mixing occurs upstream from the
turbocharger
dream car:
A one-of-a-kind futuristic, experimental automobile usually appearing at auto shows
to stimulate interest in the manufacturer's products. Much design benefit spurs from
dream cars and many reach the production stage.
dress:
[1] to give (a rough surface, flanges, etc.) the right shape by grinding or a similar
process.
[2] To prepare ore for smelting by removing impurities.
dressing:
See tire dressing
dribble:
Insufficiently atomized fuel issuing from the fuel injection nozzle at or immediately
following the end of the main injection phase
drier:
[1] A dehumidifier.
[2] A drying oven.
Also see
A-drier
accumulator-drier
accumulator drier
gelling drier
infrared radiant drier
receiver-drier
top coat drier
tunnel drier
drift:
[1] A short bar or punch used with a hammer to drive a component in or out of place
for removal or installation.
[2] To deviate from the normal direction.
See
four-wheel Drift
tire deviation angle
drift punch:
A tapered tool which is hit with a hammer and used to remove or install pins, shafts,
rivets, etc. or to align holes when inserting screws and bolts.
drill:
[1] A tool used to bore holes.
[2] The action of using a drill to make a hole.
Also see
hammer drill
hand drill
letter drills
number drills
press, drill
spot-weld drill
twist drill
drill bit:
A piece of rod with spiral recesses cut in it and a hardened steel tip, made in
different sizes for drilling different sized holes, and inserted in the chuck of a drill
drilled:
An expression used to describe a hole which has been cut into a crankshaft to allow
oil to be fed to the main bearings on the connecting rod throws.
drill press:
A nonportable machine used for drilling.
d ring:
See D-ring.
d-ring:
A D-shaped ring found on many models of bicycle shift levers, used to adjust the
level of tension on the inner parts of the lever.
drip molding:
The curved metal molding around the edge of the roof that directs water away from
the side windows. Also called "drip rail"
drip moulding:
British term for "drip rail"
drip rail:
A gutter running along either side of the roof to take water to the front or rear of the
car, and prevent it from dripping into the car when the door is opened. The British
term is "drip moulding"
drivable:
The condition of a vehicle which may have many mechanical and appearance
problems, but it has an engine which runs and wheels that turn, etc. so that it can be
operated and driven.
drivability:
The general qualitative evaluation of a powertrain's operating qualities, including
idle smoothness, cold and hot starting, throttle response, power delivery, and
tolerance for altitude changes.
drive:
[1] to travel in a car as in the expression, "We drove to Chicago."
[2] to operate a vehicle as in the expression, "Martha drove to New York by
herself."
[3] to cause a wheel, shaft, etc. to turn or rotate.
[4] to propel a vehicle.
[5] a journey in a car as in "The drive to Chicago was uneventful."
[6] to go for a drive as in, "We went for a drive last Sunday."
[7] A stretch of private road leading to a house (i.e., driveway).
[8] A means of transmitting power or motion as in "The drive is controlled by a
servo switch."
[9] A tool which has a square end (1/4 inch, 3/8 inch, or 1/2 inch) which fits into a
recess in a corresponding socket for the installation or removal of nuts and bolts.
[10] a die position.
[11] One of the forward gears marked on the gear selector of an automatic
transmission.
Also see
all-wheel drive
all wheel drive
automatic four-wheel drive
axle drive
belt drive
bendix drive
bendix type starter drive
bevel gear drive
camshaft drive sprocket
camshaft drive
center drive
chain drive
clutch starter drive
direct drive powertrain
direct drive
dual drive
eccentric drive
Ferguson four-wheel drive
final drive gear
final drive ratio
final drive
fixed drive
flexible drive handle
flexible drive
four-wheel drive
friction drive
front-wheel drive
front wheel drive
full-time four-wheel drive
hotchkiss drive
hydrostatic drive
inertia drive
intermediate drive plate
left-hand drive
meshing drive
metallic drive screw
part-time four-wheel drive
permanent four-wheel drive
real-time four-wheel drive
rear-wheel drive
rear-wheel drive transaxle
right-hand drive
shaft drive
starter drive
strap drive
tandem drive
test-drive
test drive
torque tube drive
torsen four-wheel drive
tri-drive
two-wheel drive
v-belt drive
drive belt:
A flat belt which connects two or more pulleys so as to transmit motion from one
pulley to the other.
Also see
camshaft drive belt
drive cable:
See speedometer drive cable
drive chain:
An endless chain which encircles two or more sprockets so as to transmit motion
from one sprocket to the other
drive end:
The end of an alternator, generator, etc., where the drive pulley or gear is located.
drive end bracket:

The cover which houses the drive end of an alternator or generator
drive fit:
A condition of fit (contact) between two parts that requires pressure to force the
parts together. Usually the shaft is slightly larger than the hole so that they must be
pounded or forced or driven together. Also called "force fit," "press fit," or
"interference fit."
drive gear:
The gear which transmits the power to a driven gear.
Also see
final drive gear
drive handle:
A tool, typically in the form of a bar, for turning sockets to loosen and tighten nuts
and bolts, with a male square drive to be inserted into the female square drive of
sockets for the turning operation. They include ratchets, jointed handles, speed
brace, T-handles, torque wrenches, speeeder handle, and breaker bar.
Also see
drive layout:
The arrangement of the order of the engine, transmission, and driven axles, e.g.,
Front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive, mid-engine drive, four-wheel drive, two-wheel
drive
drive line:
See driveline
driveline:
All the individual components beyond the engine up to the wheels (e.g., clutch,
drive shaft, differential, driven axles); but not the engine or transmission. Also
called "drivetrain" or "powertrain"
drive module:
interchangeable unit providing motive power, either in the form of an electric motor
and ancillaries, or an internal combustion engine with all necessary components, for
alternative use in the same vehicle according to needs and conditions
drive motor:
electric motor providing motive power in an electric vehicle
driven:
Something made to rotate by the engine or some other source of motive power.
Also see
two-wheel driven
driven axle:
The axle to which power is transmitted to drive the vehicle
driven gear:
An engine needs to transmit power to the wheels by the use of sprockets and chain
(as in a motorcycle) or by a drive gear which meshes with a driven gear to propel
the vehicle.
driven plate:
The central clutch plate carrying clutch linings and held under pressure between the
flywheel and the pressure plate when the clutch pedal is released, and transmitting
power to the gearbox input shaft via splines
driven pulley:
A pulley which is surrounded by a belt to receive power from the drive pulley
driven sprocket:
On a vehicle which uses a chain (like a bicycle and some motorcycles), there are
two important sprockets: the drive sprocket is connected to the power source (the
engine or your pedals) and the driven sprocket is usually connected to your rear
wheel.
driven wheel:
The wheel (or wheels) to which power is transmitted to drive the vehicle
drive pinion:
The shaft that takes power from the clutch into the gearbox.
Also see
clutch shaft
hypoid gear
drive plate:
A light plate bolted to the crankshaft to which the torque converter is attached in a
vehicle with automatic transmission.
Also see
center drive plate
torque converter drive plate
drive powertrain:
See direct drive powertrain
drive pulley:
A pulley which is surrounded by a belt to transmit power to the driven pulley
driver:
[1] A collectible vehicle which is too good to treat as a beater and not quite good
enough to show. It is a presentable old car or truck that is used for everyday
purposes. It is maintained as though it were a late-model vehicle. With care, it could
be easily restored to show car condition.
[2] A person who operates the controls of a vehicle to regulate its speed and
direction.
[3] A tool used to insert something like a fastening device (e.g., screwdriver).
[4]
Also see
drivers
impact driver
nut driver
rim drivers
socket driver
tubular nut driver
valve guide driver
driver air bag:

original type of air bag, designed to protect the driver from being hurled into the
steering wheel and instrument panel
Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency:

(DVLA) A section of the British Department of Transport which is responsible for
keeping records of all registered vehicles and issuing registrations and licences for
vehicles as well as licences for drivers. The center is located in Swansea.
Driver and Vehicle Licensing Center:

The location for the British Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency located in
Swansea.
drive ratio:
See final drive ratio
driver error:
A mistake made by the operator of a vehicle particularly when there is an accident.
An accident may be caused by a vehicle failure (e.g., a tire blowout), unsafe road
conditions (e.g., snow, ice, fallen rock or tree), the inattention of a pedestrian, or the
fault of a driver (e.g., drunkenness, inattention, intentional damage, disobedience to
rules of the road).
driver evaluation:
A test of a driver's ability to handle a vehicle. May be used to grant a driver's
licence for a particular type of vehicle (i.e., motorcycle, passenger car, truck, bus,
taxi)
drivers:
Colloquial term for "drive axle tires."
Also see
rim drivers
drive screw:
See metallic drive screw
driveshaft:
The shaft connecting the transmission output shaft to the differential pinion
shaft. It transmits power from the transmission to the differential. It is found
primarily on rear-drive vehicles. There is usually a universal joint on either
end. Also called "propeller shaft."
Also see
auxilliar drive shaft
bevel drive shaft
drive shaft:
See driveshaft
driveshaft safety strap:
A metal strap or straps, surrounding the driveshaft to prevent the shaft from falling
to the ground in the event of a universal joint or shaft failure.
drive sprocket:
On a vehicle which uses a chain (like a bicycle and some motorcycles), there are
two important sprockets: the drive sprocket is connected to the power source (the
engine or your pedals) and the driven sprocket is usually connected to your rear
wheel.
Also see
drive tool:
Any accessory for use with a socket wrench, including the drive handle
drive train:
[1] This term refers to the entire moving part of the car: Engine, clutch,
transmission, driveshaft, differential, axles, and sometimes the wheels.
Also see
strain in the drive train
[2] The derailleurs, chain, freewheel, and crankset of a bicycle.
drivetrain:
[1] This term refers to the entire moving part of the car: Engine, clutch,
transmission, driveshaft, differential, axles, and sometimes the wheels.
[2] The derailleurs, chain, freewheel, and crankset of a bicycle.
drive transaxle:
See rear-wheel drive transaxle
driveway:
A short drive, often leading to a garage
driving:
[1] providing motive power, making a gear, shaft, etc. rotate.
[2] Controlling the movement and direction of a vehicle.
Also see
al fresco driving
defensive driving
metro driving
urban driving
driving axle:
The axle which is driven by the engine through the drivetrain. Used to hold, align,
and drive rear wheels and support weight of vehicle on rear wheel drive cars, or half
shafts on front wheel drive cars that provide torque force to front wheels. Also
called the "drive axle" or "driven axle"
driving conditions:
The situation created by the amount of traffic, the weather, and state of the roads
driving gear:
The gear which is driven by the engine. Also called the "driven gear"
driving habits:
The personal behaviour of the driver when controlling the vehicle, including the
speeds he travels, how and when he shifts gears, how he uses the brakes, when and
if he uses his signal lights, how he changes lanes, how he turns corners, etc.
driving lamp:
A British term for "driving light" or "spot light."
Also see
auxilliar driving lamp
driving licence:
A British term for "driver's licence" or "operator's licence." A document which
allows the holder to drive a certain type or types of vehicle, and is the only
document required to be carried by the driver in Britain
driving light:
An auxiliary light used at night to illuminate the side of the road and increase the
viewing distance.
Also see
auxiliary driving light
driving mirror:
A British term for either the interior rear-view mirror or the mirrors mounted on the
outside of the front doors or the front fenders
driving position:
The position in which the driver grasps the steering wheel and adjusts the location
of the seat in relation to the pedals.
driving style:
The manner in which the driver handles a vehicle. See sporty driving style
driving wheel:
The wheel(s) which is driven by the engine through the drivetrain. Also called the
"driven wheel"
drop:
[1] A sudden reduction of pressure or voltage, etc. See voltage drop.
[2] The vertical distance from the horizontal line connecting the two wheel axles
and the bottom bracket, one way of determining the location of the bottom bracket
in relation to the rest of the bicycle frame.
Also see
drops
drop arm:
A British term for the pitman arm
drop-center axle:
A beam axle in which the main central portion of the beam is lower than the wheel
centers, which was the usual layout for front axles until independent front
suspension became almost universal
drop-center rim:
See drop center rim
drop center rim:

A one-piece rim with a deep center section which is lower than the two outer edges,
this allows the bead of the tire to be pushed into the low area on one side while the
other side is pulled over and off the flange. The British term is "well-base rim"
drop center rim taper:

A passenger rim where both bead seats are tapered 5° or a tubeless truck rim where
both bead seats are tapered 15°.
drop-centre rim:
See drop center rim
drop centre rim:

See drop center rim
drop forged:
A part that has been formed by heating the steel blank red hot and pounding it into
shape with a powerful drop hammer.
drop forging:
A piece of steel shaped between dies while hot
drophead:
[1] A British term for a convertible. The word "head" refers to the roof.
[2] Having a folding top which can be raised or lowered over the passenger
compartment.
See
drophead coupé
Jaguar Drophead
Lagonda Drophead
drophead coupe:
(DHC) This is a two-door automobile which has the appearance of a convertible,
but the roof is fixed in place. Abbreviated: dhc. In Europe, it is called a "cabriolet."
drophead coupé:
This is a two-door automobile which has the appearance of a convertible, but the
roof is fixed in place. Abbreviated: dhc. In Europe, it is called a "cabriolet."
dropout:
A slot in the frame into which the rear wheel axle fits.
Also see
fork tips
dropout hanger:
A threaded metal piece that extends below the right rear dropout of a bicycle used
as a mount for the rear derailleur.
dropped axle:
A front axle that has been altered so as to lower the frame of the vehicle, consists of
bending the axle downward at the outer ends.
dropped valve:
A situation where the rising piston hits a valve which has become dislodged or open
at the wrong time.
drops:
The lower, straight portion of a turned-down-type handlebar set.
droptop:
A colloquial term for "convertible."
Druid forks:
Side-sprung girder forks on a motorcycle. Druid was the original maker
drum:
[1] A cylindrical container.
[2] A housing for transmission gears where the bands are located.
[3] To make a "whump, whump" sound.
Also see
brake drum
brake drum lathe
drum brake
drum brake:
A type of brake using a shallow drum-shaped metal cylinder that attaches to the
inner surface of the wheel and rotates with it. When you press down on the brake
pedal, curved brake shoes with friction linings press against the inner circumference
of the drum to slow or stop the vehicle.
Also see
brake drum
drum brakes:
See drum brake.
drum compound:
See anti-drum compound
drum lathe:
See brake drum lathe
dry:
[1] For paint, to lose its wetness often to the place where the surface is not even
tacky.
[2] For bearings, to lack grease or other lubricant.
Also see
air-dry
air dry
hard-dry
surface dry
touch-dry
dry ballast:
A form of ballasting where a fine powder of barium sulphate is inserted inside the
tire. It is sometimes referred to incorrectly as "Lead" ballast because of one brand
name, "Ledballast."
dry battery:
See dry cell.
dry boiling point:

The temperature at which fresh brake fluid from a new container will boil. See wet
boiling point, and DOT 3.
dry cargo ship:

Vessel which carries all dry cargo
dry cell:
A battery (like a flashlight battery) that uses no liquid electrolyte.
dry charged battery:

A battery with the plates charged but lacking electrolyte
when ready to be placed in service, the electrolyte is added.
dry clutch:
A clutch with only one plate.
dry dock:
An enclosed basin used to place a ship on dry land so that all the submerged parts
and fittings can be repaired.
dryer:
See a-dryer
dry friction:
Dry friction exists when the rubbing parts have no other substance between them
and are clean of other materials (i.e., no grease or oil). Opposite to wet friction.
dry galvanizing:
A hot-dip galvanizing method in which the metal components are first immersed in
a solution of flux and then dried, so that they become pre-coated with a thin film of
flux, which melts in the zinc bath, to which certain metals, such as tin and
aluminum, may be added to give fluidity, and in the case of tin, brightness. The
opposite is wet galvanizing
drying oven:
An enclosure where painted vehicle bodies are subjected to heat in order to dry
and/or bake on the paint
dry joint:
A faulty electrical joint which does not give proper contact
dry liner:
When a cylinder sleeve is pressed into a bore and the cooling fluid does not contact
the outside of the sleeve, the engine has a dry liner.
Also see
liner
dry manifold:
An intake manifold with no integral coolant passages cast into it
dry setting:
The adjustment of the float with a graduated rule or drill bit while the carburetor is
disassembled on the bench. Usually consists of setting a prescribed clearance
between the top of the float and the air horn
dry sleeve:
A cylinder sleeve application in which the sleeve is supported in the block metal
over its entire length, the coolant does not touch the sleeve itself.
Also see
wet sleeve
dry spray:
See dry-spray.
dry-spray:
A paint fault where the paint pigment is not being held properly by the binder, or
where the binder evaporates before the paint reaches the surface. Atomized paint
that does not dissolve into the material being sprayed. It is caused by holding the
gun too far from the work, too much air pressure or a solvent that evaporates too
fast.
dry sump:
A lubrication system in which the engine's supply of oil is not contained in the
crankcase (sump) but is pumped to the engine from an external container. This
system allows the crankcase to be reduced in size and the engine to be installed
lower in the chassis, and eliminates the oil starvation most conventional oiling
systems suffer when subjected to the accelerative, braking, and cornering forces
generated by a racing car.
dry sump lubrication:

See dry sump
dry weight:
The weight of a vehicle without any fuel, oil, or coolant.
Also see
curb weight
gross vehicle weight
DS:
Acronym for "Diesel Severe" oil for use in under adverse conditions in diesel
engines.
dual:
[1] a combination of two nearly identical parts (e.g., a truck with dual tires has two
tires at each end of the axle).
[2] In Britain, dual is a verb meaning to twin a highway or railroad.
dual-acting:
See double-acting
dual axles:
See tandem axles.
dual bead tire:

Heavy service and large truck tires using two or more sets of bead wires in each
bead rather than one.
dual-bed catalytic converter:

A catalytic converter which combines two converters (with different catalysts) in a
single housing
dual brake:
See dual brakes.
dual brakes:
A brake system that uses a tandem or dual master cylinder to provide separate
brake system for both front and rear of vehicle. In the event of a loss of
hydraulic fluid, one system may still work because it is independent of the
other system. Often the front left brake is linked with the right rear brake.
Likewise the right front brake is linked with the left rear brake. Some cars like
the Rolls-Royce, link the two front brakes with the right rear brake, and the
two front brakes with the left rear brake. Also called "dual-circuit braking
system."
dual braking system:

See dual brakes.
dual breaker points:

A distributor, using two sets of breaker points, to increase the cam angle so that at
high engine speeds, sufficient spark will be produced to fire the plugs.
dual carbs:
Two carburetors on the same engine.
dual carburetors:
Two carburetors on the same engine.
dual carriageway:
A British term for a divided highway (i.e., a road that has four lanes -- two in one
direction and two in the other -- separated by a median).
dual-circuit braking system:

See dual brakes
dual controls:
A second set of controls for use by a driving instructor when teaching someone to
drive
dual drive:
[1] Tandem axles, both powered directly by the engine.
[2] Colloquial term for twin screw.
dual exhaust system:

See twin exhausts
dual fuel engine:

An engine equipped to operate on two different fuels such as gasoline and LP-Gas
Dual Ghia:
dual ignition system:

See twin ignition system
dual-line braking system:

A braking system in which a towing vehicle and trailer are connected by two or
more brake lines
dual mounting:
Two tires mounted together on each side of an axle of several types: cast spoke
type, disc wheel type (held on by double cap nuts or inner cap nuts and outer cap
nuts), Chevrolet type, and motor wheel type
dual overhead cam engine:
See double overhead cam engine.
dual-piston engine:
See twin-piston engine
dual-piston master cylinder:

See tandem master cylinder
dual purpose ship:

Specially designed ship for carrying different types of cargoes such as ore and/or
oil.
dual-range gearbox:
See dual-range transmission
dual-range transmission:
A transmission in a four-wheel drive vehicle and some motorcycles with two sets of
ratios, usually a higher set for road use and a lower set for off-road use.
dual reduction axle:

A drive axle construction with two sets of pinions and gears, either of which can be
used
duals:
[1] Two sets of exhaust pipes and mufflers -- one for each bank of cylinders.
[2] Two tires on each end of an axle.
Also see
between duals
kissing between duals
dual spacing:
A measurement in inches (or millimeters) from the center of the tread of one tire, to
the center tread of the other tire in dual, which provides clearance between duals for
air circulation.
dual-tone horn:
See two-tone horn
Dubonnet suspension:
An independent front suspension and steering arrangement used in the 1930s and
'40s, in which the axle beam is rigidly attached to the vehicle frame, and the
kingpins carry sprung steering and suspension arms, from which the wheels are
mounted on stub axles
duct:
A tube through which air, gas, or liquid is conducted. See NACA duct.
Also see
air duct
naca duct
oil duct
ductile:
Metal which can be bent, hammered, or drawn out into wire or sheet without
fracturing
ductility:
The ability of a material to undergo stretching or bending without fracturing
Duesenberg:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models are Click for books on
classic cars. Duesenberg
duesy:
Expression to indicate quality, as "It's a duesy." The word is derived from the high
quality Duesenberg automobiles.
dull:
[1] A finish that is not shiny.
[2] A blade, saw, or drill bit that is not sharp.
Also see
go dull
dumbirons:
The front extensions of the side members of a chassis frarne in older designs, to
which were fitted the front ends of the leaf springs carrying the front axle.
dummy:
A stuffed figure made to look like a human being, used, for instance, when crash
testing cars. Also called a crash test dummy.
Also see
crash test dummy
side impact dummy
dummy lights:
[1] Exterior lights which do not work, but may enhance the appearance of a vehicle.
[2] The idiot lights that indicate a condition, but does not give details as a gauge
would do, e.g., an oil light that indicates low pressure. By the time it comes on, you
may have damaged your engine.
dump:
See end dump
dump body:
A large truck's metal body which is generally hinged at rear and dumped by
hydraulic means. The size is generally given in cubic yard water level capacity.
dumps:
See bottom dumps
dump truck:
[1] A large truck with a bed designed to be tilted at its front to unload its contents
usually through a gate in the rear.
[2] In Britain it is a small truck with a tipping container in front of the driver, used
in construction, like a front-end loader
dump valve:
A valve for relieving pressure, such as that between the turbocharger and the
carburetor in some systems
dunnage:
Cushioning material placed among cargo to prevent their motion
duo-servo brake:
A servo brake with one double-end wheel cylinder and two linked self-energizing
brake shoes
duplex:
Double, having two parts. Applies to motorcycle frames with two downtubes, and
chains with double rows of rollers
duplex chain:
A chain with two rows of rollers, used especially for timing chains.
Also see
simplex chain
triplex chain
DuPont:
durability:
[1] The ability of a component or entire vehicle to last a long time.
[2] The expected lifespan of a paint film
durable:
The ability of something to be serviceable for a long time before being replaced
Duraspark system:
Ford electronic ignitions system
duration:
The length of time that an action is allowed to operate or that something is supposed
to last.
Also see
spark duration
valve duration
durometer:
A device to indicate the hardness of rubber.
Duryea:
See Stevens Duryea
dust boot:
A covering (often shaped like an accordian) usually made of rubber or plastic to
cover over a shaft, CV joint, etc.
dust cap:
[1] A metal or plastic covering that fits into a hub shell to keep contaminants out of
hub bearings.
[2] A metal or plastic end cover for a spindle in a pedal or a cotterless crankset.
dust cover:
A soft, flexible valve cap to protect the valve assembly from dust while in shipment
and storage. It is not capable of sealing the air pressure and should not be used in
service.
dust-free paint:
A condition of paint which has hardened beyond being tacky so that any air-borne
dust particles will not be imbedded in the paint.
dust sheet:
A sheet for covering a car when in a garage and not in use.
Also see
car cover
dust shield:
Sheet metal disc or plate placed on the brake assembly to keep debris from brake
assembly. Also called "splash shield."
duties:
See customs duties
duty:
See
heavy-duty
light-duty
duty cycle:
Many solenoid-operated metering devices cycle on and off. The duty cycle is a
measurement of the amount of time a device is energized, or turned on, expressed as
a percentage of the complete on-off cycle of that device, in other words, the duty
cycle is the ratio of the pulse width to the complete cycle width
duty-cycle solenoid:
The duty-cycle solenoid is a computer-controlled device in a feedback carburetor
that alters the mixture adjustment. Also called a mixture control solenoid
duty drawback:
Import duties or taxes repaid by a government in whole or in part, when the
imported goods are re-exported or used in the manufacture of exported goods.
duty paid value:

In respect to imported goods, is the aggregate value for duty on imported goods.
duty waiver:
forgiveness, in whole or in part, of import duties when certain conditions are met.
DVB:
Acronym for delay vacuum bypass system
DVLA:
Acronym for Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
DVLC:
Acronym for Driver and Vehicle Licensing Center
DVOM:
Acronym for digital volt-ohm multimeter
dwell:
[1] In a contact breaker ignition system, the number of degrees the breaker cam
rotates from the time the breaker points close until they open again. Also called the
"dwell angle" or "dwell period."
[2] In a breakerless ignition system, the time during which the electronic control
unit allows current to flow through the primary winding of the coil, which in
ignition systems with a Hall generator is determined by the width of the vanes.
Also see
variable dwell
dwell angle:
See dwell.
dwell-angle control:
A system which makes sure that the dwell is sufficient for all engine conditions
dwell-angle map:
The pattern described by the electronic dwell-angle control, dependent on engine
speed and battery voltage
dwell meter:
An instrument which determines the number of degrees the breaker cam rotates
while the breaker points are closed. Changing the point gap affects the dwell angle.
When the breaker points are correctly gapped, the distributor can give the proper
amount and duration of spark to the spark plugs.
dwell period:
The time during which the primary circuit is closed and primary current flows
through the ignition coil, given in crankshaft or distributor shaft degrees and
therefore also called dwell angle. See dwell.
DWS:
Acronym for deflation warning system
dwt:
Deadweight ton(s)
Dykem-type metal bluing:

A special blue dye used to check a valve job. When applied to the valve set to show
up as a dark ring contrasted against the brightly finished top & bottom cuts, making
the seat easier to see and measure
dykes ring:
A compression piston ring which is L-shaped when viewed from the end.
When installed in the piston the horizontal part fits more deeply in the piston
groove while the vertical side rubs against the cylinder wall. This style of ring
gives good sealing and prevents piston-ring flutter during acceleration and
deceleration of the piston.
dynamic balance:
When the center line of the weight mass of a revolving object is in the same plane
as the center line of the object, that object would be in dynamic balance. For
example, the weight mass of the tire must be in the same plane as the center line of
the wheel. Static balance is made off the vehicle and determined with the tire
stationary. Dynamic balance is made with the tire in rotation.
dynamic ignition timing:

Before the introduction of a strobe light, ignition timing was done statically in that
the distributor was moved a certain measured amount. With modern engines, a
timing light or strobe light is used. It is connected, generally, with the spark plug of
the number one cylinder. As power is provided to that cylinder from the coil, the
timing light flashes. When the light is projected to the flywheel, the timing marks
are illuminated. Moving the distributor will make the timing mark move closer to a
fixed mark (retarded) or further away (advanced). Also called stroboscopic ignition
timing. The opposite is static ignition timing
dynamic imbalance:
Lack of balance in a rotating part such as a wheel, which can cause vibration and
shudder
dynamic seal:
oil seal between a moving and a stationary part. Opposite to static seal
dynamic supercharging:
The pressurizing of the air/fuel mixture using the natural dynamic behaviour of the
aspirated air, and not some mechanical device to compress it
dynamic timing meter:

A GM diesel tool used for measuring timing while the engine is running by using a
quartz sensor in the combustion chamber that measures the point of combustion and
converts this to timing in degrees of crankshaft flotation through the use of a
magnetic crankshaft pickup and microprocessor
dynamo:
A British term for a generator producing direct current.
Also see
alternator
dynamometer:
An electric or hydraulic machine used to measure the actual engine horsepower
output and torque. An engine dynamometer measures horsepower at the crankshaft
and a chassis dynamometer measures horsepower output at the wheels.
Also see
roller dynamometer
dynastart:
A combined generator and starter used on some cars in the 1920s and '30s, and
more recently on two-stroke motorcycles
dynastarter:
A combined generator and starter used on some cars in the 1920s and '30s, and
more recently on two-stroke motorcycles

[N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]
[E] [Ea] [Eb] [Ec] [Ed] [Ee] [Ef] [Eg] [Ei] [Ej] [El] [Em] [En] [Ep] [Eq] [Er] [Es] [Et] [Eu]
[Ev] [Ew] [Ex] [Ey]
E:
Abbreviation for Economy Gear
EACV:
Acronym for "electronic air control valve." A valve used in fuel-injection system,
usually computer controlled, that controls the amount of air bypassing the throttle
during idle. The more air that bypasses the throttle, the higher the idle speed
EAC Valve:
electric air control valve. This is the GM version of a diverter air gulp valve,
providing three functions in a single valve:
1. the normal diverter valve function, i.e., it diverts air on rapid increase in
manifold vacuum;
2. it relieves pressure by diverting air to the air cleaner when the air injection
system pressure exceeds a certain set level;
3. being solenoid-controlled, it allows air to be diverted under any desired
operating mode
Also see
EAS valve
EAMA:
Acronym for "Egyptian Automobile Manufacturers Association."
ear:
A projection in the shape of an ear, usually as a lug or support for other components
such as the brackets which are part of the fork cover and to which the headlight is
mounted on a motorcycle. It is also a spoiler behind the rear windows to improve
stability in side winds.
Also see
fork ear
Earles forks:
Long leading-link motorcycle forks, i.e., front suspension has a pivoting fork
controlled by twin shock absorbers. Designed by Ernie Earles, they were used by
many manufactures of motorcycles in the 1950s
early fuel evaporation system:

(EFE) A system that heats the inlet manifold to provide a warm air/fuel mixture,
reducing condensation and improving fuel evaporation, thus improving cold engine
operation and reducing exhaust emissions. An EFE system operated by engine
exhaust gas responds quicker to engine heat-up than systems heated by engine
coolant; some EFE systems use an electric heater in the intake duct
early termination:
A vehicle's depreciation is highest in the first few months after it leaves the dealer's
lot. Since a lessee pays for depreciation in equal monthly payments, lessees who
end a lease early have almost always used up more of a car's value than they've paid
for. Therefore, lease contracts generally include penalties for early termination. Be
aware of these penalties before you sign the lease contract and consider your ability
to fulfill the contract.
earnings:
See average weekly earnings
earth:
British term for ground
earth connection:
British term for ground connection
earth electrode:
British term for ground electrode
earthmover:
See A-2 tire.
earth return:
British term for ground return
earth strap:
British term for ground strap
earth wire:
British term for ground wire.
ease up on the accelerator:

The action of releasing the accelerator partially or completely in order to reduce the
amount of fuel entering the engine and thus slow down the speed of the vehicle.
Opposite of depress the accelerator or step on the accelerator.
ease up on the gas pedal:

The action of releasing the gas pedal partially or completely in order to reduce the
amount of fuel entering the engine and thus slow down the speed of the vehicle.
Opposite of depress the gas pedal or step on the gas pedal..
ease up on the throttle:

The action of releasing the twist-grip or throttle lever partially or completely in
order to reduce the amount of fuel entering the engine and thus slow down the speed
of the vehicle. Opposite of engaging the throttle or cranking on the throttle..
ease up on the throttle pedal:

The action of releasing the throttle pedal partially or completely in order to reduce
the amount of fuel entering the engine and thus slow down the speed of the vehicle.
Opposite of depress the throttle pedal or step on the throttle pedal..
easing fluid:
Penetrating oil
east-west layout:
transverse positioning of the engine across the car from left to right, found in many
front-wheel drive designs. Also called transverse engine. The opposite is north-
south layout
EAS Valve:
The valve in an emission control system governing the airflow from the air pump in
connection with the EAC valve. When its solenoid is energized, air is directed into
the exhaust ports to increase oxidation and accelerate catalytic converter heat-up to
operating temperature, and when its solenoid is de-energized, it switches airflow
between the converter beds to help the oxidizing catalyst to decrease the CO and
HC levels
easy out:
A brand name for a screw extractor.
easy-out:
A brand name for a screw extractor.
eat:
to corrode and remove the metal from the front fender has been eaten away by rust
eat away:
to corrode and remove the metal from the front fender has been eaten away by rust
eater:
See rust eater
ebonite:
hard black rubber compound especially one containing no filler
e box:
Any electronic box including capacitive discharge ignition and computer controlled
devices.
e-box:
Any electronic box including capacitive discharge ignition and computer controlled
devices.
E-brake :
See emergency brake
ECC:
Acronym for electronic climate control
eccentric:
[1] Two circles, one within the other, neither sharing the same center, i.e., they are
off-center.
[2] A protrusion on a shaft that rubs against or is connected to another part, such as
a cam on a camshaft.
[3] A part transmitting an eccentric drive, such as a disc with a provision for a drive
from its outer part, or an eccentric shaft
eccentric bolt:
A bolt with centers of head and body on different axis so that one is off-center in
relation to the other.
eccentric drive:
A drive from a point not on the axis of the driving shaft, e.g., from the outer part of
a disc, so that a reciprocating or up and down motion is transmitted; used in pumps
or for a camshaft drive
eccentric rotor pump:

rotor-type pump
eccentric shaft:
A shaft transmitting eccentric motion
ECE test cycle:

A 13 minute, three-part test of automotive emissions for compliance with emission
standards, adopted by most European countries, simulating urban driving
conditions, i.e., involving relatively long idling periods and speeds below 35 mph,
emission characteristics at cruising speeds not being considered
echelon parking:
A British term for angle parking
ECI:
Acronym for electronically controlled injection
Eclat:
A 2+2 Coupe produced by Lotus from 1975 to 1982. This vehicle was the basis for
the current Lotus Excel.
ECM:
Acronym for "electronic Control Module" which is the master computer responsible
for interpreting electrical signals sent by engine sensors and for activating
automated engine components and processes accordingly in order to produce
optimum performance.
ecological damage:
damage to the environment, usually in the form of pollution, such as that caused by
vehicle emissions
ecologically harmful:
damaging to the environment automotive exhaust gases are ecologically harmful
economical:
The determination of how much money or fuel is required to cover a particular
distance. Good economy involves driving at a steady rate, avoiding rapid starts and
stops, driving in the highest possible gear, avoiding using power- robbing
components (e.g., air conditioning), proper tire inflation, etc.
Economic Cooperation:
See Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
economizer:
A device for making a vehicle use less fuel, either by regulating the flow of fuel, or
by admitting extra air to the air/fuel mixture -- especially when cruising
economizer valve:
A fuel flow control device within the carburetor.
economy:
The ratio between a product or service and its value.
Also see
corporate Average Fuel Economy
epa fuel economy
fuel economy
tuned for economy
economy device:
See economizer
economy gear:
High gear designed for economical cruising often better than 1:1 ratio like an
overdrive.
economy jet:
An additional jet in a carburettor admitting extra air to the air/fuel mixture --
especially when cruising
economy ratio:
An overdrive gear ratio better then 1:1 for economical cruising
ECS:
[1] Acronym for electronically controlled suspension.
[2] Acronym for evaporation control system
ECT:
Acronym for "engine coolant temperature sensor"
ECU:
Acronym for "electronic Control Unit"
edge:
See
abutting edge
beaded edge
feather-edge
feather edge
leading edge
trailing edge
wiring an edge
edge binding:
tape for securing the edges of carpets
edge guard:
rubber or plastic, U-section strip fitted to panel edges to protect them against
chipping, etc.
edge joint:
A joint formed when two pieces of metal are lapped with at least one edge of each
at an edge of the other.
edge protection:
protection of edges against corrosion, e.g.. by weatherstrips
edge-ride:
The tendency of crankshaft main bearings to ride up the radius (rather than seat on
the journal) when the radius is too large
edge tire:
See beaded edge tire
edge trim:
rubber or plastic, U-section strip fitted to panel edges to protect them against
chipping, etc.
Edison base:
A light bulb base that is threaded.
Edison screw:
A light bulb base that is threaded
Edsel:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Edsel
Edwardian car:
A car built in Great Britain between 1905 and 1918
EEC:
[1] Acronym for electronic engine control system.
[2] Acronym for evaporative emission control system
EECS:
Acronym for "evaporative emissions control system"
EESS:
Acronym for evaporative emission shed system
EEVIR:
Acronym for evaporator equalized valve in receiver
EFE:
Acronym for early fuel evaporation system
EFE system:
Acronym for Early Fuel Evaporation System
effect:
See
alteration effect
barrier effect
braking effect
engine braking effect
ground effect
hall effect
kadenacy effect
liftoff effect
load alteration effect
roll steer effect
self-centering effect
synergetic effect
synergistic effect
effective:
[1] actual rather than theoretical or potential.
[2] producing an effect.
Also see
cost-effective
indicated mean effective pressure
mean effective pressure
effective deflection:
deflection of a suspension system under a particular load
effective pressure:
See
brake mean effective pressure
effective stroke:
working or power stroke in a two-stroke engine
efficiency:
The accomplishment of something with the least amount of effort, energy, or fuel.
See
braking efficiency
catalyst efficiency
catalytic efficiency
charging efficiency
fuel efficiency
mechanical efficiency
thermal efficiency
trapping efficiency
volumetric efficiency
effort:
The force which is doing work on an object.
Also see
braking effort
EFI:
(EFi) Acronym for electronic Fuel Injection
EGC:
Acronym for exhaust gas check valve
egg-crate grille:
A radiator grille with crisscrossing bars forming gaps which are more or less square.
One of the distinctive characteristics of Cadillac cars
EGI:
Acronym for electronic gasoline injection
EGO:
Acronym for exhaust gas oxygen sensor
EGR:
Acronym for "Exhaust-gas recirculation."
Also see
negative transducer EGR valve
vacuum modulated EGR
EGRC:
Acronym for EGR control solenoid
EGR control solenoid:

(EGRC) energizes to allow manifold vacuum to the EGR gas temperature
EGRV:
Acronym for EGR vent solenoid
EGR vacuum:
A vacuum source above the closed throttle plate; used for control of ported EGR
valves. Vacuum is zero at closed throttle
EGR valve:
[1] A part of an EGR system mounted on or near the inlet manifold and controlled
by inlet manifold vacuum, which is usually closed at idle and low speeds, but opens
during acceleration, admitting exhaust gas to the inlet manifold. Most EGR valves
are of the single diaphragm type, some are dual diaphragm valves connected to two
separate vacuum sources to more closely match EGR function to engine loads; for
the same purpose, EGR valves are frequently governed by additional regulating
devices.
[2] A valve used to introduce exhaust gases into the intake air stream. There are
several types.
Also see
integral backpressure transducer EGR valve
ported EGR valve
electronic EGR valve
valve and Transducer assembly
EGR valve position sensor:

(EVP) A potentiometric sensor used in electronically controlled EGR system.
Sensor wiper position is proportional to EGR valve pintle position, which allows
electronic control assembly to determine actual EGR flow at any point in time
EGR vent solenoid:

(EGRV) electrical solenoid that normally vents EGRC vacuum line. When EGRV is
energized, EGRC can open the EGR valve
EGR venturi vacuum amplifier:

A device that uses a relatively weak venturi vacuum to control a manifold vacuum
signal to operate the EGR valve. Contains a check valve and relief valve that open
whenever the venturi vacuum signal is equal to or greater than manifold vacuum
EIA:
Acronym for "Electronics Industries Association."
eight:
eight-cylinder engine, or a vehicle fitted with one; the cylinders may be in-line (a
straight eight) or in a V-layout (a V-8).
Also see
flat eight straight eight
V-eight
8 trk:
Abbreviation for "eight-track" tape player found in many '60s and some '70s cars.
8-trk:
Abbreviation for "eight-track" tape player found in many '60s and some '70s cars.
eight track:
See eight-track.
eight-track:
An 8-track tape player found in many '60s and some '70s cars.
EIN:
Engine Identification Number
eject:
To push or throw out
eject button:
button on a cassette player or CD player for taking out the cassette or CD
Elan:
A two-seater roadster produced by Lotus from 1964 to 1974.
elapsed time:
(ET) The length of time it takes a dragster to complete the one-fourth mile run.
elasticity:
The ability to recover the original size and shape after being deformed, especially
stretched, forces are released
elastomer:
[1] A term which includes natural rubber and the many synthetic materials that
possess rubber-like properties.
[2] An elastic macromolecular material that at room temperature returns rapidly to
approximately its initial dimensions and shape after substantial deformation by a
weak stress and release of the stress. thermoplastic elastomers
elbow:
A pipe or rod with a bend, usually at right angles.
Also see
mechanic's elbow
ELC:
Electronic level control
Eldorado:
A Cadillac vehicle brand of which the 1953-58, 67-70
Eldorado models are milestone cars. Also see the history of Click for books on
Cadillac Eldorado. Cadillac Eldorado
Eldorado Brougham:
See Cadillac Eldorado Brougham
Electra:
A model of automobile manufactured by Buick Click for books on Buick Electra
electric:
operated by or derived from electricity
electric air control valve:

The EAC valve
electric air switching valve:

EAS valve
electrical:
relating to electricity
electrical balance:
An atom or an object in which positive and negative charges are equal
electrical conductivity:
The ability of a material to conduct electricity. The opposite is resistivity or
resistance.
electrical screwdriver:
A British term for an electric screwdriver
electrical spanner:
A British term for an ignition wrench
electrical system:
The system that generates, stores, and distributes electrical current to crank the
engine for starting and to keep it running by providing high voltage to the spark
plugs; and to give power to the lights, the heater motor, radio, and other accessories.
It is made up of the ignition system starter motor, battery alternator voltage
regulator lights, electrical accessories and all the wiring, switches, and relays.
electric car:
A car whose only power source is an electric motor and a number of batteries.
electric charge:
A definite quantity of electricity, which-may be positive, as with protons, or
negative, as with electrons.
Also see
coulomb
electric current:
The flow of electricity passing through a conductor
electric fuel pump:

electrically powered gasoline or diesel pump which draws fuel from the tank and
delivers it to the carburetor or fuel injection system
electric grid:
The electrical system
electrician:
See automotive electrician
electricity:
See static electricity
electric mirror:
An external door mirror which is controlled by an electric motor and operated by a
switch inside the car
electric motor:
A device which changes electrical energy into rotational motion. In addition to the
starter and windshield wiper motors, which were the first electric motors to be
added to the automotive electrical system, modern cars include a large number of
small motors for driving such items as the electric windows, aerials, sunroofs,
mirrors and seat adjustment, central locking and power hoods; electric-powered cars
use large motors for their drive.
electric screwdriver:
A tool which resembles a pistol which can accept screwdriver bits. It is similar to an
electric drill.
electric top:
A power convertible roof. The British term is "power hood"
electric vehicle:
Cars, buses, vans or trucks which use dedicated or hybrid electric systems as their
power source.
electric welding:
Welding by using an electric current to melt both metal (work) and welding rod, or
electrode
electric windows:
Side windows which are raised and lowered by an electric motor which is operated
by a switch.
electrochemical:
Chemical (battery) production of electricity.
electrochemical corrosion:
corrosion involving at least one electrode reaction
electrocoating:
electrophoretic painting
electrode:
[1] In a spark plug one electrode (the center electrode) is the center rod
passing through the insulator. The side electrode is a rod welded to the shell of
the spark plug. The distance between them is the spark gap.
[2] In welding it is the metal rod that is used in arc welding. A substance
which brings electricity up to the point where the arc is to be formed; in other
words it is the material immediately adjacent to the arc proper and the one
which carries the current to this point. In electric arc welding the electrode is
usually melted and becomes a part of the weld.
Also see
center electrode
coated electrode
compound center electrode
compound electrode
covered electrode
earth electrode
ground electrode
negative electrode
outer electrode
platinum electrode
positive electrode
side electrode
spark plug electrode
top electrode
triangular ground electrode
electrode adjusting tool:

A British term for a spark plug gap gauge
electrode gap:
Spark plug gap
electrodeposition:
A generic term for electrolytic processes in which a metal is deposited at the
cathode from a solution of its ions, such as electroplating, or in which paint is
deposited in an immersion process by means of electric current
electrode spark plug:

See split electrode spark plug
electrogalvanizing:
An electroplating coating of zinc on metal that will rust (i.e., iron or steel).
electro-hydraulic pump:
An electrically powered hydraulic pump used to create pressure in certain portions
of the brake system. Typically found in GM Powermaster brake boosters and in
ABS hydraulic control units
electrolysis:
A method by which chemical reactions are carried out by passage of electric current
through a solution of an electrolyte or through a molten salt
electrolyte:
In automotive batteries, it is a sulphuric acid and water solution. It can be any
solution (usually an acid) that will conduct electric current. The acid reacts with the
battery plates (usually made of lead) to produce direct current (DC) electricity.
electrolytic:
relating to electrolysis or an electrolyte
electrolytic cell:
A cell consisting of electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution for carrying out
electrolysis
electrolytic corrosion:
electrochemical corrosion causing the electrolytic removal of metal
electrolytic deposition:
electroplating
electrolytic galvanizing:
electrogalvanizing
electrolytic protection:
cathodic protection
electromagnet:
A magnet produced by placing a coil of wire around a steel or iron bar. When
current flows through the coil the bar becomes magnetized and will remain so as
long as the current continues to flow.
electromagnetic:
Magnetic (generator) production of electricity.
electromagnetic clutch:
any clutch in which a magnetic force is used to hold the drive in engagement, such
as that in the compressor drive of an air-conditioning system
electromagnetic induction:
Voltage is induced in a coil of wire by moving coil through a magnetic field or by
keeping coil stationary and moving magnetic field.
electromotive force:
(EMF) A source of electrical energy required to produce an electric current,
produced by devices such as batteries or generators and measured in volts. See
voltage.
electron:
A negatively charged particle that makes up part of the atom.
Also see
bound electrons
free electrons
electron flow:
A current produced by the motion of free electrons towards a positive terminal,
whose direction is the opposite to that of the current
electronic:
Featuring semiconductors (usually transistors) as an operating medium.
Also see
fully electronic ignition
high energy ignition system with electronic spark timing
electronic air control valve:

(EACV) A valve used in fuel-injection system, usually computer controlled, that
controls the amount of air bypassing the throttle during idle. The more air that
bypasses the throttle, the higher the idle speed
electronically controlled:
Most items can be controlled by a mechanical means (squeeze a lever to move
something) or by hydraulics (a lever pushes fluid which applies movement to
something) or electronically (move a switch and a servo motor moves something)
electronically controlled transmission:

A transmission that relies on sensors, an electronic control unit (ECU), and
solenoids to control torque convertor lockup and shift points
electronically-controlled wastegate:
A turbo-charger wastegate that is activated by an electric signal from a computer
electronic climate control:

(ECC) An air conditioning system control which determines and maintains the
preset temperature in the passenger compartment.
electronic cluster:
A display showing various functions, including speedometer, tachometer, gauges,
etc., using LEDs or LCD technology displaying symbols and bar graphs instead of
numbers. The opposite is an analog cluster
Electronic control Assembly:

ECA: A Ford vehicle computer consisting of a calibration assembly containing the
computer memory, its control program, and processor assembly (the computer
hardware)
electronic control module:

(ECM)
[1] The master computer responsible for interpreting electrical signals sent by
engine sensors and for activating automated engine components and processes
accordingly in order to produce optimum performance.
[2] A GM term and also a generic term referring to the computer. The ECM is the
brain of the engine control system receiving information from various sensors in the
engine compartment. The ECM calculates what is required for proper engine
operation and controls the different actuators to achieve it Also called "electronic
control unit"
electronic control unit:
(ECU)
[1] A microprocessor and memory with electronic maps, forming the central part of
an engine management system or of subsystems such as a fuel injection or ignition
system.
[2] The "brain" of an ABS system. The ECU reads impulses from the wheel speed
sensors to determine if anti-lock braking needs to take place. If so, the ECU controls
the cycling of the solenoid valves in the hydraulic control unit. Also called
"Electronic Control Module"
electronic EGR valve:

The EGR valve used in engine management system in which the EGR flow is
controlled by the computer (usually by means of an EGR valve position sensor
attached to the EGR valve). Operating vacuum is supplied by EGR solenoid
valve(s)
electronic engine control:

(EEC)
[1] The engine management system which controls the ignition system and various
other systems, including the exhaust gas recirculation and air-injection systems.
[2] Ford's computerized engine control system. There are four versions: EEC-I
controls engine timing. EEC-II controls engine timing and fuel (on engines with an
FBC system). EEC-III-FBC is a refined version of EEC-II. EEC-III-CFI controls
engine timing and fuel (on engine with an EFI system). EEC-IV is a refined version
of the EEC-III system
electronic fuel injection:

(EFI or EFi) A system that injects fuel into the engine and includes an electronic
control unit to time and meter the flow. Fuel is delivered in intermittent pulses by
the opening and closing of solenoid-controlled injectors. Also called pulsed
injection
electronic gasoline injection:

(EGI) Mazda's fuel injection system for the RX-7, RX-7 Turbo, 323, and 626
electronic ignition:
See
all electronic ignition
contactless electronic ignition
electronic ignition system:

An ignition system using electronic switching devices to assist or eliminate the
mechanical breaker points. There are three basic electronic ignitions: contact
controlled (the breaker points are retained but merely serve to trigger a transistor
which switches the heavy primary current), magnetically controlled (transistors are
used as the switching device for the primary current and the points are eliminated --
also called "contactless" or "all-electronic"), and capacitor controlled (also called
"capacitive-discharge system" and can be either all-electronic or breaker-point
controlled).
electronic navigator:
A trip computer which gives estimated time of arrival (ETA), amount of fuel left,
average fuel consumption, etc.
electronic ride control:

A suspension control system made up of a microprocessor-controlled, electronically
adjustable air shock absorbers for automatic selection of the optimum damping
characteristics depending on road surface and load conditions
electronics:
See automotive electronics
electronic sensing device:

An electronic device for vehicles with fuel injection. It detects changes in speed and
driving conditions and determines the amount of fuel to be injected into the
combustion chamber thus eliminating the need for carburetors.
electronic spark:
See high energy ignition system with electronic spark timing
electronic spark advance:

(ESA) the part of an ECU that controls ignition timing and dwell angle
electronic spark control:
(ESC) The timing of the ignition by means of an ignition map, either integrated into
the mapped ignition systems or available as a separate module to enhance
transistorized ignition systems. Also called "electronic spark timing."
electronic spark timing:

(EST) The timing of the ignition by means of an ignition map, either integrated into
the mapped ignition systems or available as a separate module to enhance
transistorized ignition systems. Also called "electronic spark control."
Also see
electronic spark timing system:

(EST) An ECM-controlled timing of ignition spark. This replaces the vacuum or
centrifugal mechanism in the distributor and uses the computer to advance or retard
the spark timing
electronic traction control:

(ETC) A system for reducing wheelspin, incorporating wheel sensors.
Also see
antispin regulation
electronic transmission:
A system of controlling the shifting of gears in the transmission by means of
electrical pulses sent to solenoids and relays. In mechanical transmissions, the
operator moves levers which makes the transmission shift gears.
electronic transmission control:

A system or module for controlling an automatic transmission
electronic voltage regulator:

(EVR) a type of regulator that uses all solid state devices to perform the regulatory
functions
electrons:
See bound electrons free electrons
electropainting:
Electrophoretic painting.
Also see
cathodic electropainting
electropaint tank:
A tank in which items are immersed for electrophoretic paint application
electrophoretic painting:
A process used to apply the first coat of paint (primer) to car bodies. The process
involves using negatively charged paint particles (anodic electropainting) or
positively charged paint particles (cathodic electropainting). The cleaned metal parts
to be coated are immersed in a tank of electrodeposition paint, and the current is
turned on, so that the paint particles are attracted by the positively charged paint
particles
electrophoretic primer:
Paint used to prime car bodies by the electrophoretic process
electro picker:
A device which is electrically operated and is used to open locked car doors. It is
available only to automotive locksmiths and the police. It consists basically of a
vibrator with an attached steel blade. When the vibrating blade is inserted into a
lock, it finds its way past the locating pins which would normally block anything
but the original key
electroplate:
The process of depositing gold, silver, chrome, nickel, etc., upon an object by
placing the object in a special solution and then passing an electric current through
the solution. The object forms one terminal, a special electrode the other. Direct
current is used.
electroplating:
The process of electrodeposition of metal or alloys from suitable electrolyte
solutions. The articles to be plated are connected to the cathode in an electrolyte
solution, and direct current is introduced through the anode of the metal to be
deposited.
Also see
zinc electroplating
electrostatic painting:
A painting method using the particle- attracting property of electrostatic charges, in
which a direct current of approximately 100,000 volts is applied to a grid of wires
through which the paint is sprayed to charge each particle, and the metal objects to
be sprayed are connected to the opposite terminal of the high-voltage circuit, so as
to attract the paint particles. Also called "Electrostatic Spraying"
electrostatic powder coating:

(EPC) A painting process in which the outer parts of the body shell are coated with
a powder dispersion by means of cathodic immersion, and in which the cavities are
coated with cathodic electropaint
electrostatic spraying:
A painting method using the particle-attracting property of electrostatic charges, in
which a direct current of approximately 100,000 volts is applied to a grid of wires
through which the paint is sprayed to charge each particle, and the metal objects to
be sprayed are connected to the opposite terminal of the high-voltage circuit, so as
to attract the paint particles. Also called "Electrostatic Painting"
electro vacuum relay EVR:

A combination solenoid vacuum valve and electrical relay which locks out blower
operation and closes the fresh air door in cold weather, and switches the system to
the recirculating air mode during maximum system use
electrovalve:
A solenoid valve
element:
A group of plates in a battery. Three elements for a six volt and six elements for the
twelve volt battery. The elements are connected in series.
Also see
air cleaner element
air filter element
filter element
hall element
hot-wire element
open element glow plug
temperature control element
element glow:
See open element glow plug
element glow plug:

See open element glow plug
Elliot:
See Elliot axle reversed Elliot axle
Elliot axle:
A solid bar front axle on which the ends span or straddle the steering knuckle.
Also see
reversed Elliot axle
Elliott steering knuckle:

Type of axle in which ends of axle beam straddle spindle
Elliot type axle:

See elliot axle
ellipsoidal headlight:
A headlight with a reflector which is wider than it is high, and not circular; has
replaced the parabolic reflector
elongation:
The percentage increase in the length of a specimen when stressed to its yield
strength.
ELV:
Acronym for "End-of-Life Vehicles."
emblem:
See wheel trim emblem
embrittlement:
A reduced toughness in plastic or metal caused by age, heat or rough use.
Also see
hydrogen embrittlement
emergency:
A sudden, unexpected occurrence, such as a breakdown or the failure of some part,
which may be dangerous and demands immediate action.
emergency brake:
A braking system which is independent of the main hydraulic system. It can be used
to slow or stop the vehicle if the primary brakes fail, or to hold the vehicle
stationary though the brake pedal is not depressed. It usually consists of a foot pedal
or hand lever that actuates either front or rear brakes mechanically through a series
of cables and linkages. It is also called the "parking brake" or E-brake.
emergency inflator:
An aerosol can which inflates a punctured tire and injects sealing compound to
provide at least a temporary repair
emergency transmitter:
A transmitter no larger than a car radio, fitted inside the vehicle which enables a
driver to radio for help from the security of his own car
emergency windshield:
A sheet of clear plastic fitted in place of a broken windshield
emery cloth:
A cloth coated in emery crystals like fine sandpaper for use as an abrasive on metals
EMF:
Acronym for "electromotive force" See voltage.
Emily:
An affectionate name for the RollsRoyce radiator mascot, the "Spirit of Ecstasy"
emission:
The passing of gases and other toxic substances into the atmosphere.
Also see
automotive emissions
crankcase emissions
evaporative emissions
exhaust emission controls
exhaust emissions
low-emission
low Emission Vehicle Standards
particulate emission limit
particulate emission
emission control:
A system for restricting the amount of noxious emissions. There are two standards
for emission controls: level E for Europe and the more stringent level U for the
United States. See exhaust emission control evaporative emission control system
Emission Control Information:

See Vehicle Emission Control Information
emission controls:
See exhaust emission control.
emission control system:

See
exhaust emission control system
emission levels:
amounts of toxic substances passed into the atmosphere by motor vehicles
emission limit:
See particulate emission limit
emissions:
Gases and other pollutants coming from a vehicle with an internal combustion
engine. See emission
emission standards:
specified maximum emission levels permitted from different classes of motor
vehicle in different countries
Emission Vehicle:
See Low Emission Vehicle Standards
Emission Vehicle Standards:

See
Low Emission Vehicle Standards
ultra Low Emission Vehicle Standards
employment:
total employment in each manufacturing facility, including total manufacturing
employees, total support staff, and total engineering/R&D staff. Average number of
workers employed by an establishment during the year. Production workers relate to
the average number actually engaged in the manufacturing process. Administrative
and non-manufacturing includes employees at head offices and sales offices.
employee benefits:
the provision of direct (salary, bonuses, etc.) indirect (vacation leave, medical and
dental plans, etc.) and deferred employee compensation (pensions, etc.).
EMS:
Acronym for Engine Management System
emulsification:
The process of making an emulsion
emulsion:
A mixture of two liquids which do not fully mix, such as oil and water, or
specifically of gasoline and air in a carburetor before it is discharged and fully
atomized
emulsion tube:
part of a fixed jet carburetor, in which air is introduced into the mixture through
holes to help atomize it and correct excessive richness at higher engine speeds. A
perforated tube which extends from an air bleed in the top of the air horn down into
the main well. Admits air from the air bleed into the main well to emulsify the fuel
in the main well. Improves idle response and stability when the engine is hot and
prevents fuel percolation and general hot-starting problems. Also improves response
in the main metering circuit during part throttle conditions. Also called main-well
tube
enable:
A microcomputer decision that results in an engine management system being
activated and permitted to operate
enamel:
Type of paint that dries to a smooth, glossy finish. It is easier to apply than
cellulose. If cellulose is applied over it, the cellulose will lift (i.e., peel off).
Also see
finishing enamel porcelain enamel
vitreous enamel
enamelling:
See vitreous enamelling
EN block:
See EN-block.
EN-block:
One piece -- such as an engine cylinder block cast in one piece.
enclosure:
See speaker enclosure
end:
See
belt end
big end
bitter end
bottom end
drive end
drive end bracket
female end
firing end
front end
front end alignment
gudgeon pin end
little end
male end
nut end
open end lease
piston pin end
piston ring end gap
rear end
rear end lift
ring end gap
small end
stud end
tie rod end
top end
wedge end
end alignment:
See front end alignment
end bearing:
See small end bearing
end bracket:
The cover containing a bearing at each end of a generator or alternator. Also called
"end cover" or "end cover plate."
Also see
drive end bracket
slip-ring end bracket
end cap:
The cap covering the end of a piece of trim or of a barrel fuse
end cover:
"end bracket" or "end cover plate"
end cover plate:

"end cover" or "end bracket"
end cutters:
British term for a "side cutter"
end cutting:
See
end cutting pliers:

British term for "side cutter"
Also see
end dump:
A term used to describe various dump trucks or trailers that tilt to unload at the rear.
end float:
End play
end form:
Any type of connector at the end of a hose or pipe.
end gap:
See
piston ring end gap
ring end gap
end gas:
The last part of the fuel-air mixture that has been introduced into the cylinder but
has not yet been consumed in the normal flame-front reaction.
end gear:
See axle end gears.
end gears:
See axle end gears.
end hexagon screwdriver:
See ball end hexagon screwdriver
end lease:
See
closed end lease
open end lease
end lift:
See rear end lift
end-of-lease purchase price:

If there is a purchase option in the lease contract or agreement, this will be the
agreed upon price for the purchase of the vehicle at the end of the lease-the stated
residual value. This price may also include additional fees.
end-of term interest rate:

See buy at end-of term interest rate
endoscope:
An instrument used to see into the interior of hollow cavities such as box sections
end piece:
See sill end piece
end play:
The looseness in bearing clearance in an axial direction.
Also see
camshaft end play
end speed:
See top end speed
endurance test:
A test of a material or system over a long period to determine when it will fail
enduro:
Off-road competition against the clock and usually over long distances
energize:
To activate (a solenoid, relay, etc.) by providing sufficient energy
energizing:
See self-energizing
energy:
Capacity for doing work. It is measured in joules or kilowatt-hours.
See
high energy battery
high energy coil
high energy ignition system
kinetic energy
potential energy
energy-absorbing:
The ability to absorb impact forces
energy absorbing bumper:

See bumper system.
energy-absorbing bumper:
See bumper system.
energy absorbing steering column:

A steering column which collapses when the vehicle is involved in an accident.
energy battery:
See high energy battery
energy coil:
See high energy coil
energy conversion:
The changing of one form of energy into another or into work, such as that in the
combustion process, the heat of which is used to turn the engine and thus create
motion
energy ignition:
See
energy ignition system:

See
energy ignition system with electronic spark timing:

Energy Protection Agency:

See EPA estimates.
energy retarder:
See engine brake.
engage:
[1] to come into contact and be locked together (with another part).
[2] to bring (a part) into contact with another so that it is locked to it
engagement:
The result of bringing into locking contact (e.g. of the clutch), or selection of a gear
engaging the throttle:

The action of causing the throttle linkage to move so that more fuel enters the
engine to increase the speed of the vehicle.
engine:
A device for changing fuel energy to mechanical energy. The term applies to the
primary source of power generation. In Britain there is a desire to make a clear
distinction between "engine" and "motor" so that "motor" refers only to electric
power units (i.e., starter motor) and "engine" for gasoline or diesel powered units.
However, in the U.S.A. the term "motor" can apply to both types. Yet, even in
Britain, combustion driven vehicles are called "motor cars" and "motorcycles."
Also see
adiabatic engine
air cooled engine
all-alloy engine
alloy engine
aspirated engine
balanced engine
big-block engine
boxer engine
cam engine
carburetor engine
cih engine
combustion engine
cubic inch engine
diesel engine
dual-piston engine
electronic engine control
engine types
exchange engine
F-head engine
federal engine
F head engine
fire engine
flat engine
flooded engine
four-cycle engine
four-cylinder engine
four cycle engine
front engine
fuel-injected engine
fuel injection engine
HC engine
high-camshaft engine
horizontally opposed engine
hydrocarbon engine
I-head engine
IC engine
I head engine
in-line engine
inclined engine
indirect injection engine
injected engine
inlet over exhaust engine
inline engine
intake over exhaust engine
ioe engine
L-head engine
lean-burn engine
L head engine
long block engine
longitudinal engine
long stroke engine
mid-engine
naturally aspirated engine
nominal engine speed
normally aspirated engine
OHV engine
opposed engine
over square engine
pancake engine
piston-valve engine
piston engine
plastic engine
pre-combustion engine
pushrod engine
push rod engine
quad-cam engine
radial engine
rear engine
rebuilt engine
reciprocating engine
reconditioned engine
rotary engine
short block engine
short engine
short stroke engine
side-valve engine
SI engine
single-cylinder engine
six-cylinder engine
sixteen valve engine
slant engine
small-block engine
spark ignition engine
square-four engine
square engine
steam engine
stirling engine
straight engine
stratified charge engine
supercharged Engine
SV engine
T-head engine
T head engine
three-port engine
three-valve engine
traction engine
transverse engine
turbine engine
turbocharged engine
twelve-cylinder engine
twelve-valve engine
twin-piston engine
twin cam engine
twin camshaft engine
two-cycle engine
two-stroke cycle engine
two-valve engine
U-cylinder engine
under-square engine
undersquare engine
under square engine
unit engine
V-eight engine
V-engine
V-four engine
V-six engine
V-sixteen engine
V-ten engine
V-twelve engine
V-type engine
V-X engine
valve-in-head engine
vee engine
V engine
VR engine
V type engine
W-engine
wankel engine
winding the engine
X-engine
X-type engine
x. Liter Engine
X engine
engine adapter:
A unit that allows a different engine to be installed in a vehicle and still bolt up to
the original transmission.
engine analyzer:
An electronic engine testing device which (because of its size) used to be placed in
a cabinet or a movable stand. The modern units are often hand-held and are
connected to the vehicle's diagnostic socket (as in the case of the diagnostic read-out
box), which provides data on all aspects of the engine's state of tune
engine bay:
The engine compartment.
engine block:
The cylinder block.
engine block heater:

See block heater
engine brake:
(Energy Retarder or jake brake) A system that allows for slowing of a vehicle that is
independent of the conventional braking systems. A driver would normally down-
shift to slow his descent of a hill, using engine compression. The engine brake
increases the effectiveness of this regarding force.
engine braking effect:

A retarding effect of an engine when the vehicle is in gear with the throttle closed.
Also called a "jake brake"
engine calibration unit:

An electronic component which can be specifically programmed to the design of
each car model to control the M/C solenoid. Plugs into the Electronic Control
Module (ECM). Also called a programmable read only memory (PROM)
engine capacity:
The swept volume of an engine
engine compartment:
The space where the engine is mounted. Also called the "engine bay."
Also see
cluttered engine compartment
crowded engine compartment
engine control:
See electronic engine control engine control module
engine control module:

(ECM) An advanced electronic computer which monitors engine conditions and
then controls engine settings to optimize the combustion of the air/fuel mixture.
engine control system:

See engine-control system.
engine-control system:
A computer that regulates the operation of the engine by monitoring certain engine
characteristics (rpm, coolant temperature, intake airflow, etc.) through a network of
sensors and then controlling key variables (fuel metering, spark timing EGR, etc.)
according to pre-programmed schedules.
engine coolant:
Antifreeze liquid used in the engine's cooling system
engine coolant temperature sensor:

(ECT) the thermistor sensor that provides coolant temperature information to the
computer. Used to alter spark advance and EGR flow during warm-up or an
overheating condition
engine cover:
The panel which conceals the engine in a mid-engine car. Also called "access
panel." Also see hood (British "bonnet") which covers the engine only in a front-
mounted engine.
engine damage:
Breakage, deformation, or scoring of the internal parts of an engine due to running
at very high rpms for an extended period of time or with insufficient lubrication. A
rod could break off and drive a hole into the cases; a valve could break off or imbed
itself into the top of a piston; the piston could heat and expand and thus seize
against the cylinder walls; or other types of damage could occur.
engine depression:
Low pressure on the engine side of the throttle caused by piston suction in the inlet
manifold
engine diagnostic connector:

The electrical connector for plugging in the engine analyzer, forming an interface
between the engine electronic controls and diagnostic unit, and used to read the
engine data as well as any fault codes stored in the memory of the engine controller
engine displacement:
To determine, multiply the volume of the space through which the head of the
piston moves in the full length of its stroke by the number of cylinders in the
engine. The result is given in cubic inches.
engineering:
See
automotive engineering
badge engineering
production engineering
engine flywheel:
A spinning plate located at the end of the crankshaft. See flywheel.
engine hoist:
small crane for lifting an engine out of a motor vehicle, formerly incorporating a
block and tackle, but now usually hydraulically operated.
Also see
gantry
engine identification number:

(EIN) A number stamped on the engine which may or may not match the number on
the vehicle identification plate. Also called "engine number"
engine knock:
When the engine is operating, an audible noise may be heard when the fuel in the
cylinders is ignited too early and/or spontaneously, resulting in colliding flame
fronts and shock waves which cause high thermal and mechanical stress, and can
severely damage the engine.
engine layout:
[1] The type of engine, with reference to the arrangement of its cylinders and their
number (as in a flat four, V-twin, or straight eight).
[2] The location of the engine in the vehicle (as in a front mount, mid-mount, or rear
engine.
[3] The placement of the engine in the engine compartment: e.g., a transverse or in-
line engine
engine management system:

(EMS) An electronic engine control system which covers at least the functioning of
the fuel injection and ignition, but may also include emission controls and self-
diagnostics
engine map:
See characteristic map. As an engine speeds up, the timing needs to be advanced.
On older vehicles, this is accomplished mechanically with a counterweight advance
in the distributor. In modern vehicles, the timing can be advanced progressively by
means of a computer chip which is programmed to provide the ideal timing. It also
provides other factors in some engines such as the opening and closing of valves,
etc.
engine misfire:
See misfire
engine modifications:
Alterations to the specification of the engine to increase power output, improve
economy, reduce emissions, etc.
engine mounting:
A flexible support for the engine in which an elastic medium, usually rubber, is
interposed between the lugs on the engine and the frame of the vehicle
engine noise:
The amount of noise produced by the engine when it is running. Engine noise is
more noticeable with a diesel at lower speeds
engine number:
(EIN) A number stamped on the engine which may or may not match the number on
the vehicle identification plate. Also called "engine identification number"
engine oil:
Oil within the engine used to lubricate the moving components. At one time the oil
was a single grade, but modern engines use a multigrade oil.
Also see
straight weight engine oil
synthetic engine oil
engine oil pan:

See oil pan.
engine oil level warning light:

A light on the instrument panel which comes on when the oil in the sump falls
below a certain level
engine overhaul:
When an old engine burns too much oil and loses power, it is dismantled and
restored to the manufacturer's original tolerances by replacement of worn parts,
reboring the cylinders, regrinding the crankshaft, etc.
engine parameters:
A term used in the context of emission controls for those engine characteristics
sensitive to engine performance, such as power/bhp, general engine performance,
and fuel economy
engine performance tester:

An engine analyzer
engine sequence test:

The test which determines how well oil will prevent engine rusting, corrosion,
scuffing, wear, and the formation of sludge and varnish.
engine size:
The engine displacement or capacity
engine speed:
The number of revolutions per minute (rpm) at which the engine crankshaft turns.
The vehicle itself may be stationary or in motion.
Also see
engine speed limiter:

A device which acts as a governor which cuts the power when a certain number of
rpm is reached
engine speed sensor:

In most cases, a magnetic pick-up that scans the flywheel teeth and produces one
output signal per scanned tooth, or a hall generator in the distributor, whose signals
are passed to the electronic control unit
engine subframe:
A separate frame in which the engine is mounted
engine temperature sensor:

A sensor used to monitor the temperature of the engine
engine timing:
[1] The point of time when the spark ignites the air/fuel mixture (ignition timing)
[2] The setting of the valves when they open or close (valve timing)
engine type:
Over the years of engine development, several types or configurations have been
made. All of them relate to the position of the valves and the camshaft (s) that
operates them.
• air cooled engine -- An engine which is not cooled by antifreeze but by

passing air past external fins.
• diesel engine -- An engine with high compression that pressurizes the diesel
oil fuel and fires the charge through compression not by a spark plug.
• DOHC -- double overhead camshafts
• F-head -- Side exhaust valve and overhead intake valve.
• flat engine
• four-stroke cycle engine
• hemi or hemi-head -- Engine using hemispherical-shaped (half of a globe or
sphere) combustion chambers.
• horizontally opposed engine
• hydrocarbon engine
• I-head -- Both valves located directly over the piston. Also called valve-in-
head or overhead valve engine.
• in-line engine
• internal combustion engine
• L-head -- Both valves on one side of the cylinder
• oversquare engine
• pancake engine
• radial engine
• rotary engine
• slant engine
• SOHC -- Single overhead camshaft.
• square engine
• steam engine
• stirling engine
• stratified charge engine
• straight engine
• T-head -- exhaust valve on one side and inlet valve on the other side of the
cylinder and found on twin-camshaft engines.
• traction engine
• transverse engine
• turbine engine
• two-stoke cycle engine
• undersquare engine
• V-type -- Two sets of cylinders set apart in a V-formation like a V-8 or V-6
• valve-in-head engine
• wankel engine
• X-type
engine warning light:

See check engine warning light
enrichment:
making the air/fuel mixture richer, i.e., increasing the fuel content.
Also see
acceleration enrichment
after-start enrichment
cold start enrichment
cranking enrichment
full load enrichment
full throttle enrichment
hot start enrichment
warm-up enrichment
enrichment device:
A circuit in a carburetor providing a richer mixture, operated by engine vacuum
enrichment unit:
A circuit in a carburetor providing a richer mixture, operated by engine vacuum
enrichner:
A fuel plunger which is used in a carburetor in place of a choke. By activating the
plunger more gas is permitted into the intake area to enrichen the fuel-air mixture
for easier starting.
Also see
choke
entertainment:
See in-car entertainment
entrepreneur:
One who undertakes ownership of a business or enterprise
entrepreneurship:
A person's ability to organize, manage, and assume risks of operating a business
entry:
See
illuminated entry system
keyless entry system
multi-entry
remote keyless entry
entry-level version:
basic model suitable as someone's first car
entry model:
basic model suitable as someone's first car
entry system:
See
illuminated entry system
keyless entry system
envelope:
[1] A thin rubber wrapper that surrounds the tread, sidewall and is tucked inside the
curing rim during the pre-cured cold process retreading. It protects bonding
materials from humidity within the chamber.
[2] A cover enclosing something entirely, such as the glass of a lamp bulb.
Also see
outer envelope
envelope separator:
A porous plastic separator used in maintenance-free batteries to enclose the
individual plates completely
enveloping body:
See all-enveloping body
environmentally aware:
An awareness of the dangers and threats to the environment caused by vehicle use
and the taking of appropriate action to avoid them
environmentally friendly:
Something that is harmless to the environment, or causing as little harm as possible
Environmental Protection Act:

See canadian Environmental Protection Act
environment-conscious:
An awareness of the dangers and threats to the environment caused by vehicle use
and the taking of appropriate action to avoid them
EPA:
[1] Acronym for "Energy Protection Agency." Also see EPA fuel economy.
[2] Acronym for "Environmental Protection Agency" which is responsible fol
recommending environmental legislation and in the automotive sphere produces test
cycles and estimates fuel economy
EPA estimate:
An American organization (Energy Protection Agency) which determines the fuel
consumption of various vehicles. It takes into account city and highway driving.
These figures may be helpful in comparing one vehicle against another. Your
vehicle can greatly exceed these estimates with sensible driving, the use of cruise
control obeying the speed limits avoiding rapid starts, coasting long before a stop
light or sign.
Also see
EPA fuel economy
EPA estimates:
An American organization (Energy Protection Agency) which determines the fuel
consumption of various vehicles. It takes into account city and highway driving.
These figures may be helpful in comparing one vehicle against another. Your
vehicle can greatly exceed these estimates with sensible driving, the use of cruise
control obeying the speed limits avoiding rapid starts, coasting long before a stop
light or sign.
Also see
EPA fuel economy
EPA fuel economy:

Laboratory fuel economy tests administered by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) using simulated weight and drag to re-create real driving conditions.
The city fuel-economy test, also used to test emissions compliance is based on a
drive through typical Los Angeles urban traffic of about twenty years ago. Such
conditions in LA are no longer present. The highway test uses a higher, steadier
speed averaging 79.5 kph (49.4 mph).
EPC:
Acronym for Electrostatic Powder Coating
EP gear oil:
An extreme pressure gear oil preventing metal-to-metal contact, used mainly in
gearboxes and final drive units. Also called "EP lubricant"
epicyclic:
See epicyclic gearbox.
epicyclic gear:
A gear that operates around the circumference of another
epicyclic gearbox:
A form of gear used by Benz in which small pinions revolve around a central or sun
gear and mesh with an outer ring gear called the annulus. Type used in the Ford
Model T. Also called planetary gearset "planetary transmission" and "sun-and-
planet gears."
epitrochoid:
A geometric path followed by a specific point located in a generating circle which is
rolled around the periphery of a base circle.
epitrochoidal:
A part of a circle which is not on the circumference of another circle around which
it turns
EP lubricant:
See extreme pressure lubricant.
epoxy resin:
A thermosetting resin based on ethylene oxide or similar materials or derivatives,
used in adhesives, fillers, and primers and other finishes
EPR:
[1] Acronym for evaporator pressure regulator valve.
[2] Acronym for exhaust pressure regulator
EPS:
Acronym for electronically controlled power steering. EPS is used in more
expensive models, such as the BMW Servotronic system where the assistance
provided alters according to the speed at which the car is travelling
equalizer:
A bracket or cable connector which balances tension equally on the cables to the
parking brakes.
See
graphic equalizer
compensator
equalizer line:
In air conditioner system, a line or connection used to operate certain control valves.
Little or no refrigerant flows through the line
equal length header:

An exhaust manifold where the runners from each cylinder are of equal length. Such
a system allows exhaust pulses to meet at the collector or single pipe in a controlled
sequence, thus enhancing cylinder evacuation and gas flow.
equal power distribution:

A system in four-wheel drive vehicles which ensures that an equal amount of power
is passed to the front and rear wheels
equal power split:

A system in four-wheel drive vehicles which ensures that an equal amount of power
is passed to the front and rear wheels
equation:
See nernst equation
equilibrium:
See thermal equilibrium
equipment:
devices and systems fitted to a vehicle which are either essential or optional, and
either fitted by the manufacturer (original equipment) or subsequently by the owner
(after market equipment).
Also see
aftermarket equipment
integral equipment
low-bake equipment
optional equipment
original equipment
standard equipment
equipment package:
A combination of equipment provided by the manufacturer
ergonomics:
[lit: The law of work] Technically, it means the biotechnology study of how human
beings relate to their surroundings and how efficiently they perform in that
environment. However, the meaning has also come to be used in a qualitative sense
so that a vehicle has good or bad ergonomics meaning that the controls, switches,
instruments, seats, pedals, and steering wheel suit the human driver.
erode:
to remove a surface layer (by chemical action or by rubbing)
erosion:
A reduction in size of an object because of a liquid or gas impact on the object.
error:
See driver error
ESA:
Acronym for Electronic Spark Advance
ESC:
Acronym for Electronic Spark Control
escape trunk:
A vertical trunk fitted with a ladder to permit personnel to escape if trapped
Escort:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Escort
escutcheon:
A panel or part used to hide another part
ESR:
Acronym for electric sunroof
EST:
Acronym for electronic spark timing system
establishment:
smallest operating entity producing a homogenous set of goods and services and is
capable of reporting full range of production account variables to calculate "value
added."
estate car:
A British term for a station wagon
estimate:
See estimates.
estimates:
A guess on the part of a service department with respect to the nature of a vehicle's
problem and cost of repairing it. Although most shops will stand by their estimate,
there is also the situation where the problem is caused by something which will be
more expensive to repair or may be less expensive. In the case where other
components are also faulty (but the estimate did not include them), the shop may
contact the customer with a revised estimate saying, "We can repair what we
thought was the faulty part, but we found another defective part which also
contributed to the problem once we took things apart. Now the cost will be more.
Do you want us to go ahead and repair that component too?" In the case where a
lesser solution repaired the problem, good shops will give you a bill that is much
less than the estimate with an explanation like, "We thought we had to replace the
expensive control box, but we found that one of its plugs had come loose."
Also see
EPA estimates
ESV:
Acronym for Experimental Safety Vehicle
ET:
Acronym for "elapsed time." The length of time it takes a dragster to complete the
one-fourth mile run.
ETA:
Acronym for "expected time of arrival."
ETC:
Acronym for Electronic Traction Control
etching:
[1] A roughening or disintegration of the paint surface, which can occur on small
patches or over a wide area, through attack from bird droppings, soap deposits,
industrial fallout, etc. Also called "lifting."
[2] The removal of soil or the natural oxide film from an aluminium surface, giving
a roughened surface which improves adhesion of the subsequent paint layer, or
removal of the actual metal.
[3] A system of marking car windows with the registration number so as to deter
thieves.
Also see
caustic etching
window etching
etching primer:
A primer for aluminum which has an etching effect to improve adhesion
etch primer:
A primer for aluminum which has an etching effect to improve adhesion
ethanol:
ethyl alcohol which is added to gasoline, typically in a mixture of 10% ethanol and
90% unleaded gasoline
ethyl acrylate:
A polymer used in toughening rubber
ethylene glycol:
A chemical solution added to the cooling system to protect against freezing. See
antifreeze.
ethyl gasoline:
Gasoline to which ethyl fluid (tetraethyl lead ethylene dibromide, ethylene
dichloride, or another octane improver) has been added to improve the gasoline's
resistance to knocking. It slows down the burning rate thereby creating a smooth
pressure curve that will allow the gasoline to be used in high compression engines.
It is a generic term describing premium or high-octane fuel. It was first sold in
1924.
ETRTO:
Acronym for "European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation."
Euromix formula:
The basis for a standard test cycle covering both town driving and driving on the
open road. In North America a similar is called the "Town and Country Formula"
eutectic alloy:
A mixture of metals which has a melting point lower than that of any of the metals
in the mixture, or of any other mixture of these metals.
evacuate:
[1] To remove by pushing out.
[2] To create a vacuum in an air conditioning system to remove all traces of air and
moisture. Also called pump down
evaluation:
See driver evaluation
EVAP:
Acronym for evaporative emission control system
evaporate:
to turn into a vapour
evaporation:
The process of changing from a liquid to a vapor, such as boiling water to produce
steam; evaporation is the opposite of condensation. Also refers to solvents in the
paint escaping to the air.
Also see
early fuel evaporation system
evaporation control system:

(EVAP or ECS)
[1] A system for reducing evaporative emissions by means of a sealed fuel tank, a
vapour-liquid separator, a three-way valve, an activated carbon filter, and a network
of interconnecting hoses. A system used to prevent the escape of gasoline vapors to
the atmosphere from the fuel tank and carburetor. Also called "evaporative
Emission Control system"
evaporation system:
See early fuel evaporation system
evaporative emission control system:

(EVAP pr EEC) A system for reducing evaporative emissions by means of a sealed
fuel tank, a vapour-liquid separator, a three-way valve, an activated carbon filter,
and a network of interconnecting hoses. Also called "evaporation control system"
evaporative emissions:
Vapours or fumes not emitted by the exhaust system, but escaping from the fuel
tank, carburetor and crankcase, and accounting for about 40% of hydrocarbon
emissions released by a gasoline engine without emission controls
evaporative emission shed system:

(EESS) a Ford evaporative emission control system introduced in 1978
evaporative losses:
Vapours or fumes not emitted by the exhaust system, but escaping from the fuel
tank, carburetor and crankcase, and accounting for about 40% of hydrocarbon
emissions released by a gasoline engine without emission controls
evaporator:
The unit in an air conditioning system used to transform refrigerant from a liquid to
a gas. It is at this point that cooling takes place as heat is removed from the air.
Opposite to "condenser"
evaporator equalized valve in receiver:

(EEVIR) A unit similar in design to a valve-in-receiver type, except that it has an
equalizer port of the expansion valve that allows for faster reaction time
evaporator pressure regulator valve:

(EPR) and evaporator tem control device regulated by back pressure. Used on older
Chrysler corp. System. Located in the compressor inlet. A system using this device
is referred to as an EPR system
Evaporator temperature regulator valve:

(ETR) A temperatukre-regulated evaporator temperature control device used on
some early model Chrysler corp. system
EVAP system:
Acronym for Evaporative Emission Control System
EVC:
Acronym for Exhaust Valve Closes
even keel:
A ship at even keel is when the keel is horizontal
EVO:
Acronym for Exhaust Valve Opens
EVP:
Acronym for EGR valve position sensor
EVR:
Acronym for electronic voltage regulator
EVRV:
Electronic vacuum regulator valve
EVT:
Acronym for "Electromagnetic Valve Train."
EW:
acronym for "electric windows"
examination:
See metallographic examination
exc:
Abbreviation for "excellent," as in exc condition.
Excalibur:
A vehicle brand of which the 1965-69 model II Series I are milestone cars.
exchange engine:
A replacement engine which is provided in exchange for a worn engine while the
original engine is being rebuilt
exchange process:
See charge exchange process
exchanger:
See heat exchanger.
Excelsior:
The 1925-1948 models with required application are classic cars.
excitation winding:
Field winding
excite:
To pass an electric current through a unit such as the field coils in the generator.
exciter coil:
A primary coil which provides stepped up voltage to a second coil.
exciter winding:
Field winding
excluder:
See draught excluder
ex-demonstrator:
A vehicle which had been used as a demonstrator and is now available for sale
exducer:
The outermost section of a turbine wheel, used to purge the turbine of exhaust gases
executive car:
A large, powerful luxury car considered suitable for a business executive
exhaust:
[1] To expel spent fumes.
[2] The spent fuel after combustion takes place in an internal combustion
engine. Sometimes it refers to the exhaust system.
Also see
dual exhaust system
intake over exhaust engine
raw exhaust gas
residual exhaust gases
tuned exhaust
tuning the exhaust
exhaust back pressure:

any pressure holding back the flow of the gases in an exhaust system. Pressure
exerted in exhaust system in reverse direction. Also called back pressure
exhaust back pressure transducer valve:
(BPV or BPS) a device sued to sense exhaust pressure changes and control vacuum
to the EGR valve in response to these changes
exhaust cam:
A separate camshaft controlling the opening and closing of the exhaust valves used
in twin overhead camshaft engines
exhaust camshaft:
A separate camshaft controlling the opening and closing of the exhaust valves used
in twin overhead camshaft engines
exhaust chamber:
part of the two-stroke exhaust system designed to maintain a specified back pressure
exhaust cutout:
A Y-shaped device that is placed in the exhaust pipe ahead of the muffler. The
driver may channel the exhaust through the muffler or out the other leg of the "Y"
where the exhaust passes out without going through the muffler.
Also see
cutout
exhaust donuts:
The small rubber hangers used to suspend the exhaust system from the chassis pan
exhaust emission:
See exhaust emissions.
exhaust emission control:

See exhaust emission controls
exhaust emission controls:

Systems or adjustments designed to limit noxious gases in an engine's exhaust.
Such controls can be grouped into two broad categories: those designed to
reduce or eliminate the formation of harmful pollutants in the engine itself
(e.g., retarded spark setting) and those designed to destroy or otherwise alter
the pollutants after they have been formed (e.g., air injection, thermal reactors,
and catalytic converters). Evaporative emission controls prevent gasoline
vapors from escaping into the atmosphere from the fuel tank and carburetor
and crankcase controls recycle fumes from the crankcase through the engine.
exhaust emission control system:
A general term for any system that reduces the harmful exhaust emissions of a
motor vehicle, including one or all of the following systems: catalytic converter
(with or without oxygen sensor air/fuel control), exhaust gas recirculation,
secondary air injection or induction, and positive crankcase ventilation
exhaust emissions:
The unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and other
noxious gases emitted when gasoline is burned in an engine.
exhaust engine:
See intake over exhaust engine
exhaust gas:
gas which is the product of the combustion process and which is passed out of the
cylinder through the exhaust valve or port into the exhaust system.
Also see
raw exhaust gas
exhaust gas analyzer:

An instrument for determining efficiency with which an engine is burning fuel. See
exhaust-gas analyzer.
exhaust-gas analyzer:
An instrument used to measure the exhaust gases (in parts per million, percent,
grams per kilometer, or grams per mile) to determine both combustion efficiency
and the amount of pollutants in the exhaust.
exhaust gas check valve:

(EGC) a device that allows air injection system air to enter the exhaust manifold,
but prevents a reverse flow in the event of improper operation of other components
exhaust gas oxygen sensor:

(EGO) a device that changes its output voltage as the exhaust gas oxygen content
changes when compared to the oxygen content of the atmosphere. This constantly
changing voltage signal is sent to the processor for analysis and adjustment to the
air/fuel ratio
exhaust gas purification system:

An emission control system for diesel engines, which may consist of an exhaust
scrubber, a diesel exhaust filter, and/or a catalytic converter
exhaust gas recirculation:

See exhaust-gas recirculation.
exhaust-gas recirculation:
(EGR) An emission control system where some of the exhaust gases are rerouted
from the exhaust manifold into the combustion chamber to make sure that all fuel is
burned before entering the atmosphere. The process lowers the combustion
temperature and reduces the formation of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust.
exhaust gas recirculation system:

(EGR) a system used to control oxides of nitrogen (NOx) the exhaust gases are
recirculated, lowering the engine combustion temperature, thereby reducing engine
pollutants
exhaust gas:
See exhaust gases.
exhaust gases:
The burned and unburned gases which are expelled out of the exhaust system after
combustion takes place.
Also see
exhaust emissions
exhaust header:
Steel tubing connecting pipes between the exhaust ports and the exhaust pipe.
Usually a header has been polished to allow for better flow of the exhaust.
Also see
exhaust manifold
exhaust heat control valve:

(HCV) a valve which routes hot exhaust gases to the intake manifold heat riser
during cold engine operation. Valve can be thermostatically controlled, vacuum
operated or computer controlled
exhaust manifold:
The connecting pipes between the exhaust ports of each cylinder and the exhaust
pipe. It is usually made of cast iron. Sometimes called the "exhaust header " but it is
usually made of steel tubing.
exhaust note:
The sound coming from the end of the exhaust pipe. It is usually described as
pleasant, loud, throaty, or sporty.
exhaust oxygen sensor:

Device that detects the amount of oxygen in the exhaust stream and sends that
information the ECM. Also called an oxygen sensor or an O2 sensor
exhaust pipe:
Pipe connecting exhaust manifold or header to the muffler.
exhaust pollutants:
Exhaust emissions
exhaust port:
[1] The passage in the cylinder head which connects the exhaust valve and the
exhaust manifold. The exhaust gases pass through the port to the exhaust
manifold or header.
[2] On two-stroke engines the exhaust port is cut into the cylinder wall
because it does not have valves.
Also see
adjustable variable exhaust port
variable exhaust port
exhaust pressure regulator:

(EPR) a device for increasing exhaust backpressure at specific times to increase
exhaust flow to the EGR valve
exhaust scrubber:
A diesel exhaust gas purification system which cools the exhaust and separates
nitrogen oxide and oil vapours from the gas stream
exhaust side:
The side of the engine where the exhaust valves and exhaust manifold are located
exhaust stroke:
The fourth stroke of a four-stroke cycle where the piston moves upward from
bottom dead center to top dead center and pushes the burned exhaust gases out
of the cylinder.
exhaust system:
The pipes, resonators and mufflers that carry the exhaust gases from the
exhaust manifold out into the atmosphere.
Also see
dual exhaust system
stainless-steel exhaust system
twin exhaust system
exhaust timing:
exhaust control system developed especially for two-stroke motorcycle engines in
order to enhance low and mid-range power
exhaust treatment:
any measures taken to reduce the pollutant concentrations in the exhaust of an
internal combustion engine released into the atmosphere
exhaust tuning:
Cutting the exhaust pipe to a length that provides maximum efficiency.
exhaust turbocharging:
See turbocharging
exhaust valve:
The valve through which the burned fuel charge passes on its way from the
cylinder to the exhaust manifold. It is driven by the camshaft. When
comparing an exhaust valve with an intake valve in the same engine, the part
of the exhaust valve that seats into the head (i.e., not the stem) will have a
smaller diameter than the intake valve.
Also see
sodium-cooled exhaust valve
exhaust valve closes:

(EVC) A mark on a valve-timing diagram
exhaust valve opens:
(EVO) A mark on a valve-timing diagram
expander:
[1] A ring placed under a piston ring to increase ring pressure on the cylinder walls.
For instance an oil control ring may have an expander ring to assist the oil-control
ring to scrape oil off the cylinder wall and provide further sealing. See piston ring
expander.
[2] A device in a drum brake system (either hydraulic or mechanical) which forces
the shoes apart into contact with the drum.
Also see
bead expander
piston skirt expander
ring expander
skirt expander
tailpipe expander
wedge expander
expander spacer:
See expander ring
expanding:
See piston skirt expanding
expansion:
An increase in size, for example: when a metal rod is heated, it increases in length
and perhaps also in diameter. Expansion is the opposite of contraction.
Also see
piston expansion
shell expansion
expansion plug:
A steel plug, slightly dished or cup-shaped. When driven into place it flattens to fit
tightly in its seat. In an engine block, expansion plugs (also called freeze plugs or
core-hole plugs) are inserted into the holes in the casting through which core was
removed when casting was formed. They open into cooling passages and thus
provide pressure relief should the engine coolant freeze and expand. See core plugs.
expansion stroke:
See power stroke
expansion tank:
When the engine is heated, the coolant expands to fill any available space (usually
in the radiator). Before the introduction of coolant expansion tanks, the excess
coolant was forced out of a vent tube and on the ground. The expansion tank
collects the coolant so that when the engine cools off, the resultant vacuum sucks
the coolant from the tank back into the radiator.
expansion tube:
A device that converts high pressure liquid refrigerant into low pressure liquid
refrigerant (thus lowering its boiling point) before it passes through the evaporator.
The expansion valve replaces the thermostatic expansion valve. It is also referred to
as a fixed orifice tube
expansion valve:
A part of an air-conditioning system, located between the condenser and the
evaporator that regulates the flow of liquid refrigerant to the vaporator. If cooling
needs are low, the valve is almost closed; as additional cooling is required, the valve
opens wider so that more liquid refrigerant flows to the evaporator.
expected residual value:

This is the projected or expected value of the vehicle at the end of the lease.
Residual value is a measure of the vehicle's expected depreciation.
expenditures:
See capital expenditures
experiment:
See windsor experiment
Experimental Development Program:

See scientific Research and Experimental Development Program
Experimental Safety Vehicle:

(ESV) A special vehicle built for research into and testing of safety features;
(compare SID)
exploded view:
A drawing of a mechanism or structure which shows the parts separately but
approximately in the position they occupy when assembled
explosion:
A rapid disintegration of an object. See clutch explosion.
Export Restraint:
See Voluntary Export Restraint
expressway:
A US multilane highway road with limited access to be used for rapid travel with
few interchanges.
ext:
Abbreviation for "exterior."
extension:
A part which is inserted between a ratchet and a socket to provide access to nuts or
bolts which are deeply inset or hard to reach. Also called "extension bar" or
"extension piece."
Also see
brake extension
fender extension
load floor extension
park brake extension
piston extension screw
valve extension
wheel arch extension
wing extension
extension bar:
See
extension
wobble extension bar
extension housing:
See transmission extension housing
extension piece:
See extension
extension screw:
See piston extension screw
extension spring:
A closed-coiled helical spring that offers resistance to a pulling force.
exterior mirror:
The mirror that is usually mounted on the door. In Japan (and other countries) it was
mounted on the front fenders. Also called "external mirror."
external combustion engine:

An engine that burns its fuel outside the engine. A steam engine is an external
combustion engine.
external diameter:
The outside diameter of a cylinder, tube, or washer
external equalizer:
See equalizer line
externally-balanced crankshaft:
A crankshaft that requires external balancing weight, usually on the vibration
damper of the flywheel, for balance
external micrometer:
A micrometer for measuring external diameters
external mirror:
The mirror that is usually mounted on the door. In Japan (and other countries) it was
mounted on the front fenders. Also called "exterior mirror."
external mix air cap:

A special type of air cap for spray guns. Air and fluid are mixed in the space outside
the air cap, directly in front of the nozzle: the most common type of air cap.
Also see
external thread:
Thread consisting of projecting ridges on the outside of a part such as a bolt or
screw (which fits into the corresponding internal thread of a nut). Also called male
thread
external vane pump:
A pump with either an elliptic rotating piston or an eccentrically mounted circular
rotor
extinguisher:
See fire extinguisher
extractor:
A device for removing some object (e.g., bearing, bushing, sleeve, bolt, stud, etc.).
See
oil and water extractor
screw extractor
stud extractor
extras:
Optional items either supplied by the manufacturer at the buyer's request, or added
later by the owner. Usually they are things like seat covers, floor mats, additional
lights, sunroof, glass tinting, CD changers, etc.
extreme-pressure lubricant:
(EP lubricant) A lubricant designed and compounded to withstand very heavy loads
imposed on gear teeth.
extruder:
A machine that shapes a rubber compound into a usable form. Uncured rubber is
heated to soften and forced through dies having the desired shape and dimensions.
eye:
A circular opening or hole, such as that at the end of a leaf spring or that formed at
the end of a cable.
Also see
fish eye
impeller eye
spring eye
towing eye
eyebolt:
A bolt with an eye in place of a head, through which a cable can be passed, e.g. for
lifting purposes
eyelet connector:
A connector for electrical connections which is attached to a wire and has its ring-
shaped end pushed onto a round post or threaded terminal
eyelet pliers:
Pliers for punching small holes, with a round stud in one jaw and a hole in the other

[N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]
[F] [Fa] [Fe] [Fh] [Fi] [Fl] [Fn] [Fo] [Fr] [Fu]
F:
[1] Abbreviation for "Fahrenheit."
[2] Acronym for "Field" or "Field terminal"
fabric:
Material made from textile or man-made fibres
fabricate:
To make, usually by a relatively complex process or from several parts
fabric body:
A simple form of lightweight bodywork in which a waterproof, cloth-backed
material is stretched over a wooden framework popular around 1930 and still used
at a late, date by DKW and even postwar by Lloyd
fabric fatigue:
A term used with tires in that the fabric degrades and results in tire cord breakdown
due to repeated flexing and heat.
fabric hood:
A British term for a fabric top of a convertible.
fabric top:
A soft top for a convertible made from a textile (such as canvas) as opposed to vinyl
face:
[1] To shave the outer edges of a bottom bracket shell or the upper and lower ends
of a head tube to make them parallel with one another and square to the tube's
centerline.
[2] A machinist's term that refers to removing metal from the end of a shaft or the
face of a larger part, e.g., flywheel.
[3] The front, visible, or working surface of a part (such as a valve) or a tool (such
as a hammer).
Also see
attachment face
bearing face
cam face
concave weld face
door face
full face helmet
grille face panel
inner attachment face
inner mounting face
mechanical face seal
open face helmet
valve face
valve seat face
weld face
face cam:
A cam system in which the eccentrics are situated on the face of a rotating disc
face hammer:
See soft face hammer
face helmet:
See
full face helmet
open face helmet
facelift:
Minor styling modifications made to a car model which may be approaching the end
f its useful life, intended to improve the appearance and thus boost sales with
minimum cost, including such features as restyled headlights, larger tail lights,
added trim, and spoilers
Facel Vega:
A vehicle brand of which the 1954-64 V-8 models are milestone cars.
face of weld:
The exposed surface of the weld.
face panel:
See grille face panel
face seal:
See mechanical face seal
facia:
A front protective panel. Also spelled "fascia."
facing:
See
clutch facing
hinge facing
lock facing
fact:
Abbreviation for "factory."
factor:
See
casing factor
consumer factors
deadfreight factor
horsepower weight factor
horsepower-weight factor
money factor
pitting factor
safety factor
factory adjusted:
Something that is set by the manufacturer when the vehicle was built and is not
intended to be changed
factory options:
Optional features which may be installed by the manufacturer upon request.
Aftermarket options are those which are installed by a garage or consumer after the
vehicle has been built and delivered to the selling dealership.
factory primer:
A primer coat applied to new body panels in the factory for protection during
storage, which in some cases has to be removed prior to painting because of paint
compatibility problems
factory racers:
Racing machines built and operated by the manufacturer
fade:
A gradual reduction in efficiency. See brake fade.
fader:
A device which adjusts the sound balance of front and rear speakers in a four-
speaker layout
fading:
[1] A loss of brightness or colour in a paint finish.
[2] Brake fade
failsafe system:
A system which remains safe even when part of it fails, such as a dual-circuit brake
system
failure:
See
adhesion failure
brake failure
intercoat adhesion failure
secondary failure
Fairlane:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Fairlane
Fairmont:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Fairmont
fahrenheit:
Thermometer on which the boiling point of water is 212 deg. and the freezing point
is 32 deg. above zero. To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 then
multiply the result by 5 and divide by 9. To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit,
multiply by 9, then divide by 5. Now add 32 to the result.
fair:
[1] to add a fairing to a body. [2] A vehicle in restorable condition needing only
minor work to get all components working
fairing:
A protective shell or enclosure at the front of a motorcycle which may house the
headlights and signal lights. It is designed to improve the aerodynamic performance
of the machine and/or provide rider comfort
Falcon:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Falcon
false air:
Any air leak that introduces unmeasured air into the intake system between the
airflow meter and the intake valves is false
family car:
A car suitable for transporting a family, usually a four-door sedan, hatchback, or
station wagon. It is becoming more popular for families to obtain a mini-van instead
of a station wagon.
fan:
[1] A fan is a rotating device with curved blades like a propeller. The primary
fan in a vehicle is located behind the radiator. Some electric fans may be
placed in front of the radiator. It draws air through the radiator so that the
coolant looses its heat through the fins of the radiator. It is especially needed
when the vehicle is idling or moving slowly. When the vehicle moves quickly,
there may be no need for the fan. In some cases, the fan is automatically
disengaged. The fan may be driven by a fan belt driven by the engine, or by
electricity independent of the engine itself.
[2] Other fans are located throughout the vehicle to push air from one location
to another, especially for heating and ventilation.
[3] The pattern emitted by a paint spray gun.
Also see
cooling fan
heater fan
radiator fan motor
radiator fan
fan belt:
A flexible rubber belt that connects various components in the engine compartment,
i.e., alternator, water pump, emission controls, power steering pump, air conditioner
compressor.
fan blade:
A part of the fan projecting at an angle from the central hub, which draws the air
through the radiator
fan clutch:
A viscous (fluid) drive coupling device connected to the center of the fan to permit
variable engine fan speeds in relation to engine speeds. The clutch engages and
disengages the fan according to the engine temperature through a thermostat
fan cooling:
A type of air cooling where a blower is responsible for transporting the amount of
air required for the cooling of the engine past the cooling fins, which in turn
dissipate the heat stored in them to the current of air flowing past them
fan motor:
See radiator fan motor
fanning:
The use of air pressure through a spray gun to speed up the drying of primer or
paint--this is not recommended
fan pulley:
A pulley on the hub of the radiator fan on which its driving belt runs
farewell tour:
A year-long tribute or celecbration for a retiring driver and his racing fans.
Farman:
classic car.
farthing:
See penny-farthing
fascia:
Also spelled "facia."
[1] A front protective panel usually located below the bumper.
[2] In Britain it is the instrument panel.
fast:
See light-fast
fastback:
A design of car where the roof gently slopes to the rear end of the car. Any
automobile with a long, moderately curving, downward slope to the rear of the roof.
This body style relates to an interest in streamlining and aerodynamics and has gone
in and out of fashion at various times. Some (Mustangs for one) have grown quite
popular. Others have tended to turn customers off. Certain fastbacks are,
technically, two-door sedans or pillared coupes. Four-door fastbacks have also been
produced. Many of these (such as Buick's late 1970s four-door Century sedan)
lacked sales appeal. Fastbacks may or may not have a rear-opening hatch. === car-
fast.jpg
Also see
two-door fastback
fast charger:
A battery charger which can charge a battery at a rate of 40 amps or more, used by
garages and battery suppliers
fastener:
See
lift-the-dot fastener
snap fastener
fast idle:
When the engine is cold, it needs to run faster to keep it from stalling. A cam on the
carburetor forces the throttle open a little more when the choke is engaged.
fast idle cam:
A cam in a carburetor which opens the throttle slightly when the choke is brought
into operation, either automatically or mechanically
fast idle screw:

A screw on a carburetor for adjusting the speed of the fast idle
fast idle solenoid:

A solenoid operating in conjunction with an automatic choke to open the throttle
slightly when the choke is in operation
fast lane:
The outside lane (far left lane in North America, etc. or the far right lane in Britain,
Australia, etc.). Also called the "passing lane"
fathom:
A measure of length, equivalent to 6 linear feet, used for depths of water and
lengths of anchor chain
fatigue:
A condition of a material, especially a metal, causing loss of elasticity and tendency
to fracture after long or repeated stress, even though the stress may be less than that
which would cause failure under static conditions.
Also see
fabric fatigue
metal fatigue
fatigue limit:
The maximum stress that a material can endure for an infinite number of stress
cycles without breaking
fatigue resistance:
The maximum stress that a material can endure for a given time without breaking
fatigue strength:
The maximum stress that a material can endure for a given time without breaking
fatigue test:
A test on a material to determine the range of stress it will stand without failing, by
subjecting it to rapidly varying stresses to establish its fatigue limit
fault:
A defect which is either inherent in the vehicle as built (manufacturing fault) or
which occurs during running.
Also see
intermittent fault
no fault insurance
fault diagnosis:
The tracing of faults or error codes which can be determined by the in-built
diagnostic system and an engine analyzer
fault insurance:
See no fault insurance
fault memory:
A part of the electronic control unit and of the diagnostic system that stores error
codes to assist the mechanic in diagnosing problems.
fault reader:
A device used in conjunction with the vehicle's diagnostic system, providing a read-
out of status of the various components
FBC:
Acronym for Feedback Carburetor
FCAI:
Acronym for "Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries" (Australia).
FCS:
Acronym for feedback control system
FE analysis:
Acronym for Finite-Element Analysis
featherbed frame:
Famous Norton motorcycle frame design by the McCandless brothers. It was
introduced in 1950 and was given its name by factory rider Harold Daniell
featheredge:
See feather-edge.
feather edge:
See feather-edge.
feather-edge:
[1] The tapered edge of the paint where it meets the metal. The edges should be
tapered or slanted so that no edge will be felt when a finger is passed over it.
[2] To sand the edges of a repaired area until they merge into the surrounding
paintwork.
feathering:
[1] A type of tire wear in which the tread is worn down to a very thin edge
[2] The application of gentle pressure on the throttle or brake pedal
feather key:
A key with parallel faces whose ends may be round or square. It usually fits into a
groove on a shaft and in a mating hole to secure the shaft in place.
feature:
See
kneeling feature
passive safety features
FEBIAC:
Acronym for "Fédération Belge des Industries de L'Automobile et du Cycle
'réunies'" (Belgium)
Federal engine:
An American engine which meets US Federal emission standards and certified by
the EPA for use in any state except California
federal side impact standard:

Effective with the 1997 model year, all passenger cars are required to comply with
Standard 214, side impact protection, as defined in the Code of Federal Regulations.
Simply put, the entire structure, floor to roof, of all cars must be now be reinforced
according to strict regulations. Interestingly, this standard does not yet apply to light
trucks (minivans, compact pickups, SUVs).
Federal Test Procedure:

(FTP) An American method of testing automotive emissions by simulating typical
driving conditions
federal version:
A vehicle that complies with U.S. emission standards which are less restrictive than
the standards in California. Also called a "49-state car."
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile:

(FIA) The international umbrella motoring organization to which national motoring
organizations are affiliated and racing is sanctioned. This includes FIA Formula
One World Championship (the world's premier racing series also called Formula
One racing or F1), International Sports Car Championship (BPR), International
Touring Car Championship, and through the Concorde Agreement (agreement to
operate racing series under the FIA's guidelines and rules) for participating country's
car clubs. Events take place worldwide. The current president is Max Mosley and
the V.P. of Marketing is Bernie Eccelestone who controls the series.
Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile:

(FISA) The intenational governing body of motor sport
fee:
See
acquisition fee
agent fee
disposition fee
trauma fee
feed:
[1] To supply (fuel, oil, current, etc.)
[2] The supply of fuel, oil, current, etc.
Also see
foot feed
gravity feed
feedback:
[1] The return of part of the output of a system to the input. Negative feedback
causes self-adjustment of the system and therefore stability. Positive feedback
causes instability. See closed loop system.
[2] The information that a computer-controlled fuel system returns. The sensor
measures the oxygen content of the engine's exhaust in order to keep the fuel-air
ratio very close to the ideal proportion for combustion. Such tight control of the
fuel-air ratio is required for the proper operation of three-way catalysts.
feedback carburetor:
(FBC) A carburetor regulated by a closed loop system (an oxygen sensor, various
other sensors, a computer, a duty-cycle solenoid or solenoid-controlled valve and a
catalytic converter) providing and adjusting the air/fuel mixture quality to operate a
catalytic converter
feedback carburetor actuator:

A computer-controlled stepper motor that varies the carburetor air/fuel mixture
feedback control:
A closed loop control
feedback control system:

(FCS) a computer-controlled fuel system employing a stepper motor or a dithering
solenoid that controls air-fuel mixture by bleeding precise amounts of air
(determined by the computer) into the main and idle system of the carburetor
feedback potentiometer:
A variable resistance device which monitors the position of the shaft to which it is
affixed and reports the position to the control head
feeder:
See wire feeder
feed gun:
See top feed gun
feed line:
A pipe supplying liquid or gas.
feed pipe:
A pipe supplying liquid or gas.
feed pump:
A pump suppiymg, for example, fuel in regulated quantities
feel:
The detection of the operation of a vehicle and its components. Brake feel involves
detecting how effectively the brakes work; road feel conveys to the driver the way
the suspension responds to the road.
Also see
brake feel
on-center feel
road feel
steering feel
feeler blade:
A thin blade of spring steel of an exact thickness for measuring small gaps or
clearances between parts, usually made in sets of various thicknesses pinned
together at one end to form a feeler gauge
feeler gage:
See feeler gauge.
feeler gauge:
A thin strip or blade of hardened steel, ground to an exact thickness, that is used to
check clearances between parts. Thicknesses increase by 0.001 inch.
Also see
step feeler gauge
feeler strip:
A metal strip of a specific thickness from which single feeler blades can be cut,
appropriate when frequent measuring is required, to avoid using worn blades
FEI:
Acronym for Fully Electronic Ignition
FEMA:
Acronym for "The Federation of European Motorcyclists Associations" on
http://mag-uk.org/fema/.
female:
A fitting inside another part. Usually where two parts form a connection of some
kind, the female part is the socket or hole into which another piece is inserted.
female end:
The receptical into which the male end is inserted.
female thread:
Internal thread like that within a nut.
fender:
[1] A covering over the wheels to prevent mud from splattering. The British term
for this part is "wing."
[2] British term for "bumper."
Also see
bolt-on fender
front fender
inner fender panels
rear fender
fender arch:
A smoothly shaped, rounded widening of the wheel arch area to extend the wheel
arch further from the body and allow wider tires to be installed. The British term is
"wing arch"
fender beading:
A strip used to cover the seams between fenders that are not normally detached and
adjacent body panels. In most cases, this strip is chromed and permanently attached
(i.e., it is destroyed when it is removed and cannot be reused)
fender bender:
A car accident in which only minor damage is done to body panels.
fender bumping hammer:

A body hammer with a one-sided, fairly long head that is lightly curt,ed and
terminates in a rounded section; it is used to reach fender curves from the inside
fender extension:
A smaller panel in the bottom front area of the front fender that extends the fender
toward the front panel and the wheel housing
fender landing section:

A horizontal flange at the top of the flitch plates that provides the seating for the
fenders; in most cases, it also includes the mounting threads or spot-welds for
attaching the fenders
fender mirror:
A rear-view mirror mounted on the fender. It used to be a common placement, but
now the outside mirror is mounted on the door.
fender mounting:
The top flange of the sidewalls in the engine compartment and its vertical
extensions at the front and rear; the fender is welded or bolted to this edge along its
entire length
fender panels:
See inner fender panels
fender punch:
A hole punch with a specially shaped head to fit over awkward fender panels, rain
gutters, and wheel arches
fender rail:
A length of metal trim surrounding a motorcycle fender.
fender skirt:
A plate designed to cover a portion of the rear fender wheel opening. It was
available either as stock equipment, as an optional extra, or as an aftermarket item.
fender splash apron:
A panel on the inside of the fender to prevent splashing water from reaching certain
areas of the fender, wheel housing, and A-post; as opposed to wheel house panels, it
is usually flat and mounted in an upright position behind the front wheels
fender strengthening buttress:

A horizontally closed section of triangular shape in the upper rear edge of the inner
fender area that adds rigidity to this area
fender support bracket:

A sheet metal brace used to attach the bottom edge of the fender to the body, to
keep it from flexing and vibrating
Ferguson four-wheel drive:

A transmission system in which power is distributed through a special viscous
coupling differential, 37% to the front wheels and 63% to the rear wheels
Ferrari:
A vehicle brand of which the V-12 (All Front Engined) (1947- Click for books on
70) models are milestone cars. Ferrari
Also see Dino and Testarosa
ferrous:
Something containing iron
ferrous metal:
Metal containing iron or steel. Non-ferrous metals are aluminum alloys, brass,
copper, or magnesium.
ferrule:
A cap (cylindrical metal piece with a hole at each end) attached to the end of the
cable outer housing to protect the cable housing from fraying.
ferrules:
See ferrule.
festoon bulb:
A light bulb in the form of a small glass tube with caps at each end providing the
contacts
FF headlight:
A free-form headlight using a free-shape reflector
FFÖ:
Acronym for "Fachverband der Fahrzeugindustrie Österreichs" (Austria)
FEU:
Acronym for "Forty Foot Equivalent Units" for containers on ships
FFOT:
Acronym for ford fixed orifice tube system
F head:
See
F-head engine
engine type
F-head:
See
F-head engine
engine type
F head engine:
See F-head engine.
F-head engine:
An engine having one valve in the head and the other in the block. The
position of the valves create an "F" shape in combination with the combustion
chambers.
Also see
engine type
FHP:
Acronym for "friction horsepower"
F.I.:
Abbreviation for "fuel injection."
FI:
Acronym for "fuel injection."
FIA:
Acronym for "Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile" -- An international
umbrella motoring organization to which national motoring organizations are
affiliated
Fiat:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with required Click for books
application are classic cars. on Fiat
fiber:
See
carbon fiber
glass fiber
milled glass fiber
fiberform:
A patented process used in building composite automobile bodies.
fiberglass:
A mixture of glass fibres and resin that when cured (hardened) produces a very light
and strong material. It is used to build boats, car bodies, repair damaged areas, etc.
It can also be spelled "Fibreglass." Also called "glass reinforced plastic."
fibreglass:
A mixture of glass fibres and resin that when cured (hardened) produces a very light
and strong material. It is used to build boats, car bodies, repair damaged areas, etc.
It can also be spelled "Fiberglass."
fibreglass body:
A body shell which is molded in one piece from fiberglass and has the advantage of
lightweight and freedom from corrosion
fibreglass mat:
A layer of chopped but irregular individual fibreglass strands dressed with a
chemical to hold them loosely together, which when a resin is applied hardens into a
strong material for repairing holes, e.g. in car bodies
fiber optics:
The transfer of light through glass fibers. Cadillac, for instance, transfers the light of
the headlight or taillight through fiber optics showing that the lights are actually on;
rather than just an electrical connection which shows that the indicator light works.
field:
[1] A particular body of interest or expertise.
[2] The area covered or filled with an electric, magnetic, or gravitational force.
See
magnetic field
primary magnetic field
field coil:
Insulated wire wrapped around an iron or steel core. When current flows through
the wire, a strong magnetic force field is built up.
field intensity:
The force acting on a unit electric charge or unit magnetic pole placed at a given
point.
field terminal:
(F) The input terminal on a generator
field testing:
The testing of a vehicle or component as it would appear under normal conditions
field trial:
The testing of a vehicle or component as it would appear under normal conditions
field winding:
That part which produces a constant-strength magnetic field in an electric motor or
generator, the field core being on the stator or the rotor depending on the type of
motor or generator
fierceness:
The tendency of a clutch to engage suddenly so that it is difficult to procede
smoothly from a stop
Fiero:
A model of automobile manufactured by Pontiac division of Click for books on
General Motors Fiero
FIEV:
Acronym for "Fédération des Industries des Equipements pour Véhicules" (i.e., The
French Vehicle Equipment Industries Association)
fifth:
The top gear in a five-speed transmission
fifth gear:
The top gear in a five-speed transmission
fifth wheel:
[1] A wheel that is temporarily attached to a vehicle to test the accuracy of the
speedometer, etc.
[2] A trailer which has its tongue attached to the bed of a truck.
fifth-wheel travel trailer:

A trailer which is towed by a pickup truck. The tongue of the trailer fits into the bed
of the truck. Like a travel trailer, it comes with all the amenities of home. The
master bedroom is over the truck bed.
fifty-fifty power split:

An arrangement in a four-wheel drive transmission where equal amounts of power
are delivered to the front and rear wheels
filament:
A fine wire inside a light bulb that heats to incandescence when current passes
through it. The filament produces the light.
Also see
double filament bulb
filament bulb:
See double filament bulb
file:
[1] A flat or rounded tool with a rough surface of hardened steel. When it is rubbed
against metal, it removes small bits of metal leading to a smaller amount of base
metal.
[2] The action of removing metal by using a file.
Also see
bastard file
body file
bumping file
coarse-cut file
coarse file
flat file
hand file
ignition file
ignition point file
key file
magneto file
millsaw file
multi-cut file
multi-purpose file
panel file
points file
rat-tail file
round file
single-cut file
thread file
warding file
file card brush:

A brush with angled wire bristles for cleaning between the teeth on a file or the
threads on a bolt.
file handle:
A wood or plastic handle, which it fitted to the back end of a file.
filing:
See draw-filing
fill:
See radiator fill hole
filler:
[1] paste usually with a polyester base which, when mixed with a hardener, forms a
surface which can be sanded smooth and is suitable for repairs to dented or rusted
bodywork. Also called "filler paste."
[2] A primer filler.
[3] an inert material added to paper, resins, and other substances to modify their
poroperties and improve quality.
[4] An opening through which some liquid can be poured (i.e., oil or gasoline).
Also see
anti-chipping filler
battery filler
body filler
bumper filler
flip-top filler cap
fuel filler tube
fuel filler flap
glass reinforced filler paste
high-build filler
oil filler cap
plastic filler
polyester filler
primer filler
quarter light filler panel
quarter window filler panel
two-pack filler
filler cap:
A cover which seals off a filler hole.
Also see
flip-top filler cap
oil filler cap
filler door:
A hinged door (usually less than six inches square and painted the body color)
which covers the gas cap and filler neck on some models.
filler flap:
See fuel filler flap
filler neck:
A funnel shaped part which is connected to the main container (gas tank, radiator,
windshield washer reservoir, etc.) and is usually covered with a cap.
Also see
fuel filler neck
filler panel:
See
filler paste:
See glass reinforced filler paste
filler rod:
A metal wire that is melted and added to the welding puddle to produce the
necessary increase in bead thickness.
Also see
welding rod
filler strip:
A free flowing rubber used under the tread when added thickness is needed.
filler tube:
See fuel filler tube
fillet:
[1] A round joint between two parts connected at an angle. [2] Weld metal in the
internal vertex, or corner, of the angle formed by two pieces of metal, giving the
joint additional strength to withstand unusual stresses.
Also see
leg of fillet weld
fillet weld:
Metal fused into a comer formed by two pieces of metal whose welded surfaces are
approximately 90° to each other.
Also see
leg of fillet weld
throat of a fillet weld
fill hole:
See radiator fill hole
filling:
Repairing of holes or dents in bodywork with filler paste or body lead
filling station:
A British term for a gas station
fillister screw:
A set screw with a deep rounded head
fill line:
See battery fill line
fill plug:
A small screw-in plug in the steering box or similar, which is removed for topping
up with oil.
fill up:
[1] To put in the full amount of fuel as in "Fill up the gas tank, I'm down to a
quarter of a tank." Often said, "Fill 'er up" or "Fill her up."
[2] The amount needed to make a full tank as in "I need a fill up."
film:
A thin layer or coating of something.
See
anodic coating
anodic film
heavy film build
lubrication film
natural oxide film
paint film
film build:
See heavy film build
film strength:
The ability of a liquid like oil to withstand pressure
filter:
A device designed to remove foreign substances from air, oil, gasoline, water, etc.
Also see
air cleaner
air filter
bypass filter
canister air filter
centrifugal force air filter
centrifugal oil filter
ceramic filter
charcoal filter
cuno filter
diesel particulate filter
fuel filter
full-flow filter
full-flow oil filter
full flow filter
full flow oil filter
gas filter
in-line fuel filter
inline fuel filter
integral fuel filter
micro oil filter
oil filter
oil filter hole
oil filter housing
oil filter wrench
partial flow filter
pod filter
sock filter
surface-type filter
vacuum filter
filter bypass:
See oil filter oil filter bypass valve
filter bypass valve:

See
oil filter bypass valve
filter cartridge:
The replaceable porous part of some oil filters and air filters; but often refers to the
whole filter. Also called "filter element."
Also see
filter element:
The replaceable porous part of some oil filters and air filters; but often refers to the
whole filter. Also called "filter cartridge."
Also see
air filter element
filter hole:
See oil filter hole
filter housing:
See oil filter housing
filter screen:
A piece of wire mesh in a pipe or surrounding an air filter which is designed to
collect dirt and foreign matter
filter wrench:
An oil filter wrench for removing the oil filter.
Also see
chain filter wrench
oil filter wrench
filtration:
The removal of dirt or suspended particles from a liquid or the air with the aid of a
filter.
Also see
air filtration
filtration system:
See air filtration system
FIM:
Acronym for "Fédération Internationale Motorcylistes," the governing body of
international motorcycle sports
fin:
[1] A thin metal object projecting from a surface and is used to dissipate heat. It is
found on radiators and air-cooled engines.
[2] Wings and airfoils used to improve a vehicle's aerodynamics, stability, or
possibly aesthetics.
Also see
tail fin
final drive:
This is the end of the drive train before power is transmitted to the wheels. In a
typical car, the engine (or electric motor) transmits its power through some sort of
clutch into a transmission. Then the power is transmitted to differential gears that
adjust the engine speed to the most efficient use intended. These final drive
differential gears are either at the front axle or rear axle, depending on the vehicle's
layout. A typical family car or one intended for high speeds will have a low
numerical ratio, to give it speed and good fuel efficiency. A truck or performance
car is likely to have a high numerical ratio for better pulling power or for better
acceleration
final drive gear:

The last gear in a drivetrain before the driven wheels. Usually it is in the
differential.
final drive ratio:

This is the ratio that describes the difference between the number of times the
driveshaft must turn before the axle shaft turns once. In a final drive ratio of 3.55:1,
for example, the driveshaft must turn 3.55 times before the axle will turn once. The
number of teeth on the ring and pinion gears determine the ratio. In most instances,
the ratio is not a simple number like 3.00:1 because the same teeth on the drive and
driven gears would always meet and cause wear.
final purchase price:

This price is equivalent to the amount you would pay for the vehicle if you were
buying or financing rather than leasing. The final purchase price does not include
any 'down' payment by the lessee.
finance and control:

Ownership of company (i.e., Canadian, U.S., Japanese, German, etc.); public or
private; capital investments: Buildings, machinery and equipment, tooling
programs.
finance company:
See captive finance company
fine:
[1] Something that is made of very small particles.
[2] The position of threads on a bolt or nut that are very close together. See national
fine thread
fine thread:
See national fine thread
finger:
A protruding piece which engages or triggers something.
Also see
release finger
fingers:
See
release fingers
finger tight:
The torque required when securing something without the use of a wrench; but
using only one's fingers.
finish:
[1] The final coat of paint applied to a vehicle. See original finish.
[2] The overall look of a vehicle so that the paint, for instance, is evenly applied,
there are no bare spots, etc. Usually this word is used in the expression "fit and
finish."
[3] Surface refinement as in smooth finish.
Also see
acrylic finish
baking finish
krinkle finish
metallic finish
one-coat finish
original finish
specular finish
finish coat:
The final color coat applied to a vehicle.
finish hammer:
A pounding device used for detail work in shaping a panel after it has been brought
approximately into the right shape.
finishing enamel:
The paint used as the top coat of a painting system -- usually before a clear coat is
applied. Also called "finishing paint."
finishing hammer:
See pick and finishing hammer
finishing paint:
The paint used as the top coat of a painting system -- usually before a clear coat is
applied. Also called "finishing enamel."
finish restorer:
A polish or rubbing compound with very slight abrasive which is used to remove an
oxidized paint surface to bring back its original lustre.
finishing stone:
A fine grain stone used at the completion of the honing process to give a smooth
surface.
finite-element analysis:
A reduction of a complex structure to its basic component parts so that these can be
studied in a computer, especially in a CAD process. Also called "FE analysis"
finning:
An arrangement of fins on a surface to aid cooling by improving the heat transfer
rate, typically found on air-cooled engines
fins:
A series of blades such as are found in the internal design of the torque converter.
To create mechanical torque from hydraulic pressure, oil is forced under pressure
through the torque converter. The inside of the converter is made up of layers of
steel fins which zigzag in direction and vary in size. First the fins are large but as
the layers go on, the fins decrease in size. This design generates greater hydraulic
pressure as the oil passes through the converter, the strong flow of oil creates a fluid
coupling which operates like a clutch, driving the wheels.
Also see
cooling fins
fire:
[1] To start an engine as in "I will fire up this engine."
[2] To ignite the air-fuel mixture.
Also see
backfire
fire appliance:
A British term for fire engine
fireball combustion chamber:

A combustion chamber design developed by the Swiss engineer May and
introduced on Jaguar's V-12 engine in 1981
Firebird:
General Motors Firebird
fire engine:
A vehicle built on a special truck chassis equipped with fire-fighting items such as
ladders, pumps, hoses, etc.
fire extinguisher:
A cylinder filled with a powder, foam, or liquid which can be sprayed on a fire to
put it out.
fire point:
The temperature at which the vapor continues to burn. See flash point.
fire ring:
The circle of metal in a head gasket just where the piston comes through
firewall:
The metal partition between the driver's compartment and the engine compartment.
On front engine vehicles, it is located below the windshield; but on rear engine
vehicles, it is located below the backlight (i.e., back window). It protects the driver
and passengers from engine fires, noise, and fumes. The British term is "bulkhead."
firing:
The process of igniting the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.
Also see
backfiring
shunt firing
firing end:
Part of the spark plug which extends into the combustion chamber
firing order:
The sequence or order in which cylinders must be fired: 1, 5, 3, 6, 2, 4, etc. It differs
from the cylinder sequence which starts with cylinder number one and goes to the
last cylinder: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
firing stroke:
The power stroke
firm:
A business or institution comprising sole proprietorships, partnerships, companies
and other forms of organizations.
first:
The lowest gear in a transmission. In a bicycle, it is the gear ratio where the drive
sprocket is the smallest and the driven sprocket is the largest. This gear is the best
for starting from a stop or going up a hill.
first-aid kit:
A box containing bandages, antiseptic ointment, and other basic medical
requirements for treating injuries.
first gear:
The lowest gear in a transmission. In a bicycle, it is the gear ratio where the drive
sprocket is the smallest and the driven sprocket is the largest. This gear is the best
for starting from a stop or going up a hill.
FISA:
Acronym for "Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile" which is the
governing body of motor sport
fish eye:
A small pit that forms in the finish coat of paint, usually due to insufficient or
improper cleaning of the old coat.
fish eyes:
Small pits that form in the finish coat of paint, usually due to insufficient or
improper cleaning of the old coat.
fit:
[1] Contact area between two parts. [2] The way in which two parts come together.
[3] To attach or put into place.
Also see
clearance fit
drive fit
force-fit
force fit
hubcentric fit
interference fit
press fit
running-fit
shrink fit
sliding-fit
fit and finish:

The evaluative standard of a vehicle's cosmetics. Good fit and finish means all the
body panels and trim are evenly spaced, aligned, and secure. The paint is evenly
applied with no bubbles or pit marks.
fitment:
See twin fitment
fitting:
A small part that is attached to a larger apparatus.
Also see
air hold fitting
bayonet fitting
grease fitting
zerk fitting
fittings:
See fitting
five-door:
Body design typical of station wagons and most hatchbacks, with four side doors
and a tailgate.
five-door hatchback:
Essentially unknown among domestic models in the mid-1970s, the four-door
hatchback became a popular model as cars grew smaller and front-wheel-drive
versions appeared. Styling was similar to the original two-door hatchback, except
for two more doors. Luggage was carried in the back of the car itself, loaded
through the hatch opening, not in a separate trunk. === car-4hatch.jpg
five-link rear suspension:

Independent rear suspension layout also used on live rear axles, in which each
wheel is guided by two trailing links, two transverse links and a common track rod
five speed transmission:
See five-speed transmission.
five-speed transmission:
A manual transmission with five forward gears. Generally the fifth gear is an
overdrive to allow the wheels to turn faster than the engine. See overdrive.
five-valve head:
A cylinder head which has five valves per cylinder, usually three intake valves and
two exhaust valves
fix:
[1] To attach something securely.
[2] To repair something
fixed-caliper disc brake:

A disc brake with a caliper which cannot move, the caliper consisting of two halves
which are bolted together and contain at least one cylinder and piston each
fixed-cam brake:
A drum brake in which the cam is rigidly mounted in the backplate
fixed-choke carburetor:
A carburetor where the choke tube or venturi is of predetermined size
fixed contact:
The stationary point in a set of contact breaker points -- the other point moves
fixed cup:
The right-hand cup of the bottom bracket of a bicycle, ordinarily not loosened or
removed during bottom bracket disassembly.
Also see
adjustable cup
fixed drive:
A power transmission without differential action at the driven axle or between the
driven axles in a four-wheel drive layout
fixed gear:
A cog attached to a hub without a freewheel; it always turns as fast as the bicycle's
wheel so that you cannot coast.
fixed head:
[1] A non-removable cylinder head cast in one piece with the cylinder block. These
heads were used in early automobile engines and, more recently, in some
motorcycle engines.
[2] A British term for a solid non-removable roof, or coupe.
fixed idle-air bypass:

Some Rochester Quadrajet carburetors have idle air passages from the air horn to a
point just below the throttle plates. Extra air through these passages allows the
throttle plates to be more closed at idle, reducing the signal applied to the discharge
nozzles for the main metering circuit and eliminating nozzle drip at idle
fixed-jet carburetor:
This is the most common type of carburetor in which the jets and choke are of a
predetermined size. The opposite is a variable-jet carburetor
fixed orifice tube:

A device that converts high pressure liquid refrigerant into low pressure liquid
refrigerant (thus lowering its boiling point) before it passes through the evaporator.
The expansion valve replaces the thermostatic expansion valve. Also called an
expansion tube
fixed price selling:

Published fixed price displayed on a new vehicle eliminating need for negotiation.
fixed wheel:
Same as fixed gear, the kind of rear wheel found on track bikes.
fixing bolt:
A bolt used to hold a crankarm on an axle in a cotterless crankset.
Also see
crankarm fixing bolt
fixture:
Device for holding goods in process while working tools are in operation that does
not contain any special arrangements for guiding the working tools.
flag:
See
black and white checkered flag
black flag
checkered flag
green flag
green flag with yellow diagonal stripe
national flag
red flag
white flag
yellow flag
flag down:
The action of a pedestrian to stop a vehicle by using a hand signals (usually waving
the arms laterally above the head). This is usually a sign of an emergency
flagship model:
The prestige model or top model of a manufacturer's line of vehicles, e.g., "Cadillac
is the flagship model for GM and Lincoln is the flagship model for Ford."
flags of convenience:
Flags of nations which offer favorable tax structures and regulations. Ships
registering under the laws of these nations are not always required to establish their
home location in that country.
flake:
The action of paint when it starts to come off the surface in small, thin sections
flake off:
The action of paint when it starts to come off the surface in small, thin sections
flaking:
The tendency of paint to lift away from the surface because of poor adhesion.
flame:
See
cutting flame
neutral flame
oxidizing flame
oxygen-hydrogen flame
oxygen-lp gas flame
reducing flame
sheath flame
flame cutting:
Cutting performed by an oxygen-fuel gas torch flame which has an oxygen jet.
flame front:
The term used to describe certain aspects of the fuel explosion in the cylinders. The
flame front should move in a controlled pattern across the cylinder, rather than
simply exploding immediately.
Also see
pinging
flame glow plug:

A glow plug that preheats the intake air by burning a small quantity of precisely
metered fuel
flame paint:
A popular (during the 1950s) special paint design applied to the front of custom
cars. Large flames in yellow, orange, and red were painted on the side of the car
from the back of the front wheels toward the back
flame trap:
A device consisting of a valve or similar, preventing the escape of ignited blowback
gases, usually located in the hose or pipe leading from the crankcase to the intake
tract
flange:
[1] A projecting rim or collar on an object for keeping it in place.
[2] The parts of a hub shell to which spokes are attached and which secure the tire
on the rim base.
[3] The circle of metal inside the teeth on a chainring.
Also see
B-flange
body flange
demountable flange
heater flange
J-flange
K-flange
rim flange
spot-welded flange
windshield mounting flange
flange bolt:
A bolt with a fillet as part of the bolt head
flanged:
Something that has a flange
flanged head:
A bolt head which has a fillet (i.e., it looks as though it already has a washer under
the head; but the "washer" is part of the head)
flange height:
A measurement from the top of the flange to the bead seat, and is the difference
between the overall diameter and nominal rim diameter, divided by two.
flange joint:
A coupling between two shafts formed of two disc-shaped flanges on the ends of the
shafts which are bolted to each other
flanger:
A tool for making a flange.
Also see
panel flanger
flange seal:
An L-shaped rubber seal used in some earthmover tubeless tire mountings. It
prevents air loss between the tire beads and both the flange and rim base, and the
flange and loose taper seat.
flange-type puller:
A puller with legs that fit behind a flange on a hub
flanging:
The action of putting on a flange
flanging tool:
A tool (like pliers) for making a flange by bending the metal
flank:
[1] The side of a screw thread, rising from the bottom of the groove to the top of the
ridge
[2] one of the two flat parts of the face of a cam
flap:
[1] A rubber protector used in tube-type truck tires to prevent injury to the tube by
the bead toes and at the valve slot of the rim.
[2] A flat piece of material attached along one side, often by a hinge and forming a
small door for shutting off an opening.
Also see
anti-spray flap
fuel filler flap
mud flap
sensor flap
ski flap
flare:
[1] A flange or a cone-shaped end applied to a piece of tubing to provide a means of
sealing two similarly angled areas formed in fitting the body and the nut.
[2] A sudden burst of flame.
[3] The spreading out of the hull form from the central vertical plans, usually in the
front, much like the end of a trumpet.
[4] A gradual spreading or widening of a tube.
Also see
double flare
flared wheel arch:

A wheel arch bent outwards around its circumference, usually to accommodate
wider wheels and/or tires
flare nut:
A nut fitting over the flared end of a brake or fuel pipe at a union
flare nut spanner:

British term for flare nut wrench
flare nut wrench:

A wrench which looks almost like an open end wrench except the end curls around
the nut further. The opening allows the wrench to slide over a tube or pipe to which
a nut is attached, but not directly over the nut. Thus you have to slide it over the
pipe first and then bring it up to the nut. The wrench has more faces than an open
end wrench thus giving better gripping.
flaring tool:
A tool used to form flare connections on tubing.
flash:
[1] The first stage of the drying process of paint where most of the solvents
evaporates.
[2] A sudden burst of energy.
[3] When crude oil is heated the lighter or more volatile vapor is separated and
travels to the top of the tank. This travelling is called flash. [4] The impact of
electric arc rays against the human eye.
[5] The fin of surplus metal formed at the seam of a resistance weld.
[6] To use your signal lights as in "My car was flashing left."
[7] To rapidly switch the headlights off and on -- usually to indicate a warning. If
you are behind someone and you flash your headlights, it means that you want him
to pull over so you can pass. If you see someone flashing his lights, it could mean
that there is a police car ahead so slow down; or it could mean there is danger ahead
(e.g., deer on the road, an accident ahead, etc.).
flashback:
Another term for blowback
flasher:
[1] A flashing signal light.
[2] An electronic switch apparatus controlling the operation of the signal lights,
including their rate of flash; self-cancelling when the steering wheel is returned to
the straight-ahead position.
[3] An electronic relay which regulates the signal lights and emits a clicking or
chiming sound.
Also see
hatchback hazard flasher switch
headlight flasher
side flasher
flasher switch:
See
hazard flasher switch
flashover:
Tendency of electrical current to travel down the outside of a spark plug instead of
through the center electrode.
flash point:
The point in the temperature range at which a given oil (especially diesel oil) in
vapor form will ignite and flash into flame. The higher the flash point, the better the
lubricating quality of the oil. The temperature at which the vapor continues to burn
is called the "fire point."
flash time:
The time required for a coat of paint to lose most of its solvent through evaporation.
flat:
[1] When a battery has completely discharged, so that it cannot turn over the engine
then the battery is said to be flat.
[2] To be completely deflated, especially as the result of a puncture or a leaky valve.
See flat tire.
[3] A flat tire.
[4] An engine having horizontally opposed cylinders.
[5] A level area on an otherwise rounded surface.
[6] To give a final light rubbing down to (paintwork or filler) with fine grade
sandpaper or similar, to prepare the surface for a top coat.
Also see
battery is flat
go flat
keel, flat plate
outboard flat hump
outboard flat pente
run flat
across flats
flat base rim:
A truck rim with no center depression. A demountable flange (consisting of 1 or 2
piece side/lock ring) permits the removal of the tire and holds it in place after
installation.
Also see
flat base rim taper
flat base rim taper:

An obsolete form of rim with no taper at either bead seat.
flat battery:
A British term for a dead battery
flatbed trailer:
A trailer with a flat deck (and no sides or top) so that any size or shape item can be
loaded (within reason) regardless of height, length, or width
flatbed truck:
A truck with a flat deck (and no sides or top) so that any size or shape item can be
loaded (within reason) regardless of height, length, or width
flat-bladed screwdriver:
A screwdriver which has a blade at its end to fit slotted screws. This type is the least
desirable screw giving the least amount of torquing ability. If the screwdriver does
not fit well, the screw is easily damaged.
flat crank:
A crankshaft having one of the bearing journals out-of-round.
flat eight:
An eight cylinder engine with four cylinders on each side. The "left" bank of four
cylinders is directly opposite the right bank.
flat engine:
An engine where opposite cylinders are 180 degrees apart. This engine type is
found on the following: VW Beetle, Corvair, Porsche six-cylinder, Subaru
"quadrazontal," and BMW motorcycle engines.
flat file:
A long, thin rectangular bar (like a blade) with angled grooves cut into the top and
bottom of the larger sides and used to shape metal
flat four:
A four cylinder engine with two cylinders on each side. The "left" bank of two
flathead:
An engine with all the valves in the block on one side of the cylinder. Also
called "L-head" because the combustion chamber is L-shaped.
flat hump:
A raised and flattened portion on the bead seat of some wheel rims which retains the
beads of an insufficiently inflated tire on the bead seat, thereby preventing the tire
beads from jumping into the rim well.
Also see
outboard flat hump
flat key:
A small bar of any length but its width is greater than its height.
flat-nose pliers:
A common pair of pliers where the ends of the jaws do not extend to a point (like
long-nose pliers); but are cut short. Also called "flat-nosed pliers."
flat-nosed pliers:
A common pair of pliers where the ends of the jaws do not extend to a point (like
long-nose pliers); but are cut short. Also called "flat-nose pliers."
flat pente:
A raised portion on the bead seat of some wheel rims which retains the tire beads of
an insufficiently inflated tire on the bead seat, thereby preventing the beads from
jumping into the rim well. This is a compromise between the contre pente and the
flat hump contours and is mainly used on passenger cars made in France.
Also see
outboard flat pente
flat plate:
See keel, flat plate
flat plate keel:

The horizontal, centerline, bottom shell strake constituting the lower flange of the
keel
flat position:
A horizontal weld on the upper side of a horizontal surface.
flat position welding:

Creating a horizontal weld on the upper side of a horizontal surface. Also called
"downhand welding"
flat rate:
A pre-determined length of time set down by the manufacturer that a particular
repair job will take and is listed in the flat rate manual. If the flat rate is two hours,
but the mechanic completes the job in more or less time, you will be charged for
two hours. For the shop, flat rate encourages mechanics to work harder to beat the
prescribed time, thus earning more for the shop and the mechanic; but it also hurts
the shop when the mechanic cannot complete the job because of other contributing
factors (i.e., a bolt which should have taken 10 seconds to remove breaks off and
requires 30 minutes to remove). For the customer, flat rate means fair pricing for the
same job no matter how long it actually took. Thus both Sam's labor bill and my
labor bill to do the same work is the same cost. It can be unfair if the mechanic
worked faster on my vehicle (because I keep it in excellent shape) than on Sam's
vehicle (because his involved a lot more cleaning, etc. to do the job). Also, there is
the danger that a mechanic may take shortcuts in order to beat the flat rate, but
which may cause mechanical problems later. Charging by the actual time the
mechanic takes is called straight time.
flat rate manual:

A listing of almost every job that can be done on a vehicle with the time required
for a mechanic to do the work. It is used in service shops to determine labor
charges. If a mechanic completes the job before the flat rate time, the customer is
still charged the flat rate time. If he exceeds the flat rate time, the customer is not
charged for straight time, but the lower flat rate time.
flat seat:
The seat of a spark plug which is sealed by means of a gasket
flat six:
A six cylinder engine with three cylinders on each side. The "left" bank of three
flat spot:
[1] Refers to a spot during an acceleration period where the engine seems to lose
power for a moment and will then begin to pull again. [2] Irregular wear in an
isolated spot or spots around the tire tread. It is usually caused by locking the brakes
so that the tire skids on the ground.
flat spring:
A long bar that is bent in the middle. When pressure is applied to the outside ends,
the middle flexes.
flat tank:
Fuel tank shape used on early motorcycles
flat tappet:
A tappet with a flat contact surface towards the cam lobe
flat tire:
A condition where an air-inflated tire is no longer pressured up with air. The
problem may be a cut in the casing or tube; or may be caused by a bad valve. When
you experience a flat tire, no doubt some wit will tell you that your tire is flat only
on the bottom.
flat-tip screwdriver:
See flat-bladed screwdriver
flat-topped piston:
A piston with a flat not domed crown
flat-top piston:
A piston with a flat not domed crown
flat twin:
A two cylinder engine with one cylinder on each side. The "left" cylinder is directly
opposite the right cylinder. See horizontally opposed
flat washer:
A disc like a coin with a hole in the middle
flaw:
A defect usually in the surface of the paint
fl&grave;che vélocio:
A 24-hour team bicycle ride covering at least 360 kilometers held over the Easter
weekend in France.
fleet:
All the vehicles owned by a company or other organization
fleet car:
A company will purchase a number of cars at a low price, often basic models, from
one manufacturer. When the company decides to sell these cars, it will advertise
that it was a flee car. Fleet cars have the advantage of regular maintenance; but the
disadvantage of high mileage.
fleet sales:
The purchase of vehicles by a business that meet a minimum requirement of units
sold.
flex arm suspension:

Rear axle design with torsionally flexible axle beam in line with the rear wheels and
trailing links
flexibility:
[1] Elasticity of a material.
[2] The ability of an engine to go down to low speeds in a high gear and pull away
smoothly without gearing down, which is governed mainly by its torque
characteristics
flexible:
[1] The ability to bend without breaking.
[2] The ability of an engine to go down to low speeds in a high gear and pull away
smoothly
flexible brake pipe:
A pipe connecting the wheel cylinder to the rest of the system, which has to flex to
allow for the up and down movement of the wheel
flexible coupling:
A simple shaft coupling used where only small angles of misalignment between the
two shafts occur, as in a steering column, the drive being transmitted either by
tension-stressed fabric discs or pressurized rubber blocks
flexible drive:
A drive consisting of a cable in an outer sheath, used for mainly light applications
such as speedometers, rev counters and windshield wipers
flexible drive handle:

A socket drive tool with a pivoting head for use with sockets, its length gives good
leverage and access to difficult locations because of its ability to bend
flexural:
A word referring to bending
flexural shock:
A sharp shock when bending, which can break plastics
flexure:
Bending.
Also see
stiffness under flexure
flickability:
The ease with which the bike can be leaned to the right or left around turns. High
flickability means it leans quickly and easily, acting like a sportbike. Low
flickability is how a cruiser handles -- not really designed for fast riding through the
canyons. Lighter, smaller bikes are generally more flickable through turns.
flipper strip:
See ply turnup.
flip-top filler cap:

A quick-release filler cap, as fitted to some sports and racing cars
flitch plate:
A reinforcing plate for chassis members or wheel arches
float:
[1] A small hollow tank which is more buoyant than the liquid in which it is
immersed. In a carburetor it operates the valve (needle and seat) which controls the
amount of fuel entering the carburetor. In the fuel tank, it indicates the amount of
fuel. Older floats were hollow and made of metal, but newer ones were made of a
solid synthetic material.
[2] The action of the breaker arm when it is pushed out as the cam strikes the
rubbing block; and before the arm can return after the cam has passed, the next cam
strikes the block and re-opens it. In other words, the breaker arm never has the time
to fully close before being opened again.
Also see
end float
valve float
floatation:
The ability to float generally referring to large low pressure tires (i.e., the ability of
a tire, to pass over soft surfaces without sinking in.)
float bowl:
That part of a carburetor that acts as a reservoir for gasoline and in which the float is
placed. The float controls the amount of fuel moving through the fuel valve.
float bumper spring:

A small spring installed under the float tang to minimize float bounce and vibration
float chamber:
British term for float bowl
floating:
See
full floating axle
fully floating axle
floating axle:
See
full floating axle
fully floating axle
three-quarter floating axle
floating caliper disc brake:

A disc brake with a single piston, in which the caliper itself can move to bring both
pads into contact with the disc
floating piston pin:

A piston pin which is not locked in the connecting rod or the piston, but is free to
turn or oscillate in both the connecting rod and the piston.
floating frame:
A frame which holds the cylinder assembly and is supported by the mounting
frame, usually made of heavy-gauge sheet steel.
floating cam:
brake cam or other type of expander which is not rigidly mounted in the brake
backplate of a drum brake, so that it can exert equal pressure on the two shoes
floating piston:
a secondary piston
float level:
[1] Height of the fuel in the carburetor float bowl.
[2] The specific float setting that will produce the correct fuel level.
[3] The float position at which the float needle closes against its seat, shutting off
the fuel inlet valve to prevent further deliver of fuel
float needle:
A needle in the carburetor which is activated by the level of fuel in the float bowl.
As the level drops, the needle lifts and allows more fuel to enter the bowl
flood:
[1] To allow too much fuel to enter the carburetor or the engine.
[2] A condition where the fuel mixture is overly rich or an excessive amount has
reached the cylinders. Starting will be difficult and sometimes impossible until the
condition is corrected.
floodable length:
The length of ship which may be flooded without sinking below her safety or
margin line. The floodable length of a vessel varies from point to point throughout
her length and is usually greatest amidships
flooding:
A condition where the fuel mixture is overly rich or an excessive amount has
reached the cylinders. Starting will be difficult and sometimes impossible until the
condition is corrected. hot-wax flooding and hot-wax flooding unit
flooding unit:
See hot-wax flooding unit
flood the carburetor:

[1] An undesirable condition which occurs when the float in the carburetor is set too
high.
[2] A desired condition which allows extra fuel into older or simpler carburetors by
pushing down the float with an extra lever (called a tickler) to give a richer mixture
for starting
flooded engine:
An engine which has too much fuel into the cylinders. It can be caused from trying
to repeatedly start a car which refuses to start. If this condition continues, the engine
oil could become diluted and should be changed.
floor:
[1] The flat base panel of a vehicle.
[2] A verb meaning to push the accelerator as far as it will go (i.e., to the floor).
[3] The vertical transverse plate immediately above the bottom shell plating, often
located at every frame, extending from bilge to bilge.
Also see
four-on-the-floor
four on the floor
load floor
load floor extension
floorboard:
The flat base panel of a vehicle. Originally it was the collection of wood planks
which made up the floor of vehicle. The floor of the vehicle under the instrument
panel.
floor change:
[1] A gear shifter on the floor -- usually on the center console.
[2] Some coins left on the floor after being negligently dropped there.
floor extension:
See load floor extension
floor gearchange:
A gear shifter on the floor -- usually on the center console.
floor pan:
The metal structure on the bottom of the car. Almost all cars are unit body (or
unibody) construction, and the floor pan provides the foundation for chassis
stiffness. Your feet usually rest on a floor pan when you are in a car.
floorpan:
The large stamped metal part of the car's body over which the carpet is laid. Usually
assembled from several smaller stampings, the floorpan forms the floor and fixes
the dimensions for most of the car's external and structural panels. It is also the
foundation for many of the car's mechanical parts.
floor shift:
When the shifting lever is placed in a vehicle, it usually occupies one of three
primary positions: the dash (usually a pushbutton arrangement); the steering
column; and on the center column between the driver and front seat passenger.
Also see
gearshift
floor shifter:
A gear shifter on the floor -- usually on the center console.
flow:
[1] The passing of liquid or current through something.
[2] The amount of liquid or current conveyed.
Also see
airflow
electron flow
full flow filter
full flow oil filter
gas flow
L-jetronic air flow meter
partial flow filter
rotary flow
vortex flow
flow control:
The regulation of the amount of fluid passing through a pump, especially important
under changing operating conditions
flow detachment:
The deviation of the gas flow into the cylinder from its ideal path, thus losing its
stability, caused by swirl and/or improper combustion chamber design etc.
flow filter:
See
full flow filter
partial flow filter
flowmeter:
A meter indicating the amount of liquid passing through, used for instance to supply
information to a fuel consumption indicator.
Also see
air flow meter
flow oil:
See full flow oil filter
flow oil filter:

See full flow oil filter
flow rate:
The amount of liquid conveyed by a pump per unit of time
flow scavenging:
See
transverse flow scavenging
unidirectional flow scavenging
flow through ventilation:

See flow-through ventilation.
flow-through ventilation:
A system which allows (or even forces) outside air into the passenger compartment
through the dash and leaves through openings in one of the pillars (usually the C-
post) or rear quarter panels.
fluid:
A substance which flows, e.g., a liquid or a gas.
Also see
automatic transmission fluid
battery fluid
brake fluid
easing fluid
hydraulic fluid
releasing fluid
silicone brake fluid
transmission fluid
washer fluid
windshield washer fluid
fluid capacities:
The full amount of oil in the crankcase; water in the radiator and cooling system; or
fuel in the gas tank; washer fluid in the reservoir tank; etc.
fluid clutch:
A hydraulically acting coupling by which power can be transmitted, used as an
automatic clutch with a driving and a driven rotor revolving in oil which acts as the
transmission medium
fluid coupling:
On a manual transmission, there is a mechanical connection between the
engine and transmission through the clutch. On an automatic transmission a
fluid coupling provides a viscous fluid to connect the engine output and the
transmission. It transfers engine torque to the transmission input shaft through
the use of two units with vanes (called a "torus") operating very close together
in a bath of oil. The engine drives one torus causing it to throw oil outward
and into the other torus which then begins to turn the transmission input shaft.
A fluid coupling cannot increase torque above that produced by the
crankshaft. Buick's Dynaflow is an example of this kind of coupling.
fluid flywheel:
A kind of fluid coupling in which the flywheel is the driving rotor
fluid level warning indicator:

A warning light on the instrument panel which is illuminated when the level of fluid
in the a system is too low
fluid reservoir:
See brake fluid reservoir
fluorescent:
Having the property of giving off light when bombarded by electrons or radiant
energy
flush:
[1] To cleanse a system by sending water or other liquid through a system.
[2] To align two items so that they fit evenly or level.
Also see
reverse flush
flush deck ship:

A ship constructed with upper deck extending throughout her entire length without
a break or a superstructure, such as forecastle, bridge or poop
flushing:
To cleanse a system by sending water or other liquid through a system.
Also see
brake flushing
brake flushing
flushing the brakes:

See brake flushing.
flushing the cooling system:

The process of circulating water through the cooling system to remove old coolant
along with any dirt or rust. Back flushing means circulating the water from the
engine to the radiator (reversing the normal direction of flow) in order to clean the
system more efficiently.
Also see
reverse flush
flushing oil:
A thin oil used to clean out the sump, oil passageways, etc.
flush mounted speaker:

A radio or stereo speaker mounted in a cutout in the interior trim so that it does not
project out. The opposite of surmounted speakers.
flute:
A groove in a cutting tool that forms a passageway for the exit of chips removed
during the cutting process.
flutter:
The rapid movement of engine valves.
Also see
bounce
piston ring flutter
wheel flutter
flux:
[1] The lines of magnetic force moving through a magnetic field.
[2] An ingredient placed on metal being soldered or brazed, to remove and prevent
the formation of surface oxidization which would make soldering or brazing
difficult. Flux promotes the fusion of metals during the welding process.
fly:
See shift on the fly
flyer:
A fast lap
flying bridge:
The platform forming the top of the pilot house
flylead:
A short electrical wire with a terminal at each end connect to a component
fly nut:
A wing nut.
flyweight:
See flyweights.
flyweights:
Special weights which react to centrifugal force to provide automatic control of
other mechanisms such as accelerators or valves.
flywheel:
A relatively large and heavy metal wheel that is attached to the back of the
crankshaft to smooth out the firing impulses. It provides inertia to keep the
crankshaft turning smoothly during the periods when no power is being
applied. It also forms a base for the starter ring gear and, in manual
transmission, for the clutch assembly.
Also see
engine flywheel
fluid flywheel
flywheel generator:
A small alternator of the rotating magnet type attached to one end of the crankshaft
and spinning with it, acting as an additional flywheel; now used only in mopeds or
scooters
flywheel magneto:
A magneto mounted in the flywheel of a small engine, often a two-stroke
flywheel puller:
A specially designed tool with three arms and a center stud usedto removing the
flywheel. The three arms are attached to three mounting points (either on the rim of
the flywheel or into three threaded holes in the flywheel). The center stud is
screwed into the center of the flywheel and pushes against the end of the crankshaft.
As the stud pushes in, the flywheel is forced away from the crankshaft.
flywheel ring gear:

A gear on the outer circumference of the flywheel. The starter drive gear engages
the ring gear and cranks the engine.
flywheel turner:
A special tool used for hand cranking the engine while working on clutches,
gearboxes, etc. or doing jobs that require that the crankshaft be in a specific
position. It consists of a handle and lever to hook into the starter ring teeth
FM:
Frequency modulation. A term used to describe a type of radio frequency in which
the frequency of the wave changes rather than the amplitude.
Also see
AM/FM
FN:
classic cars.
foaming:
[1] The formation of bubbles in the oil of a transmission, differential, or shock
absorber, etc. [2] The formation of bubbles in the oil and refrigerant of an air
conditioning system caused by a rapid boiling out of the refrigerant dissolved in the
oil when the pressure is suddenly reduced. If noted in the sight glass, this condition
indicates a very low refrigerant level.
Also see
high pressure foaming
low-pressure foaming
FOB:
[1] Acronym for "Freight on Board." Used to describe when goods are loaded for
free on a delivery vehicle at the seller's place of business, but the buyer has to pay
transportation charges to the delivery destination.
[2] When not an acronym, it refers to the device on a key chain which may contain
your name or a company name, etc. See fob.
fob:
A device to hold keys; sometimes called a "key fob."
Also see
key fob
focal:
See multi-focal
Foettinger coupling:
A torque-converting fluid coupling.
fog:
See rear fog light
fog coat:
A fully reduced (thinned) paint that is sprayed at higher than normal air pressure or
with the gun held at a greater distance than normal from the work. The object is to
obtain a fast flash-off (evaporation) of thinner with minimum penetration of thinner
into the old paint.
fog lamp:
See
fog light
rear fog light
fog light:
[1] A light (usually in pairs) mounted at the front of a vehicle which is designed to
give a wide low beam which penetrates fog and rain, etc. and illuminates the sides
of the road
[2] A red light mounted at the back of a vehicle which has the same intensity as a
brake light to help following vehicles to see your vehicle.
Also see
rear fog light
fog testing:
See salt fog testing
foil:
A light, thin, blunt-edged sword from which an air foil is named.
See
air foil
hydrofoil
folder:
See sheet metal folder
folding camping trailer:

A lightweight unit used for camping. The ends fold out and the top is raised to
reveal a camping unit. When being pulled, the ends fold down to make a compact
unit. The lightweight allows it to be towed by most cars. The trailer can be
unhitched from the car for easier parking or for leaving it at the campground while
you go to town for supplies. The interior contains kitchen, dining room, and
sleeping facilities. Often there is a stove and refrigerator.
folding rear seats:

Rear seats in a hatchback, station wagon, or van which fold forward into the
footwells to give a more or less flat loading area.
Also see
split folding rear seats
folding top:
The soft top of a convertible which can be folded away
follower:
See
cam follower
valve follower
follow-up spark:
secondary spark occurring when a spark is extinguished and re-ignited in the course
of the spark duration, especially if the mixture is turbulent
Fomoco:
Abbreviation for "Ford Motor Co."
foot:
See
heavy foot
pound foot
roller foot lever
foot brake:
The main braking system operated by a foot pedal
footed:
See light-footed
foot feed:
A gas pedal operated by the foot
foot lever:
See roller foot lever
foot pedal:
One of four possible pedal located on the floor in front of the driver: gas pedal
(accelerator), brake pedal, clutch pedal, or emergency brake pedal
footpedal cluster:
The gas and brake pedals in a vehicle with automatic transmission and the gas,
brake and clutch pedals in a manual.
footpeg:
The metal post (usually covered in rubber) found on either side of a motorcycle
upon which the rider or his passenger places his feet.
foot pound:
See foot-pound.
foot-pound:
(ft-lb) A measurement of the work involved in lifting one pound one foot. In
tightening, it is one pound pull one foot from the center of an object. Torque, or the
twisting motion of an engine, is expressed in terms of foot-pounds at a certain rpm.
footprint:
The area of a tire that makes contact with the ground
foot pump:
A tire pump which is operated by pushing down a lever with a foot.
footrest:
A place to rest the left foot when driving. See dead pedal.
footwell:
A recess in the floor below the feet of the rear seat occupants, but may also be used
for the space used by the feet of people in the front seats
footwell intrusion:
A situation where an engine, for instance, occupies some of the space normally
allocated for the feet of the driver and his passengers.
force:
A push or a pull, it causes objects to change their motion. It is a vector quantity,
with a particular direction and forces must be combined with special vector rules. In
the SI (international system of units), it is measured in newtons (N); but the older
measurement recorded force in pounds, ounces, and feet.
Also see
braking force
centrifugal force
centripetal force
closing force
cornering force
damping force
electromotive force
tensile force
ultimate cornering force
force air filter:

See centrifugal force air filter
forced circulation:
A cooling system which uses a pump to circulate the coolant.
Also see
thermosyphon cooling
forced downshift:
An automatic transmission system that enables a driver to accelerate rapidly. When
the accelerator pedal is fully depressed, the transmission engages a lower gear to
give this extra boost. Also called, "passing gear." The British term is "kickdown."
forced-feed lubrication:
A lubrication system used in all modern four-stroke engines, in which an engine-
driven pump forces the oil through passages in the engine castings, or through
external pipes, to the main areas of stress in the engine
forced-induction system:
A system in which either a conventional supercharger or a turbocharger, or even a
combination of both, is used to increase intake pressure and force the mixture into
the cylinders. Compare naturally aspirated engine
force dryThe accelerated drying of paint by heat or air movement
force-fit:
See force fit.
force fit:
A force fit occurs when two items are hammered together to make them secure.
See
drive fit
interference fit
press fit
Ford:
[1] The second largest car manufacturer after GM.
[2] The 1954 Crestline Skyliner is a milestone car. Click for
[3] The 1957-59 Skyliner Retractable models are milestone cars. [4] books on Ford
The 1955-56 Crown Vic Skyliner models are milestone cars.
[5] The 1946-48 Sportsman models are milestone cars.
[6] The 1955-57 and 1958-60 Thunderbird models are milestone
cars.
Ford Aspire:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Aspire
Ford Cortina:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford of Click for books on Ford
England Cortina
Ford Crown Victoria:

Ford Victoria
Ford Escort:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Escort
Ford Fairlane:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Fairlane
Ford Fairmont:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Fairmont
Ford Falcon:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Falcon
Ford fixed orifice tube system:

(FFOT) utilizes an accumulator instead of a receiver-drier and an orifice tube
instead of an expansion valve. The accumulator is located at the evaporator outlet.
A pressure sensing switch cycles compressor operation
Ford Galaxie:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Galaxie
Fordism:
The Encyclopedia Britannica first called the process of mass production by this
name. However, mass production simply evolved in almost every industry at the
beginning of the 20th century.
Ford Model A:
An early model of automobile manufactured by Click for books on Ford Model
Ford A
Ford Model T:
An early model of automobile manufactured by Click for books on Ford Model
Ford T
Ford Mustang:
[1] A vehicle brand of which the 1965-67 GT/GTA V-8
models are milestone cars. Click for books on
[2] The 1969-70 Boss 302/Mach 1 models are milestone Mustang
cars.
fordor:
A word coined by Ford for a 4-door sedan.
Ford Probe:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Probe
Ford Taurus:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Taurus
Ford Tempo:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Tempo
Ford Thunderbird:
A vehicle brand of which the 1955-57 and 1958-60 Click for books on Ford
models are milestone cars. Thunderbird
Ford-type lug:
A special type of battery connection consisting of a flat lug with nut and bolt
between the battery cables and terminal posts. Also called "Ford-type terminal"
Ford-type terminal:
A special type of battery connection consisting of a flat lug with nut and bolt
between the battery cables and terminal posts. Also called "Ford-type lug"
fore and aft adjustment:

The ability to move, for example, a seat forward and backward
fore-and-aft flat twin:

A flat-twin motorcycle engine mounted with the cylinders positioned in-line with
the frame
forecar:
Early three-wheeled vehicle with two-front wheels attached to a motorcycle-based
frame. Passengers sat above the front axle
forecast:
Prediction of future production or sales in the automotive industry.
forecastle:
The raised part of the forward end of a ship's deck. It is used for the storing paints,
tackle, deck stores, tarpaulins, ropes, etc.
forepeak bulkhead:
The foremost main transverse watertight bulkhead designed to keep water out of the
forward hold in case of bow collision damage. Also called collision bulkhead
fore perpendiculars:
A vertical line at the intersection of the fore side of the stem and the summer load
waterline. (See length between perpendiculars)
forge:
To force a piece of hot metal into the desired shape by hammering it.
Also see
drop forged
forged:
See drop forged
forged alloy wheel:

See two-piece forged alloy wheel
forged aluminum:
An engine piston that is formed under tremendous pressure. Forging creates a
denser material that is much stronger but more expensive to make.
forging:
[1] A process (usually involving hammering or squeezing) that transforms solid
metal into shapes of varying cross-sectional material thickness, often involving
heating.
[2] A piece of forged metal alloy
forgiving:
A characteristic of a component or vehicle which overlooks problems or mistakes
that a driver might make. For example, a vehicle's handling may be forgiving in that
even if the driver makes small inadvertent steering wheel movements, the vehicle
continues to go straight.
fork:
[1] The part of the bicycle frame that fits inside the head tube and holds the front
wheel. Generally called the front fork.
[2] The part of the bicycle frame where chainstays and seatstays join to hold the rear
axle.
[3] A shifting device that is U-shaped and moves gears back and forth on the shaft.
Also see
clutch fork
clutch throwout fork
front forks
quad fork
selector fork
shifter fork
shift fork
shift forks
throw-out fork
throwout fork
withdrawal fork
fork blade:
One of the two parallel curved tubes that hold the front wheel of a bicycle.
fork blades:
The two parallel curved tubes that hold the front wheel of a bicycle.
fork crown:
The horizontal piece on the upper part of the front fork to which the fork blades
attach on a bicycle.
fork ear:
A metal piece which surrounds the front forks of a motorcycle and acts as a fork
protector. The headlight shell is mounted to the protrusions from each protector
forked:
A device which has one end in the shape of a "Y"
forked con rod:

A special split connecting rod to take two pistons for uniflow-scavenging two-
stroke engines with two pistons per cylinder
forked rocker:
A rocker arm operating two valves with its forked end
forked rocker arm:

A rocker arm operating two valves with its forked end
fork lift:
(Lift truck) A vehicle having metal arms extended in front for picking up and
moving pallets or skids.
fork-lift truck:
A small vehicle used tor loading in factories, warehouses, docks, etc., with two arms
at the front projecting forward which fit into pallets and can be raised and lowered
fork rake:
On a bicycle, the shortest distance between the front axle and an imaginary line
extending through the head tube downward toward the ground. See rake.
fork tip:
One of the slotted ends of the fork blades into which the front wheel axle fits on a
bicycle.
fork tips:
The slotted ends of the fork blades into which the front wheel axle fits on a bicycle.
form:
See end form
formal hardtop:
The hardtop roofline was a long-lasting fashion hit of the postwar car era. The word
"formal" can be applied to things that are stiffly conservative and follow the
established rule. The limousine, being the popular choice of conservative buyers
who belonged to the Establishment, was looked upon as a formal motorcar. So
when designers combined the lines of these two body styles, the result was the
Formal Hardtop. This style has been marketed with two or four doors, canopy and
vinyl roofs (full or partial) and conventional or opera-type windows, under various
trade names. The distinction between a formal hardtop and plain pillared-hardtop
coupe hasn't always followed a strict rule. === car-formhard.jpg
former:
A shaped wooden block for use in panel beating, on which a desired shape is
produced by hammering.
Also see
pulse former
forming:
See metal forming
formula:
A detailed specification, e.g., for a particular class of motor racing.
Also see
euromix formula
formula car:
An single seat race car with exposed wheels
Formula I:
A formula according to which racing cars are built for the major Grand Prix races
counting for the World Championship
formula One:
A formula according to which racing cars are built for the major Grand Prix races
counting for the World Championship
49-state car:
A car that complies with U.S. emission standards which are less restrictive than the
standards in California. See federal version.
49 state car:
forty-nine state car:

forward:
The front part of a ship.
Also see
cabin forward
forward bias:
Conductive condition that exists when current flows through a diode
forward brake shoe:

See primary forward brake shoe.
forward perpendiculars:
A vertical line at the intersection of the fore side of the stem and the summer load
waterline (See length between perpendiculars)
forward welding:
Fusing metal in the same direction as the torch flame points.
Föttinger coupling:
See Foettinger
foul:
[1] to clog or cover (a spark plug) with oil or soot/carbon deposits which can cause
a loss of performance and engine misfire.
[2] to get in the way of another part or obstruct it.
fouling:
See carbon fouling
four:
See
flat four
V-four
four banger:
Four cylinder engine. low temperature fouling
four barrel:
See four-barrel carburetor.
four barrel carburetor:

See four-barrel carburetor.
four-barrel carburetor:
A carburetor with four barrels that work like dual carburetors, with the second
carburetor (third and fourth barrels) cutting in only at high speeds. Usually found on
large V-8 engines.
Also see
four bolt mains:
A term referring to the number of bolts needed to secure the each cap to a
crankshaft rod. Most engines come with two bolt main; but racing engines have
four.
4/C:
Abbreviation for "four-color," usually referring to color photographs or slides. A
term used in classified advertisements to indicate the availability of pictures of a
vehicle.
four color:
(4/C) Usually referring to color photographs or slides. A term used in classified
advertisements to indicate the availability of pictures of a vehicle.
four cycle engine:

See four-stroke cycle engine.
four-cycle engine:
four-cylinder engine:
An engine with four cylinders usually in line; but can also be V-type or horizontally
opposed. The in-line type is the most common in most small cars and in larger
motorcycles.
four-door:
A vehicle which has two doors on each side. This is the typical layout for family
sedans
four-door hardtop:
This is a four-door car styled to resemble a convertible, but having a rigid top of
metal or fiberglass. Buick introduced a totally pillarless design in 1955. A year later
most automakers offered equivalent bodies. Four-door hardtops have also been
labeled sports sedans and hardtop sedans. By 1976, potential rollover standards and
waning popularity had taken their toll. Only a few makes still produced a four-door
hardtop and those disappeared soon thereafter. === car-4hard.jpg
four-door hatchback:
Essentially unknown among domestic models in the mid-1970s, the four-door
hatchback became a popular model as cars grew smaller and front-wheel-drive
versions appeared. Styling was similar to the original two-door hatchback, except
for two more doors. Luggage was carried in the back of the car itself, loaded
through the hatch opening, not in a separate trunk. === car-4hatch.jpg
four-door pillared hardtop:

Once the "true" four-door hardtop began to fade away, manufacturers needed
another name for their luxury four-doors. Many were styled to look almost like the
former pillarless models, with thin or unobtrusive pillars between the doors. Some,
in fact, were called "thin-pillar hardtops." The distinction between certain pillared
hardtops and ordinary (presumably humdrum) sedans occasionally grew hazy. ===
car-4pillar.jpg
four-door sedan:
If you took the wheels off a car, mounted it on poles and hired two weightlifters
(one in front and one in back) to carry you around in it, you'd have a true sedan.
Since this idea isn't very practical, it's better to use the term for an automobile with a
permanent top (affixed by solid pillars) that seats four or more persons, including
the driver, on two full-width seats. === car-4sedan.jpg
four-door station wagon:

Since functionality and adaptability are advantages of station wagons, four-door
versions have traditionally been sales leaders. At least they were until cars began to
grow smaller. This style usually has lowerable windows in all four doors and fixed
rear side glass. The term "suburban" was almost synonymous with station wagon at
one time, but is now more commonly applied to light trucks with similar styling.
Station wagons have had many trade names, such as Country Squire (Ford) and
Sport Suburban (Plymouth). Quite a few have retained simulated wood paneling,
keeping alive the wagon's origin as a wood-bodied vehicle. === car-4wagon.jpg
four-gas analyzer:
Equipment for testing exhaust gas for hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, and oxygen
four-link rear suspension:

An independent rear suspension layout, also used on live rear axles, in which each
wheel is guided by two control arms, one mounted longitudinally, the other
mounted transversely or almost transversely, thus providing lateral location for the
axle. A suspension setup that uses 4 rods (or links) to locate an axle. Depending on
the arrangement of the links, a panhard rod or watts link may be used to control side
to side motion. This type of suspension was used in most American designed rear
wheel drive cars built from the 60's, 70's, and 80's.
four on the floor:

A four-speed manual transmission with floor mounted shift.
four-on-the-floor:
A four-speed manual transmission with floor mounted shift.
4-point racing harness:

A safety hamess anchored at four points, worn by some racing drivers
four-spark ignition coil:

An ignition coil with two primary windings and one secondary winding
4-spd:
Abbreviation for "four-speed," either manual transmission or automatic
transmission.
four speed:
A transmission which has four forward gears.
four-speed:
A transmission which has four forward gears.
four-speed gearbox:
A British term for a four-speed transmission
four-speed transmission:
A manual or automatic transmission which has four forward gears. In most
instances, the top gear is an overdrive.
four stroke cycle engine:

four-stroke cycle engine:

An engine requiring two complete revolutions of the crankshaft to fire each piston
once. The first stroke down (intake stroke) pulls fuel and air into the combustion
chamber. The second stroke up (compression stroke) compresses the mixture. The
third stroke down (power stroke) comes about through the rapid burning of the
compressed fuel mixture. The fourth stroke up (exhaust stroke) expels the exhaust
gases from the cylinder. It is also called the "Otto cycle."
four stroke power cycle:

four-stroke power cycle:

four-stroking:
A two-stroke engine which is running faultily as it fires only on every second cycle
fourth:
The highest gear in a four-speed transmission or the second highest in a five-speed
transmission.
fourth gear:
The highest gear in a four-speed transmission or the second highest in a five-speed
transmission.
four valve:
An engine which has four valves (two intake and two exhaust) for each cylinder.
Multiple valve systems offer better breathing.
four-way wheel wrench:

A lug wrench shaped in the form an "X" with a socket at each end. Also called a
"wheel nut spider."
four-wheel ABS:
An anti-lock brake system that operates on all four wheels
four wheel alignment:

See four-wheel alignment.
four-wheel alignment:
In most rear-drive vehicles only the front wheels need to have their wheels aligned
because the rear wheels are on a fixed axle. However with front-drive vehicles and
rear-drive vehicles with independent suspension, all four wheels need to be aligned.
See alignment.
four wheel disc brakes:

Disc brakes fitted to both front and rear wheels
four-wheel drift:
A term that describes a cornering situation in which all four tires are operating at
large slip angles so that a car gets into a sideways slide.
4WD:
Acronym for "four-wheel drive." This term should be distinguished from FWD
which is front-wheel drive.
four-wheel drive:
(4WD) A type of drive system in which both front wheels are connected to its
own differential and axles, and both back wheels are connected to its own
differential and axles. Between these two differentials there is a transfer case
which allows you, in the case of part-time four wheel drive, to switch between
two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive. In full-time four-wheel drive power is
sent to both differentials.
Also see
automatic four-wheel drive
Ferguson four-wheel drive
full-time four-wheel drive
part-time four-wheel drive
permanent four-wheel drive
real-time four-wheel drive
Torsen four-wheel drive
four-wheel-drive high:
(4WD Hi) A four-wheel drive, with the final drive ratio the same as when the
vehicle is in two-wheel drive.
four-wheel-drive low:
(4WD Lo) A separate low-ratio transfer case gear set designed for low-speed
operation and maximum traction in difficult terrain. In virtually all systems,
engaging 4WD Lo usually requires bringing the vehicle to a complete stop.
4WS:
Acronym for "four-wheel steering."
four wheel steering:

See four-wheel steering.
four-wheel steering:
A vehicle where the rear wheels also turn when the front wheels turn to give a
sharper and more accurate turn.
FPS:
An acronym for "foot-pound-second"
FPS system:
An imperial system of units, superseded by the SI (metric) system
fracturing:
See stress fracturing
frame:
[1] A bridge-like structural load-carrying members of a vehicle that support
the engine and body and are in turn supported by the wheels of the vehicle.
[2] Transverse members that make up the riblike skeleton of a ship.
Also see
A-frame
ash frame
backbone frame
body and frame
caliper frame
cant frame
chassis frame
cruciform frame
diamond frame
door frame
floating frame
ladder frame
ladies' frame
license plate frame
mixte frame
mounting frame
panting frame
perimeter frame
platform frame
space frame
spectacle frame
stern frame
sub frame
transom frame
tube frame
tubular backbone frame
tubular frame
twisted frame
underslung frame
X-type frame
frame construction:
See
body and frame construction
frame damage:
A type of damage to the body that involves damage to the structural members of the
car, usually resulting from accident impact
frame gauge:
A measuring instrument for determining the misalignment of a car's body.
frameless:
A vehicle without a frame such as a unibody construction
frameless construction:
A unibody or unitary construction
frameless window:
A door window which does not have a frame around the three sides (left, right, and
top).
frame member:
Any one of the sections of the structural components of the vehicle chassis
frame structure:
All parts of the vehicle which contribute to the rigidity of the body, both for
unibody designs and for vehicles with a separate chassis
framing:
See body framing
franchise:
Establishment that has the right to exercise the powers of a corporation.
franchised dealer:
An automotive dealer which sells a particular brand, e.g., Anytown Ford is a
franchised dealer for Ford cars and is authorized to sell Ford parts as well as provide
service for Ford vehicles.
Franklin:
A vehicle brand of which all the 1925-48 models except the 1933-34 Olympic Six
are classic cars.
Fraschini:
See Isotta-Fraschini
Frazer:
A vehicle brand of which the 1947-50 Manhattan models are milestone cars.
Frazer Nash:
classic cars.
free:
See
asbestos-free
hands-free
lead free
maintenance-free
pedal free play
pedal free travel
free bend test:

Bending the specimen without using a fixture or guide.
freeboard:
The distance from the waterline to the upper surface of the freeboard deck at side.
freeboard deck:
Deck to which freeboard is measured
free electron:
See free electrons.
free electrons:
Electrons in the outer orbits around the nucleus of the atom. They can be moved out
of orbit comparatively easy.
free height:
The unloaded length or height of a spring
freeing port:
An opening in the lower portion of a bulwark, which allows deck water to drain
overboard
free length:
The length of a spring, especially a valve spring, when no downward pressure is
exerted on it
free pedal play:

The distance the clutch pedal can be depressed before it begins to disengage the
clutch. Generally about 19-25 mm (0.5-1 inch) free pedal play is normal to be sure
that slight resting of the foot on the pedal will not disengage the clutch. Without free
pedal play, the throwout bearings and the clutch might wear out.
free play:
[1] The amount of looseness in some component before it engages.
[2] British term for lash.
Also see
pedal free play
free radius:
Measurement in inches (or millimeters) from the wheel axle centerline to the top of
the tire when inflated. (The radius that is not under load.) Also called "unloaded
radius."
free-revving:
The ability of an engine to accelerate quickly to high engine speeds
free rolling wheel:

A non-powered wheel position on a vehicle, such as steering axle, tag axle or trailer
wheel positions.
free shape:
A design shape of a component which is governed only by stylistic or functional
requirements.
Free Trade:
See North American Free Trade Agreement
Free Trade Agreement:

See
Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement
Free Trade Agreement of the Americas:

(FTAA) An effort to unite the economies of the Western Hemisphere into a single
free trade arrangement. The Heads of State of the 34 democracies in the region
agreed to construct a "Free Trade Area of the Americas" and to complete
negotiations for the agreement by 2005.
free travel:
The distance a pedal moves before it operates the actuating mechanism.
Also see
pedal free travel
freeway:
A multiple lane highway without toll charges. All exits and entrances are made
through overpasses and cloverleafs. Because there is no direct cross traffic, speeds
can be over 60 mph (100 kph)
freeway bar:
A component on a motorcycle which is a rod with a footrest on each end. The rod is
mounted ahead of the engine to provide an alternate place to position the rider's feet.
freewheel:
[1] Usually refers to the action of a vehicle on a downgrade when the overdrive
over-running clutch is slipping with a resultant loss of engine braking. This
condition will occur only after the overdrive unit is engaged but before the balk ring
has activated the planetary gearset. [2] The removable cluster of gears at the rear
wheel of a bicycle. Usually there are five or more gears. It also contains a ratcheting
mechanism inside that allows the wheel to rotate forward while the pedals, chain,
and gear sprockets remain still or move in reverse. The rear derailleur moves the
chain from one gear to the other to change the gear ratio. The other end of the chain
wraps around the chainwheel.
freewheel hub:
A type of hub fitted to the front axle of some four-wheel drive vehicles, in which
the drive to the front wheels can be disconnected when the front axle is not being
driven
freewheeling:
In a motorized vehicle, the illegal coasting by putting the transmission in neutral or
disengaging the clutch.
freewheeling hub:
A type of hub fitted to the front axle of some four-wheel drive vehicles, in which
the drive to the front wheels can be disconnected when the front axle is not being
driven
freeze:
[1] To reach a temperature in which a liquid turns into a solid. See antifreeze
[2] To adhere firmly.
[3] To stop.
[4] An American (not Canadian) term for an engine which has seized. To an
American, "My engine is frozen" means "seized" because it has run out of oil and
overheated so that pistons expanded and won't move in the cylinder. To a Canadian,
it means the coolant won't flow or the engine won't warm up.
freeze plug:
A removable plug on the block which can pop out should the coolant in the block
freezes and expands. See expansion plug. The British term is "core plug."
freeze-up:
The failure of a unit to operate properly because of the formation of ice at the
expansion valve orifice or on the evaporator coils or fins
freezing:
When two parts that are rubbing together heat up and force the lubricant out of the
area. As they create heat, they will expand and tear bits of metal from each other,
then stick and refuse to move.
frenching:
The customizing process of creating smooth curve shaping around the headlights,
tail lights, licence plate frames, etc. so that the actual lights, etc. recede a little
towards the interior of the panel opening and the chrome bezel or other surround
looks as though it is part of the body panel.
Also see
tunnelling
freon:
A gas used as the cooling medium in older air conditioning and refrigeration
systems. Usually called freon-12 or R-12. It has been replaced in automobiles with a
new coolant designated 134A.
freon 12:
See freon-12.
freon-12:
A gas used as the cooling medium in older air conditioning and refrigeration
systems. It has been replaced in automobiles with a new coolant designated 134A.
frequency:
[1] In relation to a radio station, number of cycles per second expressed in hertz at
which it broadcasts.
[2] The number of times a particular event is repeated.
Also see
natural frequency
radio frequency interference
frequency control:
See
automatic frequency control
frequency interference:
See radio frequency interference
Frequency Modulation:
(FM) A term used to describe a type of radio frequency where the frequency of the
wave changes rather than the amplitude.
Also see
AM/FM
frequency scan button:

A radio button which, when pressed, causes the tuner to scan the frequencies of
stations with sufficient signal strength and plays that station for about 5 seconds
before going to the next one. When the driver or passenger wants to listen to the
currently played selection, he can press the same button (or a different one) to select
that station. Often called a "scan button."
frequency valve:
[1] A valve located in the fuel distributor of some vehicles with a continuous
injection system and catalytic converter. This valve continually adjusts the air/fuel
ratio to varying engine operating conditions, because it is controlled by a voltage
signal supplied by the oxygen sensor and by an ECM. [2] In Bosch CIS, a device
that regulates pressure in the lower chamber of the differential-pressure valve, in
response to a signal from the lambda (oxygen) sensor. Also called Lambda valve
(Bosch's term) or a timing valve
fresco:
See al fresco driving
fresco driving:
See al fresco driving
fretting corrosion:
corrosion occurring where two surfaces are in contact and friction results, e.g., at
mechanical joints in vibrating structures
friction:
The resistance to movement between any two objects when placed in contact with
each other. Friction causes wear and heat. In an engine, it robs it of some of its
potential power. Friction is not constant but depends on the materials, type of
surface finish, amount of pressure holding the two objects together, and the relative
amount of movement between the objects. Lubrication like oil, grease, and other
materials like graphite reduce friction.
Also see
antifriction bearing
coefficient of friction
dry friction
interleaf friction
rolling friction
slip friction
static friction
wet friction
frictional:
Caused by the friction between moving parts
friction bearing:
A bearing made of babbitt, bronze, etc. There are no moving parts (like an
antifriction bearing which has ball bearings). The smooth inner surface of the
babbitt insert and the smooth surface of the shaft rub or slide against each other. To
avoid disintegration, the bearing must use lubrication (i.e., wet friction). Friction
bearings are less expensive and cheaper to service than antifriction bearings. Also
called "plain bearing."
friction clutch:
A conventional clutch which transmits the power of the drive by mechanical
friction, as opposed to a fluid coupling
friction damper:
See friction shock absorber
friction disc:
See clutch disc.
friction drive:
A method of power transmission used on early cars where power is transmitted
from a driving to a driven wheel by means of pressing one wheel against another at
a right angle.
friction horsepower:
(FHP) The amount of power consumed by an engine in driving itself. It includes the
power absorbed in mechanical friction and in driving auxiliaries plus, in the case of
four-stroke engines, some pumping power.
friction lining:
wear-resistant friction material used for clutch and brake linings
friction losses:
The loss of power due to friction between the moving parts of the engine
friction modifier:
A substance which enhances the ability of oil to remain slippery. In most SH and SJ
series oil, friction modifiers have been added to improve engine starting and
prolong engine life. However, in engines with a wet clutch (i.e., the engine oil
lubricates the clutch plates) such as motorcycle engines, oils with friction modifiers
can cause the clutch to slip and may force the premature replacement of the clutch
plates.
friction pad:
See brake pad
friction plate:
A driven plate of a clutch to which the friction lining is attached
friction shifter:
See friction shifters.
friction shifters:
Conventional (non-index) levers of a bicycle that retain their position through the
use of friction washers.
friction shock absorber:

A shock absorber in which friction discs are inserted at the point where the two
arms are joined, now no longer used in car suspensions
friction welding:
The type of weld in which the necessary welding heat is generated by revolving one
part against another part under very heavy pressure. When melting has occurred at
the interface, pressure is maintained to consolidate the weld during cooling of the
material
Friedrichshafen:
See zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen
friendly:
See environmentally friendly
frit:
Partly fused, vitreous substance, ground up and used as the basis for glazes and
enamels
frogeye:
A nickname for the Series I Austin-Healey Sprite produced from 1958-1962, which
had the headlights projecting above the hood line
front:
[1] The forward end of a vehicle.
[2] The seats closest to the front upon which the driver sits.
Also see
flame front
independent front suspension
lower front panel
frontal crash:
An accident in which the front end of a vehicle is damaged.
frontal impact:
An accident in which the front end of a vehicle is damaged.
front apron:
The panel behind and below the front bumper, joining the bottom ends of the front
fenders
front axle:
The axle to which the front wheels are attached
front-axle/rear-axle split:
A dual-circuit braking system in which one circuit brakes only the front axle while
the other circuit brakes only the rear axle.
front-axle and rear-axle split:

A dual-circuit braking system in which each circuit brakes both the front axle and
the rear axle
front bumper:
A guard which protects the front of a vehicle.
See
bumper
rear bumper
front differential:
differential in the front axle of a four-wheel drive vehicle
front end:
body area incorporating the leading edge of the fenders, the headlights, radiator
grille and bumper, i.e., the full area that makes up the frontal appearance of the car
front end alignment:

See front-end alignment.
front-end alignment:
The adjustment of the camber and caster of the front wheels. See alignment.
front-end impact:
An impact as the result of a head-on collision
front engine:
A vehicle with its engine located at the front of a vehicle above the front
suspension. This is the most common layout, which may be combined with either
rear-wheel or front-wheel drive.
Also see
mid-engine car
rear engine
front fender:
body section covering the front wheels, originally separate; but now in most cars
faired in and part of the body shell
front fork:
See fork.
front forks:
See fork.
front nose section:

The front section of a car's body that uses one single structure to make up the front
end, i.e., including the radiator grille surrround, both fenders, front apron, etc.
front panel:
A panel joining the front fender and forming a mounting for the headlights, grille,
and air ducts into the engine compartment, which is often identical with the front
apron where no separate apron is fitted below the front panel.
Also see
lower front panel
front pillar:
See A-pillar
front pipe:
The first section of the exhaust system from the exhaust manifold to the silencer (or
front silencer where there are two).
Also see
twin front pipe
front-seat:
The closed position of a stem type service valve to isolate the compressor. The
system should never be operated with the valves in this position
front seat:
seat in the front of passenger cabin for the front seat passenger
front seats:
The front passenger's and driver's seats
front silencer:
first and main silencer in an exhaust system where there are two
front spoiler:
The air deflector on the front of a car, aerodynamically designed to cut the wind
resistance around the car, for improved handling control, stability, traction, and
better fuel economy
front suspension:
The springs, shock absorbers, linkages, etc. which support the front wheels. See
independent front suspension.
front triangle:
Actually a quadrilateral with one short side, it is the section of a bicycle frame that
consists of the head tube, the top tube, the seat tube, and the down tube. Also called
"main triangle."
front wheel drive:
See front-wheel drive.
front-wheel drive:
(FWD) A vehicle that is pulled by its front wheels rather than being pushed by its
rear wheels. The driveshaft and center floor hump is eliminated in front-wheel drive
cars. The engine is located over the driving wheels so that it gains better traction in
snow. Wear on the front tires can be severe.
front wheel tire clearance:

The distance between the tire and the closest point on the vehicle laterally,
longitudinally and vertically, checked lock to lock and all intermediate points.
front wing:
British term for front fender
frost heaves:
A condition of a roadway in which frost buildup beneath the surface causes the
pavement to bulge
FRP:
Acronym for "fiber reinforced plastic." Continuous mat or woven fibers
impregnated with plastic resins to form a lightweight but extremely strong solid.
These plastics are stronger per pound than steel. Commonly used fibers are aramid
(kevlar), carbon fiber, nomex, and glass. These fibers are used alternatively to
provide various levels of strength and weight.
frustum:
The wide end of a bevel gear
fsh:
An abbreviation used in classified advertisement indicating "full service history" is
available.
FTA:
Acronym for Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement.
FTAA:
Acronym for Free Trade Agreement of the Americas.
FTP:
An acronym for "Federal Test Procedure."
FTP test cycle:

An American method of testing automotive emissions for compliance with emission
standards by simulating typical driving conditions. This system differs from other
test cycles such as the European ECE test, so that the results cannot be compared
fuel:
A combustible material used to produce energy. One of the essential factors in a
combustion engine (Fuel, Air, Proper proportion of mixture, compression, timing,
spark).
Also see
air-fuel ratio
aviation fuel
diesel fuel
early fuel evaporation system
electric fuel pump
electronic fuel injection
EPA fuel economy
in-line fuel filter
integral fuel filter
L-jetronic fuel injection system
low fuel indicator
port fuel injection
proper proportion of air and fuel
fuel accumulator:
A device in the K-Jetronic fuel injection system which serves to absorb the initial
pressure surge when a fuel pump starts
fuel additive:
A chemical preparation which is added to fuel to improve its properties
fuel advance system:

Advances fuel delivery during cold starts on GM vehicle. Consists of a thermal-
sensitive solenoid on the intake manifold which sends a signal to the HPCA
terminal, which opens a ball-check valve on top of the injection pump housing.
With pump housing pressure reduced, the timing mechanism has less resistance to
overcome and operates earlier, advancing fuel delivery 3 degrees
fuel air mixture:

See fuel-air mixture.
fuel-air mixture:
A combination of vaporized fuel and air which is brought into the cylinder through
the carburetor or fuel injectors. When it is compressed and ignited, it produces the
power needed to drive the engine.
fuel air ratio:

See fuel-air ratio.
fuel-air ratio:
The amount of fuel in comparison with the amount of air. This is the reciprocal of
the air-fuel ratio.
fuel burner:
Competition vehicle with an engine set up to burn alcohol, nitro, etc. mixture
instead of standard pump gasoline. Also called "fueller."
fuel cap:
A vented covering on the top of the tube leading to the fuel tank. Also called "gas
cap."
fuel cell:
A galvanic cell in which the oxidation of a fuel (e.g., methanol) is used to produce
electricity.
fuel charge:
The air/fuel mixture delivered to the combustion chamber
fuel cock:
A tap which can allow or restrict the flow of gasoline from the gas tank to the
carburetor. An essential item on a motorcycle with gravity feed (i.e., no fuel pump)
because if the fuel cock is left on after the engine is shut down, there is the
possibility that gasoline could leak past the needle and seat in the carburetor so that
the overflow in the float bowl will make its way into the cylinder and wash the
walls and dilute the oil
fuel computer:
A device which continuously displays the amount of fuel used over the distance
since last set.
fuel consumption:
The amount of fuel used, expressed in miles per gallon in Britain and the USA,
whereas the international measure is litres per 100 kilometres. The US term is "fuel
mileage."
Also see
average fuel consuption
specific fuel consumption
fuel consumption indicator:

An instrument using a flowmeter to indicate mpg or liters/100 km at any given
moment on a journey
fuel cut-off:
See
fuel cut-off switch:

A control device which manually or automatically turns off the flow of fuel.
Also see
fuel distributor:
[1] A device constituting the mixture control unit together with the airflow sensor.
[2] On Bosch CIS, the device that supplies the injection with pressurized fuel in
proportion to air volume, measured by the airflow sensor plate. The fuel distributor
houses the control plunger and the differential-pressure valves. All fuel metering
takes place inside the fuel distributor
fuel economy:
The number of liters used per 100 kilometers of driving (a lower number is better);
or the number of miles driven divided by the number of gallons used (a higher
number is better).
Also see
EPA fuel economy
Corporate Average Fuel Economy
fuel efficiency:
Although this factor is similar to fuel economy, it differs in that fuel efficiency
involves getting the most amount of energy from an amount of fuel. It answers the
question, "What percent of the fuel does this engine burn?"
fuel evaporation:
See early fuel evaporation system
fuel filler flap:

A piece of rubber about 4" square and very thin, which is located behind the filler
door. When the door is opened, the flap falls down to protect the body from the fuel
nozzle.
fuel filler neck:

The upper end of the fuel filler tube leading down to the fuel tank, which accepts
the fuel hose nozzle at the gas station
fuel filler tube:

The tube leading down to the fuel tank
fuel filter:
A device that removes impurities from the fuel before it gets to the carburetor. It is
usually found near the carburetor in the fuel line that comes from the fuel pump (in-
line fuel filter), or inside the carburetor (integral fuel filter) or fuel pump (integral
fuel filter). This unit must be cleaned or replaced on a regular basis, usually once a
year or it will become clogged and restrict fuel to the carburetor. Without a filter,
the jets and orifices in the carburetor will become clogged.
fuel gage:
See fuel gauge.
fuel gauge:
An instrument, usually located on the dashboard or center console, which indicates
the amount of fuel in the fuel tank. Most gauges have a needle which fluctuates
between "E" (empty) and "F" (full). Others show a digital readout of how many
gallons or liters left in the tank. Also called "gas gauge."
fuel indicator:
See low fuel indicator
fuel-injected engine:
A gasoline engine with a fuel injection system rather than a carburetor.
fuel injection:
(FI) A fuel system that uses no carburetor but sprays fuel either directly into
the cylinders or into the intake manifold just ahead of the cylinders. It uses an
electronic sensing device to deliver the correct amount into the combustion
chamber. Throttle-body injection locates the injector(s) centrally in the
throttle-body housing, while port injection allocates at least one injector for
each cylinder near its intake port.
Also see
sequential fuel injection
timed fuel injection
fuel injection engine:

A gasoline engine with a fuel injection system
fuel injection pump:

A pump which receives fuel from the fuel tank (often through the fuel-feed pump in
the case of diesel engines) and delivers it under pressure to the injectors
fuel-injection system test port:

See pressure tap
fuel injector:
[1] An injector in a fuel injection system which sprays gasoline into the inlet ports,
or diesel either directly into the combustion chamber or into a pre-chamber.
[2] In all fuel-injection system (except Bosch CIS, CIS/Lambda, and CIS-E
systems), a spring loaded, solenoid (electromagnetic) valve which delivers fuel into
the intake manifold, in response to electrical signals from the control module in the
CIS, etc. System., the injector is simply a spring-loaded, pressure sensitive valve
which opens at a preset value See fuel injector nozzle.
fuel injector nozzle:

The device that works like a hypodermic needle to inject the proper amount of fuel
into the combustion chamber in response to signals from an electronic sensing
device on cars with fuel injection systems. It receive fuel at low pressure and shoot
it into the engine cylinders at predetermined intervals under higher pressure. Also
called "fuel injector valve" or just "fuel injector."
fuel injector valve:

See fuel injector nozzle.
fuel knock:
See detonation.
fuelie:
Fuel-injected car.
fueller:
See fuel burner.
fuel line:
The metal, plastic, or rubber hose or pipe through which the fuel passes from the
fuel tank to the fuel pump to the carburetor or fuel injector nozzle.
fuel mileage:
A measurement or calculation of the number of miles per amount of fuel -- usually
measured in miles per gallon.
fuel mixture:
A mixture of gasoline and air. An average mixture, by weight, would contain 16
parts of air to one part of gasoline. See air-fuel mixture.
fuel pressure:
The pressure under which fuel is delivered to the injectors by the fuel pump,
governed by the pressure regulator
fuel pressure regulator:

A pressure-activated diaphragm valve that maintains the pressure in a fuel system to
a pre-set value above manifold pressure, particularly in a fuel injection system
fuel pump:
A vacuum device, operated either mechanically or electrically, that is used to draw
gasoline from the tank and sends it into the carburetor or fuel injector nozzles.
Mechanical pumps have a rocker arm that is activated by a cam on the camshaft; the
arm causes a diaphragm to move up and down, thus pulling the gas through the
pump. Some electrical pumps have a rocker arm which is activated electrically and
does the same thing as the mechanical pump. Other electrical pumps are located at
the bottom of the fuel tank and push the fuel through the fuel lines.
Also see
electric fuel pump
fuel pump shut-off switch:

A switch which shuts off the electric fuel pump and fuel to the engine in the event
of a major collision
fuel pump switch:

A switch which shuts off the electric fuel pump and fuel to the engine in the event
of a major collision
fuel rail:
A manifold tube feeding the injectors in a fuel injection system. A special manifold
designed to provide a large reservoir of pressurized fuel for the fuel injectors, which
are attached between the rail and the intake runners or the cylinder head. The fuel
rail also serves as a mounting place for the fuel damper (if equipped) and the fuel
pressure regulator
fuel ratio:
See air fuel ratio
fuel return line:

A pipe returning surplus fuel to the tank from the carburetor(s) or to the inlet side of
the injector pump
fuel starvation:
The failure of the fuel system to supply sufficient fuel to allow the engine to run
properly, due to a blockage or vapour lock or malfunction of the fuel pump
fuel supply:
The delivery of fuel to the carburetor or injection system
fuel system:
A system that stores, cleans, and delivers the fuel to the engine in proper quantities
to meet the varying needs that arise as you drive. It is made up of the fuel tank, fuel
lines, fuel pump, fuel filter, and carburetor or the fuel injection system.
fuel tank:
The storage compartment, under the trunk in most cars, that holds the fuel for the
vehicle. Also called the "gas tank."
fuel tank sender:

A level sensor in the gas tank which sends information about the amount of
remaining fuel.
fuel tank vapor valve:

A valve mounted in the top of the fuel tank. Vents excess vapor and pressure from
the fuel tank into the evaporative emission control system
fuel-vacuum separator:
Used to filter waxy hydrocarbons from the carburetor ported vacuum to protect the
vacuum delay and distributor vacuum controls
fuel vapor:
[1] atomized air/fuel mixture heated in the engine, ready for combustion
[2] fumes given off by gasoline
fuel vapor recirculation system:

An emission system which traps the excess gasoline vapor, condenses it back to
liquid form, and then sends it back to the gasoline tank. Also called evaporative
emission control system
fuel vapor recovery system:

(FVR) a valve responsible for venting excess fuel vapor and pressure from the fuel
system to the EEC system
fulcrum:
The support (often wedge-shaped) on which a lever pivots in raising an object.
fulcrum pin:
A pin which acts as a pivot, such as a kingpin
fulcrum ring:
One of two rings on either side of a clutch diaphragm spring on which it pivots
full bore:
A term expressing top speed or full throttle.
full cam:
A type of camshaft for race car engines which increases lift of valve, speed of valve
opening and closing, length of time valve is held open, etc. Also called race cam,
three-quarter cam, or semi-race cam, depending upon design
full cap:
A condition of retreading where new tread rubber is added to the buffed casing, and
covers the crown and shoulder areas.
full dip treatment:

A painting process in which the whole body shell is immersed, used for applying
protective primers
full face helmet:

A helmet which covers the whole head including the chin.
full floating axle:

See full-floating axle.
full-floating axle:
A rear drive axle that does not hold the wheel on nor does it hold the wheel in line
or support any weight. It merely drives the wheel. Used primarily on racing cars and
trucks.
Also see
axle
full flow filter:

See full-flow oil filter.
full-flow filter:
full flow oil filter:

full-flow oil filter:

An oil filter that filters all of the oil passing through the engine before it reaches the
bearings.
full house:
An engine that is fully modified and equipped for all-out performance.
full leather:
A car interior in which the door trim, dash, seats are covered in leather
full leather upholstery:

A car interior in which the door trim, dash, seats are covered in leather
full load:
An engine operating conditions where the accelerator is fully depressed, i.e., the
throttle is fully open, which does not necessarily mean high engine speed
full load enrichment:

The provision of a richer mixture when the throttle is fully opened. On some
system, the computer goes open-loop during full-load enrichment
full lock:
[1] A condition in which a detachable component (e.g., seat belt buckles) is securely
attached. [2] The maximum angle attained by the wheels when the steering wheel is
turned to its full extent
full panel:
A body part that may be made up of several other subassemblies and is fairly
complex and cumbersome, e.g., a complete bulkhead assembly incorporating the
windshield pillars
full pressure:
See oil full pressure system
full service history:

(fsh) The documents which show all the work performed on a vehicle, especially the
regular service required by the manufacturer
full-size car:
The largest type of car according to the American system. It is a designation no
longer used because even "full-size cars" are now about the size of what was the
compact car. In 1970, for instance, a Chevrolet Impala was a full-size car, a
Chevelle was an intermediate, and a Nova was a compact. When cars smaller than
full-size spare:
A spare wheel and tire combination which is the same size as the rest of the wheels.
Compare space saver spare
full-skirt piston:
A former piston style which had a full-annulus skirt, without the cutaway section of
modern slipper pistons
full throttle:
The fully open position of the throttle. Also called "wide open throttle"
full throttle enrichment:
See full load enrichment
full-time four-wheel drive:

A condition where all four wheels are always being driven by the drivetrain. It may
include the option of part-time (that is, shifting into 2WD for dry pavement)
operation, and may or may not have Hi and Lo 4WD speed ranges. The British term
is "permanent four-wheel drive."
full trailer:
See trailer.
full wave rectifier:

See rectifier.
full-wave rectifier:
See rectifier.
fully electronic ignition:

(FEI) A distributorless, mapped ignition system with cylinder-selective knock
control, dwell-angle control, and digital idling speed stabilization
fully floating axle:

A live rear axle assembly in which the axle shafts serve only to transmit torque to
the wheel. The total vehicle weight and cornering loads are transferred directly from
the wheel bearings to the axle housing.
Also see
semifloating axle
fully galvanized body:

A body shell which, except for aluminum and plastic parts, is produced entirely of
double-sided galvanized steel and galvanized fasteners or which is immersed in
galvanizing fluid
fumes:
Foul-smelling vapors given off by a liquid or a gas, which may be poisonous
functional:
[1] Capable of working even if it is not working to its peak performance.
[2] Practical, designed not for esthetics; but solely with a particular use in mind
fund licence:
See road fund licence
funnel:
A cup-shaped object tapering at the bottom to a small hole and a spout, used for
pouring oil, fuel or water into relatively small openings
funny car:
A car equipped with a powerful engine, used for drag racing. Usually has special
body (such as fibreglass) mounted on special lightweight frame and suspension
system.
furnace:
See
annealing furnace
reducing furnace
tunnel furnace
fuse:
[1] A protective device (usually enclosed in glass or plastic) which has a thin wire
between two terminals. The wire will break or melt when the current draw exceeds
the capacity of the fuse. In this way, the circuit is protected from overload.
[2] The action of melting when a piece of metal turns to a liquid state and
sometimes unites itself to a nearby component.
[3] A failure of an electrical component because of a blown fuse.
Also see
continental-type fuse
fuse box:
A contaner with a removable cover that holds the fuses for the various electrical
circuits, which are all routed through it
fuse capacity:
See fuse.
fusible link:
Special length of smaller gauge wire designed to "blow" if heavy current flows in
circuit
fusion:
Two metals reaching the melting point and flowing or welding themselves together.
FVR:
Acronym for fuel vapor recovery system
FWD:
Acronym for "front- wheel drive"
FYI:
Acronym for "For Your Information."

[N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]
[Ga] [Ge] [Gi] [Gl] [Go] [Gr] [Gu]
g:
A unit of measurement for lateral acceleration, or "road-holding." One "g" is
equivalent to 981 cm (32.2 feet) per second every second, the rate at which any
object accelerates when dropped at sea level. If a car were cornering at 1.0 g -- a
figure that very few production cars are able to approach -- the driver's body would
be pushing equally hard against the side of the seat as against the bottom of it. Most
fast sedans accelerate about 0.8 g.
G7:
Seven industrial countries consisting of the United States, Japan, Germany, France,
the United Kingdom, Italy and Canada, whose leaders have met at annual economic
summits since 1975 to coordinate economic policies.
gage:
[1] A standard SAE designation of wire sizes, expressed in AWG (American Wire
Gage). The larger the gage number, the smaller the wire. Metric wire sizes are
expressed in cross-sectional area, which is expressed in square millimeters.
Sometimes the spelling "gauge" is also used to designate wire size. However, it is
becoming standard to use "gage" for wire size and "gauge" for instruments.
Americans often use "gage" for instruments.
Also see
adjusting gage
compression gage
dial gage
feeler gage
fuel gage
gas gage
oil gage
oil pressure gage
plain gage tubing
temperature gage
tire gage
vacuum gage
gage tubing:
See plain gage tubing
gain:
See steering gain
gaiter:
A dust boot
gal.:
Abbreviation for "gallon." A US gallon (3.785 liters) is 20% smaller than an
Imperial gallon (4.546 liters).
GALFAN:
A trademark for a special type o hot-dip galvanized steel sheet with a coating
consisting of a zinc alloy containing 5% aluminum and rare earths
gallery:
A channel or tube usually found within the engine block for the transfer of fluid or
gas. See oil gallery.
gallon:
A US gallon (3.785 liters) is 20% smaller than an Imperial gallon (4.546 liters).
Galvalume:
trademark for a special type of hot-dip galvanized steel sheet with a coating
consisting of 55% aluminum, 43.4% zinc and 1.6% silicon
galvanic:
concerned with an electrical current
galvanic cell:
cell which converts chemical energy into electrical energy by irreversible chemical
reactions
galvanic corrosion:
Corrosion due to the action of a galvanic cell. Compare bimetallic corrosion
galvanize:
The action of plating with zinc by hot dipping or electrodeposition to protect from
rust.
Also see
hot-dip galvanize
galvanized body:
See fully galvanized body
galvanized coating:
zinc or zinc based coating applied by galvanizing
galvanize differentially:
The action of obtaining different coating thicknesses on the two sides of the sheet of
iron.
galvanizing:
The application of zinc coatings on the surface of a metal, by hot dipping or
electrodeposition.
Also see
cold galvanizing
dry galvanizing
electrolytic galvanizing
high-build galvanizing
mechanical galvanizing
rack galvanizing
spin galvanizing
wet galvanizing
galvanizing bath:
A bath for hot-dip galvanizing or electrogalvanizing
galvannealing:
A thermal process which gives improved adhesion to hot-dip galvanized steel sheets
galvanometer:
An instrument used to measure the pressure, amount of, and direction of an electric
current.
gamma layer:
part of the zinc-iron alloy layer on hot-dip galvanized iron and steel containing 21-
28% iron
gangway:
A narrow hanging staircase used by persons entering or leaving a vessel from the
pier or boat
gantry:
A structure with an overhead beam, used for lifting out an engine. Compare engine
hoist.
gap:
[1] The distance between the center terminal (electrode) and the outer terminal
(electrode) through which the spark must travel in a spark plug.
Also see
spark plug gap
air gap.
[2] The distance between the points in contact breaker points. See point gap.
[3] The distance between two vehicles travelling down the road as they go in the
same direction. Generally a safe distance is a minimum of two seconds behind the
vehicle in front.
[4] The distance between the two ends of piston rings.
Also see
air gap
annular gap
contact breaker gap
contact gap
door gap
electrode gap
end gap
piston ring end gap
piston ring gap
plug gap
point gap
points gap
ring end gap
ring gap
spark air gap
spark gap
spark plug gap
surface gap
gap bridging:
A formation of carbon or other deposits across the spark plug gap which shorts out
the plug
gap coil tester:

See spark gap coil tester
gap insurance:
This covers you against additional losses not covered by your auto insurance in the
case of an accident in which the vehicle is totaled. Most auto insurance will cover
the actual cash value of the vehicle and what is owed on the lease contract,
including early termination fees. Gap insurance is most important in the early years
of a lease when the difference between the value of the car and what is owed are
greatest. Some manufacturers now include Gap insurance in their leases.
gapping:
See plug gapping
gap spark plug:

See surface gap spark plug
gap style:
The arrangement or shape of the spark plug electrodes
gapper:
A device for determining the distance between two metal contacts. See feeler gauge.
gapping:
Adjusting the distance between the electrodes of a spark plug or the points of
contact breaker points.
Also see
plug gapping.
garage:
[1] A building in which a motor vehicle is kept.
[2] The premises on which motor vehicles are repaired or serviced and/or where
fuel is sold.
[3] To keep in a garage
garaged:
A reference to a vehicle which is kept in a garage, as in My car is always garaged.
The abbreviation in advertisements is gar'd.
garage jack:
A powerful hydraulic jack used in garages
Garages:
See Morris Garages
garboard strake:
The strake of bottom shell plating adjacent to the keel plate.
gar'd:
An abbreviation used in classified advertisements for "garaged"
garden gate:
A nickname for the plunger-sprung frames used on Norton motorcycles from the
late 1930s
garnish molding:
The upper molding on a door panel used to retain the door trim panel to the door
assembly
garter:
See lip seal with garter spring
garter spring:
A long, thin coil spring with ends joined to form a ring.
Also see
lip seal with garter spring
gas:
[1] A non-solid material. It can be compressed. When heated, it will expand; and
when cooled, it will contract (such as air.)
[2] A common term for gasoline. The British term is "petrol."
[3] A term for LPG or propane.
Also see
bottled gas
[4] A term referring to the exhaust gases. See exhaust emissions.
[5] To apply the throttle.
Also see
compressed natural gas
depress the gas pedal
ease up on the gas pedal
end gas
exhaust gas recirculation
exhaust gas analyzer
exhaust gas purification system
exhaust gas
hot gas welding
inert gas system
liquified natural gas
liquified petroleum gas
natural gas
oxygen-LP gas flame
oxyhydrogen gas
pumping the gas pedal
pump the gas pedal
raw exhaust gas
spent gas
unleaded gas
gas analyzer:
See exhaust gas analyzer
gas-arc:
See inert gas-arc welding
gas-arc welding:
See inert gas-arc welding
gas brakes:
See pumping the gas brakes
gas burner:
Competition vehicle with engine set up to operate on standard pump gasoline
instead of an alcohol, nitro, etc., mixture. Also called "gasser."
gas chamber:
A pressure chamber of a single-tube shock absorber
gas damper:
A gas shock absorber
gas discharge headlight:

A motor vehicle headlight with a gas discharge lamp
gas discharge lamp:

A discharge lamp in which light is generated by gas discharge
gas discharge light:

A discharge light in which light is generated by gas discharge
gas-driven generator:
a generator which turned by a gas engine.
gaseous:
Referring to gas
gaseous discharge lamp:

A gas discharge lamp
gaseous discharge headlight:

A A gas discharge light
gases:
also See
CFC gases
exhaust gases
greenhouse gases
gas filter:
A device for screening the gasoline to remove the impurities. See fuel filter.
gas flame:
See oxygen-lp gas flame
gas flow:
The flow of the air/fuel mixture or the exhaust gases in an engine
gas gage:
See gas gauge.
gas gauge:
An instrument, usually located on the dashboard or center console, which indicates
the amount of fuel in the fuel tank. Most gauges have a needle which fluctuates
between "E" (empty) and "F" (full). Others show a digital readout of how many
gallons or liters left in the tank. Also called "fuel gauge."
gas guzzler:
A vehicle which uses a lot of gasoline per mile.
gasket:
A material made of asbestos, cardboard, cork, paper, rubber, or soft metal placed
between two metal parts to insure proper sealing.
Also see
base gasket
blown head gasket
cylinder head gasket
head gasket
liquid gasket
oil pan gasket
rocker cover gasket
sump gasket
tappet gasket
valve cover gasket
gasket kit:
also See
bottom end gasket kit
top end gasket kit
gasket punch:
A tool used to cut out holes in a sheet of gasket material to shape a gasket to size.
gasket scraper:
A scraper with a sharp chisel edge for removing old gasket material from a surface
before installing a new gasket
gas metal-arc welding:

Welding using a continuously fed consumable electrode and a shielding gas. Also
called "sigma welding."
gasohol:
A blend of gasoline and ethanol alcohol that usually is 90% gasoline and 10%
ethanol. Ethanol is the alcohol found in intoxicating beverages. It may attack rubber
and plastic parts of fuel systems not designed to handle alcohol-blended fuels, but it
is not poisonous to human beings like wood alcohol or methanol.
gasoline:
A hydrocarbon fuel used in the internal combustion engine. Gasoline is refined from
crude oil which is made up of fossilized plant and animal remains.
Also see
ethyl gasoline
lead-free gasoline
leaded gasoline
oxygenated gasolines
premium gasoline
pump gasoline
reformulated gasoline
regular gasoline
unleaded gasoline
gasoline pump:
A device which pulls fuel from an underground storage tank into a vehicle's gas
tank.
gas pedal:
The device actuated by the operator's foot for increasing or decreasing the amount
of fuel entering the combustion chamber. Also called "throttle pedal."
Also see
accelerator
pump the gas pedal
step on the gas pedal
take foot off the gas pedal
gas pockets:
Cavities in weld metal caused by trapped gas.
gas prop:
A gas-assisted strut like a hatch strut, hood strut, or tailgate strut
gas pump:
A device at a service station which pulls gasoline from a storage tank (usually
located underground) into the vehicle's gas tank. Commercial units also record the
amount of fuel dispensed as well as the cost.
gas purification:
See exhaust gas purification system
gas recirculation:
See exhaust gas recirculation
gasser:
A vehicle which uses gasoline in the engine to run. See gas burner.
gas shock:
A gas-assisted shock absorber
gas shock absorber:
A gas-assisted shock absorber
gassing:
The small hydrogen bubbles rising to the top of the battery electrolyte during
battery charging.
gas spring:
A pressurized, nitrogen-filled sphere, used in Hydragas and hydropneumatic
suspension systems
gas station:
A place where gasoline is dispensed.
gas system:
See inert gas system
gas tank:
The container for holding or storing fuel. See fuel tank.
gas-tight:
sealed to prevent the passage of gas
gas tungsten-arc welding:

Welding using a tungsten electrode and a shielding gas.
gas turbine:
An internal-combustion rotating engine with one main moving part: the rotor with
pinwheel-like blades attached. Air is compressed by the first rows of blades and
delivered to the combustion chambers, from which the exhaust is directed to pass
the remaining blades and to generate the power. Power is extremely smooth due to
the absence of explosions and reciprocating parts.
gas welding:
A welding process widely used in body repair shops (now being gradually replaced
by MIG welding). Also called oxyacetylene welding.
Also see
hot gas welding
gate:
[1] The slotted guide for the gearshift of an internal combustion engine.
[2] The slotted guides in a shift drum.
[3] A tailgate.
Also see
J gate transmission shifter
shift gate
waste gate
gate transmission:
See J gate transmission shifter
gate transmission shifter:

GATT:
Acronym for General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
gauge:
This is the British and Canadian spelling while in the United States it is sometimes
spelled without the "u" (gage). It is becoming standard to use "gage" for wire size
and "gauge" for an instrument.
[1] An instrument that registers the quantity of a substance, e.g., ammeter, boost
gauge, fuel gauge, gas gauge, in-dash gauge, oil gauge, oil level gauge, oil pressure
gauge, oil temperature gauge, outside temperature gauge, temperature gauge, tire
gauge, tire pressure gauge, turbo gauge, vacuum gauge, voltmeter, and water
temperature gauge.
[2] A tool for measuring clearances, pressures, sizes, etc.
also See
adjusting gauge
B & S gauge
brake gauge
caliper gauge
compression gauge
compression tester
depth gauge
dial gauge
disc brake gauge
feeler gauge
frame gauge
ignition gauge
screw pitch gauge
sighting point gauge
spark plug gauge
thread gauge
thread pitch gauge
throttle gauge
tire tread gauge
tram gauge
tread depth gauge
vernier gauge
wheel alignment gauge
[3] A measurement of tubing. See plain gauge tubing
gauge manifold:
The one essential diagnostic tool required for every air conditioner service
procedure. A typical gauge set includes high and low side gauges and valves for
checking, measuring and controlling pressure and vacuum, and a third valve for
controlling discharging, evacuation and charging procedures. Also called "gauge
set"
gauge set:
See gauge manifold
gauge tubing:
See plain gauge tubing
gauntlet:
A long-sleeved leather glove used by motorcyclists to prevent wasps from flying up
the sleeve, as one did to me.
GAWR:
Acronym for "Gross Axle Weight Rating."
Gaylord:
G-clamp:
A screw-activated clamping device in the shape of the letter "G"
GCW:
Acronym for gross combination weight.
GCWR:
Acronym for gross Combined Weight Rating
gear:
Wheel-like part with teeth cut into the rim. When one gear meshes with another
gear, it causes the second gear to drive the other and in this way transmits power.
When the gears are different sizes (different number of teeth on each gear) the
mechanical average is changed.
Also see
axle end gears
bevel gear
bottom gear
camshaft gear
center gear
change gear
cluster gear
constant mesh gears
counter gear
crankshaft gear
crawler gear
differential gears
differential side gear
double helical gear
drive gear
driven gear
driving gear
economy gear
end gear
EP gear oil
fifth gear
final drive gear
first gear
fixed gear
flywheel ring gear
fourth gear
granny gear
helical gear
herringbone gears
high gear
hypoid oil
hypoid gear
idler gear
intermediate gear
internal gear pump
internal gear
left hand gear lever
low gear
mating gears
member of the gear train
overall gear ratio
passing gear
pinion gear
planetary gear differential
planetary gear set
planetary gear
planetary gears
planet gear
planet gears
reverse gear
reverse idler gear
reversible gear puller
ring gear
running gear
second gear
shift gear
side gear
sliding gear
spider gear
spiral bevel gear
spur gear
starter ring gear
steering gear
stepped planet gear
straight-cut gear
sun-and-planet gears
sun gear
third gear
timing gear
top gear
valve gear
wide-step gearing
worm gear
gear arm:
See steering gear arm
gearbox:
The device in the drivetrain consisting of an input shaft, a system of gears, and an
output shaft that multiplies engine torque. A manual transmission consists of a
clutch assembly plus a gearbox; and automatic transmission generally consists of a
torque converter plus gearbox.
Also see
automatic gearbox
auxiliary gearbox
auxilliary gearbox
change-speed gearbox
close-ratio gearbox
constant mesh gearbox
cotal gearbox
crash gearbox
dual-range gearbox
epicyclic gearbox
four-speed gearbox
high/low range gearbox
manual gearbox
mesh gearbox
planetary gearset
pre-selector gearbox
preselector gearbox
rack and pinion gearbox
reduction gearbox
sliding-mesh gearbox
steering gearbox
two-speed gearbox
wilson gearbox
gearbox input shaft:

A shaft which transmits power from the clutch to the gearbox
gearbox output shaft:

A shaft which transmits the drive out of the gearbox
gearchange:
A British term for the process of changing gears or shifting gears.
Also see
central gearchange
column gearchange
dashboard gearchange
floor gearchange
steering column gearchange
gearchange cables:
British term for shifting cables used to operate gears in some transmissions. In most
vehicles rods and joints are used because cables tend to stretch.
gearchange linkage:
A system of rods and joints used to operate the gearbox. British term for shifter
linkage
gearchange mechanism:
A system of rods and joints used to operate the gearbox. British term for shifter
mechanism
gear changer:
See column gear changer
gear differential:
See planetary gear differential
gear drive:
See bevel gear drive
geared:
also See
high-geared
low geared
gear grease:
A heavy liquid grease that fills the differential and manual transmission to lubricate
the gears. Also called "differential grease."
gear indicator:
A display which shows the particular transmission gear that has been selected.
gearing:
[1] The combination or system of gears or sprockets designed to transmit power.
[2] The ratio between the drive gear and the driven gear.
also See
alpine gearing
crossover gearing
double reduction gearing
half-step gearing
wide-step gearing
wide range gearing
wide step gearing
gear knob:
British term for the knob at the end of a lever, i.e., shifter knob
gear lever:
A device which is attached to the side of a steering column or to the center console
which will allow the operator to change the gears of the transmission. Also called
"shift lever."
Also see
left hand gear lever.
gear oil:
A heavy oil which is rated at 80 to 100 weight viscosity used in enclosed units
containing gears. This oil infrequently or rarely needs changing.
Also see
EP gear oil
gear puller:
A tool with two or more jaws and pressure screw for pulling off gears, bearings,
pulleys, etc.
Also see
gear pump:
The simplest oil pump with two gear wheels.
Also see
internal gear pump
gear range:
choice of gears in an automatic transmission. The typical gear ranges are: P - Park,
R - Reverse, N - Neutral, D -Drive, L - Low
gear ratio:
The relationship between the number of turns made by a driving gear to complete
one full turn of the driven gear. If the driving gear turns four times to turn the driven
gear once, the gear ratio would be 4 to 1. In most instances, the gear ratio is not
even like 4:1 because the same teeth would be meshing with each other. Thus a ratio
of 4.11:1, for instance, means that a particular tooth on one gear may eventually
mesh with every one of the teeth on the other gear. Changing the tire size will
change the effective gear ratio.
Also see
overall gear ratio
gear selector:
The device (e.g., lever or rod or pushbutton) for choosing the desired transmission
gear. See gearshift.
gear selector indicator:

An indicator positioned in the instrument cluster or on the centre console shift gate
indicating which gear has been selected in an automatic transmission
gearset:
A group of two or more gears used to transmit power.
Also see
planetary gear set
ravigneaux planetary gear set
simpson gear set
simpson planetary gear set
gear shaft:
See steering gear shaft
gearshift:
A device which allows the operator to move the transmission gears into various
configurations. Most often the gearshift is located on a lever on the steering column
or on a lever on the floor between the driver and front passenger. Some older
Chryslers had pushbutton controls on the dash.
gearshifter:
A device which allows the operator to move the transmission gears into various
configurations. Most often the gearshift is located on a lever on the steering column
or on a lever on the floor between the driver and front passenger. Some older
Chryslers had pushbutton controls on the dash.
gearstick:
A British term for the stick used by the driver to change gears. Also called a
"shifter" or "shift lever."
gear tooth:
The indentation on the edge of a gearwheel
gear train:
A system of gears that transmits drive from one shaft to another.
Also see
gear transmission:
See bevel gear transmission
gear-type oil pump:

The simplest oil pump with two gear wheels
gearwheel:
A gear
gel:
[1] A substance like jelly. See silica gel.
[2] to become like jelly
gel cell battery:

A battery where the acid is in the form of a gel so that in the event of a spill, acid
does not leak out -- especially recommended for electric scooters and power chairs
gel coat:
[1] A thin layer of plastic resin covering fiberglass panels.
[2] An outer layer of GRP (glass reinforced plastic) moldings which gives a smooth
surface that may be coloured
gel-coat resin:
A resin similar to general lay-up resin but with an additive to make it thixotropic,
i.e., it does not run down vertical surfaces; used to make the gel coat in moldings
gelling drier:
A drier for PVC sealants
Gemmer steering:
A cam-and-roller steering
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:

(GATT) Signed in 1947, the GATT was a formal multilateral agreement aimed at
expanding and liberalizing world trade. The World Trade Organization which is the
successor to the GATT came into existence on January 1, 1995.
general cargo:
Non-bulk cargo. The cargo may be of various kinds
general corrosion:
In contrast to pitting, a type of corrosion which affects the entire surface of a metal
Generalized Preferential Tariff:

(GPT) system of non-reciprocal tariff preferences for the benefit of developing
countries. It grants duty-free or preferential entry to imports for eligible developing
countries up to a certain dollar value or import percentage limit.
General Motors:
(GM) or (GMC) The largest American vehicle manufacturer including Chevrolet,
Buick, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Saturn, Cadillac, GMC trucks, and HUMMER. It has
subsidiaries and associates in Britain (Vauxhall), European continent (Opel, Fiat,
and Saab), Australia (Holden), Asia (Subaru, Fuji, Suzuki)
general purpose lacquer thinner:

A type of thinner that may be used for both lacquers and synthetic enamels without
causing lifting or other paint faults
general purpose pliers:

Any kind of typical multi-purpose pliers.
generate:
To produce.
generator:
[1] A mechanism which generates or produces some substance, i.e., electric
generator, acetylene generator.
[2] An electromagnetic device for producing direct current electricity. It was
replaced by an alternator in the early '60s. Its problem was that a generator
recharged the battery only at high speeds. The British call it a "dynamo."
Also see
AC generator
alternator
DC generator
flywheel generator
gas-driven generator
hall generator
pulse generator
solar generator
third brush
transistorized ignition with inductive pulse generator
Geo:
A model of automobile manufactured by Suzuki for GM Click for books on Geo
geometry:
The design, layout, or arrangement of parts.
Also see
steering geometry
GHGs:
Acronym for "Greenhouse Gases."
Ghia:
See dual Ghia
gib head key:

See gib-head key.
gib-head key:
A special bar of any length like a flat key or square key, but one end is specially
shaped to prevent the key from going all the way through.
girder:
A continuous member usually running fore and aft under a deck for the purpose of
supporting the deck beams and deck.
Also see
center girder
longitudinal girder
girder forks:
Type of forks common on early motorcycles, comprising rigid beams attached to
the steering head by parallel links that allowed movement
girder spanner:
A British term for an adjustable wrench with jaws at right angles to the handle.
girl's bike:
A bicycle where the horizontal top bar (of a "boy's bike") is angled down from the
steering tube down to the bottom bracket and is usually parallel with the down tube.
See ladies' frame.
Giuletta:
See Alfa Romeo.
Giulia:
See Alfa Romeo.
GL:
[1] A term referring to gold line tires marketed in the late '60s and early '70s.
[2] (short for) Grand Luxe, meaning more luxurious than a standard model, L (=
Luxe); (compare CL)
glad hands:
A separable mechanical connector used to join air line hoses when combination
vehicles are coupled together.
gland:
A seal that stops fluid under pressure from leaking past a rotating or reciprocating
shaft or rod.
Also see
packed gland
glandless:
Something without a seal
glare:
[1] strong, bright light (e.g., from oncoming traffic)
[2] to shine too brightly; to dazzle
glass:
[1] A transparent, hard, amorphous, brittle substance which is made by fusing
together one or more of the oxides of silicon, boron, or phosphorus, with certain
basic oxides (e.g., sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium), and cooling the
product rapidly to prevent crystallization or devitrification. The melting point varies
between 800°C and 950°C but it is worked at higher temperatures. The tensile
strength of glass resides almost entirely in the outer skin; if this is scratched or
corroded, the glass is much more easily broken.
[2] The transparent windows in a vehicle.
Also see
body glass
compound glass
door glass
laminated glass
laminated windshield glass
milled glass fiber
safety glass
sight glass
tempered glass
tinted glass
toughened glass
glass area:
The window surface area of a vehicle body; may also refer to the whole area of the
body above the waistline. Also called the greenhouse.
glass channel:
A U-shape metal guide which holds the bottom edge of a roll-up automobile
window and fits inside the door. The British term is "window channel."
glass fiber:
A very thin glass thread, used loosely or in woven form as an acoustic, electrical, or
thermal insulating material and as a reinforcing material in laminated plastics.
Also see
milled glass fiber
glass fibre:
A very thin glass thread, used loosely or in woven form as an acoustic, electrical, or
thermal insulating material and as a reinforcing material in laminated plastics
glass holder:
A tool with suction cup(s) to hold and carry a sheet of glass
glass pack muffler:

A straight through (no baffles) muffler using fibreglass packing around a perforated
pipe to deaden exhaust sound.
glasspaper:
An abrasive paper coated with particles of glass, used for smoothing and polishing
glass reinforced filler paste:

A polyester filler that has strands of fibreglass added into the filler paste to increase
the rigidity of the repair
glass reinforced plastic:

(GRP) The basic material for the manufacture of fibreglass body shells and panels;
it is made up of several layers of fibreglass mat or cloth and various types of resins
glass seal:
a conducting seal in the middle of some spark plug insulators connecting the top
and bottom parts of the central electrode
Glass's Guide:
A monthly publication of second-hand car prices
glass sphere:
reinforcing filler in the form of particles as opposed to fibres
glass tampering detector:

A part of a vehicle alarm system that detects glass being struck or broken
glaze:
A highly smooth, glossy finish on the cylinder walls. As the piston rings rub up and
down the cylinder, the rings polish the cylinder wall. Cylinder wall glazing reduces
sealing efficiency. The only cure is to have the cylinder deglazed.
glaze breaker:
An abrasive tool used to remove the glaze from cylinder walls prior to the
installation of new piston rings. Also called "deglazer."
glazed:
[1] Something that is fitted with glass.
[2] Something with a smooth, polished surface
glaze lining:
A brake lining that has been overheated and become smooth and glossy
glazing:
[1] The use of special putty to fill minor imperfections when doing body repair
[2] Glass fitted or about to be fitted in a window.
Also see
lead glazing
spot glazing
glazing strip:
molded rubber strip for mounting windshields and other fixed glass
g-loads:
Gravitational loads, expressed in multiples of the force of gravity acting on an
object. In a car, these can be felt in acceleration, braking or cornering. In most
passenger cars, these loads seldom exceed 0.3 or 0.4 Gs in any direction, unless in
an urgent situation. Race cars can achieve several Gs, due to excellent tires and
prepared racing surfaces.
Global Positioning Satellite:

The technology which allows a vehicle to be tracked anywhere in the world with
near-perfect accuracy. The Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system was first used
by the military, but has been adopted by companies such as General Motors for use
with their OnStar communication system. Several after-market communication
systems using GPS are also available
gloss:
The ability of a paint to reflect images when polished.
Also see
high gloss
specular gloss
glove:
See
barrier cream
invisible glove
silicon glove
glovebox:
A small compartment (often with a lock) located in the dash in front of the
passenger (not the driver) into which small items (owner's manual, maps, first aid
kit, etc.) are placed.
glove compartment:
British term for glovebox
glow:
to burn without a flame.
Also see
flame glow plug
open coil glow plug
pencil-type glow plug
glow coil:
filament in a glow plug
glow pencil:
A pencil-like heating element of a sheathed-type glow plug
glow plug:
An electrical element located in the combustion chamber of a diesel engine which
helps to heat up the air in the chamber so that the diesel fuel will be ignited more
quickly. Often they are connected in series so that when one becomes defective the
others are inoperative. Also called a "heater plug."
Also see
coil glow plug
flame glow plug
open coil glow plug
self-regulating sheathed-type glow plug
sheathed-type glow plug
spiral-type glow plug
sr sheathed glow plug
wire glow plug
glow plug indicator:

A monitoring element in a preheater system, which changes the colour of its
filament in line with the plug and indicating readiness for starting
glow plug starter switch:

The key switch for turning on the preheating system of a diesel engine and starting
the car.
glow time:
The preheating time of a diesel engine
glow tube:
See glow plug
glycol:
also See
ethylene glycol
antifreeze.
glycote:
See poly-glycotes.
glycotes:
See poly-glycotes.
GM:
Acronym for "General Motors Corp."
GMC:
Acronym for "General Motors Corporation."
GND:
Abbreviation for "ground"
go dull:
A condition of paint that has lost its luster
go flat:
A condition of paint that has lost its luster.
goggles:
protective spectacles against dust and glare.
Also see
safety goggles
gold plating:
The electrolytic deposition of gold
goodies:
See bolt-on goodies
goods:
See heavy goods vehicle
goods vehicle:
See heavy goods vehicle
good will warranty:

Normal warranty specifies that a product is covered for manufacturer's defects for a
period of time or distance of use. If the item has gone beyond the normal warranty,
the dealer may offer some warranty in order to keep your business. The dealer may
pick up the costs for parts and labor, or just the labor, or 50% of the overall costs, or
just a nominal sum.
go off:
A British term for beginning to harden, the initial phase of the hardening process of
plastic body fillers. The American term is "kick"
gooseneck map light:

A flexible-stemmed map lamp
gouge:
a flat, relatively large dent that has no hard contours so it can be reshaped by
shrinking using heat or with a hammer and dolly
gouging:
Cutting of a groove in the surface of a metal using a gas cutting torch of an arc-air
cutting outfit.
governor:
[1] A device designed to automatically control the speed or position of some part
(i.e., engine speed or transmission speed). Governors are used to prevent an engine
from exceeding its maximum rpms. They are also used on rental vehicles to prevent
operators from speeding.
[2] A governor on the output shaft of a hydraulically controlled transmission
converts line pressure into governor pressure. In electro-hydraulically controlled
transmissions, the governor is replaced by a sensor.
Also see
centrifugal governor
transmission governor
governor plate:
See contact breaker plate
governor pressure:
Pressure in an automatic transmission control that varies in accordance with vehicle
speed and acts on the command valves, where it opposes the control pressure
governor valve:
(GV) An automatic transmission control valve which converts line pressure into
vehicle-speed dependent governor pressure.
governor weight:
A centrifugal advance mechanism or advance weight
GPM:
Acronym for "gallons per minute."
GPS:
Acronym for "Global Positioning (via) Satellite."
GPT:
Acronym for "Generalized Preferential Tariff."
grab:
[1] The action of brakes to seize the drum or disc suddenly when the brake pedal is
pressed.
[2] the action of a clutch to take up the drive suddenly when the clutch pedal is
released. Also called "snatch."
Also see
fierceness
grabber:
See webbing grabber
grab handle:
[1] A strap or part of a car door interior used to pull the door shut. Also called "door
handle."
[2] An inside strap located above the door which is used to steady a passenger
during sharp cornering. At one time this handle was found only on the passenger
side; but in newer cars it is also on the driver's side.
[3] A handle on the tongue of a trailer, used to move the trailer manually
grade:
[1] The steepness of the road on a hill.
[2] The composition of gravel and rock, etc. of a road surface (thus the vehicle used
to smooth it is a grader).
[3] The strength factor of a fastener (i.e., nuts and bolts). In US fasteners, grade 2
has a tensile strength of 60,000 psi; grade 5 = 120,000 psi; grade 7 = 133,000 psi;
grade 8 = 150,000 psi; grade ASTM A574 = 170,000 psi. In metric fasteners, grade
4.8 = 60,900 psi; grade 8.8 = 120,350 psi; grade 9.8 = 130,500 psi; grade 10.9 =
150,800 psi; and grade 12.9 = 176,900 psi.
[4] The quality of oil. See oil grade.
[5] A British term for the degree of sandpaper coarseness. The US term is grit.
grader:
A road construction vehicle with a large blade which scrapes gravel to smooth or
level a surface. Graders are also used to remove snow from roads.
gradient:
[1] the slope or inclination of a road;
[2] a measure of the slope, expressed as the ratio of height (or drop) to horizontal
distance; a steep hill might be 1 in 4, while a gradual slope might be 1 in 10
grading:
See quality grading
graduated tint:
The tinted stripe at the upper edge of a windshield
graft copolymer:
A copolymer in which polymeric side chains have been attached to the main chain
of a polymer of different structure
Graham-Paige:
A vehicle brand of which only the Custom body of 1925-1948 with required
application are classic cars.
grain alcohol:
Ethanol
grain coarsening:
roughening of the surface of a material
grain growth:
roughening of the surface of a material
Grand Am:
A model of automobile manufactured by Pontiac division Click for books on
of General Motors Grand Am
Grand Luxe:
(GL) A model that is more luxurious model than a standard model
Grand National:
A model of automobile manufactured by Click for books on Buick Grand
Buick National
Grand Prix:
[1] An international car race from which points are scored Click for books
towards the World Championship. [2] A model of automobile on Pontiac Grand
manufactured by Pontiac division of General Motors Prix
Grand Touring:
(GT) A term used for a sportier car. See Gran Turismo.
Grand Touring-injection:
(GTi) A GT car with fuel injection.
Grand Touring Prototype:

(GTP).
Also see
camel Grand Touring Prototype
granny gear:
Colloquial term for the tiny inner chainring on a triple chainring crankset of a
bicycle. Needed for climbing steep hills especially with a loaded bicycle.
Gran Turismo:
(GT) A car which combines the features of both the sedan and sports car. It features
excellent engineering and road handling with relative comfort. Made in two-seater
and four-seater models with cramped rear seats.
graph:
A diagram showing the relationship between certain numbers or quantities in the
form of a line
graphic display unit:

A dashboard panel displaying a plan of the car with illuminated parts representing
doors left open, lights switched on, etc.
graphic equalizer:
A unit in a car stereo system that adjusts the audio output signal strength separately
for individual frequency ranges; individual frequencies can be emphasized to
compensate for specific acoustic conditions
graphics:
See splashed graphics
graphite:
A form of carbon used in making brushes for motors and generators and as a
lubricant
graphite grease:
heavy-duty grease containing graphite, used for brake cables, etc.
graphitic corrosion:
selective corrosion of grey cast iron, resulting in preferential removal of metallic
constituents, leaving graphite
grass heat shield:

A metal shield fitted underneath a catalytic converter to reduce the risk of its heat
starting an accidental grass fire
gravel:
A mixture of rocks and sand where the rocks are usually less than 1 inch (25 mm) in
diameter.
gravel gun:
equipment used to hurl crushed stone at objects, such as test panels, to test them for
chipping resistance
gravel road:
A road which is covered with a layer of gravel. Also called a secondary road or an
improved road.
graveyard:
See auto graveyard
gravity:
The attractive force exerted by one body on another. All bodies which have mass
have this property. The pull of the earth upon objects so that they fall at the rate of
981 cm (32.2 feet) per second every second.
Also see
center of gravity
g
specific gravity
gravity, center:
The force which causes a body to fall to the earth. See center of gravity.
gravity feed:
A fuel supply system where the gas tank is mounted higher than the carburetor. This
system was used in some older cars where the gas tank was located in front of the
windshield and in many motorcycles.
gravity-feed spray gun:

A type of paint spray gun, in which paint flows downward from a container
mounted on its top, thus reducing the amount of compressed air required
Gray Market Vehicles:
Cars that have been imported into the country through unauthorized means. It is
likely they won't meet American safety and emission standards. These cars have
significantly lower values than vehicle imported through normal channels.
grease:
[1] A lubricant (made from oil and metallic soaps) which reduces the friction
between moving pieces of metal and also prevents moisture from causing metal to
rust.
[2] To lubricate or coat with grease.
Also see
base grease
dielectric grease
differential grease
gear grease
gear grease
graphite grease
lithium base grease
lithium grease
lube grease
lube grease
white lithium grease.
grease fitting:
A device that seals in and allows the addition of more grease, or some other type of
lubricant, to cushion two moving parts, allow them to move freely, and prevent
them from wearing each other away. Found on ball joints, steering knuckles, tie-rod
ends. Also called "zerk fitting."
grease gun:
A small, hand-operated pump that can be loaded with grease and used for
lubricating the grease fittings on a vehicle. Adapters can be attached to the grease
gun so that grease can be forced even into sealed bearings.
grease nipple:
A small, one-way valve used for injecting grease into a bearing
grease pencil:
A writing device which writes in grease or wax. It is used to mark tires because it
can be easily rubbed off.
grease seal:
A circular metal disk covered in rubber or plastic with a center hole, an edge on the
outside circumference, and another edge on the center hole with a spring to retain
tension on the shaft that fits into the hole. It is used to keep grease and oil from
leaking out and protects bearings from dirt and water. Also called "oil seal."
Great Lakes ship:

Cargo ship used to carry cargo on the Great Lakes. Most carry bulk cargoes of
grain, iron ore or coal.
Green:
See British Racing Green
green flag:
A green flag is used to restart the race. The pace car will pull off the track into pit
lane and the race resumes. Note: the race cars do not come to a stop on the track at
anytime, unless a red flag is thrown.
green flag with yellow diagonal stripe:

The green flag with a yellow diagonal stripe signals a slower driver to move over on
the track and let the leaders proceed. This usually occurs near the end of a race
when the slower car is many laps behind. This flag is to ensure safety for the cars
still racing for the win.
greenhouse:
The glass area of a car or truck.
greenhouse gases:
(GHGs) Group of gases which individually act to trap solar energy near the earth.
GHGs for which emission levels have been estimated are carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), carbon
tetrafluoride (CF4), carbon hexafluoride (C2F6) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
green stage:
the initial hardening phase during which the resin or filler has hardened but has not
yet set solid; this occurs immediately after the resin or filler has kicked (British:
gone off).
green tire:
The complete rubber/fabric/steel tire just before being cured.
grey market:
the grey market describes the purchase by intermediaries of product which is not
supplied to them by the "authorized" distribution channel of the supplier. Thus, a
warehouse club in Canada that sells a stereo bought in the U.S. or elsewhere from
other than the manufacturer is supplying grey market goods. While grey market
products are frequently the same as would be available from conventional channels
in Canada, the grey market assumes responsibility for service or repair where the
manufacturer declines this support.
grid:
The lead screen or plate to which the battery plate active material is attached.
Also see
electric grid
lead-antimony grid
plate grid
grid-controlled ignition system:

A microprocessor-controlled ignition system with electronic ignition timing by
means of an ignition map stored in the control unit memory
grid dolly:
A special shrinking dolly with a large, flat groove
grill:
Alternate spelling of "Grille."
grille:
A grating or crosswork of bars usually as an ornamental cover of the radiator which
allows air to cool the engine.
Also see
speaker grill
egg-crate grille
radiator grille surround
radiator grille
slatted grille
grille face panel:
A metallic grating which surrounds the radiator. Also called a "grille panel."
grille panel:
A metallic grating which surrounds the radiator. Also called a "grille face panel."
grille surround:
See radiator grille surround
grind:
To remove metal from an object by means of a revolving abrasive wheel, disc, or
belt.
Also see
valve grinding
valve seat grinding.
grinder:
A device to remove metal from an object.
Also see
angle grinder
bench grinder
brake shoe grinder
mini-grinder
suction valve grinder
valve grinder
grinding:
also See
valve grinding
valve seat grinding
grinding compound:
See valve grinding compound
grinding disc:
An abrasive disc
grinding paste:
An abrasive paste used for reseating valves
grinding tool:
See valve grinding tool
grinding wheel:
An abrasive wheel used for grinding (usually a composite of hard particles in a resin
filler)
grindstone:
A rotating abrasive disc for rubbing away metal and for sharpening tools
grip:
[1] The adhesion of a tire to the road surface; important for roadholding and safe
braking.
[2] A rubber or rubber-like tube which fits on the end of a pipe (i.e., handlebars or a
tool).
Also see
hot grip
lateral grip
wet grip
mole grips
vice grips
vise grips
grip channel:
A steel channel spot-welded to a vehicle body to keep rubber seals in place
grip in the wet:

a vehicle's roadholding ability in the rain or on a wet surface
grip wrench:
Locking pliers
grit:
[1] A measure indicating the sizes of the abrasive particles in a grinding wheel,
usually expressed by a figure denoting the number of meshes per linear inch in a
sieve through which the particles will pass completely.
[2] Siliceous sediment, loose or indurated, the component grains being angular.
Sometimes applied to a hard coarse-grained sandstone.
[3] Hard particles, usually mineral, or natural or industrial origin, retained on a 200
mesh test sieve (76 μm).
Also see
P grit numbers
grit blasting:
[1] A sandblasting process where grit is used to clean the metal surfaces and is
available in various grades for coarse or finer blasting on thin steel.
[2] A cleaning of the spark plug electrodes by bombarding them with abrasive
particles
grit number:
A classification of sand paper by fineness of the grit particles.
Also see
P grit numbers
GRND:
Abbreviation for "ground"
grommet:
A rubber or plastic ring around a hole in metal (to protect a cable or pipe)
groove:
[1] A channel or gouge in metal (see piston ring groove) or in the tread of a tire.
[2] Another name for a viable racing lane on the race track.
[3] The space between the ridges of a bolt thread.
Also see
cracking groove
oil groove
piston ring groove
ring groove
tread groove
groove cleaner:
See piston ring groove cleaner
groove cracks:
Splitting or cracking of the rubber (undertread) at the base of the grooves, between
tread ribs. Primarily caused by growth in textile casings.
grooved compression ring:

A scraper-type piston ring
groove insert:
See top ring groove insert.
groove weld:
A welding rod fused into a joint which has the base metal removed to form a V, U,
or J through at the edge of the metals to be joined.
grooving:
The cutting of a tread design into tread rubber where a design does not already exist.
Also altering an original design, i.e., cross-grooving to increase traction.
grooving hammer:
A wide-nose peen hammer
gross:
See tonnage gross
gross axle weight rating:

(GAWR) A US maximum specified load capacity of an axle.
gross bhp:
See SAE gross bhp
gross combination weight:

(GCW) The weight of a truck and trailer combination and its entire contents.
Gross Combined Weight Rating:

(GCWR) The maximum load rating -- including passengers, cargo, and trailer -- for
a particular vehicle. A vehicle's GCWR will typically be higher than its GVWR,
since gross vehicle weight ratings are determined by axle ratings, and a trailer has
its own axles.
gross horsepower:
See SAE gross horsepower
gross margin:
The return an intermediary achieves on the selling price of the article. That is, if the
intermediary buys a product for $1 and sells it for $1.50, the margin is calculated.
For example, .50 divided by $1.50, or 33%.
gross registered tons:

See tonnage
gross ton:
2240 pounds. Also called "long ton."
gross train weight:

Same as gross combination weight.
gross vehicle weight:

(GVW) Maximum legal weight at which a vehicle can be operated. The total weight
of a fully equipped truck and payload.
Gross Vehicle Weight Rating:

(GVWR) Curb weight plus the payload. The most the loaded vehicle can weigh,
generally determined by suspension system, tire size, and brake capacity. A
vehicle's GVWR is usually displayed on a label on the door or door-latch pillar.
ground:
(GND or GRND)
[1] Terminal of battery that is connected to the metal framework of the vehicle so
that the frame acts as a conductor of electricity. In North America, the negative
terminal is grounded. In British terms, it is called "Earth."
Also see
battery ground
negative ground
positive ground
[2] A result of grinding.
Also see
cam-ground piston.
ground and polish:

To cut and polish a crankshaft bearing surface to precision specifications.
ground clearance:
The vertical distance between level ground and the lowest fixed item on a vehicle
(usually one of the differentials).
ground clearance control:

A small lever near the park brake of cars with hydropneumatic suspension that
allows ground clearance to be increased for crossing rough terrain or when changing
a wheel
ground clearance sensor:

An instrument that senses the distance between the ground and car (for self-
levelling air suspension)
ground connection:
A wire or other metal strip for connecting a component to the vehicle chassis or
body
ground contact area:

the contact patch of a tire
ground effect:
The phenomenon that occurs when the airflow between a moving object and the
ground creates downforce.
ground electrode:
The side electrode of a sparking plug. The opposite is the center electrode triangular
ground electrode
grounding:
The action of a vehicle when some part of its undercarriage touches the ground
(e.g., when going over a curb). In some cases the vehicle can become high-centered
so that the vehicle is stationary because the driving wheels are no longer touching
the ground.
[2] Contact of the bottom of a ship with the sea floor
ground piston:
See cam ground piston
ground return:
The return path of an electrical circuit, provided by a ground connection
ground strap:
A wire cable or braided wire strap to transfer electricity. It can be found between the
engine block and the chassis because the engine is isolated from the chassis by
rubber mounts. Also called battery strap. See ground wire.
ground wire:
The wire which goes from the negative post of the battery to the frame on negative
ground vehicles. Another ground wire may be a thick wire or braided wire cable
which connects the engine to the frame. Since many engines are rubber mounted,
there may be no metal contact between the engine and the frame apart from the
ground wire which may also be called the ground strap. In British terms, it is called
"earth wire."
group:
See plate group
group of seven:
(G7) seven industrial countries consisting of the United States, Japan, Germany,
France, the United Kingdom, Italy and Canada, whose leaders have met at annual
economic summits since 1975 to coordinate economic policies.
growler:
An instrument used in testing starters, generator, and armatures.
grown tire:
A tire that, with use, has slightly increased in size
growth:
also See
tire growth
grain growth
GRP:
(fiber)glass reinforced plastic
GRRF:
Acronym for "Groupe de travail en matière de Roulement et de Freinage" (i.e.,
Working Party on Brakes and Running Gear)
grub screw:
A fully threaded, headless screw.
Also see
setscrew
GT:
Acronym for "Gran Turismo" or "Grand Touring."
GTi:
Grand Touring-injection. A GT car model with fuel injection
GTO:
[1] Acronym for "Gran Turismo Omologato."
[2] A model of automobile manufactured by Pontiac Click for books on
division of General Motors Pontiac GTO
GTP:
Acronym for "Grand Touring Prototype."
Also see
Camel Grand Touring Prototype
GTS:
Acronym for "Global Tire Standard."
GTW:
Acronym for gross train weight.
guarantee:
A promise by the manufacturer to fix or replace a specific part if it does not last for
a specific time period or distance.
guard:
also See
chain guard
dog guard
edge guard
oil pan guard
side radiator guard
splash guard
stone guard
sump guard
gudgeon pin:
British term for a piston pin or wrist pin.
gudgeon pin boss:

British term for piston boss
gudgeon pin circlip:

A British term for piston pin circlip
gudgeon pin end:

British term for piston pin end
Guibo coupling:
A doughnut-shaped type of flexible coupling
guide:
A device which allows a long shaft to do its job without flexing.
also See
cable guide
oversize valve guide
valve guide
glass's Guide
guide coat:
A thin coat of paint designed to highlight imperfections
guide driver:
also See
valve guide driver
guided send test:

Bending a specimen in a definite way by using a fixture.
guided vehicle system:

See automated guided vehicle system
guide reamer:
See valve guide reamer
guide remover:
See valve guide remover
guide seal:
See valve guide seal
guillotine:
A bench tool for cutting sheet metal. The sheet is pulled in by two adjustable rollers
(one above and the other below) as the tool cuts the metal in either a straight line or
a curve as desired.
gull-wing door:
A roof-hinged door that opens upward. It was first used on the Mercedes-Benz 300
SL in the early 1950s
gulp system:
See air gulp system
gulp valve:
A vacuum-controlled valve that admits fresh air to the inlet manifold during
deceleration to prevent backfiring in the exhaust system; its vacuum signal is
governed by a thermovalve and a solenoid valve to ensure that the gulp valve action
does not interfere with cold start enrichment.
Also see
air gulp valve
air bypass valve
gum:
The oxidized portions of the fuel that form deposits in the fuel system or engine
parts.
Also see
curing gum
cushion gum
repair gum
gum deposit:
A sticky deposit that occurs when gasoline remains unused in the tank for a period
of time. The use of detergent in gasoline (or pouring in some fuel stabilizer) helps
prevent its formation.
gum stock:
Rubber compounds containing only the necessary ingredients for vulcanizing.
Reinforcing fillers are not present in gum stock.
Also see
cushion gum.
gun:
[1] To press the accelerator hard to make the engine roar at top rpm.
[2] A device for applying paint or grease.
also See
airless spray gun
blow gun
compressed-air spray gun
gravel gun
gravity-feed spray gun
grease gun
paint gun
pressure-feed spray gun
rivet gun
spray gun
suction-feed spray gun
top feed gun
gun nozzle cleaning unit:
gunwale bar:
See stringer bar
gusset:
A triangular plate secured across an angle to reinforce a joint
gusset plate:
A triangular plate secured across an angle to reinforce a joint
gut:
To strip the interior of the vehicle. May also refer to removing the internal baffles
from a muffler.
gutted muffler:
A muffler with no silencing baffles. Makes a very loud sound.
gutter:
[1] The recessed part on a truck rim base that holds the lock ring in place.
[2] A channel at the edge of a road to carry away rainwater
gutter bevel:
Truck rims are bevelled to provide for the gutter and this bevel matches a 28° taper
at the inside of the cast spokes, holding the rim in place.
GV:
Acronym for governor valve
guzzler:
See gas guzzler
GVW:
Acronym for "Gross Vehicle Weight" -- the total weight of a fully equipped truck
and payload.
GVWR:
Acronym for "Gross Vehicle Weight Rating" -- the standard or rating of a vehicle's
carrying capacity. It includes the weight of the vehicle, fuel, fluids, and full payload.
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[N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]
[Ha] [He] [Hi] [Ho] [Hu] [Hy]
H:
[1] A letter rating for tires to indicate that they are theoretically rated for speeds up
to 210 kph (130 mph), as in P185HR13. The next higher rating is V and the one
lower rating is T.
[2] Système International (SI) symbol for henry
habits:
See driving habits
hacksaw:
handsaw for cutting metal, with a narrow blade attached to a frame
HAI:
Acronym for heated air inlet system
hair:
See helmet hair
hairline crack:
A tiny stress crack which forms due to strains in the material or extreme
temperature differences; as opposed to crazing, a single crack of this type will often
occur alone
hair pin:
A securing device shaped somewhat like a "U" in which one leg is straight, but the
other has a series of waves or bends. Insert the straight leg into the hole of a rod so
that the "bent" leg will encircle the rod.
hairpin valve spring:

A valve spring formed from a wire or metal strip bent to form two levers emanating
from a half-loop or coil; used on some classic cars and bikes
half:
See crankcase half
half link:
Every chain has rollers which are connected by side plates or keepers. When
counting the number of links in a length of chain, it is easiest to count the number of
side plates on one side of the chain and multiplying the number by two. When a
chain needs to be an odd number, a half link is included. The term "half link" is a
misnomer. It should be called a single link. The side plate on a half link is not flat
but has a step down shape.
half moon key:

See half-moon key.
half-moon key:
A driving key serving the same purpose as the regular key but it is shaped
somewhat like a half circle. Also called a "woodruff key."
half-moon slip joint pliers:

A multiple-slip joint pliers with groove joint
half-round body file:

A body file with domed file surface for working reverse-crowned panels
half-round file:
A special file that's flat on one side and convex on the other
half shaft:
A rotating shaft that transmits power from the final drive unit to one side of the
drive wheels, but usually refers to the two shafts that connect the road wheels to the
final drive with independent rear suspension or front-wheel drive as opposed to the
axle shafts of a live rear axle. Also called an axleshaft
half step gearing:

See half-step gearing.
half-step gearing:
A gearing system of a bicycle in which a shift between chainrings in a double
chainring set is equivalent to half a gear step on the freewheel.
halftrack:
vehicle with caterpillar tracks over the rear wheels to provide motive power but
steered by normal front wheels
half wave rectifier:

See rectifier.
half-wave rectifier:
See rectifier.
Hall effect:
in electrical conductors where electric current flows perpendicular to a magnetic
field, a so-called Hall voltage is produced perpendicular to the direction of current
flow and to the magnetic field
Hall-effect ignition system:

transistorized ignition with Hall generator
Hall-effect sensor:
A hall generator
Hall-effect switch:
A hall vane switch
Hall element:
A pulse generator that makes use of the Hall effect and consists of a rotor with
vanes, a conductive element with a permanent magnet and the Hall IC. Also called
"Hall generator." When the air gap is unobstructed, a Hall voltage is generated;
when a vane stands in the air gap, the magnetic flux cannot reach the Hall IC. Hall
generators used as ignition pulse generators have as many vanes and Hall windows
as the engine has cylinders, dwell being determined by the width of the vanes. Hall
generators used in electronic-map ignition systems to provide the engine starting
signal have only one Hall window
Hall generator:
A pulse generator that makes use of the Hall effect and consists of a rotor with
vanes, a conductive element with a permanent magnet and the Hall IC. Also called
"Hall element."
Also see
transistorized ignition with Hall generator
Hall IC:
A solid state device with the actual Hall generator and integrated circuits for voltage
amplification and potential reversal, producing the pulses for the control unit
Hall module:
A Hall IC
Hall sensor:
A hall generator.
Also see
transistorized coil ignition with Hall sensor
Hall vane switch:

A "switch" that makes use of the Hall effect. When the air gap is free, a magnetic
field acts on the Hall IC and the Hall voltage reaches its maximum (high). When a
rotor vane obstructs the air gap, shielding the Hall IC from the magnetic flux, the
Hall voltage reaches its minimum (low). The signal produced is a square wave
Hall voltage:
See hall effect
halogen:
One of the chemical elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine.
Also see
quartz halogen bulb
halogen bulb:
A bulb containing a trace of a halogen, such as iodine. A halogen bulb gives off a
brighter light.
Also see
quartz halogen bulb
halogen headlamps:
Tungsten-halogen bulb used in sealed beam unit or as separate bulb in composite
headlamp
halogen headlight:
high intensity reflector with inner halogen bulb, precision lens, and 3-prong
attachment. Don't touch the glass of a halogen bulb with your fingers. The oil left on
the glass will cause the glass to break or reduce the life of the bulb. If the glass is
accidentally touched, it may be cleaned with methylated spirits or rubbing alcohol
on a soft cloth
Hamlin switch:
a suspended-mass-type sensor used in new air bag systems; avoids the ecological
problems associated with the earlier mercury-type switches
hammer:
[1] A hand tool with a metal head and a handle. It is used to force one item against
or through another. Several types of hammers are available: air hammer
ball peen hammer
ballpein hammer
ball pien hammer
blacksmith hammer
body hammer
brass hammer
bricklayer hammer
bumping hammer
caulking hammer
chipping hammer
claw hammer
club hammer
copper-faced hammer
deadblow hammer
demolition hammer
drilling hammer
drywall hammer
fender bumping hammer
finish hammer
framing hammer
grooving hammer
machinists' hammer
nail hammer
nylon hammer
panel hammer
peen hammer
pein hammer
pick and finishing hammer
pick hammer
planishing hammer
prospector's pick
ripping hammer
riveting hammer
rotary hammer
rubber mallet
shingler's hammer
shingler's hammer
shrinking hammer
sledge hammer
slide hammer
soft face hammer
tack hammer
tile setter hammer
tinner's hammer
tinner's hammer
two-way hammer
wide-nose peen hammer
wing bumping hammer
and wood mallet.
[2] To hit with a hammer.
hammer drill:
electric hand drill that hammers as well as rotates
hammerform:
A shaped wooden block used in panel beating, on which a desired form is produced
by hammering
hammer welding:
metalworking technique that includes gas welding, preferably without the use of
filler rod, followed by hammer and dolly work on the welded joint to smooth out
any remaining imperfections
hamper:
See height hamper pitch control
hamper pitch:
hamper pitch control:

hand:
See
left hand monkey wrench
left hand thread
right hand thread
right hand turn signal
third hand
handbook:
A manual which gives instructions or information.
Also see
owner's handbook
owner's manual
handbrake:
A brake operated by a hand lever. It may also refer to the park brake.
handbrake turn:
180° turn achieved by applying the handbrake (acting on the rear wheels) hard when
the vehicle is starting to turn
handbrake warning light:

A light on the instrument panel that illuminates when the handbrake is applied; on
most new cars it has been superseded by a multifunction brake warning light
handcrafted:
Something that is built by hand rather than in an assembly line (i.e., mass
produced).
hand crank:
Before Cadillac invented and produced electric starters, engines were started by
means of a handle which was inserted into the front of the engine and rotated
manually. After 1930 it became obsolete.
hand drill:
A power-driven device for boring holes or (with the correct attachment) removing
or securing screws and bolts
handed:
Something that is made for a specific side of a unit. For example, left hand arm rests
are not interchangeable with right hand arm rests.
Also see
left handed monkey wrench
handed monkey:
See left handed monkey wrench
handed monkey wrench:

See left handed monkey wrench
hand file:
A flat file for shaping metal, with a rectangular cross section, constant blade width
and one smooth edge
hand gear:
See left hand gear lever
hand gear lever:

See left hand gear lever
hand lapped valves:

A process of grinding valves by hand so that there is a perfect match between the
valve and its seat.
handle:
[1] The reaction of a vehicle under a particular circumstance, especially regarding
cornering, roadholding, and maneuvring.
[2] to deal with or to cope with (e.g., "the tires can handle 50 psi" means the tires
can withstand pressure up to 50 psi).
[3] a CB user's code name.
Also see
boot handle
door handle
drive handle
file handle
grab handle
offset handle
ratchet handle
spinner handle
starting handle
trunk handle
handlebar:
A steering device found on bicycles and motorcycles.
handlebar bag:
a container, usually leather and nylon, which mounts on the front of a bicycle's
handlebars.
handlebar riser:
A bracket which lifts the base of the handlebar up higher.
handling:
The relative ability of a vehicle to negotiate curves and respond to road conditions.
It is a factor of the weight of the vehicle, the suspension, tires, air flow, etc.
Also see
neutral handling
performance handling system
handling system:
See performance handling system
hand monkey:
See left hand monkey wrench
hand monkey wrench:
See left hand monkey wrench
hands:
See glad hands
hands-free:
A car cell phone that allows the driver to dial and talk on the phone without
handling the phone.
handshaker:
A passenger car with a manual transmission
hand shield:
An eye and face protector held in the hand. It enables a person to look directly at the
electric arc through a special lens without being harmed.
hand thread:
See
left hand thread
right hand thread
hand turn:
See right hand turn signal
hand turn signal:

hanger:
[1] A flexible ring or strap to hold a pipe, e.g., an exhaust pipe.
[2] A mounting bracket, e.g., a spring hanger for a leaf spring.
[3] A component of sighting point gauges, used to install the gauge at the vehicle
chassis.
Also see
dropout hanger
spring hanger
hangover:
A modification of custom cars with separate chassis, e.g., pick-ups, which raises the
floorpan and lowers the body, to give the impression that the body has been pulled
down over the chassis right down to street level
hard aground:
A ship which has gone aground and is not able to move under her own power.
hard anodic coating:

hard, wear-resistant, oxide layer produced in an anodic oxidation process
hard anodizing:
A special type of anodizing adapted to the production of thick, hard, abrasion-
resistant films
hardboard:
A board-like building material made of compressed wood chip fibres and sawdust
hard chromium plating:

An electrolytic deposition of a hard, wear-resistant, chromium layer
hard-dry:
The condition of paint when it is hard enough to polish
harden:
[1] The action of turning from a liquid to a solid.
[2] To set or to cure.
[3] The action of making the surface a metal tougher. See case harden.
hardened:
See
case-hardened
chrome-hardened
hardened pushrods:
Specially treated pushrods designed for use with pushrod-guided rocker arms
hardener:
Chemical added to plastic filler to induce hardening as used in auto body repair.
harness:
A bundle of electrical wires. For convenience in handling and for neatness, all wires
going to certain part of the vehicle are bundled together into a harness
harness ties:
Self-tightening nylon straps used to bundle wires into harnesses. Once tightened,
they can't be removed unless they are cut
harness wrap:
One of several materials used to bundle wires into manageable harnesses:
See
loom
split loom
loom tape
harness ties
hardening:
The process of paint, epoxy, or glue becoming hard. The drying or hardening of
paint film goes through several stages. The first stage is called "dust-free"; at this
stage, the paint has hardened sufficiently to prevent dust from becoming embedded
in the paint film. The second stage is called "touch-dry"; at this point, the paint film
can actually be touched with light finger pressure. The third and final stage is
referred to as "hard-dry"; at this point, the paint film is hard enough to polish.
Also see
age-hardening
hardness:
The toughness of the surface of a metal.
See
brinell hardness
indentation hardness
rockwell hardness
shore hardness
hard pedal:
A loss in braking efficiency so that an excessive amount of pressure is need to
actuate brakes
hard rubber:
See ebonite
hard-sided caravan:
A British term for a trailer with foldable, hard wall panels
hard-sided trailer:
A trailer with foldable, hard wall panels
hard solder:
Uniting two pieces of metal with a material having a melting point higher than
"soft" solder: e.g., silver soldering
hard spots:
Shiny bluish/brown glazed areas on a brake drum or disc friction surface, caused by
extreme heat. Hard spots can usually be removed by resurfacing
hard stop:
Hard braking, but not necessarily with locked wheels
hardtop:
A two-door or four-door vehicle without a center door post, i.e., no B-post. It
gives the impression of uninterrupted glass along the side of the car. The term
is derived from "hardtop convertible." Other generic names have included
sports coupe, hardtop coupe, or pillarless coupe. In the face of proposed
rollover standards, nearly all automakers turned away from the pillarless
design to a pillared version by 1976-77.
Also see
colonnade Hardtop
formal Hardtop
four-door Hardtop
four-door Pillared Hardtop
two-door hardtop
hardtop convertible:
An automobile with a fixed roof that does not retract into the trunk, but gives the
appearance of being a convertible
hardtop stand:
A foldable stand that holds a detached hardtop in a vertical position when stored
hard-top trailer:
A holiday trailer with a hard top and (most often) canvas sides.
hard trim:
Instrument panel moldings, center consoles and similar plastic trim
Hardy disc:
a disc-style flexible coupling
Hardy-Spicer joint:
A type of universal joint commonly used with prop shafts
Hardy-Spicer universal joint:

A type of universal joint commonly used with prop shafts
harm:
See bodily harm
harmful:
See ecologically harmful
harmonic balancer:
Also called vibration damper. It usually is a solid crankshaft fan belt pulley that has
a weight ring bonded by rubber to the inner crankshaft-mounted ring. The outer ring
absorbs and cancels out crankshaft vibrations that otherwise might cause the
crankshaft to break. Formerly, two gearwheels carrying an unbalanced weight,
mounted in bearings below the middle main crankshaft bearing, driven at twice
engine speed and rotating in opposite directions to counterbalance the secondary
vibrations in a four-cylinder reciprocating engine.
Also see
crankshaft pulley
damper
harness:
[1] A belt system used with child seats and in cars, consisting of two shoulder belts
and two lap belt portions fastened by a central buckle.
[2] A wiring harness.
Also see
4-point racing harness
brinell hardness
safety harness
wiring harness
hat:
The portion of a detachable brake disc that comes in contact with the wheel hub
hatch:
[1] The rear opening of a vehicle which allows passage into its cab.
[2] A hatchback.
[3] A tailgate.
[4] An opening in a deck through which cargo and stores are loaded or unloaded.
Also see
cross-hatch
cross hatch
hot hatch
hatchback:
A car design in which the rear trunk and lid are replaced by a rear hatch that
includes the backlight (i.e., rear window). Usually the rear seat folds down to
accommodate more luggage. Originally a hatch was a small opening in the
deck of a sailing ship. The term "hatch" was later applied to airplane doors and
to passenger cars with rear liftgates. Various models appeared in the early
1950s, but weather-tightness was a problem. The concept emerged again in the
early 1970s, when fuel economy factors began to signal the trend toward
compact cars. Technology had remedied the sealing difficulties. By the 1980s,
most manufacturers produced one or more hatchback models, though the
question of whether to call them "two-door" or "three-door" never was
resolved. Their main common feature was the lack of a separate trunk.
"Liftback" coupes may have had a different rear-end shape, but the two terms
often described essentially the same vehicle.
Also see
five-door hatchback
four-door hatchback
liftback station wagon
hatchback coupe:
Originally a small opening in the deck of a sailing ship, the term "hatch" was later
applied to airplane doors and to passenger cars with rear liftgates. Various models
appeared in the early 1950s, but weather-tightness was a problem. The concept
emerged again in the early 1970s, when fuel economy factors began to signal the
trend toward compact cars. Technology had remedied the sealing difficulties. By the
1980s, most manufacturers produced one or more hatchback models, though the
question of whether to call them "two-door" or "three-door" never was resolved.
Their main common feature was the lack of a separate trunk. "Liftback" coupes may
have had a different rear-end shape, but the two terms often described essentially
the same vehicle. === car-2hatch.jpg
Also see
three-door hatchback coupe
two-door hatchback coupe
hatch battens:
Flat bars which are wedged against hatch coamings to secure tarpaulin
hatch beam:
Portable beam across a hatch to support hatch covers
hatch coaming:
The vertical plating bounding a hatch for the purpose of stiffening the edges of the
opening and resisting water entry
hatchway:
An opening in a deck through which cargo and stores are loaded or unloaded
hat section:
See top hat section
haul:
See long-haul
hawse pipe:
Tube through which anchor chain is led overboard from the windlass on the deck
hawser:
Strong rope or steel cable used for securing or mooring ships
hazard:
See road hazard
hazard flasher switch:

A switch (usually located on the steering column below the steering wheel) which
makes all the signal lights flash simultaneously, to warn other vehicles that your car
is disabled or going very slowly down the road. Also called "4-way warning light
switch."
hazardous wastes:
Automotive wastes that are on the EPA's list of hazardous materials or that have one
or more hazardous characteristics
hazard warning flasher:

Actuates warning system of flashing front and rear turn signal lamps
hazard warning switch:

A switch (usually located on the steering column below the steering wheel) which
makes all the signal lights flash simultaneously, to warn other vehicles that your car
is disabled or going very slowly down the road. Also called "4-way warning light
switch."
HB:
Acronym for "hatchback."
HC:
Acronym for unburned hydrocarbons. They are at their worst with very rich or very
lean mixtures. They combine with NOx in sunlight to form photochemical smog.
HC engine:
A high-camshaft engine; the camshaft is located much higher than the crankshaft,
(although not in the cylinder head), allowing for the use of shorter pushrods, thus
improving the engine's revving ability.
HCV:
[1] Acronym for "Heavy Commercial Vehicles."
[2] Acronym for exhaust heat control valve
HD:
Acronym for "heavy duty."
HDPE:
Acronym for "High-density polyethylene"
hdtp:
Abbreviation for "hardtop."
head:
[1] The upper part of something.
[2] A term used to express the increase of energy content in a fluid pumped,
expressed in units of energy per unit of mass, usually simply ft (feet).
[3] A part of the engine which covers the piston and creates the combustion
chamber. The proper name is cylinder head.
Also see
blown head gasket
button head
cheese head
comet head
composite headlight
crossflow cylinder head
cylinder head
double-overhead cam
exhaust header
F-head
F-head engine
five-valve head
fixed head
flanged head
flathead
gib-head key
headers
head gasket
headlight
headliners
head restraint
headset
heads up display
head tube
hemi head
high compression head
I-head
I-head engine
interchangeable head torque wrench
Jaguar Drophead
jet head
L-head
L-head engine
Lagonda Drophead
mixing head
negative suction head
octagonal head bolt
overhead cam
overhead valves
Phillips head screw
piston head
rear head restraints
round head
round head bolt
sealed beam headlight
spark head
speedometer head
steering head
T-head
test head
thermal head
two-valve head
valve head
X-flow cylinder head
head ache rack:

A colloquial term for the roll bar (safety bar) above the head of the driver
head bolt:
See
cylinder head bolt
octagonal head bolt
round head bolt
head engine:
See
F head engine
I head engine
L head engine
T head engine
header:
[1] The action of diving or crashing into something.
[2] An exhaust manifold. See headers. The British term is "headpipe."
[3] A part at the top of another part.
Also see
exhaust header
high-performance header
tuned header
twin header
windshield header
header bar:
The front lateral bar of a roof which attaches to the top of the windshield frame;
usually made of sheet steel shaped to match the top front edge to the curvature of
the windshield
header bow:
The front lateral bar of a roof which attaches to the top of the windshield frame;
usually made of sheet steel shaped to match the top front edge to the curvature of
the windshield
header panel:
An exterior body panel located just ahead of the hood and surrounds the radiator.
Also see
windshield header panel
headers:
[1] The down pipe connecting the exhaust manifold to the front of the muffler or to
the connector pipe. The British term is "headpipe."
[2] A special exhaust manifold that replace the stock manifold. It is designed with
smooth flowing lines to prevent back pressure caused by sharp bends, rough
castings, etc.
Also see
exhaust manifold
header tank:
The top radiator tank in a thermosyphon water cooling system
head gasket:
The gasket at the top of the cylinder and sits between the cylinder and the head. It
keeps the coolant out of the cylinders and retains compression in the cylinder. Also
called cylinder head gasket. Also see blown head gasket
heading angle:
The yaw angle.
head key:
See gib head key
headlamp:
In Britain, "headlamp" refers to the actual unit, whereas "headlight" is used for the
unit as well as for its function and where emphasis is on the actual light produced
by the lamp. In North America the terms are interchangeable.
Also see
circular headlamp
headlamp delay system:

Automatically controls headlamp ON-OFF operation after ignition & main lighting
switch are turned OFF
head land:
The uppermost piston land, subject to the highest thermal load
headlight:
The main light on the front of a vehicle. In Britain, "headlamp" refers to the actual
unit, whereas "headlight" is used for the unit as well as for its function and where
emphasis is on the actual light produced by the lamp. In North America the terms
are interchangeable.
See
composite headlight
concealed headlights
ellipsoidal headlight
ff headlight
halogen headlight
hide-away headlights
high beam
homofocal headlight
inner headlight
low beam
mf headlight
multi-focal headlight
outer headlight
pe headlight
polyellipsoidal headlight
pop-up headlights
rectangular headlight
retractable headlights
sealed beam headlight
sloping headlight
twin headlight
headlight adjusting screw:

A screw which moves the headlight up or down, left or right to align the beam of
light
headlight beam setting:

British term for headlight adjusting screw
headlight body:
A sheet metal pot welded or screwed to the front fender that provides the housing
for the headlight and its bulbs and wiring
headlight bucket:
The headlight housing of cars or motorcycles having separate headlights not
integrated into the body line
headlight cover:
[1] A rigid or flexible protection against dirt or stone damage when lights are not
being used. On some vehicles, when the lights are turned on, the covers are flipped
up by an electric or vacuum operated device.
[2] A clear protective cover which is permanently mounted in front of the headlights
to protect the headlight itself from damage.
headlight dimmer switch:

A switch which changes the headlight from high beam to low beam or from low
beam to high beam. In older vehicles, the switch was located on the floor to the left
of the driver's left foot. In newer vehicles, it is found on a stalk projecting from the
steering column beneath the steering wheel. In Britain it is called the "headlight
dipper switch." Also called, "dimmer switch."
headlight dipper switch:

British term for headlight dimmer switch. Also called "dipswitch"
headlight flasher:
On some vehicles, when you flick the direction indicator lever upwards against
spring pressure, the headlights flash on and off quickly
headlight leveling:
A system that compensates for a heavy load in the trunk which pushes the front of
the car up and causes the headlights to project upward. The leveling system levels
out the projection of the light. Some will do it automatically while others have a
manual control.
headlight leveling control:

usually a manual control with a vertical thumbwheel that adjusts the height of the
headlight beam
headlight mounting panel:

A sheet metal panel for rectangular headlights that is spot-welded to the front
section of modern cars where the radiator grille and the headlights are mounted
adjacent to each other; provides the mounting points for the headlight
headlight on/off delay system:

A system with two functions: when activated, it can automatically turn ON the
headlights during darkness and OFF during daylight; it can also be set to keep the
headlights ON for up to approximately three minutes after leaving the parked
vehicle; useful in dark, high-risk areas. The system is controlled by a photovoltaic
cell on the dashboard
headlight retractor indicator lamp:

A light on the dash that illuminates when the headlight covers are opening or
closing
headlight visor:
[1] A partial lid which encircles only the top part of the headlight.
[2] An attachment between headlight rim and lens, used only on some classic cars
headlight wash/wipe:
A system that cleans the headlights with a jet of water and a small wiper blade
headliner:
Fabric or vinyl upholstery on the interior of the roof of a vehicle. The British term is
"headlining."
headliners:
See headliner.
headlining:
A British term for headliner: a soft lining on the inside of a car roof.
head nut:
See cylinder head nut
head-on collision:
An accident in which two cars hit each other's front end. Also called "head-on
crash."
head-on crash:
An accident in which two cars hit each other's front end. Also called "head-on
collision."
headpipe:
A British term for the header -- the down pipe connecting the exhaust manifold to
the front of the muffler or to the connector pipe.
Also see
twin headpipe
headrest:
Another term for head restraint
head restraint:
An extension on the upper portion of the seatback. Some are permanently attached
and other are adjustable. They are designed to reduce whiplash injuries caused by
sudden stopping or collisions. They limit the rearward motion of the head and neck.
Some head restraints contain radio speakers or even TV sets.
Also see
headroom:
The distance between the top of a passenger's head and the inside of the vehicle roof
head screw:
See phillips head screw
headset:
On a bicycle, the combination of cups, cones, and ball bearings that creates the
bearing mechanism that allows the fork column to rotate inside the head tube.
heads up display:
(HUD) A system of mounting gauges so that the read-out is shown on the
windshield. In this way the driver does not have to take his eyes off the road to see
how his vehicle is performing.
head tester:
See cylinder head tester
head torque:
See interchangeable head torque wrench
head torque wrench:

See interchangeable head torque wrench
head trim:
The lining of the roof.
head tube:
The shortest tube in the main triangle of a bicycle, the one inside of which the fork
column rotates.
Healey:
[1] See Austin Healey.
[2] A brand of vehicle of which the 1949-50 Silverstone models are milestone cars.
heat:
That which increases the internal energy of a body by changing the motion of the
molecules. This causes a change in temperature, volume, or state of the body.
Also see
grass heat shield
heat- affected zone:

That part of the base metal which has been altered by the heat from the welding,
brazing, or cutting operation.
heat balance:
See thermal equilibrium.
heat checking:
Small cracks on a brake disc or drum friction surface caused by heat. Heat check
can usually be removed by resurfacing
heat checks:
Cracks in the clutch pressure plate
heat conductivity:
Speed and efficiency of heat energy movement through a substance.
heat control:
See manifold heat control valve
heat control valve:

See
heat-control valve
heat-control valve:
A valve which is controlled by temperature changes. When the ambient temperature
is cold or the engine has not warmed up, it is closed so that some of the hot exhaust
gases passes by the intake manifold to pre-heat the fuel mixture going to the
cylinders. As the engine warms up, the valve opens up and no exhaust gases pass by
the intake manifold. If the valve does not operate properly, the engine has difficulty
in start up or the fuel may cause vapor locking.
heat cracking:
A pattern of small, irregular cracks (e.g., on brake discs)
heat crossover:
A passage from one exhaust manifold up, over, and under the carburetor and on to
the other manifold. Usually found on V-8 or V-6 engines. This crossover provides
heat to the carburetor during engine warmup.
heat dam:
A thin groove cut into the head of a piston between the top ring groove and the top
of the piston. The heat, instead of passing through the aluminum of the piston to the
ring, encounters the heat dam. This helps to minimize heat transfer.
heated air inlet system:

(HAI) a system that operates during cold weather and cold start. Brings warm,
filtered air into the engine to control the volume of air entering the engine, vaporize
the fuel better and reduce HC and CO emissions
heated exhaust gas oxygen sensor:

(HEGO) an EGO sensor with a heating element
heated intake:
A device that helps to vaporize the gasoline in a cold engine. The thermostat in the
air cleaner horn is connected to the outside of the exhaust manifold. When the
engine is cold, the thermostat closes a damper in the air cleaner horn so that air
going to the carburetor does not come through the open end of the horn. Instead the
air comes from above the hot exhaust manifold. As the engine warms up, the
thermostat opens the damper so that air is taken in from the end of the horn.
heated rear window:

A rear window with a heating element that demists (defogs) inside and defrosts (de-
ices) the outside either by fine wires embedded or etched in the glass or by a heater
and fan.
heated tool welding:

A welding process in which the parts to be welded are pressed against a heated plate
and subsequently pressed together to produce a fusion weld
heated windshield:
windshield with a heating element to facilitate defrosting (de-icing)
heater:
A device which gives off heat. In automobiles, it heats the interior of the vehicle. In
a water-cooled engine the coolant is channelled through the heater in the passenger
compartment. Some cars used an electric or gasoline heater because they had no
engine coolant (e.g., the Volkswagen Beetle).
Also see
backlight heater
block heater
cylinder block heater
engine block heater
inlet manifold heater
intake manifold heater
manifold heater
parking heater
rear window heater system
heater air pipe:

A channel section incorporated into the side member or other structural sections that
is designed to provide a flow of warm air into the interior of the vehicle, above all
into the footwells (e.g., as used on the VW Beetle)
heater blower:
electric fan to boost heating and ventilation. Also called "heater fan"
heater fan:
electric fan to boost heating and ventilation. Also called "heater blower"
heater flange:
heating element for preheating the intake air in small diesel engines
heater plug:
See glow plug
heater-plug indicator:
See glow plug indicator
heater system:
See rear window heater system
heat exchanger:
A device, such as a radiator, used either to cool or heat by transferring heat from
one object to another.
heat index:
A number representing the effect of temperature and humidity on humans by
combining the two variables into an apparent temperature. Introduced as a
replacement for the temperature-humidity index. Later replaced by the Canadian
introduced Humidex
heating:
See rear window heating
heat of condensation:
The heat liberated by a unit mass of gas at its boiling point as it condenses to a
liquid. Equal to the heat of vaporization
heat of vaporization:
The heat absorbed per unit mass of a given material at its boiling point that
completely converts the material to a gas at the same temp. Equal to heat of
condensation
heat path:
The path along which heat passes from the spark plug tip to the water jacket
heat range:
Refers to the operating temperature of a given style of spark plug. Plugs are made to
operate at different temperatures depending upon the thickness and length of the
porcelain insulator as measured from the sealing ring down to the tip. In this way it
transfers heat from the combustion chamber to the cylinder head. The speed at
which it transfers heat is considered in terms of hot and cold plugs. A hot plug
transfers heat slowly, causing the plug to operate at a higher temperature. A cold
plug transfers heat more quickly, thus operating at a lower temperature. If a plug is
too cold, it will foul. If it is too hot, it will cause preignition.
heat range reserve:

the distance to the start of pre-ignition under further increasing thermal loading of
the spark plug. This reserve is expressed in degrees crankshaft, the amount by
which the factory-set ignition timing can be further advanced without preignition
occurring
heat riser:
[1] An area, surrounding a portion of the intake manifold, through which exhaust
gases can pass to heat the fuel mixture during warmup.
[2] The flapper in the exhaust manifold that is closed when the engine is cold,
causing hot exhaust gases to heat the inlet manifold, thus providing better cold
engine operation; a thermostatic spring opens the flapper when the engine warms up
heat shield:
A sheet metal part, usually reflective, often asbestos-lined. It protects heat-sensitive
components from heat radiation of the exhaust system. Also called "heat shroud."
Also see
grass heat shield
heat shroud:
See heat shield
heat shrinking:
shrinking dents in panels using a gas welder to heat local areas of the dents
heat shrink tube:

A thin, rubber-like hose through which bare an electrical wire is placed. When the
tube is heated, it shrinks to fit the wire, thus protecting the wire from touching other
wires, etc.
heat sink:
heat removing component, such as the fins on an air-cooled cylinder
heat soak:
heat from the engine warming the carburetor and other parts of the fuel system
which can cause vapor lock and may make restarting difficult
heat transfer:
The transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by means of thermal
conduction, convection or radiation; heat transfer is possible only from a high to a
low temperature level
heat treatment:
A combination of heating and cooling operations timed and applied to a metal in a
solid state in a way that will produce desired properties.
heaves:
See frost heaves
heavy:
See tail heavy
heavy braking:
The action of applying the brakes fast and hard especially during an emergency
stop. Opposite to light braking
heavy cable:
Cable that is used for severe service where high strength is required. Opposite to
light cable
heavy clutch:
having a stiff operation, e.g., requiring considerable effort to push down the pedal
on cars and trucks; or squeeze the lever on motorcycles. Opposite to light clutch
heavy-duty:
(HD) Something that is built for heavy loads or severe use. Opposite to light-duty
heavy-duty diagonal cutting pliers:

diagonal cutting pliers with a special joint and handle design for extra cutting power
heavy-duty end cutting pliers:
end cutting pliers with a special joint and handle design for extra cutting power
heavy-duty ring wrench:

A strong single end box wrench for use with a tubular handle. It can be used without
the handle for quickly spinning on nuts or, with the handle slipped on, for final
tightening or reaching otherwise inaccessible nuts
heavy-duty truck:
vehicle weighing from 26,001 to 33,001 lbs. Also included off-highway trucks.
Also see
medium-duty truck
light-duty truck
heavy-duty wrench:
A tool which can withstand severe use (and abuse) before breaking
heavy film build:

excessive thickness of paint coating
heavy foot:
To drive at full throttle or high speeds as though the driver's foot were very heavy
so that the natural pressure of the foot against the throttle pedal caused high speeds
heavy goods vehicle:

(HGV) A British term expressing a vehicle capable of carrying heavy loads and
requiring a special licence to drive HGV licence
heavy paint:
thickly coated. Opposite of light paint
heavy phosphating:
application of extremely heavy phosphate coatings
heavy sheet metal:

Thick sheet metal for severe use beyond the average. Opposite of light sheet metal
heavy side pattern:
An oval spray pattern that is thicker toward the left or right hand side, i.e., it takes
the shape of a crescent oriented towards the right or left. This is often caused by a
clogged horn hole at the air cap of the spray gun
heavy steering:
having a stiff operation, e.g., requiring considerable effort to turn the steering
wheel. Opposite of light steering
heavy traffic:
A road with a lot of moving vehicles. Opposite of light traffic
heavy yellow boot:

A Denver boot
heel:
[1] The end of the brake shoe which rests against the anchor pin. See brake shoe
heel.
[2] The wide end of a tapered gear tooth such as found in the differential gears. See
tooth heel.
[3] The rubbing block on the contact breaker lever.
[4] A bead heel.
[5] The inclination of a ship to one side.
Also see
cam heel
heel and toe:

A driving technique where the driver places the left side or the toes of his right foot
on the brake pedal and the right side or the heel of his right foot on the throttle pedal
so that he can simultaneously brake and blip the throttle for a downshift. This is
done to lessen the strain on the gearbox and drivetrain and makes for smoother
driving.
heel and toe wear:

Uneven wear of tread blocks on a tire. The trailing edge of the block often tends to
wear at a faster rate that the leading edge.
heelboard:
The vertical transverse sheet metal panel running across the width of the car interior
at the front edge of the rear seat well; this panel links the rear seat well to the
floorpan and provides rigidity for both panels. Also called "heel plate." Compare
toeboard
heel dolly:
A dolly in the form of a heel of a foot to shape and straighten dented panels, usually
by holding the dolly behind the metal to be shaped and hammering the metal.
heel plate:
The vertical transverse sheet metal panel running across the width of the car interior
at the front edge of the rear seat well; this panel links the rear seat well to the
floorpan and provides rigidity for both panels. Also called "heelboard." Compare
toeboard
HEGO:
Acronym for "heated exhaust gas oxygen." See HEGO sensor
HEGO sensor:
A device which detects heated exhaust gas oxygen.
HEI:
Acronym for "high energy ignition"
HEI-EST:
Acronym for high energy ignition system with electronic spark timing
height:
See
clearance height
crush height
flange height
installed height
metacentric height
ride height
section height
thread height
height adjustable steering column:

A steering column which can be lengthened or shortened to suit the individual
driver
height corrector:
An automatic leveling control in hydropneumatic suspension systems
height hamper pitch control:

See bump stop
height regulator:
An automatic leveling control in hydropneumatic suspension systems
heim joint:
An extremely rigid articulating joint, commonly known as a "spherical rod-end,"
used in any precision linkage. Heim joints are often used in the suspension links of
race cars because they locate wheels very precisely.
helical:
A spiralling shape such as that made by a coil spring. In the shape of a helix.
Also see
double helical gear
helical differential:
Virtually all gears in modern cars are cut with a spiral helix angle rather than
straight meshing. Straight gears are simpler to manufacture, but are extremely noisy.
helical gear:
A gear that has the teeth cut at an angle to the center line of the gear. This kind of
gear is useful because there is no chance of intermittent tooth-to-tooth operation
because there are at least two teeth engaged at any time. Also helical gears tend to
operate quieter than straight-cut gears.
Also see
double helical gear
helical spring lock washer:

A locking device for threaded fasteners
helical teeth:
curved gear teeth on the edge of a gearwheel, cut at an angle to its axis
Helicoil:
A trade name for a coil-type thread insert, commonly used to replace a stripped
spark plug thread
helium leak test:

A pressure test using helium
helix:
A spiral, like the thread on a screw or a coil spring in a suspension system
helm:
Steering wheel installed on the bridge or wheelhouse of a ship to turn the rudder
during manoeuvering and navigation
helmet:
[1] A protective device for the head of bicycle and motorcycle riders as well as race
car drivers.
[2] A protecting hood which fits over the arc welder's head, provided with a lens of
safety glass through which the operator may safely observe the electric arc.
Also see
full face helmet
open face helmet
helmet connector:
A special type of lug for connecting a battery with tapered terminal posts. Also
called "helmet lug."
helmet hair:
The condition of a person's hair after wearing a helmet for a period of time. Short
hair tends to stand on end while long hair tangles and/or becomes flat.
helmet lug:
A special type of lug for connecting a battery with tapered terminal posts. Also
called "helmet connector."
helper leaf:
An additional spring device (usually another leaf spring) which permits a greater
load on the axle. Also called "helper leaf."
helper spring:
An additional spring device (usually another leaf spring) which permits a greater
load on the axle. Also called "helper leaf."
hemi:
Engine using hemispherical -shaped (half of a globe or sphere) combustion
chambers. The valves are cocked at 45 degrees from the piston top. Mopars, despite
their fame, are not the only cars with hemi heads. See engine type.
hemi head:
See hemi.
hemispherical combustion chamber:

A round, dome-shaped combustion chamber. This shape permits larger valves and
straighter intake and exhaust ports for improved breathing. Its small surface area in
comparison to volume reduces the amount of heat loss. It is used in high
performance cars and racing engines.
henry:
(H) A unit of inductance, equal to the inductance of a circuit in which the variation
of current at the rate of one ampere per second induces an electromotive force of
one volt. The term was named after US physicist, J. Henry (1797-1878)
herringbone gear:
See herringbone gears.
herringbone gears:
Two helical gears operating together and so placed that the angle of the teeth form a
"V" shape. See double helical gear
hesitation:
The term used to describe a problem in drivability. The engine momentarily fails to
respond to a push on the accelerator. The cause is usually a lean fuel-air mixture
(i.e., more air than fuel) or retarded timing.
hexagon:
See double hexagon socket
hexagonal:
having six sides
hexagonal bolster:
A tool that allows a screwdriver to be turned with a wrench for extra torque to
loosen tight screws
hexagonal collar:
A tool that allows a screwdriver to be turned with a wrench for extra torque to
loosen tight screws
hexagon bit:
A screwdriver bit with six sides
hexagon bolt:
A bolt with a six-sided head
hexagon key:
A key for hexagon recess screws, 90° offset at one end. Also called an Allen key
hexagon screwdriver:
See ball end hexagon screwdriver
hexagon socket:
See double hexagon socket
hex bit:
A screwdriver bit with six sides
hex bolt:
A bolt with a six-sided head
hex key:
A key for hexagon recess screws, 90° offset at one end. Also called an Allen key
hex wrench:
See Allen Wrench.">
Hg:
Chemical symbol for mercury
HGV:
Acronym for heavy goods vehicle
h.f.s.:
Abbreviation for "heated front seat" as found in advertisements
hidden wiper:
A wiper system with a parking position below the normal visibility range
hide-away headlights:
See concealed headlights
hideaway wiper:
A wiper system with a parking position below the normal visibility range
hiding:
The ability of a paint to obscure the surface to which it is applied.
HIF carburetor:
type of SU carburetor with a horizontal integral float chamber
highball:
A term used in car sales, the practice of stating a very high trade-in price to a
customer who is known or expected to be shopping around, comparing prices.
When the customer finds that other dealers cannot match the trade-in price, he will
return to the original dealer, only to be told that the inflated figure was a mistake
(e.g., based on wrong assumptions as to the trade-in's clutch condition, etc.). Many
customers will then accept a new, lower price because they are tired of shopping
around.
Also see
lowball
high beam:
All cars have at least two levels of lighting for night driving. The low beam is used
when there are other vehicles approaching or when you are following another
vehicle. The high beam is used when driving on poorly lit roads where there is no
visible traffic. The high beam light may be an integral part of the headlight
assembly or is the inboard light when there are two lamps on each side of the
vehicle. When the lamps are stacked vertically, the high beam is the upper one.
When the high beam switch is activated, the low beam lights may or may not be
switched off. In a system with factory installed day-time running lights, the high
beam light is illuminated at a lower intensity. The British term for "high beam" is
"main beam."
high beam indicator:

A blue light on the instrument panel which comes on when the high beams are
activated. Also called "beam indicator." The British term is "main beam indicator."
high-build filler:
A spray primer that leaves a relatively thick coat on the panel surface to cover up
minor imperfections that would otherwise show up very prominently in the final
color coat
high-build galvanizing:
A galvanizing process in which extremely heavy zinc coatings are applied
high-camshaft engine:
See hc engine
high carbon steel:

A very hard steel, as opposed to plain carbon steel. Hypereutectoid steels containing
more than 0.8% carbon. Such steels consist of iron carbide (cementite) and pearlite
when slow cooled. They are capable of being heat treated to high hardness, but tend
to be brittle. Used for metal working formers and fine edge cutting tools (e.g., files)
High-centered:
vehicle is stationary because the driving wheels are no longer touching the ground.
high center rim:
A raised center rim design, used in the cts wheel
high compression head:

A cylinder head with a smaller combustion chamber area thereby raising the
compression. The head can be custom built or can be a stock head milled (cut)
down.
high crown panel:

A panel shape that curves rapidly in all directions, e.g., around the headlights of
older cars. The opposite is low crown panel
high crown spoon:

A spoon with a broad working surface and a heavily rounded tip that is ideal for
using as a dolly or a lever in confined areas, such as headlight housings or rounded
body sections above the waistline
high-density polyethylene:
(HDPE) A very tough, chemically resistant thermoplastic, with a "soapy" touch;
e.g., used for blow-molded parts such as fuel tanks or other moldings, such as
bumpers
high energy battery:

An innovative battery type developed for electric cars
high energy coil:

A coil which generates higher ignition voltage and/or offers increased spark
efficiency; ballasted
high energy ignition:

(HEI) an electronic ignition system used by GM
high energy ignition system:

(HEI) An ignition system which provides more ignition power (higher voltage at
higher amperage) than normal systems; a typical HEI includes an electronic control
unit and magnetic pick-up in combination with mechanical ignition timing
high energy ignition system with electronic spark timing:

(HEI-EST) A system consists of an electronic distributor, with the ignition coil
mounted on the distributor cap on 6- and 8-cylinder models or externally on 4-
cylinder models; the ignition timing is performed electronically by the electronic
control module. (Used on several GM models since 1983.)
high gear:
The top gear or the cruising gear of a transmission. It is usually the highest number,
i.e., fifth gear of a five-speed transmission.
high-geared:
[1] A transmission (even like the chain system on a bicycle) where a large gear
drives a small one. The larger the drive gear and the smaller the driven gear the
higher the gear ratio. It will result in high speed, but is poor for getting started from
a stop.
[2] A vehicle's transmission system which has a higher than usual gearing, to
improve fuel economy.
high gloss:
very shiny, bright appearance
high impedance voltmeter:

A voltmeter with high opposition to the flow of electrical current. Good for reading
circuits with low current flow, such as found in the CCC system
high leverage diagonal cutting pliers:

diagonal cutting pliers with special joint and handle design for extra cutting power
high leverage end cutting pliers:

End cutting pliers with special joint and handle design for extra cutting power
high lift rocker arm:

See high lift rocker arms.
high lift rocker arms:

Custom rocker arms designed so that a standard lift of the push rod will depress or
open the valve somewhat more than the stock lifter.
high load condition:

Occurs when the air conditioner system must operate continuously at maximum
capacity to supply enough cold air
high/low range gearbox:

See dual-range gearbox
high/low range transmission:

See dual-range transmission
high-mounted brake light:

Third brake light mounted in the middle of the rear window or on some cars
integrated in the trailing edge of the rear deck spoiler
high-performance:
producing better than average results
high-performance header:
A special exhaust manifold, which is not made of cast iron as usual, but of specially
designed, curved and welded steel tubes, to produce a smooth flow path for the
exhaust gases, avoiding any sharp bends; less heavy, less sturdy and more
expensive than an ordinary manifold; usually replaces the down pipe
high pressure:
Operating under a lot of pressure e.g., braking systems or diesel fuel injection
high pressure foaming:

A process in which plastics are foamed under high pressure (6-50 bar). The opposite
is low-pressure foaming
high pressure line:

The line carrying high pressure liquid and gas from the compressor outlet to the
expansion valve inlet
high pressure relief valve:

Located somewhere on the high side of the air conditioning system often next to the
receiver drier this safety valve protects the system against excessive pressure
high revs:
Towards the top end of the scale of engine revolutions
highrise manifold:
See high-rise manifold.
high-rise manifold:
An intake manifold designed to mount the carburetor or carburetors, considerably
higher above the engine than is done in the standard manifold. This is done to
improve the angle at which the fuel is delivered.
high side:
In air conditioning systems, the high side (i.e., high pressure side or discharge side)
is located between the compressor and expansion valve or orifice tube and includes
the condenser. The opposite is low side
high-side service valve:

A device, located on the discharge or high side of the compressor, at which high
side pressure can be checked and other service operations can be performed
high-speed bleeds:
Main air bleeds; located in the air horn
high-speed circuit:
Main metering system
high speed direct injection:

(HSDI) A system for rapid injection of fuel into a diesel engine
high spot:
A raised area on a panel surface
high-tension:
(HT) capable of operating at a relatively high voltage
high-tension circuit:
See secondary circuit
high-tension distributor:
A distributor, in electronically controlled ignition systems, which has no controlling
functions or advance mechanism
high tension lead:

High voltage wire from the ignition coil. May also indicate the secondary wire from
the ignition coil to the distributor and wires from the distributor to the spark plugs.
high tension leads:

See high-tension leads.
high-tension leads:
The wire which goes from the ignition coil to the distributor and the wires which go
from the distributor to each of the spark plugs. See high tension lead.
high-tension winding:
See secondary winding
high-voltage distribution:
See static high-voltage distribution
high-voltage reserve:
The difference between the available ignition voltage and the ignition voltage
required at a given moment
highway:
Any public road outside the cities with a foundation and a hard surface. Originally,
the highway was a "way higher than the ground," e.g., as opposed to stage coach
tracks. Since similar speed limits exist in the USA and Canada for all types of
highways, both single or multilane (usually between 50 and 70 mph or 80 and 110
kph), the terms "highway driving speeds" and "highway driving" should not be
associated with speeds higher than 70 mph (110 kph).
Also see
expressway
freeway
motorway
highway bar:
An auxiliary lateral piece of metal (usually chromed for good appearance) fitted to
the front down tubes or frame. Folding pegs may be found at each end. The bar
allows the rider to position his feet straight ahead for variety in leg position when
riding long distances. Also called "hi-way bar."
Highway Code:
official British code of conduct for all road users
highway peg:
A folding footrest which is mounted on the ends of a highway bar
hillholder:
A mechanically or electromechanically engaged device for preventing accidental
rearward movement of a vehicle prior to driving away; found mainly in automatic
transmissions
Hillman:
A model of automobile manufactured in England Click for books on Hillman
hinge:
See door hinge
hinge bow:
See main bow
hinged-caliper disc brake:

An old disc brake design formerly used on motor cycles; superseded by sliding-
caliper disc brakes
hinged quarter window:

A rear side window between the B-post and the C-post and/or in the case of station
wagons, between the C-post and the D-post. It is provided with hinges to allow it to
be opened
hinge facing:
A part of the door frame that includes the bracing and threaded plate for mounting
the hinge to the door. It is not to be confused with the hinge panel that is part of the
hinge pillar of the body shell.
hinge panel:
sheet metal panel spot-welded to the A-post or rear of the front fender that
accommodates the hinges for the front door
hinge pillar:
The vertical structural element that carries the front door hinges; the upper end of
the hinge pillar is usually the side of the windshield frame. Also called A-pillar
hinge pillar reinforcement:

The vertical section behind the visible A-pillar
hinge plate:
The reinforcing plate between the hinge and the door panel which distributes the
forces acting on the hinge bolts over a larger area of the panel
hinge post:
See hinge pillar
hinge tapping plate:

The threaded plate housed in a sheet metal cage spot-welded to the hinge pillar or,
in some cases, to the door frame; the door is bolted to this plate and may be adjusted
within certain limits, as the plate can be moved about in its sheet metal cage
hip belt:
See lap belt
hi perf:
Abbreviation for "high performance," also called "hi-po" or "hi po."
hi po:
See hi-po.
hi-po:
See hi perf.
Hispano Suiza:
A brand of vehicle of which the 1925-1948 models are classic cars.
history:
See full service history
hitch:
[1] To connect or couple up a motorhome or trailer to a towing vehicle.
[2] The bracket used to connect a vehicle to a trailer or motorhome. See towing
hitch
hitch ball:
A metal ball with a bolt attached to it. It is secured to a bracket on a vehicle in order
to mount a trailer hitch. British term is "towball"
hitch pin:
A heat-treated, hi-strength steel pin ranging from a diameter of 7/16" to 1-1/4" and a
length from 3-1/2" to 7". A flange is at one end and a hole (through which a hair pin
can be inserted) at the other end. The hitch pin secures the hitch to the receiver.
hi-way bar:
An auxiliary lateral piece of metal (usually chromed for good appearance) fitted to
the front down tubes or frame. Folding pegs may be found at each end. The bar
allows the rider to position his feet straight ahead for variety in leg position when
riding long distances. Also called "highway bar."
hog:
[1] A colloquial term for a Harley Davidson motorcycle.
[2] A person who persists in driving by using the full lane or both lanes at a slow
speed so that it is impossible to pass him. See road hog
hogging:
Straining of the ship that tends to make the bow and stern lower than the middle
portion (See Sagging)
hoist:
See
chain hoist
engine hoist
hoisting rope:
Flexible wire rope for lifting purposes, generally being of six strands with 19 wires
in each strand and in most cases having a hemp rope at the center. Also called wire
rope
hold:
The large spaces below deck for the stowage of cargo.
Also see
intermediate hold
holdback:
A mark-up of a certain percentage that the dealer pays the manufacturer on each
new car that is added to his stock; this amount is rebated to the dealer after the car is
sold
hold ceiling:
A covering usually of wood, placed over the tank top for its protection
hold down clamp:

See
hold-down clamp:
See
hold-down pin, spring and retainer:

The most common method of retaining a brake shoe to the backing plate. The pin
passes through the backing plate and brake shoe. The spring and retainer are
fastened to the pin, which holds the shoe against the backing plate
holder:
See
beverage holder
bit holder
brush holder
bulb holder
coin holder
cup holder
glass holder
tap holder
hold fitting:
See air hold fitting
hold-in coil:
A separate relay coil, such as the hold-in winding in a starter solenoid, which is
energized by contacts that close when the relay pulls in, to hold the relay in its
energized position after the original operating circuit has been broken. Also called
"holding coil."
holding:
See road holding
holding coil:
A separate relay coil, such as the hold-in winding in a starter solenoid, which is
energized by contacts that close when the relay pulls in, to hold the relay in its
energized position after the original operating circuit has been broken. Also called
"hold-in coil."
holding winding:
A part of a relay designed to hold it in the on-position. Compare pull-in winding.
Also called "hold-in winding."
hold-in winding:
A part of a relay designed to hold it in the on-position. Compare pull-in winding.
Also called "holding winding."
hold-off valve:
See metering valve
hold-open:
See door hold-open spring
hold-open spring:
See door hold-open spring
hold out:
The ability of a surface to keep the top layer of paint from sinking in or being
absorbed
hole:
See
access hole
bolt hole
countersunk hole
cubby hole
drain hole
limber hole
oil filter hole
pilot hole
radiator fill hole
spurt hole
squirt hole
stud hole
valve hole
wheel bolt hole
hole circle:
See wheel bolt hole circle.
hole cutter:
See variable hole cutter
hole cutting snips:

Snips with pointed cutting blades for cutting holes in sheet metal material
hole plug:
See core hole plug
hole punch:
[1] A tool like pliers used in autobody repair to form holes along the edge of a
repair panel; the panel can then be plug-welded to the substructure at these holes
[2] A tool for poking holes in leather and fabric
holesaw:
A cylindrical-shaped saw for use with power tools, for cutting holes in sheet metal
material, e.g., in car bodies for installation of aerials
hole theory:
Assumption that movement of a free electron from atom to atom leaves a hole in the
atom it left, which is filled by another free electron
hollowing:
The action of forming a deeply crowned panel from a piece of sheet steel on a
hollowing block or a shot bag, using special mallets and hammers
hollowing block:
A shaped wooden block on which a desired shape is produced by hammering
holographic combiner:
A semi-reflecting layer embedded in laminated windscreen glass; used for head-up
displays
home:
See
limp home
mobile home
homofocal headlight:
A type of headlight with two reflectors, the inner one has a shorter focal length than
the main one
homokinetic joint:
See constant velocity joint
homologation:
An official recognition of a special version of a standard car as a production model,
to make it eligible for racing
Honda:
An automobile and motorcycle manufacturer in Japan Click for books on Honda
Honda Accord:
A model of automobile manufactured by Honda Click for books on Honda Accord
Honda Civic:
A model of automobile manufactured by Honda Click for books on Honda Civic
Honda CRX:
A model of automobile manufactured by Honda Click for books on Honda CRX
Honda Del Sol:

A model of automobile manufactured by Honda Click for books on Honda Del Sol
Honda Passport:
A model of automobile manufactured by Honda Click for books on Honda Passport
Honda Prelude:
A model of automobile manufactured by Honda Click for books on Honda Prelude
Honda S2000:
A model of automobile manufactured by Honda Click for books on Honda S2000
hone:
[1] To remove metal with a fine grit abrasive stone in order to meet precise
tolerances.
[2] The device or tool which is rotated in a cylinder to remove slight imperfections
in the cylinder wall. See cylinder hone.
honeycomb:
A pattern of hexagonal shapes, like bees' cells.
Also see
ceramic honeycomb
honing:
The precision machining process used to resurface bores and shafts
honing stone:
A tool used for the final smoothing operation, e.g., when repairing a cylinder wall
hood:
[1] The part of the vehicle body which covers the top of the engine in front engine
vehicles. In mid-engine cars the panel which conceals the engine is called the
"engine cover" or access panel. In rear-engine cars the panel which conceals the
engine is called a "deck lid."
[2] A British term for the roof of a convertible.
Also see
fabric hood
hydraulic hood
power hood
hood badge:
An emblem reflecting the name or logo of the car manufacturer and is secured to the
front end of the hood. Some are bolted or pasted flat to the front, others stand
upright on fixed or pivoting rods.
hood bar:
A British term for one of at least four struts that support a roof. Usually made of
tubular or sheet steel
hood bow:
A British term for one of at least four struts that support a roof. Usually made of
tubular or sheet steel
hood bump rubber:

A thick rubber strip which is secured to the vertical panel on which the hood is
lowered
hood bumper:
See hood bump rubber
hood landing panel:

The panel on which the hood is lowered. It also houses the hood locking mechanism
hood liner:
A material secured to the underside of the hood to provide sound insulation. It is
usually made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, or a fabric of polyester
hood lock:
A mechanism which is made of a peg on the front end of the underside of the hood
and a sliding latch on the panel above the radiator. The sliding latch is released by a
lever under the hood or by a lever under the dash in the passenger compartment. See
hood release
hood pin:
A pin designed to hold a hood closed.
hood pin kit:

A pair of hood pins and brackets which secure the hood of competition cars and
"would-be" competition cars
hood pins:
Pins designed to hold a hood closed.
hood release:
A device which releases the hood lock. The trigger, located under the dash in the
passenger compartment, is attached to a cable which controls the hood lock.
hood rod:
A bar or rod which keeps the hood in an open position. The rod is located under the
hood. Once the hood is raised, the rod is swung upright and the free end is placed in
a notch or hole in the hood to keep it in place
hood stick:
An old British term for hood bar
hood tape:
A fabric covered beading which keeps the hood on older cars from rubbing on the
paint below them.
hooke joint:
See cardan joint.
hooke universal:
See cardan joint.
hook:
The curved, dropped section of a set of turned-down handlebars of a bicycle.
hooks:
The curved, dropped sections of a set of turned-down handlebars of a bicycle.
hook up:
[1] To connect.
[2] To meet with someone.
hooped:
A colloquial expression meaning damaged or out of order as in Your engine is
hooped.
hop:
See wheel hop.
hopping:
See code hopping
hopping up:
Increasing engine performance through various modifications.
Horch:
On 14 November 1899, August Horch (1868-1951) established the company A.
Horch & Cie. in the Ehrenfeld district of Cologne, Germany. Here he developed his
first car, which was completed at the beginning of 1901. The company moved to
Reichenbach in Saxony in March 1902 and converted to a share-issuing company
two years later. On May 10, 1904, A. Horch & Cie. Motorwagen-Werke AG was
established in Zwickau. The 1925-1948 models are classic cars.
horizontal:
Lying flat, not upright
horizontal adjuster:
A screw for adjusting the lateral aim of the headlight beam
horizontal draft carburetor:

See side draft carburetor
horizontal draught carburetor:

See side draft carburetor
horizontal keiretsu:
A keiretsu system where the keiretsu member companies have shareholdings in
each other. The opposite is vertical keiretsu. The member companies own relatively
small chunks of shares in one another and are each centered on a core bank; the
keiretsu system helps insulate company managements from stock market
fluctuations and take-over attempts, allowing long-term planning and engagement in
innovative projects; it is a key element of the automotive industry in Japan
horizontally opposed engine:

An engine possessing two banks of cylinders that are placed flat or 180 degrees
apart. This configuration gives a lower center of gravity which improves handling.
As well it has a lower hood height to improve aerodynamics. Also called a "boxer"
engine.
Also see
flat engine
horizontal position:
A weld performed on a horizontal seam at least partially on a vertical surface.
horn:
A device for sounding an alarm. On some entry level vehicles, a single horn makes
a high pitch beep. On more expensive vehicles, the sound is made with two or more
horns. The sound is made by an electrical charge which activates and deactivates a
coil. The sound is then magnified by the shape of the horn. Large truck horns make
a very loud noise because the sound is made by passing compressed air through the
sounding device. A Claxton horn makes a sound that resembles the word "A-hoo-
gah."
Also see
air cleaner horn
air horn
blast horn
bull horn
bumper horn
claxton horn
dual-tone horn
overrider
two-tone horn
horn boss:
A relatively large pad in the centre of the steering wheel which sounds the horn
when depressed
horn button:
A relatively small button on the steering wheel or the end of the signal light lever
which sounds the horn when depressed
horn rim steering wheel:

A steering wheel which had a thin metal strip on the inside of the rim. When it was
pressed, the horn sounded.
horn ring:
A thin chrome ring which was smaller than the steering wheel which sounded the
horn when pressed. This style was found on older vehicles.
horn switch:
An electrical device which engages the horn.
horsepower:
(HP) A measurement of the engine's ability to perform work. One horsepower is
defined as the ability to lift 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute. To find
horsepower, the total rate of work in foot pounds accomplished is divided by
33,000. If a machine was lifting 100 pounds 660 feet per minute, its total rate of
work would be 66,000 foot pounds per minute. Divide this by 33,000 foot pounds
per minute to arrive at 2 horsepower. In metric terms, it is the ability to raise 250
kilograms a distance of 30 centimeters in one second. It is also equal to 745.7 watts.
See
brake horsepower
friction horsepower
indicated horsepower
net horsepower
rated horsepower
road load horsepower
SAE gross horsepower
SAE horsepower
SAE net horsepower
horsepower screw:
A screw in the cover of adjustable wastegates to vary the spring height, which
adjusts boost pressure; screwing down adds HP but may destroy the engine
horsepower weight factor:

See horsepower-weight factor.
horsepower-weight factor:
The relationship between the total weight of the vehicle and the horsepower
available. By dividing the weight by the horsepower, the number of pounds to be
moved by one horsepower is determined. This factor has a great effect on
acceleration, gas mileage, and all around performance.
hose:
A flexible tube used to convey liquid. In most automobiles, hoses connected
independent components like the radiator, water pump, and heater.
Also see
acetylene hose
braided hose
brake hose
overflow hose
radiator hose shark tooth pliers
radiator hose
vacuum hose
hose clamp:
An adjustable metal ring, wire, or band placed around a hose where it connects to a
metal pipe, to prevent leaks and to keep the hose in place. Hose clamps are
tightened in one of three ways. In single wire clamps, it is tightened by spring
tension of the clamp. In worm-gear clamps, by a worm screw. In strap-and-bolt
clamps, by a screw. The British term is "hose clip."
hose clamp installer:
A special tool for the installation of ear-type clamps, used e.g., on some types of CV
joint boots, filters, cooling systems, and vacuum lines
hose clamp pliers:

A special tool used to remove and install hose clamps
hose clamps:
See hose clamp
hose clip:
A British term for hose clamp
hose clip installer:

British term for hose clamp installer
hose clip pliers:

British term for hose clamp pliers
hose pinch-off pliers:

A special tool to pinch off hoses when servicing the cooling system; pivoting jaws
squeeze hoses shut so there is no need to drain the system
hot:
Connected to the battery positive terminal, energized
hot cap:
The conventional method of retreading in which uncured rubber is added to a buffed
casing and cured in the mold at temperatures of approximately 290°-300°F. This
temperature allows uncured rubber to flow in the matrix forming the tread design
during vulcanization.
Also see
cold cap
Hotchkiss:
A brand of vehicle of which the 1925-1948 models, with required application, are
classic cars.
hotchkiss drive:
The method of connecting the transmission output shaft to the differential
pinion by using open driveshafts. The driving force of the rear wheels is
transmitted to the frame through the rear springs or through link arms
connecting the rear axle housing to of the vehicle. Combines both steering axis
and camber angles.
hotchkiss suspension:
A live-axle rear suspension in which leaf springs handle both the axle's springing
and its location. See hotchkiss drive.
hot dip:
to coat metal parts by immersion in molten metal, such as tin or zinc
hot-dip aluminizing:
The deposition of aluminium coatings by hot dipping
hot-dip galvanize:
to apply a zinc coating by hot dipping
hot gas:
The state of the refrigerant between the compressor and the condenser
hot gas welding:

A welding process involving the joining of thermoplastic materials by softening
with a jet of hot air, then joining them at the softened points
hot grip:
Electrically heated handlebar grips used on snowmobiles
hot hatch:
high-performance hatchback
hot idle compensator:

A small air valve that allows fresh air to enter the manifold and lean the mixture
when the engine is hot
hot lash:
The valve adjustment on a engine equipped with solid lifters
hot plug:
A spark plug which has a long insulator nose which absorbs more heat and
dissipates heat slowly. A colder plug is used in a hot engine while a hot plug is used
in a cold engine. Thus if the plugs are fouling too much, try a hotter plug. If the
plugs are coming out white, try a colder plug. The ideal color of the center insulator
nose should be a light chocolate brown.
hot rod:
A production car that has been modified by the owner in the attempt to increase
acceleration and top end speed. Although the term can be applied to any modified
car, it is usually reserved for vehicles produced from 1930 to 1940's. Typically the
engine is modified, and some body panels removed. Many were painted with a
design of flames behind the front wheels to give the appearance that this vehicle
was "hot" -- thus the name.
hot soak:
Occurs when the engine is topped during hot weather or after it has been run long
enough to be fully warmed up; also the period during which the phenomenon
known as percolation occurs
hot spark plug:

See hot plug
hot spot:
[1] Refers to a comparatively thin section or area of the wall between the intake and
exhaust manifold of an engine, the purpose being to allow the hot exhaust gases to
heat the comparatively cool incoming mixture.
[2] Also used to designate local areas of the cooling system which have above
average temperature.
hot spraying:
A spray process in which paint is preheated in a paint container so that its viscosity
is reduced and it can be atomized without being diluted with a solvent
hot start:
The starting of a hot engine may be difficult if it has been stopped for a few
minutes; the accumulation of gasoline vapor in the air filter and inlet manifold,
caused by the rise in engine temperature when left standing when hot, can be
dissipated by slowly pressing the accelerator right down and turning the engine over
until it fires
hot start enrichment:

A fuel mixture enrichment when starting a hot engine
hot starting:
See hot start
hot-start pulse relay:

A fuel injection component which operates the cold-start valve intermittently to
improve starting when the engine is hot; installed in the cold-start valve circuit in
some CIS-equipped engines
hot water vacuum valve:

A vacuum actuated valve which controls the flow of coolant through the heater core
hot wax:
wax-based material used for hot-wax flooding
hot-wax flooding:
A special cavity-sealing process developed by Volkswagen, which uses a solvent-
free wax injected into the cavities of bodies preheated to 60°C
hot-wax flooding unit:

A device for hot-wax flooding consisting of a preheating zone, a flooding zone and
a drip-off zone
hot wire:
[1] The positive wire coming from the battery or generating system.
[2] As a verb, it indicates the starting procedure when by-passing the ignition key
and normal starting procedure.
hot-wire airflow meter:
A constant-temperature hot-wire sensing device, used in electronic fuel injection
systems, which measures the rate of a mass airflow into the engine by measuring the
current needed to keep the hot wire at the same temperature
hot-wire element:
An element in a hot-wire air-flow meter
hot-wire sensor:
See air mass sensor
hour capacity:
See ampere hour capacity
house:
See
deck house
full house
pilot house
wheel house
house bridge:
An erection fitted on the upper or superstructure deck of a ship. The officers'
quarters, lounge are usually located in the bridge house
house panel:
See wheel house panel
housing:
A container or casing for mechanical components such as bearings, gears, etc.
See
axle casing
axle housing
bearing housing
bell housing
brake drum
camshaft housing
clutch housing
converter housing
differential housing
oil filter housing
rear axle housing
rear axle housing, split type
torque converter housing
transmission extension housing
transmission housing
turbine housing
valve body housing
wheel housing
housing banjo:
See
axle housing banjo
housing split:
See
axle housing split
hovercraft:
A ground vehicle that is supported by a cushion of air to reduce friction. As well as
travelling on the land, hovercraft can travel on the sea or swampy terrain.
HP:
Acronym for "horsepower."
HPV:
Acronym for "Human Powered Vehicle."
HSDI:
Acronym for "high speed direct injection" for a diesel engine
HT:
[1] Acronym for "hardtop."
[2] Acronym for high-tension
HT circuit:
See secondary circuit
HT distributor:
A distributor, in electronically controlled ignition systems, which has no controlling
functions or advance mechanism
HT lead:
See spark plug wire
HT outlet:
See coil tower
hub:
[1] On a bicycle, the center of a wheel consisting of a shell to which spokes attach
and contains an axle along with two sets of bearings, bearing cones, lockwasher,
locknuts, and parts for attaching the wheel to the frame.
[2] The base of a wheel with studs protruding from its face upon which the wheel
itself is mounted to an automotive vehicle.
Also see
central locking hub
freewheel hub
freewheeling hub
safety hubs
splined hub
wheel hub
hub brake:
Any type of brake (disc, drum, or coaster) that operates through the wheel hub
rather than the rim.
hubcap:
The covering that fits over the end of the wheel spindle to keep dust and water away
from the wheel bearings and brakes. It is often a styling feature, but it also acts as a
good container for keeping the lug nuts from being lost when changing tires. When
a vehicle becomes stuck in the snow, it can also be used as a temporary shovel. Also
called wheel cover.
Also see
moon
hub cap:
See hubcap
hub carrier:
[1] A part of the suspension system which carries a rear wheel hub on a front-wheel
drive vehicle, or on a rear-wheel drive vehicle with independent rear suspension.
[2] Another term for steering swivel
hub-center steering:
Steering system in which the wheel pivots about its center point; the axle is
normally fixed
hubcentric fit:
A spigot mounted wheel
hublock:
In 4-wheel-drive vehicles, it is inefficient to have the front wheels connected when
not needed. Most older vehicles required a person to get out and manually switch
each front hub. Now these hubs can be changed remotely with a switch inside the
vehicle.
Also see
pulse vacuum hublock
hubodometer:
A register mounted on the axle hub which shows the distance the vehicle travelled.
It is popular to record mileage for leasing of vehicles or tires particularly on trailers,
since there is no other odometer present.
hub plate:
The central element of a clutch driven plate which carries the splined hub
hub puller:
A special tool, of both jaw and slide hammer design, used to remove wheel hubs on
vehicles by a pulling action
HUD:
An acronym for "heads up display" which is a system of mounting gauges so that
the read-out is shown on the windshield. In this way the driver does not have to take
his eyes off the road to see how his vehicle is performing.
Hudson:
A brand of vehicle of which the 1929 Series L is a classic car. All
1948-49 models are milestone cars. The 1951-54 Hornet models Click for books
are milestone cars. on Hudson
hull:
Body of a ship which floats on the water
Humber:
A brand of vehicle of which the 1925-1948 models, with required application, are
classic cars.
humidifying tower:
The air saturator tower in salt spray test chambers
humidity:
See relative humidity
humidity chamber:
A test chamber for simulating tropical and subtropical conditions
humidex:
(short for humidity index) is a number which combines the air temperature in
Celsius and the amount of humidity in order to give a single number to represent the
perceived discomfort of weather that is hot and humid. It was devised by Canadian
meteorologists and first used in 1965. The humidex is widely used in Canada and
has been accepted in a number of other countries.
Range of humidex Degree of comfort
Less than 29 No discomfort

30 to 39 Some discomfort
40 to 45 Great discomfort; avoid exertion
Above 45 Dangerous
Above 54 Heat stroke imminent
The humidex is calculataed with the following formula:
Humidex = (air temperature) + h
where
h = (0.5555)*(e - 10.0);
e = 6.11 * exp(5417.7530 * ((1/273.16) - (1/dewpoint)))
hump:
A raised portion on the rim bead seat of passenger car wheels, retaining the beads of
an insufficiently inflated tubeless tire on the bead seats, thereby preventing the tire
beads from jumping into the rim well.
Also see
flat hump
hump rim
outboard flat hump
outboard round hump
round hump
safety bead seat
safety rim
hump mode:
An operating condition where the transmitted torque in a viscous coupling rises to a
value several times higher than the value produced in the so-called viscous mode,
due to internal clamping, i.e., metal friction of the coupling discs
hump rim:
designation for a rim featuring a safety contour (round hump, flat hump,
combination hump) either on the outer or on both bead seats. This protection is
particularly important with tubeless tires, where sudden deflation can occur if the
tire beads leave the bead seats and drop into the well. Compare hump and safety
bead seat
hundredweight:
(cwt) An obsolete unit of weight measurement, used in some classic-car manuals. 1
British cwt = 5080 grams; 1 US cwt = 4535 grams
hunting:
[1] The uneven running of an engine, due to air/fuel mixture being too rich.
[2] The action of some automatic transmissions when a vehicle is climbing a hill.
The transmission constantly shifts between fifth gear and fourth gear
hunting tooth:
An extra, odd tooth on a gearwheel, designed to ensure the same teeth do not always
mesh together, thus reducing wear
Hurst six-speed shifter:

Upgraded shifter for manual transmissions which make the distance between gears
shorter. The power band is more continuous from the bottom of first gear to the top
of sixth. This means that when you shift, the amount of acceleration you experience
will be more even throughout all the levels of the transmission. The result is that
you can make the car accelerate faster and gain more control (through enhanced
consistency) in turns or any application of power. Hurst also manufactures many
other shifters with 2 to 6 gears for a variety of cars. Linda Vaughn has been their
spokeswoman for many years.
HVAC:
Acronym for "heating, ventilation, and air conditioning" system
H valve:
A type of expansion valve used by Chrysler Corp
HVAN:
Acronym for "Heavy Van" (e.g., Mitsubishi Canter).
hwy:
Abbreviation for "highway."
hybrid car:
A car with a hybrid propulsion system
hybrid propulsion:
Two distinct but interdependent forms of propulsion, such as an electric motor and
an internal combustion engine, or an electric motor with battery and fuel cells for
energy storage
hybrid technology:
Film circuits combined with integrated circuits, used especially for trigger boxes or
electronic control units
Hydragas:
See moulton Hydragas suspension
Hydragas suspension:
See
hydropneumatic suspension
Moulton Hydragas suspension
hydraulic:
[1] When a quantity of water, oil, or other fluid is forced along one end of a line, it
also forces against the other end of the line. Because these fluids (unlike a gas)
cannot be compressed, when they are forced into a smaller cylinder they multiply
the amount of force. Thus a driver can apply a small amount of force on the pedal or
lever and a great amount of force is applied to the brake. Used in power steering,
clutches, and brake systems.
[2] When used as a verb, it means that oil or excessive gasoline has entered the
combustion chamber so that when compression takes place, the fluid cannot be
compressed. Something has to give and it is usually the connecting rod that bends.
It is found in the expression, "the engine hydrauliced."
hydraulic accumulator:
See accumulator (def. 3)
hydraulic actuator:
Unit in an anti-lock brake system that can increase brake pressure, decrease brake
pressure, or hold brake pressure steady based on signals it receives from the control
module
hydraulic actuators:
The hydraulically operated struts which control the movement of the wheels in an
active ride suspension system
hydraulically-activated brakes:
A motorcycle system where the brakes use hydraulic fluid instead of a cable. When
the lever/pedal is squeezed/pressed, hydraulic fluid forces the pistons to put pressure
on the brake pads which rub against the brake disc and cause enough friction to stop
the bike. A master cylinder that contains the hydraulic fluid sits on the handlebar
near the brake lever.
hydraulically-assisted brakes:
See brake booster.
hydraulically-activated clutch:
Found in a motorcycle, the clutch is engaged/disengaged via hydraulic fluid instead
of a cable. When the lever is squeezed, hydraulic fluid forces the pushrod to
disengage the clutch. A master cylinder that contains the hydraulic fluid sits on the
handlebar near the clutch lever.
hydraulically-assisted clutch:
A clutch operated by hydraulic pressure.
hydraulic assisted brakes:

See brake booster.
hydraulic brakes:
See brake booster.
hydraulic brake booster:

hydraulic pressure supplied by the power steering pump, or a separate hydraulic
pump, which is used to assist in applying the brakes; used on cars and on some
trucks
hydraulic assisted brakes:

Brakes operated by hydraulic pressure. See brake booster.
hydraulic braking system:

Brakes operated by hydraulic pressure
hydraulic control block:

A control valve assembly
hydraulic control unit:

The portion of an anti-lock brake system that houses the solenoid valves and
electro-hydraulic pump
hydraulic fluid:
A special oil used in hydraulic systems, such as power steering, self-leveling
suspension, to operate the system of master and slave cylinders. Also compare brake
fluid and automatic transmission fluid
hydraulic hood:
British term for hydraulic top
hydraulic jack:
A device used to lift a vehicle by using hydraulic pressure.
hydraulic lift:
A device used in a service garage to raise a vehicle so that a mechanic can look at or
repair components under the vehicle.
hydraulic lifter:
See hydraulic valve lifter.
hydraulic modulator:
A device which regulates hydraulic fluid pressure in an ABS.
Also see
hydraulic control unit
hydraulic pressure pump:

An engine-driven pump which supplies oil under pressure to operate, e.g., power
brakes or power-assisted steering
hydraulics:
The study of pressure and flow in liquids. A hydraulic jack uses oil under high
pressure to lift large objects more easily.
hydraulic tappet:
British term for hydraulic valve lifter
hydraulic top:
A convertible top which is raised and lowered by a hydraulic system; depending on
engineering, a hydraulic top can operate fast, silently, and with tremendous power.
Also see
power top
tensile force
hydraulic valve lifter:

A lifter that uses hydraulic oil pressure to maintain no clearance between metal
parts so that valve noise is reduced. Also it reduces wear on the valves and
eliminates periodic valve adjustments.
hydraulic wedge:
A hydraulic jack with ends designed to reach behind dented double panels and to
press them back into shape by the hydraulic action of the wedge-shaped ends
Hydraulique Minerale:
See liquide Hydraulique Minérale
hydroactive suspension:
See hydropneumatic suspension
hydrocarbon:
(HC) A compound made up of hydrogen and carbon (e.g., gasoline, petroleum
products, etc.). Hydrocarbons are also found when gasoline is burned in an engine
and thus produce visible smog even though hydrocarbons make up only 0.1% of
emissions.
Also see
total hydrocarbons
unburnt hydrocarbons
hydrocarbon engine:
An engine using petroleum products, such as gas, liquefied gas, gasoline, kerosene,
or fuel oil as a fuel.
hydrocarbon plastics:
Plastics based on resins made by the polymerization of monomers composed of
carbon and hydrogen only
hydrocarbons:
See hydrocarbon
hydrodynamic clutch:
See fluid coupling
hydrodynamic torque converter:

See torque converter
hydroelectric power:
See hydro-electric power.
hydro-electric power:
Electricity produced by using the kinetic energy of water.
hydrofoil:
A vessel which skims the surface of the water and the shaped pieces on the bottom
of the vessel which act like "water wings" to give it lift.
hydrogen:
A gas formed of the single element hydrogen. It is considered one of the most active
gases. When combined with oxygen, it forms a very clean flame which, however,
does not produce a very high temperature or very much heat.
hydrogen embrittlement:
A process which results in a decrease of the toughness or ductility of a metal due to
absorption of hydrogen
Hydrolastic:
See moulton Hydrolastic suspension
Hydrolastic suspension:
A proprietary suspension system incorporating a conical rubber spring compressed
by hydraulic pressure; this system also provides a hydraulic interconnection
between front and rear wheels on one side of the vehicle.
Also see
moulton Hydrolastic suspension
hydrometer:
A device to determine the weight of a liquid. It is used to test battery electrolyte and
the percentage of coolant in the cooling system.
hydroplaning:
A phenomenon of driving when water builds up under the tire tread, causing it to
lose contact with the road. Caused by speed, water depth, tread depth, and inflation
pressure. Slowing down will usually restore normal tire contact with the road. Also
called aquaplaning.
hydropneumatic suspension:
A suspension system which uses a gas and a liquid which are separated by a flexible
bladder. The setup causes the suspension to maintain a preset height. Used in
Citroën cars.
hydropulser:
A hydraulically operated system that can excite vibrations of various frequencies in
a car; serves to find and eliminate noise sources
hydrostatically inflate:
To inflate with water instead of air.
Also see
liquid ballast
hydrostatic drive:
See hydrostatic transmission
hydrostatic gauge:
Gauges, such as gas tank gauge, in which the depth of the gas in the tank controls
the air in the connecting line to the instrument, which registers the depth on a scale
or dial
hydrostatic steering:
A power steering system without mechanical steering links, but is controlled
entirely by hydraulics
hydrostatic test:
pressure test using water
hydrostatic transmission:
A drive by means of hydraulic motors, particularly where the drive is to each wheel
of an off-road vehicle
hygroscopic:
Something that tends to absorb moisture
hypoid axle:
A driving axle with a hypoid gear
hypoid gear:
A type of spiral bevel gear in which the drive pinion shaft is located below the
center of the ring gear. This setup is used to lower the height of the driveshaft
and thus lower the floor of the vehicle.
hypoid oil:
A special lubricant for hypoid gears
hysteresis:
The energy lost and not returned, when tire materials are subjected to stress in any
direction. Lost energy is converted to heat through molecular interaction, and since
rubber has poor thermal conductivity, internal temperatures of a tire can build up
rapidly under repeated flexing.
Hyundai:
An automobile manufactured in Korea Click for books on Hyundai

DICTIONARY OF AUTOMOTIVE TERMS "I"
[N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]
[Ic] [Id] [If] [Ig] [Ih] [Il] [Im] [In] [Ir] [Is] [It]
I:
Short form for "injection" indicating that the engine is fuel-injected, e.g., GTi, EFi,
1.6i, SSEi
IAC:
Acronym for idle air control valve
I&C systems:
Acronym for "instrumentation and control systems"
IAR:
Acronym for integral alternator/Regulator
IASCA:
Acronym for "International Auto Sound Challenge Association."
I-beam:
A steel beam that is shaped like the letter "I" when you look at the cross section
I-beam suspension:
A suspension which uses an I-beam. The wheels on opposite sides of the vehicle are
linked by a solid member, usually an I-beam but sometimes a tube. This minimizes
the pieces needed for the suspension, but weighs slightly more, so is seldom used on
high-performance vehicles. It was most common on older car front suspensions, but
is now most commonly used on the rear of front-wheel-drive vehicles.
Also see
twin I-beam suspension
I-beam axle:
See rigid axle
IC:
See hall IC
ICE:
Acronym for "in-car entertainment"
ice:
See de-ice
ICEI:
Acronym for "Internal Combustion Engine Institute, Inc."
IC engine:
Acronym for "internal combustion engine"
icer:
See de-icer
ice scraper:
A small plastic hand-held implement for scraping frost and ice away from
windshields and windows. A CD disc does the job even better because it always
keeps its edge. Some ice scrapers are located at the end of a brush stick.
icing:
A condition where ice forms at the edge of the carburetor throttle plate/butterfly. It
restricts the flow of the fuel-air mixture when the throttle butterfly is at or near the
idle position. It causes the engine to stall. Ice forms because of rapid vaporization of
the fuel which lowers the temperature of the mixture and causes the moisture in the
air to freeze. It can occur when the temperature is between -2 to 13°C (28 to 55° F)
and the relative humidity is above 64%. It usually occurs after the engine is started
and before it has reached operating temperature.
Also see
carburetor icing.
icing switch:
A device that cuts off the compressor when the evaporator temperature drops below
a predetermined level
ID:
Acronym for "inside diameter."
identical part:
See shared component
identification:
See
engine identification number
program comparison and identification
identification color:
[1] A particular color for a specific amperage of fuse.
[2] A color scheme for wiring
identification number:
See
engine identification number
vehicle Identification Number
IDI:
Acronym for "integrated direct ignition" system
idiot light:
See idiot lights.
idiot lights:
A colloquial term for the indicator lights on the dashboard which are illuminated
when the vehicle is experiencing some problem such as a lack of oil, overheating,
failed brakes, low fuel, etc. The alternative is to install gauges which indicate the
level of fluids and temperature. A combination of both gauges and lights is ideal.
idle:
The engine speed when the vehicle is not moving. The engine's slowest practical
speed.
Also see
fast idle
fast idle cam
fast idle screw
fast idle solenoid
tick over
idle air bleed screw:

A screw found on some carburetors which allows air to enter the carburetor when
the throttle is closed, so that the vehicle can idle. It also prevents the formation of
deposits in the throttle area. The adjustment of this screw is part of a basic tune-up.
Also see
bleed screw
idle air control valve:

(IAC) on fuel injection vehicle, a valve that allows air to bypass the throttle plate(s),
increasing idle speed. The valve is operated by an electric solenoid or motor. The
vehicle computer controls the amount of opening to regulate idle speed for varying
conditions such as cold string and air conditioner compressor load
idle air jet:

A hole in a fixed-jet carburetor through which air is drawn into the idle system
idle cam:
See fast idle cam
idle channel restriction:

Used on carbureted vehicle. Does the same thing as the idle feed restriction, but is
located in the idle passage just below the idle air bleed instead of the bottom of the
idle tube. In the primary idle channel, the amount of fuel emitted by the idle
discharge port is adjustable because there is a screw with a tapered tip extending
into the port. On the secondary side, the idle discharge port uses a fixed idle channel
restriction with no adjustment
idle circuit:
At idle and low speeds, the carburetor system supplies enough fuel to the engine to
keep it running. When the vehicle gets up to speed (usually about 24 kph or 15
mph) the idle circuit kicks out of operation so that fuel is supplied by the main
metering system. Also called the "low-speed circuit."
idle discharge hole:
Used on carbureted vehicle. The hole through which the idle mixture enters the
airstream flowing past the throttle plate. Also called curb-idle port
idle feed restriction:

Used on carbureted vehicle. A metering orifice that controls the amount of fuel that
can enter the idle tube. Also called idle orifice or idle jet.
idle jet:
A carburetor jet within the idle system which supplies a constant amount of fuel for
the formation of the idle mixture
idle limiter:
Any device that limits the maximum richness of the idle air/fuel mixture in the
carburetor. Also aids in preventing overly rich idle adjustments. Limiters take either
of the two following forms: And external plastic cap or a internal-needle type
located in the idle passages of the carburetor
idle limiter cap:

An external plastic cap on the head of the idle mixture adjustment screw to maintain
preset emissions levels and prevent unauthorized tampering
idle mixture:
The mixture of air and fuel (usually about 14:1) being fed to the cylinders.
idle mixture adjustment screw:

See idle mixture screw
idle mixture screw:

A tapered screw located on the outside of the carburetor which controls the
proportion of the fuel-air mixture. It is now illegal to adjust these if limiter caps are
present. If you turn the screw clockwise, the mixture will be leaner while turning it
the other way results in a richer mixture.
idle orifice:
The idle restriction tube or idle jet
idler:
[1] A gearwheel between a driving and a driven gear in a gear train which may
serve to reverse the original direction of rotation of the driven wheel.
[2] A free-turning pulley or wheel which serves to maintain tension in a belt drive.
Also see
reverse idler gear
idler arm:
In a parallel relay-type steering linkage, it is one of the connecting levers. The
steering gearbox is attached to a pitman arm which converts rotary motion to lateral
motion. The pitman arm connects to a transverse centerlink which connects to the
idler arm attached to the frame side rail on the opposite side of the vehicle. The ends
of the centerlink connect to two adjustable tie rods that transmit the lateral
movement of the centerlink to the steering arms at each steering knuckle.
idler gear:
A gear that is placed between two other gears to reverse the direction of rotation of
the output gear.
Also see
reverse idler gear
idler pulley:
[1] The pulley in a rear derailleur that stays farthest from the freewheel cogs and
functions to keep tension on the chain of a bicycle.
[2] A small pulley located about half way from the front to back of a long chain
such as found on a tandem bicycle.
[3] A spring-loaded pulley designed to maintain the tension of the timing belt or a
cam chain.
idle screw:
See fast idle screw
idle solenoid:
See fast idle solenoid
idle speed:
This is the speed of the engine with the following conditions: The transmission is in
neutral (or park in automatic transmissions), the engine is fully warmed up, the
choke butterfly is fully open, and there is no extra accessories in operation (i.e., air
conditioner, radio, lights). Also called "idling speed"
idle speed actuator:
An electronically-controlled air bypass around the throttle. Also called idle-speed
stabilizer or a constant idle system
idle speed adjustment:

The alteration of the engine idle speed.
idle speed control:

(ISC) maintains the idle speed of the engine at a minimum level. There are currently
two types of computer controlled idle speed control: DC motor ISC and air bypass
ISC
idle speed control motor:

(ISC) and ECM controlled motor that extends or retracts a plunger that contacts the
throttle level, which regulates the position of the throttle valve to compensate for an
additional load, such as the air conditioner, power steering pump, etc. On the
engine. Although it regulates idle speed, it is not used to adjust the curb idle speed.
ISC motors are commonly used on carbureted and throttle body injected (TBI)
vehicles
idle speed screw:

A screw located at the bottom of the carburetor on the outside which keeps the
throttle from closing completely when the vehicle is idling and thus controls the idle
speed. This is adjusted as part of a basic tune-up.
idle speed stabilizer:

A device which ensures steady engine rpm at idle speed. An electronically-
controlled air bypass around the throttle. Also called idle speed actuator or a
constant idle system
idle stop solenoid:

A small cylinder located on the outside of the carburetor on some cars. It prevents
the vehicle from continuing to idle after the ignition switch has been shut off (i.e.,
dieseling). The position of the striker rod in the cylinder can be adjusted in a tune-
up to the correct specifications.
idle stop valve:

A solenoid-operated valve which cuts off fuel in the idle system of a carburetor and
so stops the engine from running-on when the ignition is switched off
idle system:
At idle speed, the throttle valve is closed to such an extent that the airflow
underneath the plunger no longer forms a sufficient vacuum; the fuel is then
supplied via an auxiliary system, the idle system, which consists of the idle jet, the
idle air jet, and the mixture control screw
idle tracking switch:

(ITS) used on CFI vehicle to inform the EEC if the throttle is in contact with the DC
motor
idle transfer port:

A port drilled into the carburetor body slightly above the idle port to allow extra
fuel/air emulsion into the airstream during the transition period when the throttle
plate is opening from its idle (closed) position to a larger (cruising) opening angle.
Also called idle transfer slot
idle transfer slot:

A port drilled into the carburetor body slightly above the idle port to allow extra
fuel/air emulsion into the airstream during the transition period when the throttle
plate is opening from its idle (closed) position to a larger (cruising) opening angle.
Also called idle transfer port
idle vacuum valve:

(IVV) used in conjunction with other vacuum controls to dump air injection system
air during extended periods of idle, to protect the catalyst
idling:
The action of an engine as it turns over at low speed with minimum throttle.
Also see
sonic idling
idling circuit:
The passages, jets, etc. in a fixed-jet carburetor which provide idling mixture to the
carburetor barrel
idling drag:
The forward motion of a vehicle with automatic transmission, with engine at idle
and selector lever in position "D" (Drive). Also called "creep"
idling speed:
See idle speed
IFI:
Acronym for "Industrial Fasteners Institute."
IFS:
Acronym for "independent front suspension."
ignite:
To set fire to; to catch fire
igniter:
A bridge igniter with detonator in an air bag system.
ignition:
A process which initiates the combustion of the compressed air/fuel mixture in the
combustion chamber. In a spark-ignition engine, the mixture is ignited by an electric
spark; in a diesel engine, the self-igniting mixture must be preheated by glow plugs
when a cold start is performed.
Also see
autoignition
battery ignition
breaker-triggered transistorized ignition
capacitor discharge ignition system
capacitor discharge ignition
coil ignition
contactless electronic ignition
contactless ignition
conventional ignition
direct ignition system
distributorless ignition system
dual ignition system
dynamic ignition timing
electronic ignition
grid-controlled ignition system
hall-effect ignition system
inductive ignition system
magneto ignition
map-controlled ignition
mapped ignition
mechanical ignition timing
oscillating pick-up ignition system
particulate ignition temperature
piezoelectric ignition
post-ignition
reference ignition pattern
required ignition voltage
self-ignition
single-coil twin ignition
solid-state ignition
spark ignition
surface ignition
thyristor ignition
transistorized coil ignition
transistor ignition
transistorized ignition
twin plug ignition
twin spark ignition
ignition advance:
The extent to which the ignition spark is made to occur earlier. The opposite is
ignition retard.
Also see
ignition timing
ignition amplifier:
A device used to increase the electrical signal in an electronic ignition system
ignition angle:
The angle, measured in degrees crankshaft, by which the ignition is advanced.
Also see
spark ignition angle
ignition cable:
A general term to designate the high-voltage cables of the ignition system, from the
ignition coil to the distributor and from the distributor to the spark plugs. Also
called "ignition leads"
ignition capacitor:
The electrical part which interrupts the primary current with low loss and suppresses
most of the arcing between the contact breaker points in conventional coil ignitions
ignition circuits:
See
primary circuit
secondary circuit
ignition coil:
A pulse transformer which is a part of the ignition system. It receives a small
amount of electrical voltage from the battery and steps up the low "primary" voltage
and amplifies it into a big jolt of voltage of about 20,000 volts, and sends it to the
spark plugs via the distributor. It is made of two windings and a core of iron. The
primary coil has about 200 turns of relatively heavy wire. The secondary windings
may have as much as 22,000 windings of fine wire. As electricity travels through
the primary winding, it produces a magnetic field in the coil. When the points open,
the magnetic field collapses and the movement of the magnetic field induces current
in the secondary windings of the coil. The voltage is stepped up in proportion to the
ratio of secondary to primary turns and the distributor directs this high voltage to
the spark plug. Also called just "coil."
Also see
exciter coil
field coil
single-spark ignition coil
ignition coil resistor:

A ballast resistor
ignition control unit:

A general control unit of electronic ignition systems, usually with current and dwell
angle control, driver and output stage, in some cases with electronic spark timing
functions. Compare electronic control unit
ignition delay:
The time lag between ignition triggering and the production of a spark
ignition disabler:
A standard feature of car alarm systems
ignition distributor:
See distributor.
ignition engine:
See spark ignition engine
ignition file:
A tool for filing ignition points and other small objects. Also called contact file,
magneto file, points file, or point file
ignition gauge:
A blade or wire-type feeler gauge used to check gaps on ignition systems, such as
air gaps between permanent magnet and trigger wheel on electric ignitions
ignition key:
A key which is inserted into an ignition lock located in the passenger compartment
(usually on the steering column or on the dash) and is used to switch on the ignition
ignition lag:
The time lag between fuel injection and combustion in a diesel engine
ignition lead:
A general term to designate the high-voltage cables of the ignition system, from the
ignition coil to the distributor and from the distributor to the spark plugs. Also
called "ignition cable"
ignition map:
An electronic map stored in the electronic control unit of ignitions with electronic
spark timing and containing the most favorable ignition angle/ignition point for
every operating point of the engine. Spark timing is optimized on the basis of fuel
type and consumption, torque, exhaust gas, knock limit, engine temperature, etc.
ignition module:
See ignition control unit
ignition oscilloscope:
An oscilloscope used especially for ignition tune-ups; usually integrated in an
engine tester
ignition pattern:
A display of the waveforms in the primary or secondary circuit of an ignition
system in the firing order of the engine; optionally parade or display pattern and
stacked or raster pattern.
Also see
ignition point:
[1] The moment of spark firing.
[2] breaker points.
ignition point file:

See ignition file
ignition points:
See breaker points.
ignition retard:
Ignition which occurs after top dead center
ignition setting:
See basic ignition setting
ignition switch:
A control device that is generally operated with a key that closes and opens an
electrical current to connect and disconnects the ignition system from the battery so
that the engine can be started and stopped as desired. The key should not be
removable when the engine is running. It usually has various positions which,
besides starting the engine, allow the user to operate the accessories without
engaging the engine or to check the bulbs in the warning lights on the dashboard.
ignition system:
The system that provides the electrical current or spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture
in the combustion chambers. It includes the battery or magneto which sends
electricity to the ignition coil if the ignition switch is on. The coil amplifies the
electrical charge and sends it to the distributor where it goes through the points and
is modified by the condenser. The distributor sends it along the high tension lines
(spark plug wires) to the spark plugs where it ignites the air-fuel mixture.
Also see
ballast ignition system
battery ignition system
continuous AC Ignition System
conventional ignition system
direct ignition system
distributorless ignition system
dual ignition system
grid-controlled ignition system
hall-effect ignition system
ignition
inductive ignition system
semiconductor ignition system
twin ignition system
ignition temperature:
See
flash point
ignition timing:
It is important that the spark coming from the spark plugs ignites the air-fuel
mixture at the correct moment determined by the manufacturer of the engine. Often
this is a few degrees before top dead center (BTDC). Suppose the specs indicate that
it should be set at 5 degrees BTDC, but in actuality it is set at 6 degrees. In that
case, the timing is advanced. If it were set at 4 degrees, the timing is retarded.
Incorrect ignition timing may result in poor performance and excessive fuel
consumption.
Also see
basic ignition setting
basic ignition timing
static ignition timing
stroboscopic ignition timing
ignition-timing control:
See vacuum ignition-timing control
ignition toolkit:
A set of small tools usually comprising 8 small open-ended wrenches (sizes: 3/16 -
7/16 in), a feeler gauge, a small screwdriver and a points file
ignition transformer:
A unit that transforms the primary voltage resulting from the capacitor discharge to
the required high voltage
ignition transistor:
A transistor that switches the primary current of a transistorized ignition system
ignition voltage:
The voltage at which the spark jumps across the electrodes; 30,000 volts are quite
common today.
Also see
ignition wrench:
A small, open-ended wrench about 3 inches (75mm) long. It had two jaw openings
set at different angles to the handle, e.g., 15° at one end and 60° or 75° at the other.
(The British term is electrical spanner). The available jaw sizes were the following:
15° 75° Length
13/64" 15/64" 3"
7/32" 1/4" 3"
1/4" 7/32" 3"
9/32" 5/16" 3-1/2"
5/16" 9/32" 3-1/2"
I head:
An overhead valve engine.
See
I-head engine
engine type
I-head:
An overhead valve engine.
See
I-head engine
engine type
I head engine:
An engine where both intake and exhaust valves are placed directly over the piston.
The cam is located in the block and the valves are activated by pushrods and rocker
arms. Also called "overhead-valve engine" or "valve-in-head engine."
I-head engine:
An engine where both intake and exhaust valves are placed directly over the piston.
The cam is located in the block and the valves are activated by pushrods and rocker
arms. Also called "overhead-valve engine" or "valve-in-head engine."
IHP:
Acronym for "indicated horsepower." Indicated horsepower developed by an engine
and a measure of pressure of explosion within cylinder express in pounds per square
inch
IHRA:
Acronym for "International Harmonized Research Activities."
IICC:
Acronym for "Insurance Information Center of Canada."
illuminated:
Lit up
illuminated entry system:

An additional courtesy lighting system which illuminates the door entry area when
the door is ajar; consists usually of lights in the lower door panels and footwells
illumination control:
A switch which dims the interior dash lights
imbalance:
A lack of balance due to uneven weight distribution. Improper wheel balance due to
uneven weight distribution on the tire and wheel assembly is one of the most
common causes of vibration. When one side of the tire and wheel assembly is
heavier than the other, centrifugal forces try to throw the heavy area outwards as the
wheel turns.
Also see
dynamic imbalance
spin imbalance
wheel imbalance
IMCO:
Acronym for "improved combustion"
IMEP:
Acronym for "indicated mean effective pressure"
IMI:
Acronym for "institute of the Motor Industry", a British organization for managers
in the motor industry
immerse:
To dip into or submerge in a liquid
immersion treatment:
See
tin immersion treatment
zinc immersion treatment
immobile:
A vehicle that is unable to move
immobilize:
To make immobile
immobilizer:
A device that makes something immobile (such as a Denver boot)
impact:
A sudden, hard, physical contact.
Also see
federal side impact standard
front-end impact
frontal impact
impact screwdriver
lateral impact
pendulum impact test
impact absorber:
An impact-damping element located between the bumper and bumper mounting to
keep impact energy from being transferred into the car body
impact adhesive:
A contact glue that provides adhesion when two coated surfaces are pressed
together
impact air bag:

See side impact air bag
impact bar:
See side impact bar
impact break:
A rupture to a tire resulting from the shock of striking a chuck-hole, rock, curb, etc.
and not caused by cutting.
impact cushion:
Some child seats secure the child by an impact cushion in addition to the seat belt or
straps
impact damage:
Damage that has been caused to the wall of a tire by contact with a curb or deep
pothole, etc.
impact driver:
See impact screwdriver
impact dummy:
See side impact dummy
impact intrusion beam:

See side impact intrusion beam
impact pipe:
A simplified version of an impact absorber
impact resistance test:

A determination of the resistance to breakage by flexural shock of plastics, as
indicated by the energy extracted from "standardized" pendulum-type hammers,
mounted in standard machines, in breaking standard specimens with one pendulum
swing
impact-resistant:
Something that is stiffened (to a certain degree) to resist the force of a collision
impact screwdriver:
A tool which features a mechanism that converts the impact from a hammer into a
powerful torque for loosening (or tightening) threaded fasteners. Also called
"impact driver."
impact sensor:
An open switch that is designed to close when an crash occurs that is severe enough
to warrant air bag deployment. See crash sensor
impact socket:
A heavy duty socket for use with air or electric power impact tools. Impact sockets
are designed to stand up to the extreme stress of these tools and can be used in
combination with special impact accessories such as extensions, universal joints,
and adapters. These accessories are also designed to withstand the stress of air or
electric power impact tools
impact standard:
See federal side impact standard
impact strength:
The ability of a material to resist shock loading strain
impact stress:
The force per unit area imposed on a material by an abruptly applied force
impact swivel ball universal joint:

The swivel ball type universal joint is the most common type for use with impact
sockets
impact test:
See pendulum impact test
impact wrench:
A pneumatic or electric tool for use with impact sockets
impeller:
[1] A rotating member of a centrifugal pump which is equipped with vanes to
convert mechanical energy into fluid energy. A rotor or wheel with blades or vanes
used in pumps to drive and circulate fluid.
Also see
volute
[2] A fluid coupling or torque converter -- the driving member connected to the
crankshaft via drive plate and converter cover which generates the fluid flow inside
the converter. The driving torus in the fluid coupling or torque converter of an
automatic transmission.
Also see
bladed impeller
compressor impeller
mixed-flow impeller
vane wheel impeller
impeller eye:
The inlet area of an impeller in a pump
impeller pump:
A centrifugal and side-channel pump
Imperial:
A vehicle brand of which the 1955-56 models are Click for books on
milestone cars. Imperial
imperial gallon:
A quantity of 4.546 liters. Also called "UK gallon." It is 20% larger than a US
gallon
Imperial phaeton:
See sport and Imperial phaeton
imperial sedan:
A drop or sliding glass partition between the driver's compartment and the tonneau
is the distinguishing feature between this type and the sedan, which it resembles in
all other respects.
Also see
sport and Imperial phaeton
impermeable:
Not capable of leaking fluid
impervious:
Not allowing gas to pass through
import:
See captive import
importer:
An organization that typically operates at arms length or under contractual
agreement with manufacturers to bring products made in another country into
Canada.
Import Measures Act:

See special Import Measures Act
import nameplate:
Vehicles sold by manufacturers primarily located outside North America whether
assembled Overseas or in North America.
improver:
See viscosity index improver
IMSA:
Acronym for International Motorsports Association.
inbedability:
The ability of a precision insert bearing to allow a small abrasive particle to imbed
itself in the bearing material so it will not scratch the surface of the journal.
inboard:
Located near the vehicle center rather than at the outside. Opposite of outboard
inboard brake:
See inboard brakes.
inboard brakes:
Most cars have the brakes associated with the wheel. Drum brakes, for instance, are
located in the wheel hub itself. Disc brakes are found attached to the wheel.
However, inboard brakes are not located within the wheel. Instead, they are found
attached to the differential housing or axle shaft. Thus they are generally located
only on the rear of the vehicle. Some racing cars (i.e., Formula 1) have them on the
front as well. Inboard brakes mean a reduction in unsprung weight and usually
better cooling.
inboard motor:
An engine which is located within a boat rather than being attached to the back
(outboard motor).
inboard starter:
A bendix starter
in-car entertainment:
(ICE) A car audio system, typically consisting of a radio/cassette player and perhaps
a CD player. The term also includes a CB radio, TV, VCR, DVD available on some
models (e.g., limousines and sleepers on large trucks)
in-car sensor:
A dual bimetal strip that samples passenger compartment air and controls a vacuum
modulator. The vacuum modulator controls the heating or air conditioner blend door
to maintain a constant temperature in the passenger compartment
incipient crack:
A crack which has just started to form
incl:
Abbreviation for "includes," as in price incl. tax.
inclination:
A set angle.
See
kingpin inclination
steering-swivel inclination
steering axis inclination
swivel axis inclination
incline:
[1] A slope
[2] to slope
inclined engine:
An in-line engine in which the cylinders are inclined to the vertical. Also called a
"sloper" or "slant six" (e.g., Chrysler's 6-cylinder engine
inclined plane:
A wedge used to raise a load more easily. The load moves, not the wedge.
inclinometer:
See clinometer
included angle:
The sum of the "Camber" and "Kingpin inclination" (or steering axis inclination)
angles. This angle is designed into the steering knuckle and must remain constant.
inclusions:
See slag inclusions
incomplete thread:
A thread with incomplete thread profile
increased shank:
A shank diameter greater than thread diameter
increasing adapter:
An adapter whose male end for the socket is bigger than the female end for the drive
handle. The opposite is a reducing adapter
in-dash gauge:
A gauge mounted in the instrument panel
indentation:
A concentrated panel damage or specific dent that may be caused when a car hits a
relatively small obstacle, i.e., the hitch ball of another car
indentation hardness:
The resistance of a metal (or plastic) surface to indentation when subjected to
pressure by a hard pointed or rounded tool
independent front suspension:

(IFS) A suspension system where the two front wheels are sprung independently
from each other. It has the advantage over a beam axle suspension because it allows
the engine to be positioned further forward and lower between the wheels. In this
way there is more room for the passengers, the position of the hood is lower, the
vehicle has a lower center of gravity, and the unsprung weight is reduced. When the
front wheels are not independently sprung, there is some caster wobble and shimmy
that make it difficult to hold on to the steering wheel.
Also see
independent suspension
independent lessor:
Independent lessors are usually individual businesses that can provide for the lease
of virtually any make or model of vehicle. Independent lessors, like dealers, can
write custom leases, including those with different conditions and special mileage
considerations.
independent rear suspension:

(IRS) A suspension system where the two rear wheels are sprung independently
from each other. It has the advantage over a beam axle suspension because the
unsprung weight is reduced, the ride and handling over rough roads are improved,
and a larger trunk with a lower floor can be placed between the wheels.
Also see
multi-link independent rear suspension
independent repair shop:

A small service outlet offering specialized repair services. They usually do not sell
gasoline.
independent suspension:
A suspension system that allows each wheel to move up and down without undue
influence on the other wheels. Thus independent suspension on the rear wheels
means that if only the right rear wheel hits a bump, the left rear wheel is not affected
by it. Generally it is more expensive to manufacture independent suspension.
index:
See
anti-knock index
load index
viscosity index
index improver:
See viscosity index improver
index shifter:
See index shifters.
index shifters:
bicycle levers that "click" into distinct positions that correspond to certain freewheel
cogs and don't require fine-tuning after each shift.
indicated horsepower:
(IHP) A measure of the power developed by the burning fuel within the cylinders.
The theoretical power of an engine calculated from the MEP in the cylinders rather
than at the shaft. IHP includes BHP plus the power lost to friction, and pumping
needed for the induction of the fuel and air charge into the engine and the expulsion
of combustion gases
indicated mean effective pressure:

(IMEP) The average pressure within an engine cylinder during a working cycle,
calculated from an indicator diagram
indicated pressure:
See mean indicated pressure
indicator:
[1] An instrument which reveals the condition of a particular component.
[2] A British term for a signal light.
[3] An instrument for recording engine cylinder pressure.
See
battery charge indicator
battery discharge indicator
battery state indicator
beam indicator
brake pad wear indicator
catalyst indicator
dial gauge
dial indicator
direction indicator warning light
direction indicator
discharge indicator
fluid level warning indicator
fuel consumption indicator
gear indicator
gear selector indicator
glow plug indicator
headlight retractor indicator lamp
heater-plug indicator
high beam indicator
low fuel indicator
low pressure indicator
main beam indicator
self-cancelling indicator
semaphore indicator
slow down indicator
tread-wear indicator
treadwear indicator
turn signal indicator
indicator diagram:
A cylinder pressure chart, plotted against the working cycle of a piston or engine
indicator lamp:
See headlight retractor indicator lamp
indicator light:
A light on the instrument panel that lights up to show the operation of something,
such as the illuminated arrow that indicates the direction in which a vehicle is about
to turn, the high beam indicator, battery charge indicator, oil pressure light, cruise
control light, etc.
indicator warning light:

See direction indicator warning light
indirect‘bmage:
A type of damage not caused by immediate impact but by the spread of the impact
force into other areas of the body, e.g., bulging or dents at the rear of the front
fender and the leading edge of the door in the case of direct accident damage to the
front edge of the front fender. The opposite is direct damage
indirect injection:
A type of fuel injection in which the air-fuel mixture does not go into the main
combustion chamber but into some kind of prechamber; injection pressures are
lower than with direct injection and ignition lag is short
indirect injection engine:

A British term for a pre-combustion engine, i.e., a diesel engine using indirect
injection
indium:
A metallic element with the symbol "In" and atomic number of 49. It is used in the
manufacture of transistors and as a bonding material for acoustic transducers.
induce:
To cause or to bring about
induce a voltage:
To produce a voltage by electromagnetic induction
inducer:
In a turbocharger, the section of the compressor wheel that draws air or air/fuel
mixture into the compressor
inductance:
See mutual inductance
induction:
[1] The imparting of electricity into one object, not connected, to another by the
influence of magnetic fields. Found in automobiles in coils and solenoids.
[2] The intake of air and fuel through the carburetor, inlet manifold, and inlet ports
into the combustion chamber.
Also see
ram induction
air induction
cold air induction
ram induction
reed valve induction timing
self-induction
third port induction
induction coil:
See coil.
induction hardening:
Method of heating cast iron (e.g., valve seats) to approx 1700° F which hardens it to
a depth of 0.05 to 0.08 inches
induction manifold:
See inlet manifold
induction noise:
The noise caused by the intake of air by an engine at full throttle
induction period:
The time during the charge changing process of the engine that allows for the intake
of the fresh charge into the cylinder while the inlet control, i.e., the valve or port,
remains open
induction pipe:
The duct, typically an alloy manifold, between the throttle and cylinder head; the
absolute pressure in the induction pipe, the so-called intake vacuum, is indicative of
engine load and is used to control many engine-related functions
induction pod:
The port in the cylinder wall of a two-stroke engine which is used for the admission
of the fresh charge into the cylinder
induction stroke:
A British term for the intake stroke, i.e., the phase of the 4-stroke cycle during
which the intake valve is open and the piston descends from TDC to BDC, drawing
air (in a diesel engine) or an air/fuel mixture (in a spark ignition engine) into the
cylinder
induction system:
[1] The system that brings the fuel-air mixture to the cylinders in a spark ignition
engine. It includes the carburetor or fuel injection system, air cleaner, intake
manifold, intake ports, and intake valves.
[2] Air intake system used to cool the car.
induction system intake configuration:
See variable volume induction system intake configuration
induction timing:
See reed valve induction timing
inductive ignition system:

An ignition system where the primary energy is stored in an inductor or an ignition
coil
inductive pick-up:
See transistorized ignition with inductive pick-up
inductive pulse generator:

See transistorized ignition with inductive pulse generator
inductive pulse pick-up:

See magnetic pick-up assembly
inductive winding:
See pick-up coil
Industrial Classification:
See North American Industrial Classification System and standard Industrial
Classification
industrial tire:
A heavy duty tire for use on forklifts, lowbed trailers, etc.
industrial solid:
A non-pneumatic tire (either entirely rubber or a regular tire with a solid rubber core
to replace the tube), used most often on forklifts where the possibility of a flat tire is
a constant problem.
Industrie Normen:
See Deutsche Industrie Normen
industry:
See
automobile industry
Institute of the Motor Industry
inert:
Something that lacks a chemical action; the property of the separators used between
the plates of a battery
inert arc welding:

A family of arc welding processes in the fusion welding category. The welding pool
is surrounded by a layer of inert shielding gas to keep oxygen from the weld; TIG
welding is a typical inert arc welding process and is mainly used for repair work
inert gas-arc welding:

Surrounding the arc with a gas which does not react with the electrode and base
metal and keeps the atmosphere away from the arc.
inert gas system:

A system of filling the space above the cargo oil in tankers with carbon dioxide
from the boiler exhaust so as to prevent explosion.
inertia:
That force which tends to keep a stationary object from being moved, and tends to
keep a moving object in motion. Some effort is needed to get the object moving if it
is stopped, and to stop an object if it is moving.
Also see
moment of inertia
polar moment of inertia
inertia drive:
A Bendix drive which has a heavy piston moving along the shaft under the
momentum of its own weight or inertia when the shaft turns inside it
inertia fuel cut-off switch:

See fuel pump shut-off switch
inertia pinion:
A pinion used in an inertia drive
inertia reel:
Generally the seat and shoulder belts are loose so that the drive and passenger can
have the freedom to move forward to adjusting the instruments on the dash, etc.
However, when the vehicle decelerates quickly, as in a crash or panic stop situation,
the occupants need to be restrained by the belts. The belts are locked by the inertia
reel as it senses the rapid change of deceleration.
inertia reel seat belt:

A 3-point seat belt with an automatic retractor reel. This type of seat belt allows the
wearer to move while the vehicle is stationary or in steady motion but locks to
restrain the wearer on sudden deceleration or impact
infant safety seat:

See baby seat
infinitely variable transmission:

(IVT or CVT) Most transmissions, whether manual or automatic have a fixed
number of forward gears (from 2 to 10 or more). Belt driven vehicles (like
snowmobiles) have an infinite number of positions of engagement. The infinitely
variable transmission is sensitive to the changes in the throttle position and adjusts
the gear ratio accordingly. In this way, the most efficient gear ratio is selected thus
improving fuel economy. Also called "continuously variable transmission."
inflammable:
Capable of being easily ignited and of burning quickly
inflatable air-bag system:

inflatable restraint:
See supplementary inflatable restraint
inflate:
To fill with air.
Also see
hydrostatically inflate
inflation:
See
load and inflation table
over inflation
inflation control seam:

A system of inflation control seams on advanced air bags to control the inflation
speed and inflation characteristics. Also called "tear seam," whose negative
connotations are perhaps inappropriate in a safety-related context
inflation pressure:
See tire pressure
inflation table:
See load and inflation table
inflator:
See emergency inflator
inflator unit:
An assembly beneath the folded air bag, consisting of a combustion chamber with a
bridge igniter, a detonator, and a priming charge surrounded by the solid propellant,
and a metal filter. A signal from the trigger unit causes the bridge igniter to fire the
detonator, which in turn fires the priming charge and then the solid propellant. The
nitrogen thus generated flows through a metal filter and reaches the air hag cleaned
and cooled
information centers:
Visual displays which alert driver to certain vehicle conditions
infrared:
See non-dispersive infrared analyzer
infrared analyzer:
An instrument used to measure unburned hydrocarbons and CO discharged from a
vehicle exhaust pipe. See non-dispersive infrared analyzer
infrared radiant drier:

An infrared lamp which accelerates the drying of large areas of fresh paint
infrared rays:
Heat rays which emanate from both the arc and the welding flame.
infrared remote control:

(IR) the control of an operation by means of an infrared beam transmitted to a
receiver (e.g., garage door, central locking, car alarm system, etc.)
ingress:
Entry, as in "sealant is used to prevent the ingress of moisture."
inhibit:
To hinder or to prevent
inhibitor:
A substance added to oil, water, gas, etc., to prevent action such as foaming, rusting,
etc. The opposite is catalyst.
Also see
corrosion inhibitor
reverse inhibitor valve
rust inhibitor
inhibitor switch:
See starter inhibitor switch
inhibitor valve:
See reverse inhibitor valve
inject:
To introduce a fluid (into something) under pressure
injected engine:
See fuel-injected engine
injection:
See
air injection
direct injection
fuel injection pump
fuel injection
indirect injection
multi-point injection
multiple-point injection
port fuel injection
reaction injection molding
reinforced reaction injection molding
sequential fuel injection
single point injection
solid injection
throttle body fuel injection
throttle body injection
timed fuel injection
timed injection
vapor injection
water injection
wax injection
injection engine:
See
injection fuel:
In Bosch CIS, the pressure of the fuel in the lines between the differential-pressure
valves and the injectors. Also called injector pressure
injection lag:
The time interval (expressed in crankshaft degrees) between the nominal start of
injection pump delivery and the actual start of injection at the nozzle
injection manifold:
See air injection manifold
injection-molded:
Produced by an injection molding machine or process
injection molding:
A method for the fabrication of thermoplastic materials. The viscous resin is
squirted, by means of a plunger, out of a heated cylinder into a water-chilled mold,
where it is cooled before removal. This method is also used with thermosetting
molding powders.
Also see
injection moulding:
British term for injection molding
injection molding machine:

A machine used to produce preformed plastic body panels
injection period:
The length of time for which fuel is sprayed into the intake ports or combustion
chamber during fuel injection. It is controlled by the electronic control unit. The
injection period depends mainly on engine speed and the amount of induced air and
is normally between approx. l.5 and 9 milliseconds
injection pressure:
In Bosch CIS, the pressure of the fuel in the lines between the differential-pressure
valves and the injectors. Also called injector fuel
injection pump:
A pump which receives fuel from the fuel tank (often through the fuel-feed pump in
the case of diesel engines) and delivers it under pressure to the injectors.
Also see
fuel injection pump
injection pump governor:
Device which controls fuel deliver to limit the minimum and maximum engine
speeds, as well as intermediate throttle positions
injector opening pressure:

The point at which injection pump fuel pressure overcomes nozzle valve-spring
resistance, or combustion chamber pressure, so that fuel is injected into the pre-
combustion chamber
injection reaction:
See air injection reaction
injection system:
See
air injection system
continuous injection system
steam injection system
injector:
Refers to the pump system (used in a fuel injection system) that squirts or injects a
measured amount of gasoline into the intake manifold in the vicinity of the intake
valve. In the diesel engine fuel is injected directly into the cylinder. In a Continuous
Injection System (CIS), the injectors atomize the continuous flow of fuel injected
under pressure into the intake ports of the engine; a valve in the injector nozzle
stops the flow of fuel when fuel pressure drops below a certain point; in a CIS, the
quantity of fuel is regulated by the fuel distributor's metering unit; in other fuel
injection systems, the fuel system delivers a constant supply of fuel at a constant
pressure to the injector, and an electronic sensing and control system produces
electrical current pulses of appropriate duration to hold open the injector solenoid
valves; as fuel pressure is held constant, varying the pulse duration increases or
decreases the amount of fuel passed through the injectors.
Also see
cold start injector
fuel injector nozzle
fuel injector valve
fuel injector
injector nozzle:
The tip of the injector, either of multi-hole design for direct injection or pintle
design for indirect injection.
Also see
injector valve:
See fuel injector valve
injury:
See
bodily injury
whiplash injury
inlet cam:
The cam responsible for the actuation of the inlet valve in DOHC engines
inlet camshaft:
inlet line:
A pipe or hose on the intake side of a component, through which a fluid is supplied
by gravity from a reservoir or tank located at a higher level; e.g., from coolant
expansion tank to radiator, or from brake fluid reservoir to master brake cylinder
inlet manifold:
British term for intake manifold describing the component which guides the intake
air to the cylinder head intake ports; usually an aluminium casting or a GRP
molding, with one intake opening and as many outlets as there are cylinders in the
engine
inlet manifold heater:

See flame glow plug
inlet over exhaust:

Valve layout used on some early machines in which the exhaust valve was mounted
to the side of the engine and the mechanically operated inlet valve was positioned
above the exhaust
inlet over exhaust engine:

(IOE engine) A British term for "intake over exhaust engine" describing an engine
design used on early cars. Also called F-head engine The intake and exhaust valves
are arranged vertically in a lateral chamber of the combustion chamber and face one
another; the side valve (usually the exhaust) is actuated directly by the camshaft,
which usually rotates in the cylinder block; the overhead valve (usually the intake)
is located in the cylinder head and actuated via a pushrod and rocker arm
inlet pipe:
See intake manifold.
inlet port:
A British term for intake port
inlet stroke:
A British term for intake stroke
inlet tract:
A British term for intake tract
inlet valve:
A British term for intake valve.
inlet valve closes:

(IVC) A British term for intake valve closes
inlet valve opens:

(IVO) A British term for intake valve opens
in-line:
Engine layout in which the cylinders are arranged in a row, and in-line with the
wheels of the machine
inline engine:
See in-line engine.
in-line engine:
An engine in which all the cylinders (usually three or more) are arranged in a
straight row (either vertically or slanted). The pistons drive a common crankshaft.
Also called a "straight engine."
inline fuel filter:

See in-line fuel filter.
in-line fuel filter:

A fuel filter which is placed within the fuel pipes coming from the fuel tank or fuel
pump. To install it, a segment of the fuel line is cut and removed. The filter is
inserted to replace the removed segment of the line.
inline fuel heater:

A heater which is integral to the fuel line on a diesel engine fuel prior to the filter to
keep paraffin crystals from stopping fuel flow. The heater warms the fuel by 20° F
in-line power steering:

Power-assisted steering applied within the steering box or rack
in-line pump:
A pump whose suction and discharge branches are arranged in line for direct
installation into the pipework; special foundations are unnecessary, and the absence
of shaft couplings eliminates alignment problems
inner attachment face:

The part of the brake disc directly fixed to the wheel hub
inner cap nut:

(sleeve nut) A securing device on a dual mounted disc wheel type where it threads
directly on the stud and holds the inner wheel in place against the hub.
Also see
outer cap nut
inner cone:
A small, innermost part of the flame at the tip of a blowtorch, the shape of which
indicates the torch adjustment
inner cylinder:
The working chamber of a double-tube shock absorber
inner dead center:

See top dead center
inner fender panels:

The vertical panels mounted to the left and right of the engine bay that provide the
mounting flanges for the fenders and the top suspension attachment
inner headlight:
The inner one of twin headlights usually for high beam only. The opposite is outer
headlight
inner liner:
The innermost layer of a tubeless tire which provides an airtight barrier
inner mounting face:

See inner attachment face
inner race:
The inner track of a ball bearing
inner sill:
The hidden part of the sill located behind the outer sill panel, which serves to
reinforce the underbody. It is also called "longitudinal member" or "side member"
innerspring seat:
A sturdy, sofa-like seat design using spring coils as damping elements; used mainly
by Mercedes-Benz
inner tube:
A doughnut-shaped rubber or latex air chamber which normally is inserted into a
non-tubeless tire to hold pressurized air. It contains an air valve to inflate the tube.
inorganic:
Pertaining to or composed of chemical compounds which do not contain carbon as
the principal element, i.e., matter which does not come from plants or animals. The
opposite is organic
input:
See
gearbox input shaft
reference input
step steering input
input shaft:
The shaft delivering power into a mechanism. The shaft from the clutch into the
transmission is the transmission input shaft. Also called clutch shaft.
Also see
gearbox input shaft
transmission input shaft
input variable:
The object of measurement and control; e.g., pressure, temperature, etc.
insert:
[1] When referring to bearings it indicates a replaceable shell-type bearing made to
extremely close tolerances and generally used for main bearings and connecting rod
bearings.
[2] When referring to valves it indicates replaceable valve seats made of hard, heat-
resisting metal that are screwed or shrunk into the cylinder head.
[3] When referring to spark plugs it indicates replaceable threads which are installed
into damaged spark plug holes so that spark plugs can be installed. Sometimes
known by the trade name "Heli-coil."
[4] Piston liners or cylinder sleeves.
[5] As a verb, it is the technique of permanently joining plastics and other materials,
e.g., embedding steel clips in a molded plastic cover. Molded-in inserts are placed
into the injection mold cavity so that the melt flows around them during injection;
post-molding inserts may be installed by press-fit or ultrasonic methods.
Also see
bumper insert
groove insert
thread insert
top ring groove insert
valve seat insert
insert bearing:
A removable, precision made bearing which insures specified clearance between
bearing and shaft.
Also see
insert socket:
A socket for use with a slogging ring wrench which raises the wrench above the
surface, thus preventing hammer damage to floor or equipment
insert tap:
See spark plug insert tap
inside caliper:
A machinists' caliper used to check inside dimensions. See caliper.
inside calipers:
A machinists' caliper used to check inside dimensions. See caliper.
inside corner weld:

Two metals fused together; one metal is held 90 degree to the other. The fusion is
performed inside the vertex of the angle.
inside diameter:
(ID) The internal diameter of a cylinder or tube
inside pry spoon:

A specialized pry bar designed to reach behind brackets and reinforcing bars to pry
the metal. The pointed end of the inside pry spoon is placed at the high point of a
dent, which is then forced out
inside spring caliper:

An inside caliper with spring for accurate setting
insolation:
Exposure to the rays of the sun
inspection:
A type of examination which serves to evaluate the operating condition of a
component or system; the inspection may identify the need for servicing or repair.
Also see
rust inspection
inspection lamp:
A British term for a trouble-shooting light.
inspection lot:
Certain quantity of a particular item chosen at random for quality testing
inspection mirror:
A tool used to inspect hidden areas on automotive parts. It consists of a long rod
(sometimes telescoping) with a small mirror at one end.
inspection pit:
A pit in the floor of a garage providing working space underneath a vehicle
install:
To put something in position ready for use
installation:
Putting something in position ready for use. The opposite is removal
installed height:
[1] The height at which something is placed in position.
[2] The spring's measured length or height, as installed on the cylinder head.
Installed height is measured from the spring seat to the underside of the spring
retainer
installed market:
See mechanic installed market
installer:
See
clamp installer
clip installer
hose clamp installer
hose clip installer
valve stem seal installer
instant spare:
An emergency inflator
Institute of the Motor Industry:

(IMI) British organization for managers in the motor industry
instruments and controls:

A general term covering all gauges, indicators, switches, regulators, and buttons
instrument cluster:
[1] An array of separate gauges in one housing; a major component of the
instrument panel including analog or digital instruments and indicators, but no
controls except for the trip mileage reset button on some cars.
[2] Several gauges integrated into one instrument, making one unit combining
several functions, e.g., engine temperature, oil pressure and fuel gauge; if one gauge
fails, the entire instrument cluster must be replaced
instrument panel:
The panel below the windshield which accommodates the instruments and controls.
Also called dash, dashboard, or fascia
insulate:
To cover with non-conducting material, so as to prevent the transmission of heat,
electricity, or sound
insulating cap:
The insulated top of the coil tower
insulating tape:
PVC tape (usually black) for wrapping around electrical connections
insulation:
[1] Any material which does not conduct electricity. It is used to prevent the flow or
leakage of an electrical conductor.
[2] Any material which does not readily conduct heat. Used to keep heat or cold out
of something.
[3] The process of insulating.
insulator:
A unit made of a material that will not conduct electricity. The electricity in a
copper wire covered with a plastic sleeve (insulator) cannot penetrate the sleeve.
Also see
spark plug insulator
insulator nose:
The tip of a spark plug
insulator tip:
The tip of a spark plug
insurance:
See
automobile insurance
car insurance
collision insurance
comprehensive insurance
gap insurance
motor insurance
no fault insurance
insurance premium:
A regular payment for an insurance policy
int:
Abbreviation for "interior."
intake:
See
air intake
cold air intake
heated intake
intake manifold
intake port
intake stroke intake tract
intake stroke
intake valve
ram intake manifold
intake cam:
intake camshaft:
intake charge:
The mixture of fuel and air that flows into the engine.
intake configuration:
intake manifold:
The connecting tubes between the base of the carburetor and the port openings to
the intake valve or intake ports. The air-fuel mixture travels from the throttle body
into a chamber called the plenum which feeds individual tubes (called runners)
which lead to the individual intake port. Its purpose is to transfer the air-fuel
mixture to each cylinder. It is usually an aluminium casting or a GRP molding, with
one intake opening and as many outlets as there are cylinders in the engine. Also
called "inlet pipe." The British term is "inlet manifold."
Also see
ram intake manifold
variable intake manifold
intake manifold heater:

See flame glow plug
intake over exhaust engine:

(IOE engine) An engine design used on early cars. Also called F-head engine. The
intake and exhaust valves are arranged vertically in a lateral chamber of the
combustion chamber and face one another; the side valve (usually the exhaust) is
actuated directly by the camshaft, which usually rotates in the cylinder block; the
overhead valve (usually the intake) is located in the cylinder head and actuated via a
pushrod and rocker arm
intake pipe:
The duct, typically an alloy manifold, between the throttle and cylinder head; the
absolute pressure in the induction pipe, the so-called intake vacuum, is indicative of
engine load and is used to control many engine-related functions. The British term
is "induction pipe"
intake plenum:
See plenum chamber
intake port:
The passage in the cylinder head which connects the intake manifold to the intake
valve through which the fuel-air mixture proceeds on its way to the cylinders. The
British term is "inlet port."
intake stroke:
In a four-stroke cycle engine, it is the piston's first stroke down in pulling fuel
and air into the combustion chamber as it causes a partial vacuum. The phase
of the 4-stroke cycle during which the intake valve is open and the piston
descends from TDC to BDC, drawing air (in a diesel engine) or an air/fuel
mixture (in a spark ignition engine) into the cylinder. The British term is
"induction stroke"
intake tract:
A branch of the intake manifold leading to an intake port.
Also see
intake valve:
The poppet valve that opens to permit the fuel mixture into the cylinder. It closes
during the compression and combustion strokes. Some engines have more than one
intake valve to each cylinder. The British term is "inlet valve."
intake valve closes:

(IVC) A mark on a valve-timing diagram.
Also see
EVC
intake valve opens:

(IVO) A mark on a valve-timing diagram.
Also see
EVO
integral:
An essential component of something. See integral part of.
integral alternator/regulator:
(IAR) a type of regulator mounted at the rear of the alternator
integral backpressure transducer EGR valve:

Combines inputs of exhaust backpressure and EGR ported vacuum into one unit.
Requires both inputs to operate on vacuum alone there are two common designs:
Poppet and tapered pintle
integral body and frame construction:

See unitary construction
integral color anodizing:

An anodizing process in which the color is produced by using special electrolytes
integral equipment:
Any device or system that is designed for a vehicle and installed in it by the
manufacturer, rather than being added on to a finished vehicle at a later date.
integral fuel filter:

A fuel filter which is part of the fuel pump or part of the carburetor rather than one
that is attached to a fuel line (in-line fuel filter).
integral molded seat:

A seat with integrated 3-point seat belt
integral part of:

A necessary part of something, e.g., the cam lobe is an integral part of the camshaft.
integral-type power assisted steering:

See in-line power steering
integral-type power steering:

See in-line power steering
integrated child safety seat:

A fold-down child safety seat located in the center of the rear seats that is part of the
original car. This seat includes seat belts, and are generally not as good as
aftermarket safety seats. They are not as adjustable or comfortable. There is
generally little or no side protection and the child normally must sit with his legs
sticking straight out. When not in use, the seat can be folded away, much like an
armrest.
integrated child seat:

A rear seat that can be converted into a child seat.
Also see
integrated child safety seat
Integrated Direct Ignition System:

(IDI) A distributorless ignition system consisting of two separate ignition coils, an
ignition module, a secondary conductor housing mounted to an aluminum cover
plate, a crankshaft sensor, and electronic spark timing
integrated roll cage:

The cage or framing of the car serves the dual purpose of protecting the passenger
while also creating a place to hang all the car's components -- engine, steering, sheet
metal, etc. An integrated roll cage is one that is claimed to be especially safe and
designed to protect the passenger in the case that the car rolls. It is called integrated
because it is part and parcel of the overall framing for the car's components and thus
sturdier.
integrated safety belts:

Consist of a shoulder belt and a lap belt. Whereas the cars of the 60s had the option
of being ordered without seat belts, today's cars have an integrated safety belt as
standard equipment.
intellectual property rights:

(IPR) The right to possess or control the use of intellectual property, such as
trademarks, copyrights, patents and trade secrets.
intel-plate:
The disc between the driven plates in a twin plate clutch
intensify:
To increase or concentrate, such as to increase the voltage of an electrical current.
intensity:
See field intensity
interactive wishbone:
The patented suspension system used on the front of the new Lotus Elan which
maintains precise suspension geometry without transmitting undue road harness to
the passengers. The result is the elimination of torque steer and bump steer, and a
very comfortable ride.
inter-axle differential:
Gear device equally dividing power between the axles and compensating for
unequal tire diameters. Also called center differential
intercell connector:
A lead strap or connector that connects the cells in a battery
inter-cell link:
An electric conductor that carries electric current between the adjacent cells of a
battery
interchangeable head torque wrench:

A wrench that does not have the usual square drive for use with sockets, but is
designed to accept special interchangeable heads
interchannel competition:
The rivalry between different channels of the distribution system. For example,
independent retailers competing with manufacturers' outlets.
intercoastal:
Domestic shipping routes serving more than one coast.
intercoat adhesion failure:

A situation in which one coat of finish peels off or can easily be stripped off with
masking tape from another layer underneath. This may be caused by excessive bake
time of coatings, resulting in too hard a finish, poor flatting of coats, providing poor
keying of coats, or very low film thickness
intercooler:
A device which cools the air entering the carburetor or fuel injection system. Colder
air has more oxygen molecules than warm air. Thus cooler air gives more power
and better fuel economy. An intercooler looks like a radiator. It contains large
passages for the intake flow, and uses either outside air or water directed over it to
lower the temperature of the intake flow inside. Also called a "charge-air cooler" or
"chargecooler." Compare "aftercooler."
intercooling:
The cooling of the charge air between compressor and engine
intercostal:
Made in separate parts; between floors, frames or beams, etc; the opposite of
continuous
intercrystalline corrosion:
A small outbreak of rust occurring along crystal boundaries of metals or alloys
interest:
See net interest rate
interest rate:
See
base interest rate
buy at end-of term interest rate
net interest rate
interference:
[1] Difference in angle between mating surfaces of a valve and a valve seat.
[2] The noise from the ignition system that affects radio and TV reception.
Suppressors are used to minimize interference and on modern vehicles the main
suppressors are the spark plug leads.
Also see
radio frequency interference
interference fit:
A condition of fit (contact) between two parts that requires pressure to force the
parts together. Usually the shaft is slightly larger than the hole so that they must be
pounded or forced or driven together. Also called "force fit," "press fit," or drive fit.
intergranular corrosion:
A small outbreak of rust occurring along crystal boundaries of metals or alloys
interior:
The inside of a vehicle
interior light:
The courtesy light which illuminates when the doors are opened or when an interior
switch is activated.
interior light switch:

There are two types of switches which turn on the interior lights: One is located on
the door posts and is activated when the door is opened or closed. The other is
found on the dash and may be incorporated into the headlight switch.
interior mirror:
The rear-view mirror located centrally near the top of the windshield.
Also see
exterior mirror
interior noise level:

The level of noise inside the vehicle, typically in the range from 45-90 dBA from
idle to full throttle; at 70 mph between 66-87 dBA
interior payload:
The amount of weight that a vehicle can carry. The capacity of the usable area in the
vehicle's interior. It is defined by cubic feet. This includes the seating area for
passengers as well as the cargo space
interior trim:
The panels, linings, decorative facings, upholstery, and covers inside a vehicle
interleaf friction:
The friction between individual leaves of a leaf spring
interlock:
[1] to fit gear train members together.
[2] A device in a change-speed gearbox which prevents two gears from being
engaged at the same time.
Also see
accelerator interlock
clutch starter interlock
parking interlock
shift interlock
starter interlock
starting interlock
intermediary:
firm or organization that operates between the producer of the goods and the end
purchaser. Thus, the members of the distribution channel noted above are
intermediaries or "middlemen."
intermediate:
[1] between two things or two extremes
[2] See intermediate car
intermediate car:
intermediate coat:
Any coat of paint between the first coat (primer) and last coat (finish)
intermediate drive plate:

A disc between the driven plates in a twin plate clutch
intermediate gear:
Any gear in the auto transmission between first and high. Usually refers to second
or third gears
intermediate hold:
A term dating from the early days of three-speed automatic transmissions; today
represented by the position "2" on the selector quadrant
intermediate plate:
A disc between the driven plates in a twin plate clutch
intermediate rim taper:

A rim with one tapered bead seat of 5° at the fixed flange.
intermediate rod:
See relay rod
intermediate shaft:
A rotating shaft joining two other shafts
intermetallic compound:
An alloy of two metals in which a progressive change in composition is
accompanied by a progression of phases with varying crystalline structures
intermittent:
Not constant but occurring at intervals.
intermittent fault:
A problem which comes and goes (and annoyingly never occurs when the car is
taken in to the garage for repair!)
intermittent weld:
Joining two pieces and leaving unwelded sections in the joint.
intermittent wiper control:
A device which operates the wipers at preset intervals; typically adjustable from 2
to 40 seconds. It usually includes a "mist action" which makes only one swipe and
then stops. Most often used in conditions of light drizzle or snow, mist, and spray
from other vehicles
internal bowl vent:

A tube designed to vent excess fuel vapors from the fuel bowl back into the
carburetor during acceleration and cruising conditions
internal circlip pliers:

A special pliers with pointed jaw tips for the installation and removal of internal
circlips
internal combustion engine:

(IC) An engine that burns fuel within itself as a means of developing power (unlike
an external combustion engine such as a steam engine). Although the term "internal
combustion engine" covers all types of reciprocating and rotary engines, it is
typically used with reference to four-stroke gasoline and diesel engines
internal damage:
Injury to the body shell that is not usually visible from the outside. Such damage is
often caused by rust from the inside of panels and fenders, so the damage becomes
visible only in an advanced state of decay
internal diameter:
See inside diameter
internal gear:
An internally toothed annulus gear
internal gear pump:

A gear pump which has one rotor with internally cut teeth meshing with an
externally cut gear idler; a crescent-shaped partition is used to prevent liquid from
passing back to the suction side of the pump; a typical oil pump, characterized by
quiet operation and high capacity
internal micrometer:
A micrometer for inside measurements such as distances between two parallel
surfaces or inside diameters of cylinder and main bearing bores
internal mix air cap:

A special type of air cap for spray guns. Air and material are mixed inside the gun
and are ejected through a single orifice. This design is used only for pressure-feed
guns, primarily for spraying heavy viscous materials. Compare external mix air cap
internal resistance:
The resistance inherent in a voltage source, such as a battery. The internal resistance
of a battery is made up of several individual resistances, e.g., between the plates and
the electrolyte, the plate resistances, the resistance of the electrolyte to ion flow, and
internal connectors
internal thread:
The thread on the inside of a nut or similar into which the external thread of a bolt
or screw fits. Also called "female thread"
internal vane pump:

See sliding-vane pump
Internationale de l'Automobile:
See fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
Internationale du Sport Automobile:

See fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile
international load line certificate:

A certificate issued after the vessel has been surveyed and load lines marked on her
sides.
International Motorsports Association:

(IMSA) The sanctioning body of sports car prototype racing in the United States.
Current categories include World Sports Cars (WSC) a series for purpose-built race
cars, GTS-1 for vehicles resembling street cars but which have custom-made chassis
and highly modified engines and GTS-2 which are race cars made from street cars
but with modified engines, transmissions and suspensions. Major events sanctioned
by IMSA include the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring, the
longest running sports car race in the United States.
International Standards Organization:
(ISO) A Geneva-based organization established (in its present form) in 1947 to
standardize units of measurement and technical design
international tonnage certificate:

A certificate issued by a government department in accordance with the
International Convention of Tonnage Measurement of Ships stating the gross and
net tonnages
international waterways:
International straits, inland and interocean canals and rivers separating the territories
of two or more nations which are can be navigated by both merchant ships and
warships with no restrictions
interplate:
See intermediate drive plate
interrupter:
See
breaker points
thermostatic interruptor
circuit breaker
interruptor:
See thermostatic interruptor
intersection:
A road junction.
See
busy intersection
controlled intersection
interval:
See service interval
interval operation:
See intermittent operation
intrachannel competition:
Rivalry between channel participants at the same level in the distribution channel.
For example, department stores competing with one another.
intracoastal:
Domestic shipping routes along a single coast.
intrusion:
See footwell intrusion
intrusion beam:
See side impact intrusion beam
inventories:
The book value of inventory owned and held in a particular country.
inverted telescopic forks:

an older name for upside-down forks
Invicta:
invisible glove:
See barrier cream
invoice:
See dealer invoice
IOE:
Acronym for inlet over exhaust
IOE engine:
See inlet over exhaust engine
ion:
An electrically charged particle formed by losing or gaining electrons; particles of
this type make a solution of certain chemicals a conductor of electricity
ionic-current measuring method:

A measure of the conductivity in the spark gap in order to select a spark plug of the
correct heat range
ionic-current measuring technique:

A measure of the conductivity in the spark gap in order to select a spark plug of the
correct heat range
IPR:
Acronym for "Intellectual Property Rights."
iridescent:
A display of the spectrum of glittering, shimmering colors; often changing as the
position or angle from which they are observed, changes
iron:
[1] A colloquial term for any automobile.
[2] A metal used for making steel.
[3] A tire lever or tire iron.
[4] A soldering iron.
Also see
bumper iron
cast iron
chilled iron
laminated iron core
pig iron
soldering iron
tire iron
iron core:
See laminated iron core
IR remote control:
See infrared remote control
IRTE:
Acronym for "Institute of Road Transport Engineers" A British organization set up
to increase the competence and professionalism of vehicle drivers and owners
IRS:
Acronym for "independent rear suspension."
ISC:
Acronym for idle speed control
ISC motor:
Acronym for idle speed control motor
ISDT:
Acronym for "International Six Day Trial" (a motorcycle race)
island:
See traffic island
ISO:
Acronym for international Standards Organization
Isolastic:
Name for an engine/swingarm rubber mounting system used by Norton on its early
Commando motorcycles
isolate the battery:

See disconnect the battery
isolator:
An item that prevents interaction between two components
iso-octane:
Liquid hydrocarbon used to determine the octane rating of fuels; (see also octane
number)
Isotta-Fraschini:
Isuzu:
A Japanese manufacturer of SUV, truck, and automobiles Click for books on Isuzu
Itala:
ITS:
Acronym for idle tracking switch
IVC:
Acronym for inlet valve closes
IVO:
Acronym for inlet valve opens
IVT:
Acronym for "Infinitely Variable Transmission."
IVV:
Acronym for idle vacuum valve
Izod method:
An impact resistance test in which the specimen is held as a vertical cantilever beam
and is broken by a single swing of a pendulum, with the line of initial contact at a
fixed distance from the specimen clamp and from the centerline of the notch and on
the same face as the notch
Izod test:
An impact resistance test in which the specimen is held as a vertical cantilever beam
and is broken by a single swing of a pendulum, with the line of initial contact at a
fixed distance from the specimen clamp and from the centerline of the notch and on
the same face as the notch

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jack:
[1] A device for lifting the vehicle, or part of the vehicle, off the ground to facilitate
repairs.
THE MOST COMMON JACKS
body jack
bottle jack
bumper jack
garage jack
hydraulic jack
jib-jack
pillar jack
scissors jack
side-lift jack
tire jack
tower jack
tripod jack
trolley jack
[2] A characteristic of swing-axle rear suspensions. Cornering forces can act on
these suspensions to lift the body of the vehicle so that the outer wheel tucks or
jacks under the vehicle. When carried to the extreme, jacking forces could tip the
vehicle over.
jacker:
See car jacker
jacket:
See
cooling jacket
Japanese lantern-type jacket tube
water jacket
jacket tube:
See Japanese lantern-type jacket tube
jacking:
See car jacking
jack knife:
The action of a vehicle (tractor) with a trailer in which the trailer and the vehicle
form a "V" instead of normally being pulled in a straight line. Usually this is the
result of a skid in which the trailer swings around dangerously and tries to overtake
the cab.
jackshaft:
See intermediate shaft
jack stand:
A safety device that keeps the vehicle from falling to the ground if the lifting jack is
removed or faulty. Most jobs require two jack stands for safety. Also called an axle
stand
jack up:
to raise using a jack
jacking point:
A strengthened place on the underbody to put the jack. Small cars have one point on
each side but larger cars may have two
Jaguar:
A vehicle brand of which The 1932-1940 SS models except 4-cyl. Click for books
are classic cars. The 1957-64 3.4/3.8 Sedans are milestone cars. on Jaguar
Jaguar E-type:
A model of automobile manufactured by Jaguar in England. Click for books on
The 1961-67 E-Type models are milestone cars. Jaaguar E-type
Jaguar Mark:
A model of automobile manufactured by Jaguar in England. The
1946-48 models with 2.5 Litre, 3.5 Litre Mark IV (not 4-cyl.) are Click for
classic cars. The 1951-54 Mark VII and '54 Mark VII M models are books on
milestone cars. The 1956-57 Mark VIII models are milestone cars. Jaguar Mark
The 1958-61 Mark IX models are milestone cars. The 1962-64 Mark series
X models are milestone cars.
Jaguar XJ:
A model of automobile manufactured by Jaguar in Click for books on Jaguar
England XJ
Jaguar XK:
A model of automobile manufactured by Jaguar in England. The
1945-54 XK 110 models are milestone cars. The 1954-57 KX 140 Click for
models are milestone cars. The 1958-61 XK 150 models are books on
milestone cars. Jaguar XK
Jaguar Drophead:
A vehicle brand of which the 1951 Mark V Drophead is a milestone car.
jake brake:
A device which shuts off the exhaust valves manually so that in the exhaust stroke,
the burned gasses cannot escape through the exhaust valves. Instead they press
against the head of the piston and causes the piston to slow down. When the intake
valve opens, some of the exhaust escapes out the intake valve and gives a distinctive
loud rapping noise. Jake brakes are used in large truck engines to assist in slowing
the vehicle. Many municipal bylaws prohibit the use of jake brakes because of the
excessive noise.
jalopy:
a worn-out old car
jam:
See traffic jam
JAMA:
Acronym for "Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association"
jamb switch:
A push-button light switch located in a door jamb (e.g., for courtesy lights, trunk
light)
jam nut:
[1] A second nut on a screw or bolt which locks against the first nut (i.e., jams
against it) so that the nut won't come loose.
[2] A self-locking nut
jam on the brakes:

The action of quickly depressing the brake pedal (pulling the brake lever on a
motorcycle or bicycle) especially in an emergency situation.
jam the brakes:

The action of quickly depressing the brake pedal (pulling the brake lever on a
motorcycle or bicycle) especially in an emergency situation.
JAP:
English engine manufacturer. Founded in 1903 by John A. Prestwich, the company
was bought by Villiers in 1957
Japanese lantern-type jacket tube:

A web-type jacket tube of a steering column which, on impact, folds like a Japanese
lantern
jaws:
See towing jaws
Jeantaud axle and steering:

See Ackermann steering
Jeep:
A SUV which was originally manufactured by Willys, then owned Click for books
by AMC, and now owned by Chrysler. on Jeep
jelly:
See petroleum jelly
Jensen:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 Click for books on Jensen
jerking:
See jolting
jerk pump:
one of the pumping elements of an in-line injection pump
jerry rigged:
A corruption of the term "jury rigged."
jet:
[1] A small precision-made hole. Often a brass fitting placed inside one of the
passages of a carburetor to control the flow of gasoline, air, or air/fuel mixture.
[2] The nozzle containing such a hole.
Also see
air correction jet
air jet
compensating jet
economy jet
idle air jet
idle jet
main jet
metering jet
pilot jet
scavenging jet
jet adjuster:
A nut that regulates the volume or strength of the air/fuel mixture in a variable-
choke carburetor
jet bearing:
bearing in a Stromberg carburetor
jet carrier:
A removable plug in a carburetor containing the jet
jet head:
A removable plug in a carburetor containing the jet
jet needle:
A tapered needle in a carburetor jet
jet process:
A process by which the thickness of hot-dip galvanized coatings on steel strips can
be regulated, allowing the application of coatings of different thicknesses on the two
sides of steel strips. When leaving the zinc melting pot, the strip passes two jets
through which air, gas, or vapor is directed on the steel strip to remove superfluous
zinc. The coating thickness decreases with the strength of the jet
jetronic:
See
K-jetronic
le-jetronic
mono-jetronic
jet tube:
A tube that houses the main jet in an SU carburetor
J-flange:
The most widely used rim flange type for passenger car wheels; the J-flange is 17.3
mm in height
J gate transmission shifter:

The center console-mounted transmission shifter in Jaguars. The shifter has the
normal pattern down the right side (park, reverse, neutral, low, and drive) while on
the left side the driver can select 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th manually to have more
control over the car. And, no clutch is required.
jib-jack:
lever-type towerjack
jig:
device used in the accurate machining of good in process by holding the goods
firmly and guiding tools exactly to position.
Also see
welding jig
Jim:
See big Jim
JIT:
Acronym for "Just-in-Time."
JJD wheel:
A safety wheel which can be run when deflated. Two independently inflated tires
are seated on a double rim consisting of two single rims. The JJD wheel has
excellent aquaplaning properties; a reliable tire pressure control system is required,
however, since a defective tire is not easily detectable
job:
A particular piece of work.
Also see
botched-up job
lube job
piston ring job
ring job
valve job
jockey pulley:
[1] On a bicycle, the pulley in a rear derailleur that stays closest to the
freewheelcogs and guides the chain from cog to cog during a gear shift.
[2] A free-turning, spring-loaded idler used to keep tension on the timing belt. Also
called "jockey wheel"
jockey wheel:
A wheel used to maintain tension in a chain or belt. See jockey pulley
joggle:
[1] A slight step along the edge of a panel to provide a level mounting and welding
surface so that it can be overlapped against the adjacent panel for subsequent lap or
spot welding.
[2] to join by means of a joggle
joggler:
A metalworking tool used for creating a joggle
joiner work ceiling:

The overhead finished surface in quarters, etc.
joint:
[1] Where two pieces meet when a structure is made of smaller pieces.
[2] A flexible or firm connector between two rods.
Also see
ball joint
ball joint steering knuckle
ball universal joint
bevel joint
butt joint
cardan joint
cold solder joint
constant velocity joint
constant velocity universal joint
corner joint
CV joint
doughnut joint
dry joint
edge joint
flange joint
half-moon slip joint pliers
hardy-spicer joint
hardy-spicer universal joint
heim joint
homokinetic joint
hooke joint
lap joint
plunging joint
pot joint
Rzeppa-type joint
Rzeppa-type universal joint
sliding joint
slip joint
splined joint
T-joint
tripod joint
U-joint
U joint
universal joint
velocity joint
joint boot:
See cv joint boot
jointed shaft:
See universally jointed shaft
joint pliers:
See half-moon slip joint pliers
joint rocker arm:

See ball joint rocker arm
joint separator:
See ball joint separator
joint socket:
See universal joint socket
joint splitting tool:

joint steering knuckle:

See ball joint steering knuckle
joint venture:
an international business collaboration between foreign interests and private parties
from a host country in which two or more parties establish a new business
enterprise to which each contributes and where ownership and control are shared.
jolting:
The effect caused by harsh clutch release. The car body jerks repeatedly in a
longitudinal direction
Jordan:
A vehicle brand of which only the Speedway Series "Z" of 1925-1948 are classic
cars.
joule:
The international unit of measurement of energy, work, and heat. One joule equals
the work done when a force of 1 newton moves a body 1 meter.
jounce:
The action of bouncing. When speaking of shock-absorbers, it is the compression
stroke while "rebound" is the opposite.
jounce and rebound:

See bump and rebound
jounce buffer:
See jounce bumper
jounce bumper:
An elastic cushion used to stiffen the suspension gradually as it approaches the end
of its jounce travel. Also called "jounce buffer."
Also see
bump stop
jounce bumpers:
Elastic cushions used to stiffen the suspension gradually as it approaches the end of
its jounce travel.
Also see
bump stop.
journal:
That part of a shaft that is prepared to accept and support a bearing. The area on the
crankshaft that fits into the lower portion of the connecting rod. A layer of oil and
metal bering cushions the impact during the power stroke to prevent the crankshaft
from being crushed by the swiftly descending piston and connecting rod.
Also see
camshaft journal
crankshaft journal
joyride:
[1] A reckless drive in a stolen car.
[2] To go for a joyride
joyrider:
Someone who goes for a joyride
J-type vent tubes:

Special tubes located on the top of marine carburetors that direct any overflow from
the carburetor bowl(s) back into the throttle bores. USCG-approved method of
preventing fire in the engine compartment of the inlet valve sticks in an open
position
jubilee clip:
A worm-gear hose clip
judder:
[1] to shake or vibrate.
[2] shaking or vibration.
See
brake judder
clutch judder
wheel judder
wiper blade judder
juggernaut:
A British term for a very large transport truck (i.e., goods lorry); compare road train
juice brake:
See hydraulic brakes.
juice brakes:
See hydraulic brakes.
Julian:
classic cars.
jumble:
See autojumble
jumper:
See puddle jumper
jumper cable:
See jumper cables.
jumper cables:
Cables used to start a disabled vehicle by conducting electrical current from the
battery of one vehicle to another so that the disabled vehicle can be started and
begin to generate it own power. The British term is jump leads
jump lead:
British term for jumper cables or booster cables
jump spark:
A high tension electrical current which jumps through the air from one terminal to
the other.
jump start:
The act of using jumper cables on a weak battery to start a disabled vehicle.
junk:
[1] Scrap; unwanted material, e.g, unwanted car parts.
[2] to scrap, to throw away unwanted material.
junk ring:
A flexible ring used in the cylinder head to provide a seal with the inner sleeve of a
sleeve valve engine
junkyard:
A place where cars are sent for scrap. Also called "auto graveyard" or "auto
wrecker's lot."
jury rig:
The action of cobbling something together instead of put together according to
specifications.
jury rigged:
Something that is cobbled together instead of put together according to
specifications.
just-in-time:
(JIT) refers to the movement of material to the necessary place at the necessary
time. It is part of a business philosophy based on achieving excellence in a
manufacturing company through the continuous elimination of waste.
just-in-time system:
A system of production where components are delivered as they are required rather
than keeping them in store
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[N][O][P][Q][R][S][T][U][V][W][X][Y][Z]
[Ka] [Ke] [Ki] [Kl] [Kn]
Kadenacy effect:
when a port of a two-stroke engine opens abruptly, as is the case with a rectangular
exhaust port, the cylinder pressure gives rise to a positive pressure wave transmitted
down the exhaust pipe at the speed of sound
KAIDA:
Acronym for "Korea Automobile Importers and Distributors Association."
Kaiser:
A vehicle brand of which the 1954 Darrin 161 is a milestone car. The
1951-52 Deluxe and Deluxe Virginian are milestone cars. The 1951-53 Click for
Dragon models are milestone cars. The 1954-55 Manhattan models are books on
milestone cars. The 1949-50 Vagabond models are milestone car. The Kaiser
1949-50 Virginian (Hardtop) models are milestone cars.
Kaizen Activities:
activity through which continuous improvement is sought.
KAM:
See keep alive memory
KAMA:
Acronym for "Korean Automotive Manufacturers Association"
kamm back:
It was once thought that a long tapered end in the shape of a vehicle would give it
the most aerodynamic configuration. W. Kamm discovered that the length of the
end would have to be so long as to make the vehicle impractical. There would also
be an increase in surface area which would also create its own frictiondrag. He
found that if he cut the theoretically long tail in half he would have both good
aerodynamics and minimal surface drag. This sharply cut off rear end is named after
him.
kamm tail:
It was once thought that a long tapered end in the shape of a vehicle would give it
the most aerodynamic configuration. W. Kamm discovered that the length of the
end would have to be so long as to make the vehicle unpractical. There would also
be an increase in surface area which would also create its own frictiondrag. He
found that if he cut the theoretically long tail in half he would have both good
aerodynamics and minimal surface drag. This sharply cut off rear end is named after
him.
kangarooing:
A colloquial term for moving forward in a succession of sudden jerks as a result of
improper use of the clutch, (a characteristic of beginner drivers or those not used to
standard shifting)
Karosserie:
German term for coachwork.
KD:
Acronym for kickdown
keel:
The principal fore-and-aft component of a ship's framing located along the
centerline of the bottom and connected to the stem and stern frames.
Also see
bilge keel
center vertical keel
even keel
flat plate keel
keel blocks:
Heavy wood or concrete blocks on which ship rests during construction or
drydocking
keel, flat plate:

The horizontal, centerline, bottom shell strake constituting the lower flange of the
keel
keelson:
See center keelson
keep alive memory:

(KAM) fault memory. A series of vehicle battery powered memory locations in the
computer which allows it to store input failures identified during normal operation
for use in later diagnostic routines. KAM even adopts some calibration parameters
to compensate for changes in the vehicle system
keeper:
[1] A vehicle that is worth keeping because it will be worth more in the future.
[2] A device which holds something in place. See valve keeper.
[3] A person who uses or stores a vehicle whether he is the owner of it or not. See
registered keeper
keiretsu:
A Japanese word referring to the large groups of companies that are a characteristic
feature of the Japanese economy, especially in the auto industry. Keiretsu
companies do business first and foremost among themselves; tight supplier-buyer
relationships within the keiretsu system are a barrier to the penetration of foreign
goods in Japan because, everything else being equal, keiretsu members prefer to buy
from other keiretsu members; the keiretsu system is a controversial issue in US-
Japanese trade relations.
Also see
horizontal keiretsu
vertical keiretsu
KE-Jetronic:
This third generation K-Jet system combines mechanical control with electronic
regulation of the mixture. Many of the sensors it uses are the same as those used in
L-Jetronic systems. VW, Audi, And Mercedes refer to it as CIS-E
KE-Motronic:
This Bosch system is similar to KE-Jetronic, except that it has ignition-timing
control and all the other features as any other Motronic system.
Kennedy key:
two keys in a tangential configuration
kerb:
A British term for a curb -- a stone or cement ridge between the road and the
sidewalk.
kerb weight:
British term for "curb weight" -- the weight of a vehicle with fuel, oil, and coolant;
but without occupants, luggage, or cargo.
kerfs:
See sipes
kerosene:
[1] fuel for jet engines
[2] A solvent used to remove grease. The British term is "paraffin." Also spelled
"kerosine"
kerosine:
[1] fuel for jet engines
[2] A solvent used to remove grease. The British term is "paraffin." Also spelled
"kerosene"
kevlar:
The brand name of a synthetic fabric that is clothlike in feel and is used by
motorcyclists when riding in cold weather. In racing, the material of choice for
NASCAR Winston Cup cars. Kevlar was chosen by NASCAR because of its
durability, because it would hold up under problems on the race track. This material
ensures that the nose piece holds its shape, even up to 200 mph. Any drastic
changes in the shape of the nose piece will ultimately, and consequently, have a
profound effect on the car's handling
key:
[1] A parallel-sided piece inserted into a groove cut part way into each of two parts,
which prevents slippage between the two parts and they rotate together. Used to
secure gears, pulleys, cranks, handles, etc.
[2] A metal instrument for turning locks and key-operated switches.
[3] An L-shaped tool for turning recessed screws (e.g., Allen key).
[4] A roughened surface which provides a basis for subsequent layers of paint or
filler.
[5] To adhere to a lower layer.
[6] The act of a vandal who scratches the finish of a car with his key or other sharp
instrument.
Also see
allen key
Allen wrench
car key
drain plug key
feather key
flat key
gib-head key
half-moon key
hexagon key
hex key
ignition key
kennedy key
nordberg key
P&W key
parallel key
Pratt and Whitney key
primary key
secondary key
square key
valve key
woodruff key.
keyed:
See color-keyed
key file:
A small file with a length of 100 or 150 mm (4 or 6") for sharpening key holes and
other small components, available in standard shapes, e.g., as flat tapered, flat
parallel, half round, three square, square, or round file
key fob:
A device to hold keys.
keyhole:
A term applied to the enlarged root opening which is carried along ahead of the
puddle when making a plasma arc weld or with some other types of welding.
keyless entry system:

A system which allows you to lock and unlock your vehicle's doors and trunk
without using a key. One system is operated by punching a typically five digit code
into a calculator-style keypad located on the driver's door; if more than five seconds
elapse between button pushes, the system will abort, requiring you to start again.
Another system uses a dedicated frequency in a special key fob. Pressing the "lock"
button will lock all doors and sound the horn for a very short beep. Pressing the
"unlock" button once will unlock only the driver's door; but pressing it twice will
unlock all the doors.
Also see
remote keyless entry
keyseat:
The groove or slot where a key rests. Also called keyway
keystone frame:
A diamond-type motorcycle frame in which the engine serves as part of the
structure
keyway:
A slot cut in a shaft, pulleyhub, wheel hub, etc. A square key is placed in the slot
and engages a similar keyway in the mating piece. The key prevents slippage
between the two parts. Also called "keyseat."
K-flange:
A rim flange type for passenger car wheels; the K-flange is 19.3 mm in height and
rarely used today. Compare j-flange
Kia:
A model of automobile manufactured in Korea Click for books on Kia
kick:
A term for beginning to harden, the initial phase of the hardening process of plastic
body fillers. The British term is "go off"
kickback:
See steering kickback
kickdown:
(KD) A British term for a forced downshift, i.e., a device on a automatic
transmission which allows the driver to switch to a lower gear during hill climbing
or passing. Instead of manually moving the gear selector, he simply pushes down
hard on the accelerator. This gear is sometimes called "passing gear"
kickdown switch:
An electrical switch that will cause a transmission, or overdrive unit, to shift down
to a lower gear. Often used to secure fast acceleration. Also called "kickdown
valve"
kickdown valve:
A mechanically or electrically operated valve which actuates a downward
gearchange if the accelerator pedal is fully depressed
kicker:
See tire kicker
kick panel:
A vertical panel wall enclosed by several structural members (e.g., the side panel
ahead of the A-pillar that extends up to the sides of the bulkhead and is limited by
the floorpan at its bottom end)
kickplate:
See scuff plate
kick strip:
See scuff plate
kick start:
To start a motorcycle engine by kicking a pedal downwards
kickstarter:
A pedal lever and ratchet mechanism for kick starting an engine
kickup:
A raised section of the frame and body to provide clearance for the front and/or rear
suspension system or axles
kickup pipe:
An exhaust pipe section including the elbow or "U" around the rear axle
kidney dolly:
See toe dolly
killer:
See rust killer
kill switch:
A special switch designed to shut off the ignition in case of an emergency.
Also see
tether kill switch
kilometer:
(km) A unit of length. 1 km = 0.6213712 miles (about 5/8 mile); 1 mile = 1.609344
km. In Canada it is pronounced KILL-oh-mee-ter, but elsewhere it is pronounced
kull-LAW-mitt-er. Colloquially it is referred to as a "klik" or "klick"
kilometer per hour:

(km/h or kph) A unit of velocity
KPH MPH
30 19
31 20
48 30
50 31
60 37
64 40
70 44
80 50
90 56
97 60
100 62
110 68
113 70
kilometre:
British and Canadian spelling of kilometer
kilopascal:
(kpa) SI measurement of pressure (1000 pascals)
kinetic balance:
See static balance.
kinetic energy:
The mechanical energy possessed by a body due to its motion. It may be calculated
from the formula: Kinetic energy = 1/2 mass x (velocity)ý.
kingpin:
A hardened steel pin that is passed through the steering knuckle and axle end. The
steering knuckle pivots about the kingpin. A vertical or inclined shaft about which a
steered wheel pivots. In newer cars the kingpin has been replaced by ball joints. The
British term is "trunion."
kingpin axis:
The centerline of the ball joints in a front suspension system. Also called "swivel
axis"
kingpin inclination:
(KPI) The angle made of the kingpin axis to the perpendicular as viewed from the
front. An alignment adjustment where the tops of the kingpins are tipped inward
toward each other. This places the center line of the steering axis nearer the center
line of the tire-road contact area. Thus when the vehicle comes out of a turn, the
steering wheel returns to the straight-ahead position. Also called "steering axis
inclination" or "swivel-axis inclination"
kingpin offset:
A geometric parameter which is "positive" if the kingpin axis intersects the wheel
plane at or below ground level, or is "negative" if the point of intersection is above
ground level. Also called "scrub radius"
kink:
[1] twist or sharp bend in a hose
[2] to form a kink
Kissel:
A vehicle brand of which the following models: 1925-26 all models, 1927 8-75,
1928 8-90 and 8-90 White Eagle, 1929 8-125 and 8-90 White Eagle, 1930 8-125 are
classic cars.
kissing between duals:

The intermittent contact of tires in dual as they flex; caused by inadequate dual
spacing or by overload.
kit:
A set of tools, parts, etc.
See
body styling kit
bolt-on kit
bonnet pin kit
first-aid kit
hood pin kit
lowering kit
repair kit
straightening kit
tune-up kit
kit car:
car that is assembled (often by the DIY enthusiast) from its constituent parts;
usually with a GRP body shell
K-jetronic:
A commonly used mechanical fuel injection system made by Bosch in which the
amount of fuel injected continuously under pressure into the inlet ports is controlled
by an airflow meter. Term used by Bosch to describe the original continuous
injection system. The K is short for kontinuerlich, "continuous." Airflow i measured
by a circular plate inside the airflow sensor part of the mixture control unit. Fuel
delivery was purely mechanical, in relation to airflow, until 1980, i.e., there were no
electronics used in the K-Jet system. VW, Audi, and Mercedes call it CIS
K-Jetronic with Lambda:

Second-generation K-Jet system, which began in 1980, uses a feedback loop
consisting of an oxygen sensor and a control unit to provide some electronic control
of the air-fuel mixture. This system is also called "CIS with Lambda" Lambda is the
Bosch term for an oxygen sensor
klick:
See kilometer
klik:
See kilometer
km:
Abbreviation for kilometer
km/h:
Abbreviation for kilometer per hour
knee, beam:
Bracket between a deck beam and frame
kneeling feature:
A device that is put on a van or bus, which allows the entire right side to become
lower thus offering someone who has trouble going up steps easy access to the
vehicle.
kneuter valve:
This is the unknown part that causes a car's weird problems that a mechanic cannot
find or repair.
knife:
See jack knife putty knife
knifing stopper:
fine grade filler for minor dents and chips
Knight:
See
Stearns-Knight
Willys-Knight
KNK:
Acronym for knock sensor
knob:
See
choke knob
gear knob
mixture control knob
shifter knob
spinner knob
knobby:
See knobby tire.
knobby tire:
On a bicycle or motorcycle, a heavy-duty tire with large rubber knobs spaced
relatively far apart to provide traction in wet, muddy terrain.
knobby tires:
See knobby tires.
knock:
[1] A general term used to describe various noises occurring in an engine; may be
used to describe noises made by loose or worn mechanical parts.
[2] Preignition, or detonation.
Also see
anti-knock agent
carbon knock
diesel knock
engine knock
fuel knock
spark knock
knock additive:
See anti-knock additive
knockback:
The action of a brake disc with excessive runout pushing back the brake pads when
the brakes are not applied
knock control:
A device which retards the spark advance when detonation occurs. The retard mode
is held for a certain time, typically 20 seconds, after which the knock control reverts
to normal operation
knocker:
A colloquial term for a panel puller
knocking:
[1] Noise created by part movement in a loose or worn bearing.
[2] A condition, accompanied by an audible noise, that occurs when the gasoline in
the cylinders burns too quickly. This is also referred to as detonation.
knock limit:
The degree of spark advance before detonation
knock off:
A single, large wing nut for fastening a wheel to the hub. Easily removed and
replaced, it is struck (knocked off) with a mallet on the wings. Also called a
"spinner."
knock-off wheel:
A splined-hub wheel with one central locking nut (spinner) which is knocked on
and off with a soft-headed hammer
knock-on:
A knock off nut
knock resistance:
See octane number
knock sensor:
(KNK or KS) a piezoelectric accelerometer mounted on the engine to detect the
high-frequency vibrations caused by detonation. Since an engine gives the best
power and efficiency as it approaches detonation, the knock sensor can relay this
information to a computer which can control the factors leading to detonation. Also
called detonation sensor
knot:
A unit of speed in nautical mile (6,080 feet or 1,852 meters) per hour.
knuckle:
[1] the joint of a hinge through which the pin passes;
[2] The hinged joint between two rods or tubes.
also See
steering knuckle
knuckle angle:
See steering knuckle angle
knuckle arm:
steering arm.
Also see
steering knuckle arm
knuckle pin:
See kingpin
knurl:
[1] A series of small ridges on nuts and knobs to provide a grip for fingers.
[2] To indent or roughen the finished surface of a piece of metal by pressing a series
of cross-hatched lines into the surface and thereby raising the area between these
lines.
knurled nut:
A thumb nut with knurled sides
knurling:
roughening with knurls
KPH:
Acronym for "kilometer per hour." Speeds in Canada and Europe are posted in kph.
To convert kph to mph, divide by 1.609344. Thus 50 kph is about 30 mph; 70 kph is
44 mph; 90 kph is 56 mph; 100 kph is 62 mph; 110 kph is 68 mph. Maximum speed
in Canada on its freeways is 110 kph. Also abbreviated "km/h"
KPI:
Acronym for kingpin inclination
krinkle finish:
hard-wearing, usually mart black finish, often used for rocker covers
KS:
Acronym for knock sensor
Kyoto Protocol:
international agreement among industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions negotiated in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997. Canada committed to
reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 6 percent of 1990 levels between 2008 and
2012.

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[La] [Le] [Lh] [Li] [Lo] [Lu]
L:
[1] Low gear in an automatic transmission.
[2] Designation for luxury or luxe
l/100 km:
This is the metric measurement of fuel consumption or fuel economy. The lower the
number the more economical the vehicle. Thus a vehicle that gives 7 l/100 km is
better than one that gives 8 l/100 km. A vehicle that gives 7.3 l/100 km is giving
32.2 mpg US and 38.7 mpg Imperial.
LAADA:
Acronym for "Latvian Authorized Automobile Dealers Association."
Labelling Act:
See American Automobile Labelling Act
labour:
An engine which is struggling to keep turning due to lack of revs or the use of too
high a gear
labouring:
A British term for "lugging" which indicates an engine having difficulty in turning.
lacquer:
[1] A fast drying automotive body pyroxylin paint.
[2] A glossy coating made by dissolving cellulose derivatives in a rapidly
evaporating solvent.
Also see
clear lacquer
general purpose lacquer thinner
lacquer thinner:
See general purpose lacquer thinner
ladder bars:
A rigid triangular suspension devices used to locate an axle front to rear. These are
used almost exclusively in drag race cars due to the fact that they bind when
cornering. A panhard rod or a watts link is used to locate the axle side to side.
ladder chassis:
See ladder frame
ladder frame:
A type of frame design which has two long parallel sections which run from the
front to the rear of the vehicle. In various places there are shorter sections which
connect the long sections. The result looks like a ladder. The connecting pieces hold
various components such as the engine. This design is not used today because it is
too heavy and lacks rigidity. Also called "ladder chassis"
laden weight:
See gross vehicle weight.
lading:
The load or freight that a vehicle carries.
Also see
bill of lading
ladies' frame:
The type of frame in which the top tube is replaced by a second down tube to make
mounting and dismounting the bike easier.
lag:
also See
ignition lag
lead and lag
turbo lag
Lago:
See talbot Lago
Lagonda:
A vehicle brand of which all 1925-48 models except Rapier are classic cars. See the
1938 Lagonda. The 1948-49 V-12 models are milestone cars.
Lagonda Drophead:
A vehicle brand of which the 1949-53 2.5 Liter Drophead Coupes are milestone
cars.
lake pipes:
Nonfunctional side pipes attached along the lower sides of a vehicle for decorative
purposes only. Also called "Lakes pipes" or "lakers"
laker:
A type of ship which trades only in the Great Lakes of North America. The cargo is
usually grain and ore.
lakers:
purposes only. Also called "lake pipes" or "Lakes pipes"
Lakes pipes:
purposes only. Also called "lake pipes" or "lakers"
Lakes ship:
See Great Lakes ship
lambda:
[1] Eleventh letter of the Greek alphabet. In upper case it looks like "A" without the
cross bar. In lower case it looks like an up-side-down "y".
[2] Bosch's term for oxygen
lambda control:
Bosch's term for a closed loop system that adjusts the air-fuel ratio to lambda-1,
based on sensing the amount of excess oxygen in the exhaust
lambda control valve:
See frequency valve
lambda probe:
See oxygen sensor
lambda sensor:
See oxygen sensor
Lambda valve:
In Bosch CIS, a device that regulates pressure in the lower chamber of the
differential-pressure valve, in response to a signal from the lambda (oxygen) sensor.
Also called frequency valve or a timing valve
lambda window:
A narrow range (where lambda = 1), which yields the lowest emission values for
CO, NOx, and HC
Lamborghini:
A model of automobile manufactured in Italy Click for books on Lamborghini
laminate:
[1] To build up or construct out of a number of thin sheets which are bonded
together. The magnetocoil has a laminated core.
[2] A sheet of material made of several different bonded layers.
Also see
sandwich laminate
laminated:
Something made up of many layers.
laminated glass:
A sandwich-type construction of two or more panes of glass laminated together with
an extremely tough, crystal-clear plastic film; on severe impact, laminated glass will
crack, but not shatter like ordinary glass, nor craze over like toughened glass
laminated iron core:
The core of an ignition coil consisting of pieces of soft iron laminations, insulated
from one another
laminated windshield:
Older safety windshields were made of tempered glass which is heat treated so that
the surface is very tough. When a vehicle with tempered glass is involved in an
accident, the windshield shatters into a spider web of little crystals. Its adhesive
property is greatly diminished so that an object (your body) can easily be ejected
through the windshield. Laminated windshields, however, are made with two sheets
of glass with a thin layer of rubbery plastic in between. When your head hits the
windshield, the windshield bows out without being punctured. The plastic sandwich
prevents the glass from splintering. The "plastic sandwich" can also contain a tint to
reduce heat in the passenger compartment and protect the eyes from glare (like
sunglasses). Compare toughened windshield
laminated windshield glass:

See laminated windshield.
laminating:
Covering sheets with a particular layer or covering molded parts with a specific
plastic film
lamination:
[1] The act of laminating.
[2] A thin layer.
[3] A structure made up of thin layers
lamp:
A device for giving off light without being consumed itself.
Also see
auxilliar driving lamp
blowlamp
clearance lamp
dome lamp
driving lamp
fog lamp
gas discharge lamp
headlight
inspection lamp
linear lamp
linear source lamp
marker lamp
numberplate lamp
parking lamp
puddle lamp
rear fog lamp
rear lamp cluster
rear license plate lamp
repeater lamp
side marker lamp
spot lamp
strobe lamp
tail lamp
test lamp
warning lamp
lamp aperture:
An opening in a sheet metal panel for mounting the headlight or taillight
lamp blackening:
The blackening of a light bulb; gradual blackening of conventional, i.e., non-
halogen light bulbs, occurs as a result of metal vapor deposition on the glass
envelope which reduces light emission; severe blackening indicates imminent bulb
failure
lamp cluster:
A group of lights behind a cover; the rear lights of most cars are grouped together in
clusters.
Also see
rear lamp cluster
lamp panel:
A panel that encloses part or all of the headlight or taillight cutout and may extend
across the width of the car to include both cutouts; in the latter case, it forms an
additional panel to be joined to the smaller front or rear valances
lamp socket:
A device which holds a light bulb and provides electricity to the bulb. The British
term is bulb holder
lamp unit:
A sealed light unit with reflector and lens all-in-one
Lanchester:
classic cars.
Lancia:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with required
application are classic cars. The 1959-64 Flaminia Zagato models are
milestone cars. The 1961-63 Flaminia GT Two Passenger Coupe or Click for
Convertible are milestone cars. The 1962-66 Flavia Coupe are milestone books on
cars. The 1951-59 Aurelia B.20 and B.2O Coupe are milestone cars. The Lancia
1953-59 Aurelia B.24 Spyder and Convertible are milestone cars.
lancing:
See wax lancing
land:
The smooth, open area of a grooved surface, such as the bands of metal between the
grooves in a piston which carry the piston rings. The metal separating a series of
grooves.
Also see
head land
piston lands
top land
landau:
A closed-type body on the sides, it has provision for opening or folding the fabric
top over the rear quarter. This precludes the use of rear quarter windows. Landau
irons are fairly common but not a mandatory feature.
landau bar:
See landau bars.
landau bars:
S-shaped bars or irons on the C-post. On convertibles, they are functional; but
decorative on other body styles.
landaulet:
A classic car style characterized by the fact that only the rear seats were protected
by a hard or convertible top, whereas the driver was exposed to the open air in order
to be more aware of road and weather conditions; an imitation landaulet style is still
found on some American sedans. Also called landau
landaulet sedan:
This body style is similar to the landau sedan in appearance, but with a stationary
rear quarter. Landau irons are mounted on the rear quarter but are non-functional.
landing:
See hood landing panel
landing panel:
also See
bonnet landing panel
hood landing panel
landing section:
See fender landing section
land management:
See bureau of land management
Land Rover:
An SUV built in England Click for books on Land Rover
lands:
The piston metal between the ring grooves. See piston lands.
lane:
[1] A narrow road, often in the country.
[2] A track on a road, defining lines of traffic.
Also see
crawler lane
fast lane
passing lane
splitting lanes
lantern-type jacket tube:

See Japanese lantern-type jacket tube
lap:
[1] One complete trip around a race track or route laid out for racing.
[2] To fit two surfaces together by coating them with abrasive and then rubbing
them together (e.g., to lap valves into valve seats).
[3] The upper surface of the human body from waist to knees when seated.
[4] A rotating disc covered with fine abrasive for polishing.
Also see
pace lap
turn a lap
lap belt:
A 2-point belt pulled across the hips, or lap belt portion of a combined lap/shoulder
belt; mostly only on the rear center seat, on some models on all rear seats. See
submarining
lap joint:
[1] A piston ring gap in which the two ends of the ring are shaped like the letter "L".
[2] A welding term describing a union in which the edges of the two metals to be
joined overlap one another.
lapper:
See valve lapper
lapping compound:
See valve lapping compound
LaSalle:
lash:
[1] The amount of free motion between two components (e.g., two gears). The
British term is "free play."
also See
backlash
valvelash
whiplash
[2] Acronym for "Lighter Aboard Ship": a ship designed to carry floating containers
or lighters.
last station memory:

An audio and video term describing the circuit which ensures that when the unit is
turned on, the tuner automatically tunes to the station that was received before the
unit was turned off
latch:
A fastening device for a door or panel. It consists of a small metal bar, either
mounted on the movable part (always on doors and on some tailgates), or on the car
body (always on hoods and trunks), which engages with a striker on the opposite
part.
Also see
door latch
latching pillar:
See B-pillar
latch pillar:
See B-pillar
late braking:
Braking later into the turn, thus moving the entry point and axis of the vehicle
latent heat:
The heat absorbed or radiated during a change of state at constant temperature and
pressure. Called latent cause it is hidden--cannot be felt or measured with a
thermometer
latent heat of condensation:

The amount of heat given off when a substance changes from a vapor to the liquid
without changing temperature
latent heat of evaporation:

The amount of heat required to change a liquid into a vapor w/o raising the
temperature of the vapor above that of the original liquid
lateral:
Relating to the side.
lateral acceleration:
The acceleration created when a vehicle corners that tends to push a vehicle
sideways. Because of centrifugal force, the vehicle is pushed outward. For this
reason, you need to accelerate a little as you reach the apex of the curve to pull you
through the curve. An inexperienced driver may panic in a curve as the lateral
acceleration pushes his vehicle into the left lane. He might hit the brakes to slow the
motion only to find that the problem actually increases. The proper way to take a
sharp corner is to slow down before the curve, then accelerate at the apex of it to
bring the vehicle around. To increase your frustration, try following an inexperience
driver as he drives on mountain roads. He maintains his speed to the corner and
brakes at the apex.
Also see
acceleration
lateral air passage:

A passage at the nozzle of a spray gun for shaping the spray pattern to a long or
elongated oval
lateral arm:
A suspension member connecting the upright to the chassis. See transverse arm.
lateral atomization orifice:

An additional passages at the nozzle of a spray gun for supplying additional air to
break up the paint into smaller droplets
lateral clearance:
The smallest distance laterally between the tire and the nearest fixed point of the
vehicle.
lateral grip:
The ability of a tire to maintain its course, or remain under normal steering control,
while being subjected to directionally disturbing influences
lateral impact:
A side crash
lateral link:
A suspension link that is aligned to resist sideways motions in a wheel.
lateral run-out:
[1] Amount of side movement of a rotating wheel, tire, or the rotor from the
vertical.
[2] A tire assembly that does not run true to its plane; i.e., a damaged wheel moving
in a wobbling, side to side manner.
lateral runout:
See lateral run-out
lateral stability:
Limiting side movement. (1) Tread grooves running circumferentially around the
tire resist side forces for maximum traction on sums. (2) Stabilizing tread plies limit
side to side movement of the tread ribs caused by the expansion and contraction of
tread areas as sidewalls flex. Also called lateral grip
lateral stiffness:
The resistance of a vehicle body structure to lateral impact
lateral tire clearance:

The distance between the tire sidewall and the nearest point on the vehicle, reduced
by any increase in rim offset and 1/2 any increase in tire section from the existing
tire.
lathe:
A device for shaving the metal from the outside or inside of a cylinder.
Also see
brake drum lathe
law:
also See
Newton's law
Pascal's law
lay-by:
A British term for a "rest stop," i.e., a place at the side of a road where drivers can
stop (to rest)
layer:
A certain weld metal thickness made of one or more passes.
Also see
anodic oxide layer
catalytic layer
gamma layer
zinc-iron alloy layer
layer of pure zinc:

The top layer on hot-dip galvanized steel which, in contrast to zinc-iron alloy layers,
almost completely consists of zinc
layer thickness:
A coating thickness (indicated in micrometers or millimeters)
laying up:
The process of adding several layers of fibreglass mat and resin to form a GRP shell
layout:
See
drive layout
east-west layout
engine layout
north-south layout
Layrub coupling:
A universal joint using four molded rubber inserts mounted on a round steel plate
layshaft:
A British term for a countershaft -- the intermediate shaft between and parallel to
the input and output shafts, carrying the two pairs of gearwheels which provide the
required changes in gear ratio
lay-up resin:
The resin substance used to laminate GRP parts. The resin available on the do-it-
yourself market for fibreglass mat repairs also belongs to this category
lazy tongs:
[1] Any device with extensible arms (often in the form of a series of crossed, hinged
bars) for handling objects at a distance.
[2] A specific type of pop rivet gun with such arms
lb:
Abbreviation for "pound."
LCD:
Acronym for "Liquid Crystal Display." An optical, digital display used in the
instrument panel
LCV:
Acronym for "Light Commercial Vehicle."
LDC:
Acronym for lower dead center
LDPE:
See low-density polyethylene
Lea:
A vehicle brand of which the 1950-54 Francis 2.5 Liter Eighteen Sports models are
milestone cars.
lead:
[1] [pronounced LEED] A short connecting wire which makes electrical contact
between two points.
[2] [pronounced LEED] The distance from the thread crest of a bolt or screw to the
adjacent crest of the same thread, i.e., the distance a screw thread advances in one
full turn.
[3] [pronounced LED] A soft, toxic, heavy metal used in storage batteries, and as an
anti-knock agent added to gasoline in the form of tetraethyl lead.
Also see
body lead
coil lead
high tension lead
HT lead
ignition lead
jump lead
low tension lead
paddling the lead
red lead
spark plug lead
spongy lead
tetraethyl lead
tetramethyl lead
lead-acid battery:
A system of lead plates and dilute sulphuric acid; used as a starter battery and as a
traction battery in electric vehicles
lead and lag:

The terms referring to the time between a valve opening and TDC or BDC (valve
lead), and the time between TDC or BDC and a valve closing (valve lag); (compare
valve overlap)
lead-antimony grid:
See grid
lead ballast:
See dry ballast.
lead burning:
Joining two lead pieces by melting or fusing the metal where they touch each other
lead deposit:
Lead particles that separate from the battery plates during normal operation
lead dioxide:
A combination of lead and oxygen, as found in the storage battery. Lead dioxide is
reddish brown in color
leaded gasoline:
Gasoline to which lead has been added as an anti-knock agent
leaded petrol:
British term for leaded gasoline
leaders:
See loss leaders
lead free:
Until 1973 all new vehicles used gasoline that had tetraethyl lead or some other lead
compound as an additive to increase octane rating and reduce knock or detonation.
In 1973, almost all new cars required lead-free gasoline (unleaded gas). The exhaust
valves in older cars were lubricated by the lead, so they were redesigned to
accommodate the new gasoline. To offset the detonation problem, the compression
ratio was also reduced. Lead-free gasoline was introduced to remove the lead in the
exhaust fumes as a health hazard.
lead-free gasoline:
See lead free
lead-free petrol:
British term for lead free gasoline
lead glazing:
A faulty spark plug condition caused by molten lead salt deposits that solidify into a
yellow, brown, or green glaze
leading:
Forward or at the front.
Also see
leading arm:
A suspension system which has two long arms that extend forward from the pivot
points of the arms. The wheels are attached to the forward end of these arms. The
Citroën 2CV has this form of independent suspension. Compare trailing arm
leading brake shoe:

also See
leading edge:
The forward edge (e.g., of a body panel). Compare trailing edge
leading link:
A suspension link that is aligned to resist longitudinal motions in a wheel; it is
mounted to the chassis behind the wheel. The axle is mounted at the front end of
two short links that pivot at the bottom of solid forks, The link s are sprung to
control movement. A long leading-link system has a complete fork that pivots
behind the wheel
leading shoe:
The British term for primary shoe, the shoe of a brake drum system which pivots
outwards into the approaching drum. Compare trailing shoe
lead loading:
The process of filling dents and damaged areas of the bodywork with body lead
lead peroxide:
A poisonous compound used, for example, as an electrode in batteries
leads:
See carbon-core leads
high-tension leads
high tension leads
and low tension leads
lead sled:
See leadsled
leadsled:
A typical body style of a custom car that became popular in the USA in the 1950s
such as the Mercury; the term derives from the fact that large amounts of body lead
are required to achieve the smooth body lines desired
lead sulphate:
Chemical compound; poisonous white crystals found in discharged batteries
lead tolerance:
Resistance to leaded fuel
lead weight:
A balance weight on a wheel rim. Also called wheel weight.
Also see
red lead
lead wire:
A welding term referring to the electricity carrying wire from the power source to
the electrode holder or to the ground clamps.
leaf:
also See
auxiliary leaf
helper leaf
leaf spring
longitudinal leaf spring
quarter-elliptic leaf spring
leaf spring:
A length of flat spring steel plates bent in an arch usually with curled ends to allow
mounting to the frame. Two holes are drilled in the center to mount a u-bolt shackle
which surrounds the axle. Some applications need only one leaf spring; but most
have several leaves, each smaller than the other, nested together. Only the longest
one is mounted to the frame. Also called semi-elliptic springs.
Also see
semi-elliptic leaf spring
tapered leaf spring
taper leaf spring
transverse leaf spring
leak:
also See
helium leak test
slow leak
stop-leak
leakage:
See compression leakage
leak detector:
Any device used to detect leaks in an air conditioning system (dye, solutions,
electronic, propane, etc)
leak down tester:

The leak-down tester is similar to a compression tester, except the engine does not
need to be cranked over. Instead, the leak-down tester pressurizes the cylinder and
then measures the amount of cylinder pressure lost through worn piston rings. This
lost pressure is called blow by and can indicate a defective valvetrain or blown head
gasket.
leak-off pressure:
Manufacturer-specified pressure used to test injector leakage on a pop tester
leak test:
See helium leak test
lean:
[1] A weak air/fuel mixture that has less fuel to air ratio. The opposite is rich.
[2] A lateral movement where one side lists more than the other.
lean air-fuel mixture:

A mixture of air and fuel in which there is more air and less fuel. See air-fuel ratio.
Lean Authority Limit Switch:

A device developed by GM to monitor heated carburetor inlet air through an air
cleaner tvs and to prevent the control unit from providing the carburetor with too
lean a mixture, for better performance when starting from cold
lean-burn engine:
An engine which uses a lean mixture of fuel and air to increase fuel economy and
reduce exhaust emissions.
Also see
CACIS
lean mixture:
A mixture of air and fuel in which there is more air and less fuel. See air-fuel ratio.
The opposite is rich mixture.
Also see
stoichiometric ratio
lease:
Form of contract transferring the use of a vehicle in consideration of payment.
Also see
closed end lease
off-lease
open end lease
subsidized lease
subvented lease
lease term:
The duration of the lease. 24 and 36 month leases are the most common but you can
lease a vehicle for 12, 48, or even 60 months if you choose. Remember that your
monthly payment will change depending on the length of the lease.
leasing:
The financial plan like renting where you pay a sum of money each month in return
for the use of a vehicle instead of buying it outright. Open-end leases allow you to
pay an additional amount at the end of the term so that you can own the vehicle.
Sometimes this is called the buy-back option. Closed-end leases state that at the end
of the term the ownership and possession of the vehicle must revert back to the
leasing agency. Leasing used to be the domain of businesses; but because of the
high cost of vehicles, leasing is now an option for the average consumer.
leather:
also See
chamois leather
full leather upholstery
full leather
leathers:
Apparel worn by those riding motorcycles. They consist of a leather jacket and
leather trousers. Their purpose is to reduce the possibility of injury in the event of a
fall; but they also provide warmth when riding because the rushing air will tend to
cool off the rider.
leather upholstery:
See full leather upholstery
LED:
Acronym for "Light Emitting diode." A semiconductor device used for digital
displays in the instrument panel
ledballast:
See dry ballast.
ledge:
also See
safety ledge
special ledge
left:
When referring to the side of a unit, the left side is always from the perspective of
operation. In other words, when sitting in the driver's seat or when pushing a
mower, the left side is the operator's left side.
left-hand drive:
(LHD) A steering system where the steering wheel is located on the left-hand side
of the vehicle; used for driving on the right, as in most parts of the world, except for
the UK, Australia, Hong Kong, and Japan. The opposite is right-hand drive (RHD)
left hand gear lever:

A device which is attached to the gear lever on the right side of the steering
column which allows those who have no use of their right hand to shift gears.
left hand monkey wrench:

See left-handed monkey wrench.
left-handed monkey wrench:

left hand rule:

To determine direction of lines of force, grasp conductor with left hand thumb
extended in direction of current flow. Fingers indicate direction of lines of force
left hand thread:

See left-hand thread.
left-hand thread:
Most threads on bolts have right-hand thread meaning that turning the bolt
clockwise inserts or tightens the bolt; counterclockwise loosens or removes the bolt.
But in left-hand thread the reverse is true. Turning the bolt clockwise loosens or
removes the bolt. Left-hand thread is used on applications where the normal turning
motion of the object is such that there is a possibility that the object could back out
and be removed. For instance, the left pedal of a bicycle turns around the crankarm
in a counterclockwise direction. If it had right-hand thread, the pedal could fall off.
Thus all left pedals have left hand thread so that the motion of the pedal helps to
keep the pedal tight on the crankarm.
left handed monkey wrench:

left-handed monkey wrench:

A fictitious tool. A monkey wrench is a pipe wrench, a wrench with an adjustable
jaw.
leftward welding:
Welding a seam towards the left
leg:
See chassis leg
Legere:
See voiture Legere
leg of fillet weld:

Distance from point where the base metals touched to toe of the fillet.
Le Grand Livre:
Literally "the big book" which lists every Paris-Brest-Paris bicycle finisher going
back to 1891.
legroom:
The amount of space available to move one's legs in a vehicle
LE-Jetronic:
The LE-Jetronic system incorporates the advantages of direct airflow measurement
with the enhancements afforded by electronics. Electromagnetically actuated
injectors inject fuel onto the intake valves. Each cylinder has its own solenoid
injector which is actuated once with every crankshaft revolution. The injectors are
opened by control pulses delivered by the ECU; the length of these pulses depend
on the quantity of inducted air, engine speed and other parameters. All of these
parameters are detected by sensors and processed in the control unit
Le Mans:
A model of automobile manufactured by Pontiac Click for books on Pontiac
division of General Motors Le Mans
lemna:
See bridge.
lemon:
A new or used car with many defects
length:
also See
floodable length
free length
nominal length
overall length
shank length
length between perpendiculars:

The length of a ship between the forward and after perpendiculars
length, overall:
The extreme length of a ship measured from the foremost point of the stem to the
aftermost part of the stern
lens:
[1] A specially treated glass through which a welder may look at an intense flame
without being injured by the harmful rays, or glare, radiating from this flame.
[2] A glass or plastic front cover of a headlight through which the light converges or
diverges.
[3] A glass or plastic covering of a signal light, taillight, backup light, etc.
Also see
diffusing lens
lessee :
The individual or party signing the lease contract and taking responsibility for the
vehicle and lease payments.
lessor:
The individual, dealer, business, manufacturer, or financial institution that owns the
vehicle.
Also see
independant lessor
let in:
To engage, such as to engage the clutch slowly
let out:
To release, such as to let some air out of the tire or to release the clutch by pushing
in the clutch pedal.
letter drill:
See letter drills.
letter drills:
A series of drills in which each drill size is designated by a letter of the alphabet: A,
B, C, etc.
LEV:
Acronym for Low Emission Vehicle Standards.
level:
The condition where an item is perpendicular to the force of gravity.
also See
acceptable quality level
bac level
blood alcohol level
engine oil level warning light
float level
interior noise level
oil level
oil level gauge
oil level sensor
spirit level
trim level
level control:
See automatic level control.
level gauge:
See oil level gauge
leveling:
also See
headlight leveling control
ride levelling
roller levelling
leveling control:
See headlight leveling control
leveller:
A component in continuous sheet galvanizing lines by means of which steel strips
are stretched and levelled
level out:
To work on a panel to remove irregularities with the use of hammer and dolly or by
filling and sanding, etc.
level plug:
A threaded plug in the side of a gearbox or rear axle to determine if sufficient oil
has been used during filling
levels:
See emission levels
level sensor:
See oil level sensor
level warning:
also See
level warning indicator:

See fluid level warning indicator
level warning light:

also See
coolant level warning light
lever:
A simple machine comprising an arm and a pivot.
Also see
actuating lever
brake lever
clutch lever
clutch release lever
gear lever
gearshift
parking brake lever
relay lever
release lever
roller foot lever
selector lever
shift lever
throwout lever
tire lever
leverage diagonal cutting pliers:

See high leverage diagonal cutting pliers
levering bar:
A metalworking tool shaped like a large tire iron with flat hooked ends for levering
bent panels back into position
lever lock:
See selector lever lock
lever strut:
See parking brake lever strut
lever-type shock absorber:

A spring damper operated by a lever arm from a chassis-mounted hydraulic damper
unit.
Also see
Lexus:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Lexus
Leyland:
See British Leyland
LH:
Acronym for "left hand"
LHD:
Acronym for "left hand drive."
L head:
See L-head engine
engine type.
L-head:
also See
L-head engine
engine type
L head engine:
See L-head engine.
L-head engine:
An engine having both valves in the block and on the same side of the cylinder. The
arrangement of the valves in the block and the combustion chamber forms an "L"
shape. This type of valve train was used in the early years of automotive
engineering and is no longer found - with some minor exceptions - in modern
engines. Also called "side-valve engine." See flathead.
LH-Jetronic:
Bosch LH-Jetronic system measure air mass (weight of air) with a hot-wire sensor
instead of measuring airflow with a vane, or flap, type air volume sensor used on L-
Jet systems. The "H" is short for heiss "hot"
LHM:
Acronym for "liquide Hydraulique Minerale"
LI:
Acronym for load index
licence:
British spelling for license.
also See
driving licence
road fund licence
license:
Document giving official permission to do something.
Also see
personalized license
personal license
rear license plate light
license plate:
A plate (issued by a government) located on the back (and sometimes also the front)
of a vehicle showing its registration. The British term is "number plate."
license plate frame:

A metal or plastic cover which surrounds and protects the outside of a license plate.
Some of them feature the name of a car dealership, state or province, while others
have a series of lights surrounding it.
license plate lamp:

See rear license plate lamp
license plate light:

See rear license plate light
Licensing Agency:
See Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Licensing Center:
See Driver and Vehicle Licensing Center
lid:
also See
deck lid
hood
skid lid
trunk lid
lien:
The right to hold another's goods or property until a claim is met. See mechanic's
lien.
life:
also See
service life
shelf life
lifeboat:
A boat which is used when the ship is in danger and has to be abandoned
lift:
[1] The action of the rear end of the vehicle to rise during braking.
[2] The amount by which a poppet valve rises when opened. See valve lift.
[3] The aerodynamic force caused by greater pressure above the car than below it
and having the effect of loss of traction and stability; (counteracted by a suitable
spoiler).
Also see
anti-lift
fork lift
high lift rocker arm
hydraulic lift
rear end lift
suction lift
tail lift
valve lift
wheelchair lift
liftback station wagon:

Small cars came in station wagon form too. The idea was the same as bigger
versions, but the conventional tailgate was replaced by a single lift-up hatch.
For obvious reasons, compact and subcompact wagons had only two seats
instead of the three that had been available in many full-size models.
lifter:
also See
hydraulic lifter
hydraulic valve lifter
piston lifter
roller lifter
roller tappets
tappets
valve lifter
valve spring lifter
lifter foot:
The part of the lifter that contacts the camshaft
lift:
[1] Maximum distance valve head is raise off its seat.
[2] A device for raising equipment into a vehicle, e.g., a scooter lift will raise a
scooter from the ground, swing it around and place it in the back of a van.
liftgate:
The rear opening of a station wagon or hatchback which opens from the bottom and
hinges at the top. The British term is "tailgate."
lifting:
Etching in which the paint surface is roughened or disintegrated in small patches or
a wide area because of an attack from bird droppings, soap deposits, industrial
fallout, etc.
lifting platform take-up point:

Any of the lifting points specified by the manufacturer for supporting the car on a
lifting platform. Only the points specified provide the rigidity required to lift the car
without damaging adjacent components
liftoff effect:
In eddy-current testing; severe signal changes associated with small changes in
distance between probe and test item
lift pump:
See fuel pump
lift rocker arm:

See high lift rocker arm
Lift-The-Dot fastener:
A registered trade name for a snap fastener
lift-throttle oversteer:
A handling characteristic that causes the rear tires to lose some of their cornering
grip when the throttle is released during hard cornering.
lift truck:
See fork lift.
light:
[1] Something that is easy to operate.
[2] Something that has relatively little weight.
[3] A vehicle window. See backlight.
[4] An illumination device.
[5] A British term for window.
Also see
auxiliary brake light
auxiliary driving light
back-up light
backlight
brake light
brake warning light
check engine warning light
courtesy light
daytime running lights
dome light
driving light
dummy lights
fog light
gas discharge light
gooseneck map light
handbrake warning light
headlight
idiot light
indicator light
interior light switch
interior light
low oil warning light
map light
marker light
masthead light
oil pressure warning light
opera light
parkbrake warning light
parking light
park light
pillar light
quarter light
rear fog light
rear light surround
reversing light
seat belt warning light
side marker light
signal light warning light
signal light
SRS warning light
stop light
strobe light
tail light
test light
timing light
traffic light
trouble-shooting light
warning light
light-alloy piston:
See alloy piston
light-alloy wheel:
See alloy wheel
lightbar:
A bar with a series of lights (driving lights, fog lights, and/or spot lights) mounted
on it. The bar is mounted either on the front of the vehicle or on its roof.
light box:
See tail light box
light braking:
The action of applying the brakes gently and intermittently. Opposite to heavy
braking
light bulb:
See bulb
light cable:
Cable which does not require high strength. Opposite to heavy cable
light clutch:
Having a smooth or easy operation, e.g., requiring little effort to push down the
pedal on cars and trucks; or squeeze the lever on motorcycles. Opposite to heavy
clutch
light displacement:
The displacement in tons of the ship complete with all outfit, equipment, and
machinery on board but excluding all fuel, water in tanks, cargo, stores, passengers,
dunnage, and the crew and their effects. The light condition displacement includes
the lubricating oil for the machinery and water in the boilers at steaming level. Also
called "light weight."
light-duty:
Something that is built for light loads or non-severe use. Opposite to heavy-duty
light-duty truck:
A vehicle weighing less than 10,000 lbs. Compare heavy-duty truck and medium-
duty truck
lightened valve:
See lightened valves.
lightened valves:
Valves in which all possible metal has been ground away to reduce weight. This
will allow higher rpm without valve float.
lighter:
[1] An electric, push-button device on the dash which, when depressed, produces a
red-hot filament for lighting cigarettes, etc.
Also see
cigar lighter
[2] A flat-bottomed boat for transporting cargo between ship and shore.
lighter aboard ship:

(LASH) small barges for carrying cargo between ship and shore
light-fast:
Something unaffected by light
light filler panel:

See quarter light filler panel
light-footed:
A term used to describe a mode of driving which uses gentle pressure on the
accelerator, thus maximizing fuel economy
lighting:
See auxiliary lighting.
light-off temperature:
The temperature at which a catalytic converter achieves a 50% conversion rate;
typically near 250°C
light paint:
Thinly coated. Opposite to heavy paint
light panel:
See tail light panel
light sheet metal:

Thin sheet metal for average use.
lights-on reminder:
A buzzer, chime, or voice which alerts you that you have left the car lights on upon
shutting the engine off.
light steering:
Having an easy operation, e.g., requiring little effort to turn the steering wheel
light surround:
also See
rear light surround
tail light surround
light switch:
See interior light switch
light traffic:
A road with few moving vehicles. Opposite to heavy traffic
light truck:
[1] A vehicle weighing less than 14,000 lbs.
[2] Typically a vehicle under 3 tons, which includes pickups, passenger vans, and
most 4WD vehicles and for which one does not need a special license. Compare
HGV
light unit:
See lamp unit
light van:
Typically a vehicle under 3 tons, which includes pickups, passenger vans, and most
4wd vehicles and for which one does not need a special license. Compare HGV
light vehicles:
Passenger cars and light trucks.
light warning light:

See signal light warning light
light weight:
See light displacement
limber hole:
A small drain hole or slot in a frame or plate for the purpose of preventing water or
oil from collecting
limit:
The performance limit of a car's chassis, tires, etc.; typically experienced during
sharp cornering at high speeds.
Also see
authority Limit
cornering limit
fatigue limit
knock limit
lean Authority Limit Switch
particulate emission limit
self-cleaning limit
speed limit
limit cycle control:

See closed-loop control
limited grade:
See traction limited grade
limited-slip axle/center differential:

See variable limited-slip axle/center differential
limited slip differential:

An axle differential or central differential incorporating a locking or slip-limiting
mechanism to counter wheel spin. Limited slip means that some power is always
applied to each of the wheels, even when one of them is on a slippery surface like
ice or mud.
also See
limited-slip differential
multiple-disc limited-slip differential
limited-slip differential:
A differential unit designed to provide superior traction by transferring driving
torque, when one wheel is spinning, to the wheel that is not slipping. A cone or
clutch disc locks the two independent axle shafts together so that they both turn at
the same time. There is a minimal amount of slippage (thus the name limited-slip)
to allow for differential action.
limiter:
also See
engine speed limiter
rev limiter
torque limiter
limiting valve:
See pressure limiting valve
limits of adhesion:
[1] A term used by sports car enthusiasts to describe the point of which a car begins
to lose grip on the road while making a turn in a curve.
[2] The ability of a vehicle to respond to an emergency situation such as roads
covered in rain, oil, or ice by steering or braking when needed.
Limit Switch:
also See
authority Limit Switch
limo:
Abbreviation for "limousine."
Also see
stretch limo
limousine:
The literal meaning is "a cloak." In France, "Limousine" means any passenger
vehicle. An early dictionary defined "limousine" as an auto with a
permanently enclosed compartment for 3-5, with a roof projecting over a front
driver's seat. However, modern dictionaries drop the separate compartment
idea and refer to limousines as large luxury autos, often chauffeur-driven.
Some have a movable division window between the driver and passenger
compartments, but that isn't a requirement.
Also see
stretch limo
limp home:
See limp-home mode
limp-home mode:
[1] A standby circuit which allows a car with electronic system trouble to be driven
home slowly.
[2] A feature of Cadillac's Northstar engine that even when it has run out of coolant,
the car can be driven at moderate speeds.
limp-in:
See limp home
Lincoln:
A vehicle brand of which all L, K, KA, and KB, 1941 168H, and
1942 268H models are classic cars. The 1952-54 Capri models are Click for books
milestone cars. on Lincoln
Lincoln Continental:
The 1946-48, 1961-64 models are milestone cars. The 1958-60, Click for books on
1965-67 Convertibles are milestone cars. The 1961-67 Custom Lincoln
Limos (Lehman Peterson) models are milestone cars. Continental
line:
The path through a corner that best accommodates a late braking point, a high
cornering speed, and the fastest-possible exit speed out of a corner.
Also see
airline
air line
assembly line
battery fill line
belt line
brake line
buff line
cutting line
drive line
feed line
fuel return line
inlet line
load line
margin line
model line
mooring line
off-line
on-line
painting line
plan lines
production line
product line
red line
sculpture line
shut line
stress line
suction line
swage line
window line
liner blast horn:

See ocean liner blast horn
linear lamp:
See festoon bulb
linear source lamp:

See festoon bulb
linear wiper system:

A system in which the wiper arm is attached both at the top and bottom and, instead
of describing the usual arc, is guided in a straight line from one side of the
windshield to the other
line certificate:
See international load line certificate
line pressure:
Line pressure is fed to the shifting components when they are to be applied; it
increases in proportion to engine speed and is the highest pressure in the hydraulic
control system
liner:
[1] A thin section placed between two parts, such as a replaceable cylinder liner in
an engine. Wet liners are the complete cylinder wall where the outside of the liner
makes up part of the cooling system to allow coolant circulation. Dry liners are
pressed into the block and are not surrounded by coolant.
[2] A cargo ship which sails between regular ports of call on a schedule.
Also see
bonnet liner
cylinder liner
hood liner
inner liner
line spanner:
See flare nut wrench
lines, plan:
The plans that show the shape or form of the ship
lining:
[1] The interior trim, e.g., of doors and convertible tops.
[2] A friction material (e.g., on brake shoes, brake discs, clutch disc, and automatic
transmission brake bands.
also See
bonded brake lining
brake lining
clutch lining
friction lining
linishing:
Smoothing sheet metal using power tools, e.g., with an angle grinder and emery belt
or grinding disk. Typical applications are dressing of weld joints and removal of
flaking rust to clean up repair areas prior to welding
link:
A suspension member that has a single diagnostic link diaphram link drag link, half
link inter-cell link joint at each en
also d.
See lateral link
leading link
master link
offset link
parallel trailing link suspension
semi-trailing link
stabilizer link
suspension link
toe control link
trailing link
transverse link
watts link
linkage:
Any series of rods, yokes, levers, bars or links used to transmit motion from one
unit to another.
Also see
center steering linkage
gearchange linkage
parallelogram steering linkage
progressive linkage
shifter linkage
shift linkage
steering linkage
watt linkage
progressive linkage
shift linkage
steering linkage
watt linkage
linkage power steering:

A linkage-type, power-assisted steering system in which a conventional manual
system is assisted by hydraulic or pneumatic effort applied directly to a steering
linkage such as a relay lever or track rod
link suspension:
See parallel trailing link suspension
lip:
The edge of a sheet metal panel folded at right angles to the basic panel contours;
often used to mount the panel to an adjacent panel, e.g., for spot welding
lip molding:
The molding connecting the outer edge of the fender to the inner fender panel or
fender well
lip seal with garter spring:

See radial shaft seal
liquefy:
British spelling for "liquify"
liquid:
Any substance which assumes the shape of the vessel in which it is placed without
changing volume.
liquid ballast:
A form of ballasting which uses a liquid -- usually water mixed with calcium
chloride to prevent freezing and increase specific gravity.
Also see
dry ballast
liquid-cooled:
An engine that is cooled by the passage of water or oil. The opposite is "air-cooled"
Liquide Hydraulique Minérale:

(LHM) A green hydraulic fluid used by Citroën for some of their suspension
systems
liquid gasket:
A room temperature vulcanizing gasket sealer (from a tube)
liquid line:
[1] The line between the drier outlet and the expansion valve.
[2] Sometimes, the line between the condenser outlet and the drier inlet
liquid paint:
Paint which contains solvents and cures at room temperature or by baking
liquid pump:
A machine used to raise liquid from a low to a high energy level by transferring
energy to the medium being pumped
liquid traction:
A special liquid that is applied to the tires of drag racers to provide superior traction.
liquid withdrawal:
Drawing LPG (propane) from the bottom of the tank to insure delivery of liquid
LPG (propane). Withdrawal from the top of the tank will deliver LPG (propane) in
the gaseous state.
liquid withdrawal system:

A method of piping where liquid is taken from bottom of an LP gas tank and
converted into gas by a vaporizer
liquified natural gas:

(LNG) e.g., methane, possible future alternative fuel for spark ignition engines
liquified petroleum gas:

A by-product of oil refining, mainly butane or propane or a mixture of the two
gases, used as a fuel for some spark ignition gasoline engines. See LPG.
list:
When the centerline plane of a ship is not vertical, the ship is said to list, or to heel
list number:
The part number stamped on the body of the carburetor, used for identification and
can be cross-referenced to obtain the model number
list price:
The price suggested by the factory, as quoted in the price list, as opposed to the
actual sales price which would include delivery and set-up charges plus taxes.
liter:
Metric measurement of capacity equivalent to 2.11 US pints. Five litres equals 1.32
U.S. gallon or 1.1 Imperial gallon. One Imperial quart equals 1.136 liter and a US
quart equals 0.946 liter.
lithium base grease:
A chassis and wheel bearing grease using lithium as a base. Not compatible with
sodium base grease.
lithium grease:
A chassis and wheel bearing grease using lithium as a base. Not compatible with
sodium base grease.
Also see
white lithium grease
litre:
Metric measurement of capacity equivalent to 2.11 US pints. Five litres equals 1.32
U.S. gallon or 1.1 Imperial gallon.
little end:
The small end of the connecting rod. See connecting rod
live axle:
A driven axle upon which the wheels are firmly attached. Usually there are two half
shafts with a differential in between. Each axle drives the wheel it supports. Live
axles are non-independent, i.e., when one wheel moves up or down, it affect the
movement of the other. They are used on rear-wheel-drive vehicles. In contrast, a
dead axle is not driven.
Also see
axle
live wire:
See hot wire.
Lizzie:
See tin Lizzie
L-Jetronic:
Term by Bosch to describe fuel injection system controlled by the air flowing
through a sensor with a movable vane, or flap, which indicates engine load. The "L"
is for luft "air." Later versions of L-jet are equipped with a Lambda (oxygen) sensor
for better mixture control. Bosch originally used the term Air-Flow Controlled
(AFC) Injection to denote L-Jet system in order to differentiate them from pressure
controlled D-Jetronic system
L-Jetronic air flow meter:

Airflow meter used on the L-Jetronic system
L-Jetronic fuel injection system:

An electronically controlled fuel injection system. Fuel is supplied by an
intermittent-action L-Jetronic fuel injection system, which uses engine speed and
intake airflow as its main control parameters. Each cylinder has its own solenoid
injector, which is opened by control pulses delivered by the electronic control unit;
the length of these pulses depends on the control parameters. All of these
parameters are detected by sensors and processed in the control unit. This fuel
injection system is employed by BMW in the K 75 model
L-Jetronic system:
An electronically controlled fuel injection system. Fuel is supplied by an
intermittent-action L-Jetronic fuel injection system, which uses engine speed and
intake airflow as its main control parameters. Each cylinder has its own solenoid
injector, which is opened by control pulses delivered by the electronic control unit;
the length of these pulses depends on the control parameters. All of these
parameters are detected by sensors and processed in the control unit. This fuel
injection system is employed by BMW in the K 75 model
LNG:
See liquified natural gas
LNG carrier:
Liquefied natural gas carrier.
load:
[1] something to be lifted, carried, transported, or accelerated.
[2] The amount of material transported.
[3] The amount of power carried by an electric circuit.
[4] The resistance overcome by an engine when it is driving a machine.
Also see
axle load
axle weight
clamping load
full load
full load enrichment
g-loads
negative load base
proportional load synchromesh
road load horsepower
temperature of deflection under load
wheel load
load alteration effect:

The reactions in the drive train or, in FWD vehicles, in the steering, due to sudden
load alteration. Compare torque steer
load and inflation table:

A chart in the tire manufacturer's data book listing the carrying capacity of a tire at
each of several air pressure increments from the lowest range of practical usage to
its maximum capacity.
Load at installed height:

The specified range of force required to compress a spring to its installed height
usually expressed in terms of so many pounds of force at so many inches
load base:
Used in calculating load distribution; it is the distance between the center of the rear
axle (or center between tandem axles) and the center of payload. Also See negative
load base.
load capacity:
See carrying capacity.
load-controlled power distribution:

A drive torque distribution, as established e.g., by a Torsen differential
load distribution:
The distribution of load on truck or trailer chassis. The relationship of the gross load
on the front and rear axles to the total gross load.
load distribution calculation:

The payload on the front axle is equal to the total payload multiplied by the "load
base" (in inches) and divided by the "wheelbase" (in inches). To complete the
calculation of load per axle, it is necessary to obtain the unladen weight of the
vehicle and estimate its breakdown by axle.
loaded:
See spring loaded
loaded displacement:
The displacement of a ship when floating at her greatest allowable draft
loaded radius:
Measurement in inches from the wheel axle centerline to the ground when the tire is
properly inflated for the load. Also called static loaded radius
loaded tourer:
A bicycle whose structure, geometry, and equipment is designed to allow a cyclist
to travel with 50 pounds of gear.
load enrichment:
See full load enrichment
loader:
See low-loader
load floor:
[1] The cargo-carrying area of a van or truck.
[2] The floor of the luggage area of an station wagon or hatchback
load floor extension:

A molded tray that folds out of the rear luggage area and provides an extended load
floor which hangs out over the bumper. It can also be used for picnics.
load horsepower:
See road load horsepower
load index:
(LI) coded number on the sidewall of a tire to indicate the maximum load the tire
may carry at a given speed under manufacturer's conditions
loading:
The amount with which something is loaded.
Also see
lead loading
load line:
The line on a ship which indicates the maximum depth to which it can sink when
loaded with cargo. Also known as "marks."
load line certificate:

See international load line certificate
load overhang:
The distance a load extends beyond the rear of a vehicle. It also requires a red flag
or red reflector at the end of the load.
load range:
[1] An index of tire strength which replaces the older (discontinued) ply rating
system.
[2] A discontinued measurement of the number of plies at which a tire is rated. Load
range B equals 4 ply rating; C equals 6 ply rating; and D equals 8 ply rating.
load rating:
The maximum amount that a vehicle can carry with the tires and springs it has. Also
called load index
Also see
carrying capacity
ply rating
spring booster
load resistor:
See ballast resistor
Load Sensing Proportioning Valve:

(LSPV) a hydraulic system control valve that works like a proportioning valve, but
also takes into consideration the amount of weight carried by the rear axle
load-sensitive proportioning valve:
A valve which regulates hydraulic pressure to the rear wheels as a function of
chassis height-to-axle distance. A vehicle weight transfer during hard braking
increases this distance and, via a spring or rod linkage, will close the valve to reduce
braking pressure at the rear wheels; also, a heavily loaded car will have more
braking power at the rear wheels
load synchromesh:
See proportional load synchromesh
load test:
A test applied to a battery. Although the battery indicates 12 volts or more, it may
not meet the amperage for which it is rated. A tester with a variety of amperage
loads can be applied to determine if the battery is good.
load transfer:
See weight transfer
load transference:
The changing of the amount of load distributed to each axle while the vehicle is in
motion, due to the effects of braking, cornering ascending, or descending grades,
etc. See rollsteer.
load waterline:
The line on the lines plan of a ship, representing the intersection of the ship's form
with the plane of the water surface when the ship is floating at the summer
freeboard draft or at the designed draft. Also called marks
lobe:
An off-center or eccentric enlargement on a shaft which converts rotary motion to
reciprocating. Also called a "cam." See cam lobes.
lobe-type supercharger:
A positive displacement compressor with two lobed rotors. Compare lysholm
supercharger and roots compressor
local cell:
A galvanic cell resulting from differences in potential between adjacent areas on the
surface of a metal immersed in an electrolyte
localized corrosion:
Rusting occurring at one part of a metal surface at a much higher rate than over the
rest of the surface, e.g., pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion. The opposite is uniform
corrosion
locating dowel:
See dowel pin
locating lug:
A projection or pin for holding a part in a specific position. All engine bearings
have some means of ensuring that they will not shift or move in the housing bore
once installed. Most bearings utilize a locating lug, which is simply a small
projection or pin that fits into a recess in the housing bore
locating pin:
A projection or lug for holding a part in a specific position.
also See
dowel pin
locating lug
locating spring:
A steel wire clip in disc brakes that secures the cylinder in a floating frame or
caliper frame. Compare spreader spring
lock:
[1] A fastening device which closes and opens by the use of a key.
[2] A steering term describing the amount by which the wheels of a vehicle are able
to turn. See steering lock and lock-to-lock.
[3] An obstruction such as a air lock or vapor lock.
[4] To close with a key.
[5] To fix or become fixed in a certain position such as "the seat belts locked when
the brakes were applied suddenly but so did the wheels and the car went into a
skid."
[6] A gear train term indicating to interlock or couple.
Also see
angle of lock
bonnet lock
cable lock
childproof lock
differential lock
door lock
door lock de-icer
full lock
helical spring lock washer
hood lock
nylon lock nut
opposite lock
parking lock
selector lever lock
shift lock
steering wheel and brake lock
tire bead lock
vapor lock
wheel lock
lockable differential:
A limited-slip differential
lockable wheel:
A wheel that can be secured to the hub with a lock
lock angle:
See steering angle
lock brakes:
See anti-lock brakes
lock buster:
lock puller
lock cylinder:
A cylinder in the middle of a cylinder lock that is prevented from turning (locked)
by a number of pins (typically five) which penetrate down through the wall of the
cylinder. The cylinder is turned by inserting a key which pushes the spilt pins up to
varying heights so that the edge of the cylinder engages with the gap between the
two sections of each pin allowing the cylinder to turn
lock de-icer:
A fluid which is inserted into the key-hole to melt the ice which has bound the
tumblers in a door lock.
Also see
door lock de-icer
locker:
See chain locker
lock facing:
The surface of a door to which the lock is attached
locking:
also See
action locking
central locking
remote-control locking
locking bar clamp:

Locking clamp with sliding jaw providing extended clamping capabilities
locking clamp:
Locking pliers with specially shaped jaws for vice work and intricate clamping jobs.
Locking clamps include, for example, vice grip C-clamps, vice grip pipe clamps,
locking bar clamps, welding clamps, and sheet metal clamps
locking differential:
A differential with the ability for locking together the two half shafts, thus putting
the differential out of action and greatly improving traction. In a non-locking
differential if one wheel was stuck in snow and spinning, the other wheel would be
stationary even if it were on dry ground. In a locked differential, both wheels would
turn the same amount. Since the dry-ground wheel had traction, it would be able to
pull the vehicle out even though the other wheel had no traction.
locking disc:
See center locking disc
locking hub:
See central-locking hub
locking lug bolt:

An anti-theft wheel lug bolt which requires a special wrench to remove it
locking lug nut:

An anti-theft wheel lug nut which requires a special wrench to remove it
locking mechanism:
A device which locks the reel of a seat belt when the forward acceleration of the
occupant exceeds a certain value
locking pliers:
also See
action locking pliers
locking reel:
A device which locks the reel of a seat belt when the forward acceleration of the
occupant exceeds a certain value
locking pliers:
A type of pliers with locking jaws that can be used as pliers, wrench, clamp, or
small vice. Closing the handles locks the jaws into position. The jaws are released
by pulling a special release lever. Locking pliers with specially shaped jaws for vice
work and intricate clamping jobs are called "locking clamps"
locking synchromesh:
A common synchromesh mechanism in which the synchromesh pressure is
proportional to the gearchange force, thus preventing overriding of the synchromesh
action due to hasty operation of the lever; the gear and gearchange sleeve are
prevented from engaging until rotational speeds are synchronized
lock nut:
See locknut
locknut:
A nut used in conjunction with a washer or a second nut to lock a mechanism in
place, such as the nut found at the upper end of a headset and in front of the calipers
on many caliper brakes.
Also see
center lock nut
nylon lock nut
lock-out:
also See
power window lock-out switch
starter lockout
lock-out switch:
See power window lock-out switch
lock picker set:

A set of special tools designed for opening locked cars, especially used by
professional locksmiths
lock pillar:
See b-pillar
lock pin:
See locating pin
lock puller:
A special door lock picker; attached to the outside of a car door lock, the lock puller
rips out the entire lock cylinder
lockring:
[1] The notched ring that fits on the left side of a bottom bracket of a bicycle and
prevents the adjustable cup from turning.
[2] A metal ring which snaps into the rim gutter, holding the side ring in place.
lock ring pliers:

Tool for removing and installing heavy-duty circlips, used e.g., on brakes,
transmissions, pedal shafts, and clutch shafts
lock striker:
See striker
lock-to-lock:
A steering designation which describes the distance created by the steering wheel
when it is fully to the left and then moved fully to the right.
lockup:
The moment when a tire begins to skid during braking. A tire's maximum braking
force occurs when it is on the verge of lockup. Ideally all four tires should approach
lockup simultaneously to give a vehicle the best braking. Because this ideal is hard
to create in the real world, one end tends to lock up before the other. Front-wheel
lockup is inherently more stable than rear-wheel lockup. Anti-lock brakes provide
the best type of braking because it rapidly releases pressure on the brakes to prevent
lockup.
lock-up clutch:
Automatically engaged clutch in a lock-up torque converter which prevents slipping
losses.
Also see
torque converter lock-up clutch
lockup differential:
A differential whose two outputs can be locked together, eliminating any
differential action but maximizing traction under slippery conditions.
lockup torque converter:

A torque converter fitted with a lockup clutch that can be engaged to eliminate the
slip between the torque converter's input and output, thereby improving fuel
efficiency and performance because it is now in direct drive mode
lock-up torque converter:

Torque converter in which the pump can be mechanically locked to the turbine,
eliminating any loss through the fluid because it is now in direct drive mode
lockwasher:
There are several types of lockwashers which are designed to be placed between a
flat washer and the securing nut in order to keep the nut from backing out or
loosening. One type is a split ring. Another looks like a star with prongs or tangs
coming out from the outer circumference. Also called a "star washer." Another type
has prongs coming out of the inner circumference of the washer.
locktite:
Brand name for a type of liquid which is applied to the threads of a bolt and/or nut
to secure them to various degrees of strength.
lock washer:
also See
spring lock washer
Locomobile:
A vehicle brand of which all models 48 and 90; 1927 8-80; 1928 8-80; and 1929 8-
80 are classic cars.
locut nut:
A fastener used to enable sheet metal screws to be used for relatively large holes in
panels
loft:
See mold loft
log manifold:
A special intake manifold generally designed to accept four or more carburetors.
Each side has bases for the carburetors set on a pipe-like log area.
logo:
See company logo
long and short arm suspension:

A suspension system using an upper and lower control arm. The upper arm is
shorter than the lower. This is done so as to allow the wheel to deflect in a vertical
direction with a minimum change in camber.
long arm suspension:

See short arm/long arm suspension
long block:
A long block consists of the short block plus the oil pump and sump, cylinder
head(s), camshaft(s) as well as the complete valve train. The opposite is short block
long block engine:

An engine with a relatively long crankshaft. The opposite is short block engine.
Also compare big-block engine. Normally, the term long block engine means a 6-
cylinder in-line engine which has a longer block than a 4-cylinder or V-8 engine
longeron:
The main side member
long-haul:
A long distance which a trucker drives
longitudinal:
Lengthways. The opposite is lateral
longitudinal engine:
A traditional engine layout used on most RWD vehicles with the cylinders lying
lengthways from the front to the back. Also called north-south layout. The opposite
is transverse engine
longitudinal girder:
See side member
longitudinal member:
See side member
longitudinal tire clearance:

The distance between the tread and the closest point forward or rearward, reduced
by increase in tread depth and rearward movement of the axle under load (1/3 of the
distance between shackle pin centers).
longitudinal leaf spring:

A leaf spring that is mounted so that it is parallel to the length of the vehicle.
longitudinals:
Fore-and-aft structural shape or plate members attached to the underside of decks,
flats, or to the inner bottom, or on the inboard side of the shell plating.
long-nose pliers:
Pliers with half round and tapered jaws, often with a wire cutter and used for
electrical work. Also called snipe-nose pliers or needle-nose pliers
long-nose self-grip pliers:

Locking pliers with extra long reach jaws
long-reach C-clamp:
Self-grip locking clamp with extra long C-shaped jaws
long stroke engine:

An engine where the length of the piston stroke is greater than the diameter of the
bore of a cylinder. A relatively long stroke produces higher low-end torque at the
cost of increased piston speeds and reduced revving ability. The opposite is short
stroke engine
long ton:
2240 pounds. Also called "gross ton."
loom:
A harness covering. Older vehicles used woven-cloth loom; most modern vehicles
use a corrugated-plastic loom or split loom
also See
spark plug cable loom
spark plug wire loom
wire loom
wiring harness
wiring loom
loom tape:
A non-adhesive tape used as a harness wrap. Adhesive-type tapes, including
electrical tapes, are not recommended for wrapping harnesses. Often a piece of
shrink wrap is used at tape ends to keep the tape from unravelling
loop:
also See
closed loop
open-loop
open loop system
phase-locked loop circuitry
loop circuitry:
See phase-locked loop circuitry
loop frame:
Early motorcycle frame design in which the downtube curves underneath the engine
cases to become the seat post
loop scavenging:
A method of scavenging used on two-stroke motorcycle engines. The entering gas
streams travel across the piston, up the far side of the barrel and curl over and down
to complete the scavenging process; loop scavenging is sometimes used to refer
specifically to a special variant of this type of scavenging: Schnürle scavenging
loop system:
also See
closed loop system
open loop system
loose:
[1] Not tight.
[2] A colloquial term for oversteer.
loosen:
To make something less tight; to slacken
loping:
Action of the engine when the mixture of gasoline and air to the carburetor is too
lean.
lorry:
A British term for truck.
losses:
also See
charge losses
evaporative losses
friction losses
pumping losses
scavenging losses
loss leaders:
Products whose prices are cut with the idea that they will attract customers to the
store.
lost-core technique:
A method of producing thermoplastic inlet manifolds
lost-foam casting:
A casting method using foamed plastic cores, giving the surface of the castings the
appearance of styrofoam; used for engine blocks
lost-foam casting process:

A casting method using foamed plastic cores, giving the surface of the castings the
appearance of styrofoam; used for engine blocks
lost motion:
Motion between a driving part and a driven part which does not move the driven
part.
Also see
backlash
lot:
also See
car lot
inspection lot
parking lot
Lotus:
A vehicle brand of which the 1958-63 Elite models are Click for books on
milestone cars. Lotus
loud pedal:
A colloquial term for accelerator pedal
louver:
The ventilation slots such as sometimes found in the hood of an automobile or in the
dash. They let air come into the engine compartment to cool the engine or into the
passenger compartment. Sometimes they are merely decorative with no cooling
function.
Also see
rear window louvres
louvre:
Canadian and European spelling for louver
low:
(L) A driving gear ratio in automatic transmissions for climbing hills (to prevent
lugging or for going down steep hills so that it acts as a compression brake.
also See
bull low
four-wheel-drive low
low-bake booth:
A closed section in painting lines in a paint shop, in which coats of paint are dried at
low temperatures
low-bake equipment:
Equipment for drying coats of paint at low temperatures
low-bake paint:
Respray paint baked at 80°C, giving a high-quality finish but requiring suitable low-
bake spray booths/ovens
lowball:
A car sales practice of stating a very low price for a new car to a customer who is
known or expected to be comparison shopping or calling over the phone. Compare
highball. When the customer finds that other dealers cannot match this price, he will
return to the original dealer, only to be told that the price was a mistake; many
customers will then accept a new, higher price because they are tired of shopping
around
low battery:
A battery with less than acceptable voltage and should be charged or replaced.
low beam:
The outboard headlights in a four-light system or the main lights in a two-light
system. The low beam is used for most applications of night driving. For those cars
without day-time running lights, the low beam should be turned on. In fog and
heavy snow, the low beam can provide more light on the road because the high
beam reflects light back to the driver. The British term is "dipped beam."
low bed:
A low platform trailer for heavy equipment hauling, usually on 15" diameter tires.
Also called low boy.
low boy:
A low platform trailer for heavy equipment hauling, usually on 15" diameter tires.
Also called low bed.
low brake pedal:

A condition where the brake pedal approaches too close to the floorboard before
actuating the brakes.
low-carbon steel:
steel containing 0.03 to 0.3 per cent carbon (typically 0.2%). Used for machine
screws, wood screws, etc., and similar products without critical strength
requirements. It cannot be heat treated for greater strength. Sometimes called "Mild
Steel." The tensile strength is around 54M psi.
low carbon steel:

See low-carbon steel
low crown panel:

The predominant shape of modem body panels, e.g., on most side panels such as
door skins. The opposite is high crown panel
low-density polyethylene:
(LDPE) a relatively soft, flexible polyethylene, used mainly for plastic film and
sheet
low-emission:
A condition of a vehicle which releases relatively few pollutants into the
environment. Compare zero emission vehicle. In some countries tax relief is
available for low-emission cars
Low Emission Vehicle Standards:

(LEV) State and federal governments set standards for automakers developing
vehicles that will produce emission. Each state determines its own levels as does the
federal government. California and New York have some of the most stringent laws.
Once the requirements are met for a specific vehicle, the automaker may call that
car or truck a Low Emission Vehicle.
Also see
ultra Low Emission Vehicle Standards
lower back panel:

The body sheet metal between the trunk lid and the rear bumper
lower bending die:

A lower tool insert of the press brake
lower dead center:

(LDC) See bottom dead center
lower front panel:

See front apron
lowering kit:
A set of springs and other suspension parts to reduce ground clearance.
lowers:
The bottom part of a motorcycle fairing to protect the rider's legs from wind and
provide a more aerodynamic configuration
low fuel indicator:

A warning light which glows when fuel is getting low and flashes (on some models)
when it is very low.
low gear:
The lowest gear in a transmission, usually called first gear.
low geared:
A transmission which has a small drive gear and a large driven gear. On a bicycle,
for instance, the chainwheel gear (by the pedals) is the smallest (usually called a
granny gear and the freewheel gear (at the center of the wheel) is the largest. This
arrangement gives the slowest speed but the best torque.
low head pressure:

Lower-than-normal-high side pressure caused by a system malfunction
low-head pump:
A pump used for low total heads; in the case of centrifugal pumps the low-pressure
pump has a nominal total head not exceeding 80 m
low-loader:
A truck for heavy loads with a low-level loading platform and often an extension
ramp or lift-operated tailgate which can be lowered to street level
low-maintenance battery:
A battery that rarely requires topping-up. Compare maintenance-free battery
low oil sensor:

See oil level sensor
low oil warning light:

See engine oil level warning light
low pedal:
A condition where excessive clearance at some point in braking system causes full
pedal movement for application of brakes
low pivot swing axle:

A rear axle setup that attaches the differential housing to the frame via a pivot
mount. A conventional type of housing and axle extend from the differential to one
wheel. The other side of the differential is connected to the other driving wheel by a
housing and axle that is pivoted at a point in line with the differential to frame pivot
point.
low-pressure cut-out:
A device which protects the air conditioning system by switching the compressor
off when a pressure loss occurs
low-pressure cut-out switch:

A device that disengages the compressor clutch when the system pressure drops
below a predetermined level
low-pressure foaming:
A process in which plastics are foamed under low pressure (1-5 bar). The opposite
is high-pressure foaming
low pressure indicator:

A unit or combination of units which provides a visible or audible warning signal
whenever the system pressure is below a predetermined value.
low-pressure pump:
A pump used for low total heads; in the case of centrifugal pumps the low-pressure
pump has a nominal total head not exceeding 80 m
low pressure tire:

A tire with a large cross-section for operation at lower pressure. Increased air
capacity permits lower pressure. ATV tires, for example, have only 3 or 4 psi.
low profile:
A tire with a low aspect ratio of a tire (i.e., the section height is smaller than section
width).
low-profile air cleaner:

A circular, flat, chrome-plated air cleaner, mounted on top of the carburetor
low-profile tire:
A tire with a wide tread but a low height. A tire with a height that is 70% or less of
its width would be described as low-profile, as opposed to an average tire of 80%
low-refrigerant protection system:

A system which interrupts the electrical current to the compressor clutch in the
event of refrigerant loss. A typical exhaust is the GM superheat switch and thermal
limiter low side: suction side -- the low pressure part of the system between the
expansion valve outlet and the compressor inlet
low rider:
A customized car which is extremely lowered through body and suspension
modifications
low side:
An air conditioning term describing the side between the expansion valve or orifice
tube and the compressor; includes the evaporator -- called the low pressure portion
low side gauge:

A gauge that can indicate both pressure and vacuum. Also called a compound gauge
low-side service valve:

A device, located on the suction or low side of the compressor, at which low side
pressure can be checked and other service operations can be performed
low speed:
Gearing provided in an automobile which causes greater number of revolutions of
engine as compared to driving wheel
low spot:
An indentation on a panel surface
low-suction pressure:
Condition of lower than normal high side pressure caused by system malfunction
low temperature activity:

A description of the ability of a catalytic converter to purify exhaust gases in the
warm-up phase following a cold start. This phase is included in most of the current
exhaust emission test procedures, as CO and HC concentrations are particularly
high when engines are operated below normal operating temperatures
low temperature fouling:

See carbon fouling
low temperature phosphating:

Phosphating at temperatures around 20° C
low tension:
See low voltage
low tension lead:

See low tension leads.
low tension leads:

The wiring in the ignition system that is distinguished from the high tension wiring.
The low tension leads carry only 6 or 12 volts. Includes the battery cables, the coil
connections (but not the high tension wire going to the distributor), the wiring to the
ignition switch, and the non-high tension wires going to the distributor.
low speed circuit:

See idle circuit.
low-speed circuit:
See idle circuit.
low speed traction control:

See low-speed traction control.
low-speed traction control:

A system that helps prevent front-wheel spin on slippery or gravel surfaces during
acceleration at speeds up to 40 kph (25 mph).
low voltage circuit:

See primary circuit
low zinc technology:
A technology used in present-day phosphating processes. Normal zinc phosphating
baths used as pre-treatment for painting contain approximately 2-4 grams-per-liter
(g/l) zinc and approx. 5-10 grams-per-liter (g/l) phosphorus pentoxide. In low-zinc
baths, the corresponding values amount to approx. 0.4-1.7 g/l zinc and 12-16 g/l
phosphorus pentoxide
lozenged:
A car chassis which, as the result of an accident, no longer holds its true shape but is
rather pushed into the shape of a rhombus or diamond
LPG:
Acronym for "liquified petroleum gas" or bottled gas or a mixture of butane and
propane. In Canada, propane is the recognized term, not LPG as used in the U.S.A.
Volatile petroleum gases are compressed to a liquid form. It must be kept under
pressure or at a low temperature to keep it in a liquid form. It is generally less
expensive than gasoline yet has high octane. It also does not create as much carbon
deposit in the engine or dilute engine oil as gasoline does thus reducing the need to
change spark plugs and other components as frequently. However, if not serviced
and maintained properly, it can result in leakage and possible explosion. Most
underground parking facilities will not accept propane powered vehicles.
L-section ring:
A special piston ring characterized by its L-shaped cross-section. It is used mostly
in high-performance two-stroke engines. The L-section ring allows combustion gas
to penetrate behind its vertical section and thus uses the gas pressure to increase the
pressure of the ring against the cylinder wall
LSPV:
Acronym for load Sensing Proportioning Valve
L/T:
Long tons (2,240 lb.).
LT circuit:
See primary circuit
LTD:
An abbreviation for Limited
lube:
A colloquial term for "lubrication"
lube grease:
A very thick lubricating oil that has a paste-like consistency. Used to lubricate the
steering linkage, the suspension system, and other moving parts outside the engine.
Also see
gear grease
lube job:
The greasing and lubrication of the suspension system, the drive train, and other
parts of the vehicle which need it. A grease gun is applied to zerk or grease fittings
and the grease is forced into the component. It should be done professionally once
or twice a year. It can be done regularly when you change your oil.
lube oil:
See lubricating oil
lubricant:
Any material, usually of a petroleum nature such as grease, oil, etc., that is placed
between two moving parts in an effort to reduce friction. Lubricant can also protect
a part from dirt and moisture.
Also see
extreme pressure lubricant
Grease
oil
lubricate:
To cover or treat with a lubricant.
Also see
ep lubricant
extreme-pressure lubricant
lubricate beads:
In order to mount a tire on a rim, the bead of the tire is coated with a vegetable base
lubricant. In this way, the tire slides on easily. A petroleum base lubricant must
never be used.
lubricating oil:
A refined crude oil used as a lubricant
lubricating pressure:
The pressure of a lubricating oil
lubrication:
A type of friction reducing agent like oil or grease.
Also see
central chassis lubrication
chassis lubrication
clean oil lubrication
dry sump lubrication
forced-feed lubrication
petroil lubrication
pressure lubrication
pump-fed lubrication
separate lubrication
splash lubrication
total-loss lubrication
wet sump lubrication
lubrication film:
A coat of lubricant to reduce the friction created when two surfaces move on one
another
lubrication point:
A place lubricant is applied
lubrication pump:
A pump used to supply oil to lubricating points, particularly for plain bearings
lubrication system:
The system which stores, cleans, cools, and recirculates oil in an engine to lubricate
its moving parts and bearings. It includes the oil pump, oil pan or sump, oil coolers,
tubing, filters, oil passages in the block, and dashboard oil gauge. Checking the
level of oil is accomplished with the oil dipstick.
lubricator:
See cam lubricator
Lucas Bosch:
This system, used in Jaguars and Triumphs, is a Bosch L-Jetronic system licensed
for production by Lucas
lug:
[1] To cause the engine to labor by failing to shift to a lower gear when necessary.
The British term is "labour."
[2] A protrusion on an object.
Also see
dog
[3] An external metal sleeve that holds two or more tubes together at the joints of a
frame.
[4] A device mounted on a rotating shaft or component that engages in a recess of a
component to be driven.
[5] A solid block of tread on a tire.
Also see
ford-type lug
helmet lug
locating lug
locking lug bolt
locking lug nut
towing lug
lug bolt:
Bolts which secure the wheel to the hub. Also called "wheel lug bolt."
Also see
locking lug bolt
luggage:
Travelling bags or suitcases. In some luxury vehicles, the luggage is shaped to fit
the trunk.
luggage carrier:
A rack which is bolted on top of the trunk lid for taking luggage or the spare wheel
(often seen on old sports cars where space was at a premium). In modern vehicles it
is only decorative rather than functional.
luggage rack:
A trunk which fits on the back of a motorcycle behind the rear passenger.
lugging:
A condition of an engine having difficulty in turning because the transmission is in
a higher gear than the road speed requires. The British term is "labouring."
lug nut:
One of several nuts which hold the wheel and tire assembly on the car and are
screwed on the studs. The inner face of the lug nut is a tapered (conical) nut to help
center the wheel. On modern wheels for passenger cars, lug nuts and corresponding
studs are less frequently used than bolts. On commercial vehicles, however, lug nuts
are very common. A lug wrench is necessary to remove the nuts. The British term is
wheel nut.
Also see
locking lug nut
lug wrench:
A wrench used to remove the lug nuts which secure the wheels to the vehicle. Some
are L-shaped while others are X-shaped. They are usually found in the trunk of the
car with the tire jack.
Also see
cross-shaft lug wrench
lumbar support:
A feature in an automobile seat which allows the driver or passenger to increase the
pressure in the small of the back and thus provide more comfort.
luminance:
The luminous intensity of a surface in a given direction per uatt of projected area of
the surface, in candela per square meter; not the same as the apparent brightness
luster:
Reflected light; sheen or gloss
lustre:
British and Canadian spelling of luster
luxe:
(L) Although the word means luxury, on its own it is often used to denote a rather
basic model. Compare CL and GL.
Also see
comfort Luxe
grand Luxe
luxury car:
A well-appointed, well-equipped, well-designed and constructed vehicle varying in
size from a compact to a large sedan.
Lysholm supercharger:
A lobe-type supercharger similar to the Roots compressor, but more efficient and
much more expensive
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M+S:
Acronym for "mud and snow," as in M+S tire. A tire with a tread design which
gives the maximum traction in mud and snow.
M+S tire:
Acronym for "mud and snow tire," as in M+S tire. A tire with a tread design which
gives the maximum traction in mud and snow.
MAC:
Acronym for "motor assisted bicycle" -- usually an electric motor
machine:
also See
injection molding machine
milling machine
perpetual motion machine
wheel balancing machine
wheeling machine
machined surface:
A smooth surface of metal such as the top of a cylinder block.
machinery spaces: See unmanned machinery spaces
machine screw:
A screw with thread running the length of the shank and available with a variety of
different heads
machining:
an operation which shapes metal parts by carving away excess material as chips
produced in a sequential process of turning, milling and grinding operations.
machinists' caliper:
A measuring tool with two curved arms for inside or outside measurement; the
reading taken with the arms is transferred to a steel rule or micrometer to attain the
exact value
machinists' hammer:
A ball pien hammer
MacPherson strut:
A suspension piece which employs a coil spring and shock absorber attached to the
lower A-arms and the top of the front body structure. Originally it had a lateral link
with an anti-roll bar instead of the lower A-arm. It was first invented by a Ford of
England engineer, Earle S. MacPherson.
MacPherson strut tower:

A sheet metal panel surrounding the upper mount of the MacPherson strut at the
side panels of the engine compartment; it may be a separate panel fitted by spot-
welding or a deep-drawn section of the side panel shaped to take the upper strut end.
Also called "suspension leg turret"
MacPherson suspension:
A suspension layout incorporating macpherson struts
macromolecule:
Any very large molecule, such as a synthetic polymer used in the manufacture of
plastic
macromolecular:
with very large molecules
MAF:
Acronym for mass airflow
MAFTS:
Acronym for "manifold air/fuel temperature sensor"
MAG:
Swiss engine makers, the initials stand for Motosacoche Acacias Geneva. The
company also produced complete Motosacoche motorcycles
mag:
[1] Abbreviation for "magneto."
[2] Abbreviation for "magnesium," as in mag wheels."
Also see
mags
mag alloy:
Magnesium alloy, a strong lightweight metal used for many components,
particularly wheels
magnaflux:
A special chemical process, used to check parts for cracks.
magnesium wheel:
An alloy wheel. See mag wheel
magnet:
A piece of magnetized steel that will attract all ferrous material. The permanent
magnet does not need electricity to function and will retain its magnetism over a
period of years. Often shaped into the letter "U."
Also see
alnico magnet
permanent magnet
magnetically controlled electronic ignition:

See electronic ignition system.
magnetic clutch:
A coupling device used to turn the compressor off and on electrically. See
electromagnetic clutch
magnetic drain plug:

A plug or bolt fitted in the sump or oil pan to collect metal filings
magnetic field:
The area encompassed by the magnetic lines of force surrounding either a bar
magnet or electromagnet. The flow of magnetic force between the opposite poles of
a magnet.
Also see
field
primary magnetic field
magnetic pick-up:
[1] A pulse generator consisting of a stator with a permanent magnet and a rotor,
which induces an AC voltage in the inductive winding by the periodic change of the
air gap between stator and rotor. Magnetic pick-ups attached to the distributor for
ignition triggering have as many teeth on the pole piece (stator) and on the trigger
wheel (rotor) as the engine has cylinders. Some magnetic pick-ups have a bowl-like
rotor with ferrite rods inserted in the walls. Magnetic pick-ups on the crankshaft
flywheel act as reference mark sensors.
[2] A tool with flexible or rigid shaft and magnetic tip used to retrieve dropped nuts,
bolts, and other metal parts from hard-to-reach places.
Also see
pick-up tool
transistorized ignition with magnetic pick-up
magnetic pick-up assembly:

A pulse generator consisting of a stator with a permanent magnet and a rotor, which
induces an AC voltage in the inductive winding by the periodic change of the air
gap between stator and rotor. Magnetic pick-ups attached to the distributor for
ignition triggering have as many teeth on the pole piece (stator) and on the trigger
wheel (rotor) as the engine has cylinders. Some magnetic pick-ups have a bowl-like
rotor with ferrite rods inserted in the walls. Magnetic pick-ups on the crankshaft
flywheel act as reference mark sensors
magnetic pick-up tool:

A tool with flexible or rigid shaft and magnetic tip used to retrieve dropped nuts,
bolts, and other metal parts from hard-to-reach places.
Also see
pick-up tool
magnetic plug:
A plug or bolt fitted in the sump or oil pan to collect metal filings
magnetic screwdriver:
[1] A screwdriver with a magnetized shank.
[2] A screwdriver tool with hexagon socket end to accept and operate hex bits and
hold them securely by magnetism. Some also have a hollow handle for storing the
bits
magnetized:
made magnetic
magneto:
An electrical device which generates electrical current when it is rotated by an
outside source of power. It needs no outside source of power such as a battery. It
may produce either low or high tension current.
Also see
flywheel magneto
magneto file:
A tool for filing ignition points and other small objects
magneto ignition:
A compact assembly of a magneto generator, an ignition coil, and a distributor.
Ignition voltage is induced within the magneto by the movement of a coil relative to
the poles of a permanent magnet. Because it needs no battery, the system is
particularly suited for small engines, e.g., motorcycles, outboard engines, etc.
magneto puller:
A tool which screws into the center of the magneto to force the magneto away from
the shaft on which it rides.
magnet sensor:
See Hall vane switch
mags:
See mag wheel.
mag wheel:
Lightweight, sporty wheels made of magnesium. The term mag is often applied to
aluminum and aluminum and steel combination wheels.
Also see
alloy wheels
main bar:
The bar on a convertible top which carries the main load when the top is raised and
taut, and defines the hinge point for the folding motion. Also called "main bow"
main beam:
British term for high beam
main beam indicator:

British term for high beam indicator
main bearings:
The bearings in the engine block that support the crankshaft.
main bearings:
See main bearing
main bearing support:

See main bearing supports.
main bearing supports:

A steel plate that is installed over the main bearing caps to increase their strength
for racing purposes.
main bow:
The bar on a convertible top which carries the main load when the top is raised and
taut, and defines the hinge point for the folding motion. Also called "main bar"
main combustion chamber:

with diesel engines, the fuel may be injected in three different locations: in the
prechamber, the swirl chamber, or the main combustion chamber (for direct
injection engines), depending on the process used
main deck:
The continuous deck of a ship running from fore to aft. The freeboard is measured
from this deck.
main jet:
The primary, large fuel orifice in a carburetor through which most of the fuel flows.
mainline pressure:
See line pressure
main member:
The primary chassis rail
main metering circuit:

The cruising circuit or the high speed circuit. It supplies the correct air/fuel mixture
to the engine during cruising and high-speed conditions. Also called main metering
system
main mixing well:

Main well main nozzle: Main delivery tube
main mixture discharge nozzle:

The jet through which the gasoline and air is fed into the carburetor barrel where it
becomes the air/fuel mixture
main petal:
The primary petal of a dual-stage reed valve. The opposite is subsidiary petal. In
dual-stage reed valves, the subsidiary petal opens first
main pressure:
See line pressure
main regulating system:

The carburetor components are divided into the fuel intake control, the main
regulating system, the idle system, and the staring aids. The main regulating system
includes the main jet, jet needle, needle jet, and throttle valve, whose purpose it is to
provide an appropriate amount of fuel and air to the carburetor
mains:
See four bolt mains
main shaft:
The transmission output shaft
main sun visor:

In dual visor systems, the main visor is moved sideways and the secondary visor is
flipped down, thus shielding the driver from the sun from both the front and side
maintenance:
The work undertaken by a car owner to keep his vehicle in good working order;
typically checking the tires, lights, oil and coolant levels, windscreen wipers, and
seat belts. Compare service
maintenance-free:
Something that requiring no work in order to be kept operational
maintenance-free battery:
A battery with a permanently sealed top, thus requiring no topping-up
maintenance manual:
A book of instructions detailing routine maintenance
main triangle:
See front triangle.
main venturi:
Large venturi cast into the carburetor main body
main well:
The reservoir in which fuel for the main system is stored. The main well is located
in the main body casting. It is connected to the venturi area by the discharge nozzle
main-well tube:
A perforated tube which extends from an air bleed in the top of the air horn down
into the main well. Admits air from the air bleed into the main well to emulsify the
fuel in the main well. Improves idle response and stability when the engine is hot
and prevents fuel percolation and general hot-starting problems. Also improves
response in the main metering circuit during part throttle conditions. Also called
emulsion tube
major diameter:
On a bolt or screw, the diameter measured from the crest of a thread to the
corresponding crest on the opposite side of the bolt or screw
make:
brand name of a car or truck (i.e., Chevrolet, Ford, Dodge, Honda).
male end:
A plug, pin, or protrusion which fits into a receptacle (female end).
male thread:
Something with external threads like a bolt or screw. Female threads are found in
nuts.
malfunction:
Problem in system that affects normal operation
malfunction indicator light:

(MIL) an electric circuit between the computer and the "check engine" or "service
engine soon" light on the dash panel of a computer equipped vehicle
malleable castings:
[1] Cast forms of metal which have been heat-treated to reduce their brittleness.
[2] A casting which has been toughened by annealing
mallet:
also See
bossing mallet
rubber mallet
wood mallet
man:
Short form for manual transmission
management system:
See engine management system
mandrel:
A round shaft used to mount a stone, cutter, saw, etc.
maneuver:
to drive or steer a vehicle around obstacles or in a confined space
maneuverability:
The ease with which a vehicle can be steered around objects
Manganese:
See methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl
manganese bronze:
An alloy of copper, zinc, and manganese
manganese phosphate coating:

A phosphate coating with added manganese to increase resistance to wear and
fatigue
Manganese Tricarbonyl:
Manhattan:
See Frazer.
manifold:
A pipe or number of pipes connecting a series of holes or outlets to a common
opening.
also See
air injection manifold
exhaust manifold
high-rise manifold
induction manifold
inlet manifold
intake manifold
log manifold
ram intake manifold
split manifold
variable intake manifold
manifold absolute pressure:

(MAP) manifold pressure measured on the absolute pressure scale, an indication of
engine load. At sea level, MAP = 1 bar (14.5 psi)
manifold absolute pressure sensor:

(MAP) A sensor which monitors the engine's intake manifold pressure and transmits
the data to the engine controller. A pressure-sensitive disk capacitor used to
measure air pressure inside the intake manifold. The Map sensor sends a signal to
the computer which uses this information to determine load conditions so it can
adjust spark timing and fuel mixture. Also called manifold pressure sensor or
pressure differential sensor
manifold air temperature sensor:

(MAT sensor) sensor that monitors the temperature of the air entering the intake
manifold
manifold charge temperature sensor:

(MCT) same as the air charge temperature sensor (ACT)
manifold control valve:

(MCV) a thermostatically operated valve in the exhaust manifold for varying heat to
the intake manifold with respect to the engine temp. Also called "exhaust heat
control valve"
manifold gauge set:

A complete, testing assembly consisting of a high side gauge, a low side gauge and
a high side gauge, a test manifold, and a set of service or charging hoses. Also, can
be used to discharge refrigerant, evacuate air and moisture, and charge air
conditioning system with refrigerant
manifold heat control valve:
A valve placed in the exhaust manifold, or in the exhaust pipe, that deflects a certain
amount of hot gas around the base of the carburetor to aid in warmup.
manifold heater:
A system used to improve the cold start behavior of an engine, consisting of heating
ducts incorporated into the intake manifold that are connected to the water cooling
system of the engine; alternatively, an electric heater may be used.
Also see
inlet manifold heater
manifold pressure controlled:

(MPC) a fuel injection system which determines engine load based on intake man
pressure
manifold pressure sensor:

A sensor that reads pressure changes in the intake manifold in relation to barometric
pressure. Also known as manifold vacuum sensor, manifold absolute pressure
sensor, pressure differential sensor, or vacuum sensor
manifold runners:
Single passage in a manifold from one cylinder to the major manifold opening
manifold vacuum:
As the pistons move down on the intake stroke, they create a suction or vacuum in
the intake manifold. This vacuum reading can be used to determine how well the
engine is running.
manifold vacuum sensor:

pressure. Also known as manifold pressure sensor, pressure differential sensor, or
vacuum sensor
manoeuvrability:
British spelling of maneuverability
manoeuvre:
British spelling of maneuver
manometer:
A device for measuring a vacuum, consisting of a "U" shaped tube partially filled
with fluid. One end of tube is open to air, the other is connected to a chamber in
which vacuum is to be measured. A column of mercury 30 in. high equals 14.7 psi,
which is atmospheric pressure at sea level. Readings are given in inches of mercury
(Hg)
manual:
[1] Something done by hand.
also See
manual choke
manual steering
manual transmission
[2] A colloquial term for a vehicle with manual transmission.
[3] A book of instruction.
also See
flat rate manual
maintenance manual
owner's manual
repair manual
service manual
manual choke:
A linkage system which begins with a knob on the dash which can be pulled to
activate and pushed to de-activate. The knob is attached to a cable and the other end
of the cable is attached to a the butterfly valve on the carburetor. Because many
drivers had difficulty knowing when to use the choke knob, manufacturers
developed the automatic choke system which decides this information for the driver.
manual-crank window:
See manually operated window
manual gearbox:
See manual transmission
manually operated window:

window operated by turning a lever by hand. Compare electric window
manual panel cutter:

cutting tool drawn manually across a panel surface to cut to the desired shape
manual steering:
A steering system that does not have a power booster to reduce the effort of steering
changes especially during slow movements such as parallel parking.
manual transmission:
A transmission system in which gears are selected by the driver by means of a hand-
operated gearshift and a foot-operated clutch. In a motorcycle the clutch is hand-
operated and the gearshift is foot-operated. Contrasts with an automatic
transmission. Also called a "standard transmission."
manual valve:
(MV) A control in an automatic transmission which distributes line pressure to the
various control valves and pistons which operate the multi-plate or band brakes or
the clutches; operated by the driver via the selector lever
manual version:
A passenger car with a manual transmission
manufacturer:
See automobile manufacturer
manufacturer discounts:
In some leases, particularly subvented leases, the manufacturer reduces the MSRP
which lowers the purchase price of the vehicle, which the lease is based on. This is a
form of capitalized cost reduction.
manufacturer's performance ratings:

The performance data as specified by the car manufacturer
manufacturer's suggested retail price:

(MSRP) The suggested retail price the dealer is asking. Generally the same as the
"sticker price." Dealers typically sell at a discount to this price.
manufacturing:
process technology (i.e., metal forming, machining, injection molding, blow
molding, die casting, forgings, electronics/electrical, assembly, coating/plating);
capacity utilization (in percent); production volumes; strategic alliances (e.g., joint
ventures, technology agreements).
MAP:
See manifold absolute pressure
map:
A pictorial representation of a series of data points stored in the memory of the
control unit of system with complete engine management. The control unit refers to
the map to control variables such as fuel injection pulse width and ignition timing
also See
characteristic map
dwell-angle map
engine map
ignition map
spark-angle map
spark map
map-controlled ignition:
means of an ignition map stored in the control unit memory. The engine speed is
sensed by Hall generators at the distributor or magnetic pick-ups on the crankshaft,
the load signal being given by pressure sensors which measure the air mass or air
per unit of time
map light:
An interior light to facilitate, for example, map reading.
Also see
gooseneck map light
MAPP:
A stabilized methyl acetylene-propadiene fuel gas. It is a Dow Chemical Co.
product.
mapped ignition:
means of an ignition map stored in the control unit memory. The engine speed is
sensed by Hall generators at the distributor or magnetic pick-ups on the crankshaft,
the load signal being given by pressure sensors which measure the air mass or air
per unit of time
mapping:
See characteristic map
MAP sensor:
Manifold absolute pressure system sensor tells computer how much pressure is in
the intake manifold
Maquila:
Mexican assembly plant located near the U.S.-Mexican border where most
production is exported to the United States.
Maquiladora:
Mexican assembly plant located near the U.S.-Mexican border where most
production is exported to the United States.
marbling:
A special decorative painting effect with rotating brushes
margin:
[1] The return an intermediary achieves on the selling price of the article. That is, if
the intermediary buys a product for $1 and sells it for $1.50, the margin is
calculated. For example, .50 (i.e., $1.50 - $1) divided by $1.50, or 33%. See gross
margin
[2]
Also see
valve margin
margin bracket:
A bracket connecting a side frame to the margin plate at the bilge
margin line:
A line, not less than 3 inches below the top of the bulkhead deck at side, defining
the highest permissible waterplane in the final condition of sinkage, trim and heel
mark:
also See
draft marks
reference mark sensor
skid mark
swirl marks timing mark
tracking mark
witness mark
marker lamp:
[1] A light which is mounted on the extreme edges of the roof of a truck to show the
maximum height and width of a vehicle. Also called "clearance lamp."
[2] A side marker light
marker light:
A side marker light
market:
also See
aftermarket
do-it-yourself market
grey market
mechanic installed market
replacement market
gray Market Vehicles
market share:
The percentage of total sales represented by an individual manufacturer/importer,
make or nameplate.
Market Vehicles:
See gray Market Vehicles
marking:
also See
size marking
water marking
wheel marking
marks:
See mark
mark sensor:
See reference mark sensor
mark-up:
the return an intermediary achieves on the cost price of an article. Using the same
example described above, mark-up is .50 divided by $1, or 50%.
Marles steering:
A form of cam-and-roller steering
Marmon:
A vehicle brand of which all 16-cyl.; 1925 74; 1926 74; 1927 75; 1928 E75; 1930
Big 8; 1931 88 and Big 8 models are classic cars.
marque:
A particular brand name of a vehicle. Also spelled "marquee"
marquee:
A particular brand name of a vehicle. Also spelled "marque"
martin:
Aston Martin.
mascot:
also See
Emily
Rolls Royce mascot
Maserati:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with required
application are classic cars. The 1957-64 3500/3700 GT models Click for books
are milestone cars. on Maserati
mask:
to cover the surrounding area when paint spraying to protect it from splashes
masking tape:
An adhesive tape used to cover surfaces that border an area to be painted, so as to
protect them
mass:
The quantity of matter a body contains. Mass is measured in kilograms (and often
incorrectly called weight). The mass of a body does not change if, for example, it is
moved to the Moon where the force of gravity is less.
also See
sprung mass
unsprung mass
weight
mass airflow meter:

(MAF) device for measuring the mass flow of air into an engine.
Also see
airflow sensor
hot-wire airflow meter
mass damper:
A device which reduces or prevents vibrations or oscillations, usually a weight
which counteracts (balances) undesirable motions; used on drive shafts of some
FWD cars
mass-produced car:
A car which is manufactured in great numbers to a standard pattern and with
extensive mechanization
mass tone:
The tone of a paint as it appears from the color of the paint in the can; this is
required for formulating the ingredients of a paint tone.
Also see
tint tone
mass transit system:

A system designed to transport large numbers of people or goods
mast:
A tall vertical or raked structure, usually of circular section, located on the
centerline of a ship and used to carry navigation lights, radio antennas and cargo
booms
master:
The primary or controlling device. A secondary or dependent device is called a
"slave."
also See
master link
master brake cylinder:

See brake master cylinder.
master con rod:

In a two-stroke dual piston engines, the connecting rod that is articulated directly on
the crankshaft.
Also see
slave con rod
master cylinder:
The primary component for pressurizing fluid in a hydraulic system. Used in the
braking system, it supports a reservoir for holding brake fluid and is activated each
time the driver depresses the brake pedal.
Also see
slave cylinder
split-system master cylinder
tandem master cylinder
master link:
A special link on a chain that can be opened by flexing a plate, removing a screw, or
some other means besides driving out a rivet. The retaining spring clip is shaped
like a fish with a round head and twin tails. This illustration helps to determine the
position of the clip because the "fish" moves in the direction of chain movement.
When installed in reverse, the clip may come off.
master model:
The first precision model of an automobile based on a clay model or CAD-data;
essential for the manufacture of prototypes
master pattern:
The first precision model of an automobile based on a clay model or CAD-data;
essential for the manufacture of prototypes
master switch:
See battery master switch
master vac:
See vacuum brake booster
master vac servo unit:

masthead light:
A white light situated on the fore and aft centerline of a ship
mastication:
The reduction of rubber to a pulp preparatory to making tires
mastic seam sealant:

soft waterproof sealant for joints
mat:
[1] A dull, not shiny, paint finish. Also spelled "matt."
[2] A covering.
also See
bead seat mat
fibreglass mat
matched:
See color-matched
matching:
also See
color matching
paint color matching
mate:
to fit together
material:
also See
base material
bearing material
molding material
performance characteristics of materials
piston material
soundproofing material
viscoelastic materials
material safety data sheets:

Sheets that contain information on the handling of hazardous wastes, the use of
protective equipment and the procedures to follow in case of an accident
mating:
Fitting together; matching
mating gears:
gears which mesh together
mating surface:
A surface which interacts perfectly with another
mating thread:
A thread which engages with a corresponding thread, such as the male and female
threads of a nut and bolt
MAT sensor:
Acronym for manifold air temperature sensor
matter:
See particulate matter
matrix:
That portion of the mold which surrounds the tire transferring heat to the uncured
rubber and forming the tread pattern.
matt:
A dull, not shiny, paint finish. Also spelled "mat"
Maxima:
A model of automobile manufactured by Nissan in
Japan Click for books on Maxima
maximum brake power:

The maximum power of an engine as measured by a dynamometer
maximum power:
The maximum power of an engine as measured by a dynamometer
maximum trailer weight:

Also known as towing capacity; the heaviest trailer the vehicle is rated to tow.
Towing capacity is typically based on the vehicle plus a driver of 150 pounds. The
weight of additional passengers and/or cargo should be deducted from the
maximum trailer weight.
Maybach:
Mays:
See Raymond-Mays
Mazda:
A model of automobile manufactured in Japan Click for books on Mazda
Mazda RX:
A model of automobile with a rotary engine Click for books on Mazda
manufactured in Japan RX
McFarlan:
McPherson strut:
See MacPherson strut
M/C solenoid:
Acronym for mixture control solenoid
MCT:
Acronym for manifold charge temperature sensor
MCU:
Acronym for microprocessor control unit
MCV:
Acronym for manifold control valve
mean:
See indicated mean effective pressure
mean distance to the sun:

240 million miles; used to specify the headroom in convertibles
mean effective pressure:

(MEP) The pressure of the burning fuel (average) on the power stroke subtracted by
the average pressure on the other three strokes. Pressure is in pounds per square
inch.
Also see
mean indicated pressure:
A mathematical value that indicates the relation between the effective area of the
work diagram of the two-stroke engine and the movement of the piston
measuring:
See
ionic-current measuring technique
pushrod measuring tool
measuring method:
See ionic-current measuring method
measuring technique:
See ionic-current measuring technique
measuring tool:
See pushrod measuring tool
mechanic:
A person who works on engines or machines.
Also see
automobile mechanic
car mechanic
DIY mechanic
do-it-yourself mechanic
motor mechanic
mechanical advance:
See centrifugal advance mechanism
mechanical brake:
See mechanical brakes.
mechanical brakes:
Service brakes that are actuated by a mechanical linkage (rather than hydraulic
lines) connecting the brakes to the brake pedal. The parking brake on most vehicles
is mechanical.
mechanical efficiency:
An engine's rating as to how much of the potential horsepower is wasted through
friction within the moving parts of the engine. The ratio between the indicated
horsepower and the brake horsepower of an engine.
mechanical face seal:

A shaft seal consisting of two highly polished mating surfaces, one surface being
connected to the shaft (rotating element) and the other to the casing (stationary
element)
mechanical galvanizing:
See mechanical plating
mechanical ignition timing:

Centrifugal and vacuum advance
mechanical plating:
A deposition of zinc on another material by a cold-peening process, such as
tumbling
mechanical seal:
A shaft seal consisting of two highly polished mating surfaces, one surface being
connected to the shaft (rotating element) and the other to the casing (stationary
element)
mechanical stress:
A force acting across a unit area in solid materials in resisting the separation,
compacting, or sliding that tends to be induced by external forces
mechanical surface treatment:

A production of a dull or rough surface or a decorative finish by grinding, brushing,
polishing, or abrasive blasting
mechanic installed market:

(MIL) Vehicle maintenance and repair conducted by a mechanic/professional at a
service outlet.
mechanic's creeper:
See creeper
mechanic's elbow:
A shallow dent in body panels, usually on the top of a fender near the engine
compartment; caused when leaning over into the engine compartment and
supporting the body with elbows on the fender
mechanics lien:
When you take your vehicle to a shop to be repaired and you fail to pay your repair
bill, the repair shop has a lien on your vehicle and can confiscate and sell your
vehicle to pay for the work on your vehicle.
mechanic's stethoscope:
See sonoscope
mechanism:
See
gearchange mechanism
locking mechanism
shifter mechanism
vacuum advance mechanism
MECP:
Acronym for "Mobile Electronics Certification Program."
median:
See center median
medium:
See aggressive medium
medium carbon:
A type of carbon steel used extensively for sheet metal screws and grade 2 hex head
bright cap screws.
medium-duty truck:
vehicle weighing from 10,001 to 25,000 lbs.
megajoule:
(MJ) An SI measurement of energy (= l000 joules)
MEMA:
Acronym for "Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association."
member:
A general term that refers mainly to the side rails and crossmembers but also to any
structural hollow-section part on a vehicle.
Also see
box member
cross member
frame member
longitudinal member
main member
reaction member
side member
member of the gear train:

sun gear, internal gear, and planet carrier are the members of a planetary gear train
membrane:
See sill membrane
memory:
See
alive memory
fault memory
keep alive memory
last station memory
memory button:
A button which operates the position of electric seats, mirrors, etc. and which stores
the requirements of a particular driver in its memory
MEP:
Acronym for "mean effective pressure."
MERA:
Acronym for "Mobile Electronics Retailers Association."
Mercedes:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models with Click for books on
required application are classic cars. Mercedes
Mercedes-Benz:
A vehicle brand of which all 230 and up, and K, S, SS, SSK, SSKL,
Grosser and Mannheim models with required application are classic
cars. The 1955-61 190 SL models are milestone cars. The 1951-54
220A Coupe and Convertible are milestone cars. The 1956-65
220S/220SE Coupe and Convertible are milestone car. The 1963-67
230SL Coupe and Convertible are milestone cars. The 1965-67 Click for books
250SE Coupe and Convertible are milestone cars. The 1965-67 250 on Mercedes-
SL models are milestone cars. The 1969-70 280 SL models are Benz
milestone cars. The 1965-67 300 SE Coupe and Convertible are
milestone cars. The 1952-64 300 S, SL, SE, 300 Coupe and
Convertible are milestone cars. The 1964 600 model is a milestone
car. The 1965-70 SWB-LWB 600 models are milestone cars.
Mercer:
Mercosur:
the southern zone common market of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
Mercosur enacted a common external tariff on January 1, 1995 for almost 85
percent of tariff items of the four countries; most trade among members will be
duty-free.
Mercury:
A vehicle brand of which the 1967-68 Cougar XR-7 models are
milestone cars. The 1946 Sportsman is a milestone car. The 1954- Click for books
55 Sun Valley models are milestone cars. on Mercury
mercury column:
A reference term used in connection with a manometer
mercury switch:
safety switch to prevent erroneous deployment of the air bag. Due to ecological
problems associated with mercury in automobile waste, mercury switches are being
replaced by suspended-mass switches, e.g., a Hamlin switch
Merkur:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford of Europe Click for books on Merkur
mesh:
to engage, especially gears. The opposite is disengage.
Also see
constant-mesh gearbox
metal mesh
stainless-steel mesh
wire mesh
mesh gearbox:
See
constant mesh gearbox
constant mesh gears
meshing drive:
A device for engaging the starter pinion with the flywheel ring gear
meshing spring:
A component of a pre-engaged starter which ensures that the shift lever will move
to its final position and that the starter current will be switched on in case of tooth
abutment
message center:
usually a multifunctional display of a diagnostic system. A typical messages are:
"NORMAL," "DOOR AJAR," "TAILGATE OPEN," "LAMP OUT," "WASHER
FLUID LOW," etc.
metacenter:
The intersection point of a vertical line drawn through the line of buoyancy of a
slightly listed vessel which intersects the centerline plane
metacentric height:
The distance from the metacenter to the center of gravity of a ship. If the center of
gravity is below the metacenter the vessel is stable
metal:
See
babbitt metal
base metal
burned metal
ferrous metal
heavy sheet metal
light sheet metal
noble metal
nonferrous metal
pedal to the metal
platinum metals
pot metal
scrap metal
sheet metal
sound metal
weld metal
white metal
metal-arc:
See gas metal-arc welding
metal-arc welding:
See gas metal-arc welding
metal blank:
See sheet metal blank
metal brake pad:

See sintered metal brake pad
metal catalyst:
A catalyst whose active phase is supported by a metal substrate, i.e., sheet steel.
Compare metal monolith
metal clamp:
See sheet metal clamp
metal conditioner:
An acid-based metal cleaner that removes rust and corrosion from bare metal,
etches it for better adhesion and forms a corrosion resistant film
metal cutter:
A bench tool for cutting sheet metal.
Also see
sheet metal cutter
metal fatigue:
A crystallizing of the metal due to vibration, twisting, bending, etc. The unit will
eventually break. Bending a piece of wire back and forth to break it is a good
example of metal fatigue. See fatigue.
metal folder:
See sheet metal folder
metal forming:
solid metal and molten metal process such as casting, forging, stamping, and
machining.
metal inert gas welding:

See MIG welding
metallic:
referring to or consisting of metal
metallic drive screw:

A British term for a self-tapping screw
metallic finish:
metallic paint:
A finish paint colors that contain both pigment and small metallic flakes which
reflect light. The opposite is solid paint. The flakes are often of different sizes.
When the surface is viewed from different angles, the color shade seems to vary,
since the flakes are all oriented at different angles in the paint and consequently
reflect the light differently. Japanese motorcycles used a different size of flakes than
was common in the USA. As a result, repainted tanks in the USA did not have the
same "look."
metallize:
To coat or impregnate a metal or non-metal surface with metal, as by metal spraying
or by vacuum evaporation
metallographic examination:
A test to determine the structural composition of a metal as shown at low and high
magnification and by X-ray diffraction methods. Tests of this type include macro-
examination, micro-examination, and X-ray diffraction analysis
metal mesh:
See wire mesh
metal monolith:
See metal support
metal remains:
See sheet metal remains
metal roller:
See sheet metal roller
metal shears:
A scissor-like hand tool for cutting sheet metal. Also called "snips"
metal spraying:
A coating of surfaces with droplets of molten metal or alloy by using a compressed
gas stream
metal support:
A thin corrugated strips of steel alloy rolled up into a tight coil as a support for the
catalyst in a catalytic converter.
Also see
ceramic honeycomb
metalworking:
forming and shaping metal
metalworking spoon:
See body spoon
METC:
Acronym for "Mobile Electronics Technical Center."
meter:
[1] A device for measuring the quantity of a substance passing through it.
[2] To measure with a meter.
[3] to supply at a measured rate.
[4] A distance of about a yard (actually a little over 39.37"). Also spelled "metre."
Also see
airflow meter
CO meter
dwell meter
hot-wire airflow meter
mass airflow meter
newton meter
parking meter
smoke meter
trip meter
metering jet:
A small hole or orifice used to control the flow of gasoline in various parts of the
carburetor.
metering orifice:
A small hole that restricts the flow of liquid -- usually coolant or oil
metering port:
A part of the metering unit in the fuel distributor
metering rod:
A thin, movable rod which varies the opening area in a carburetor jet. As the rod is
raised it permits more fuel to enter the jet.
metering signal:
A (relative) vacuum signal generated by the pressure differential that occurs at the
venturi. The strength of the metering signal determines how much fuel is pulled
from the main circuit into the venturi. The smaller the venturi the greater the
pressure drop and the stronger the metering signal; the larger the venturi, the smaller
the pressure drop and the weaker the metering signal
metering slits:
In Bosch CIS, the narrow slits in the control-plunger barrel of the fuel distributor.
Fuel flows through the slits in accordance with the lift of the control plunger and the
pressure drop at the slits
metering unit:
A unit which regulates the quantity of fuel injected in the K-jetronic system. A lever
connected to the sensor plate raises or lowers a stepped control plunger in the
metering unit. The position of the control plunger relative to the metering ports in
the metering unit varies the flow of fuel to the fuel injectors
metering valve:
A valve positioned in the hydraulic line to the front brakes, on some cars with front
disc and rear drum brakes. It prevents the disc brakes from applying until after the
rear brake linings contact the drum. The metering valve closes off pressure to the
front disc brakes until a specified pressure level is generated in the master cylinder.
This allows pressure in the rear brake circuit to overcome return spring force and an
gap before the hydraulic pressure is admitted to the front disc brakes
methacrylate:
A polymer used in toughening rubber.
Also see
polymethyl methacrylate
methanol:
An alcohol that is occasionally blended with gasoline (typically 3%) to raise octane
levels, it is poisonous to humans and causes trouble with rubber and plastic parts of
the fuel system not designed to handle alcohol-blended fuels. Also called "methyl
alcohol" or "wood alcohol."
methyl alcohol:
See methanol.
methylated spirits:
Almost pure alcohol (which has wood alcohol and coloring added to make it unfit
for human consumption); used for cleaning
Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl:

(MMT) An organic manganese compound. It is used as a fuel additive designed to
enhance octane levels in gasoline.
metre:
See meter
metric century:
A bicycle ride of 100 kilometers (62.14 miles). See century.
metric size:
Units made to metric system measurements.
metric thread:
The threads of metric nuts, bolts, and screws. Two primary styles were common:
ISO (International Standardization Organization) and JIS (Japanese Industrial
Standard) which is no longer used. UNC thread and UNF thread cannot be
interchanged with any metric nut or bolt.
Nominal Width across flat Pitch
diameter ISO JIS ISO JIS
3 5.5 6 0.5 0.6
4 7 8 0.7 0.75
5 8 9 0.8 0.9
6 10 10 1.0 1.00
8 12 14 1.25 1.25
10 14 17 1.25 1.25
12 17 19 1.25 1.5
14 19 21 1.5 1.5
16 22 23 1.5 1.5
18 24 26 1.5 1.5
20 27 29 1.5 1.5
metro driving:
An American term for driving exclusively in the city rather than on the highway.
The British term is "urban driving."
MEWA:
Acronym for "Motor and Equipment Wholesalers Association."
MF:
Acronym for multi-focal
MF headlight:
A conventional headlight with a multiple-focus parabolic reflector
MFN:
Acronym for " Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment."
MG:
A vehicle brand (Morris Garages) of which the 1935-39 SA, 1938-39 WA, and
(1925-1948 models with required application) are classic cars. The 1946-49 Series
TC models are milestone cars. The 1950-53 Series TD models are milestone cars.
MIC:
Acronym for "Microvan" (e.g., Suzuki Carry).
Michelin "X":
Registered trademark for Michelin's steel belted radial cord tire.
mickey mouse:
A trivial thing. In automotive usage it means something that is simplistic and
worthless.
microbial corrosion:
Corrosion associated with the action of micro-organisms present in the corrosion
system
microcar:
small car, popular in the 1950s, that featured a body offering full-weather protection
and mechanics often derived from motorcycle technology, e.g., Goggomobil, BMW
Isetta, etc.
Also see
bubble car
micro finish:
Degree of surface roughness, measured with a profilometer
microgalvanic cell:
local cell
micrometer:
[1] A precision measuring tool that will give readings accurate to 0.002 mm or
0.0001 of an inch. Sometimes called inside micrometer or outside micrometer. Also
called a "mike."
Also see
air micrometer
depth micrometer
external micrometer
internal micrometer
[2] A unit of measurement of thickness which is equal to one thousandth of a
millimeter. Also called "micron."
micrometre:
See micrometer
micron:
See micrometer
micro oil filter:

A special oil filter designed to trap particles down to 1 micrometer in order to allow
extended oil change intervals in the order of 60,000 miles (100,000 km) without
affecting engine life
microprocessor control unit:
(MCU) an integral part of an electronically controlled feedback carburetor using a
TWC catalyst. Various sensors monitor conditions. MCU is widely used on Ford
vehicle for the control of air-fuel ratios
microprocessor spark timing system:

(MSTS) See mapped ignition system
midbed:
In dual bed catalytic converters with air injection, the plenum between the three-
way catalyst and the conventional oxidation catalyst, into which secondary air is
injected
middle body:
See parallel middle body
mid-engine:
A chassis layout that positions the engine behind the passenger compartment but
ahead of the rear axle.
Also see
underfloor mid-engine
front engine
rear engine
mid-engine chassis configuration:

The engine is located in the center of the chassis directly behind the passenger
compartment (normally these are only 2-seater vehicles) but ahead of the center line
of the rear wheels. In most cases, the fuel tank is directly in front of the passengers.
This provides much better weight distribution and handling. There are three basic
chassis configurations used today. The front engine configuration with the engine in
the front, the passenger compartment in the middle and the trunk in the back. There
are rear-engineered cars (like the Volkswagen Bug and the Porsche 911) where the
trunk is in the front, the passengers are in the middle and the engine is in the back,
behind the center line. And the mid-engine configuration described above. See mid-
engine.
mid-range:
The middle of the rev range, around 3000 rpm
midrange torque:
The pulling power of the engine in the middle of the rev range
midship section:
A drawing showing a typical cross section of the hull and superstructure at or near
amidships and giving the scantlings of the principal structural members
mid-size car:
At one time (during the 1960s) a mid-size car was between the large full-size car
(like Cadillac, Lincoln, and Imperial) and the compact cars (like Nova, Falcon, and
Valiant). They included the Chevelle, Torino, and Coronet. However, with the fuel
shortage of the mid-1970s, many models shrunk. For example, the full-size Mercury
and Ford became about the size of the previous Torino. The Nova, et al, were called
mid-sized in the '80s, especially with the introduction of the Chevelle, Escort, and
Colt. By the close of the '80s, even Cadillac DeVille was smaller than the 1969
Chevelle.
MIG:
Acronym for "metal inert gas." A term used to describe gas metal arc welding
migrate:
When electrophoretic paint is attracted to car bodies when they are immersed in a
bath of paint with an applied polarity across the bath and the bodies
MIG welding:
An arc welding method in which the electric current is provided by the filler metal
wire which is cooled and shielded from the access of air by a stream of chemically
inert gas, thus preventing oxidation of the joint. Compare TIG welding
mike:
[1] A micrometer.
[2] The use of a micrometer to measure an object.
MIL:
Acronym for malfunction indicator light
mild steel:
A type of steel with a low carbon content (0.1-0.25%), widely used in vehicle
construction. See low-carbon steel
mileage:
[1] The distance measured in miles, as by a mileometer.
[2] The total number of miles a motor vehicle has travelled.
[3] The number of miles a motor vehicle travels on one gallon of fuel.
Also see
delivery mileage only
fuel mileage
mileage allowance:
Mileage Allowance Lease agreements usually establish the average miles per year
that the car may be driven during the lease. This is often between 12,000 and 15,000
miles. The lease contract also establishes the amount you'll have to pay for every
mile driven over the allowance. This mileage fee is usually 15 cents per mile. You
can often purchase additional miles at the start of the lease at a discounted rate. If
you're sure you're going to drive more than the number of miles allowed, then your
best option is to negotiate for a higher allowance on the lease.
mileage counter:
See trip mileage counter
mileage tire:
See special mileage tire.
mileometer:
A device that records the number of miles travelled. Compare odometer. Also
spelled "milometer."
miles per hour:

See mph.
Milestone Car Society:

P.O. Box 50850, Indianapolis, IN, 46250.
milestone cars:
Great cars of the post-war era, 1946-70 which include the following:
• AC Ace (1954-61)
• AC Aceca (1955-61)
• AC Buckland Open Tourer (1949)
• AC (Shelby) Cobra (1962-67)
• Alfa Romeo Giuletta Spider (1956-64)
• Alfa Romeo Giuletta/Giulia Sprint Speciale (1959-61)
• Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Super Sport (1949)
• Allard Series J2, K2, K3 (1946-56)
• American Motors AMX (1968-70)
• Apollo (1963-66)
• Arnolt Bristol (1952-62)
• Aston Martin (1948-63)
• Aston Martin DB4, DB5, DB6 (all) (1964-67)
• Austin Healey 100-6 (1956-59)
• Austin Healey 3000 (1959-67)
• Austin Healey 100/100M (1953-56)
• Bentley (1946-67)
• BMW 507 (1957-59)
• Bugatti Type 101 (1951)
• Buick Riviera (1949, 1963-70)
• Buick Skylark (1953-54)
• Cadillac Eldorado (1953-58, 67-70)
• Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (1957-58)
• Cadillac 60 Special (1948-49)
• Cadillac 61 Coupe Fastback (1948-49)
• Cadillac 62 Sedanet, Convertible DeVille (1948-49)
• Cadillac 75 Sedan/Limo (1946-70)
• Chevrolet Bel Air V-8 Hardtop and Convertible (1955-57)
• Chevrolet Camaro SS/RS V-8 and Z-28 (1967-69)
• Chevrolet Corvette (1953-70)
• Chevrolet Nomad (1955-57)
• Chrysler 300 Hurst (1970)
• Chrysler 300 Letter Series (1955-65)
• Chrysler Town and Country (1946-50)
• Cisitalia GT (Pininfarina) (1946-49)
• Citroën D8 and ID 19 (1955-64)
• Continental Mark II (1956-57)
• Corvair Monza (1960-64)
• Corvair Monza Spyder (1962-64)
• Corvair Monza/Corsa (1965-69)
• Crosley Hotshot/SS (1950-52)
• Cunningham (1951-55)
• Daimler DE-36 Custom Built (1949-53)
• Daimler 2.5 Special Sport Convertible (1949-53)
• Delage D-6 Sedan (1946-49)
• Delahaye Type 135, 175, 180 (1946-51)
• DeSoto Adventurer (1956-58)
• Devon S/S (1958-62)
• Dodge Coronet R/T (1967-70)
• Dodge Charger R/T and Daytona (1968-70)
• Dual Ghia (1956-58)
• Excalibur II Series I (1965-69)
• Facel Vega V-8 (1954-64)
• Ferrari V-12 (All Front Engined) (1947-70)
• Ford Mustang GT/GTA V-8 (1965-67)
• Ford Mustang Boss 302/Mach 1 (1969-70);Ford Crestline Skyliner (1954)
• Ford Skyliner Retractable (1957-59)
• Ford Crown Vic Skyliner (1955-56)
• Ford Sportsman (1946-48)
• Ford Thunderbird (1955-57, 1958-60)
• Frazer Manhattan (1947-50)
• Gaylord (1955-57)
• Healey Silverstone (1949-50)
• Hudson (All) (1948-49)
• Hudson Hornet (1951-54)
• Imperial (1955-56)
• Jaguar XK 110 (1945-54)
• Jaguar Mark V Drophead (1951)
• Jaguar Mark VII and '54 Mark VII M (1951-54)
• Jaguar KX 140 (1954-57)
• Jaguar Mark VIII (1956-57)
• Jaguar Mark IX (1958-61)
• Jaguar Mark X (1962-64)
• Jaguar XK 150 (1958-61)
• Jaguar 3.4/3.8 Sedans (1957-64)
• Jaguar E Type (1961-67)
• Kaiser Darrin 161 (1954)
• Kaiser Deluxe/Deluxe Virginian (1951-52)
• Kaiser Dragon (1951-53)
• Kaiser Manhattan (1954-55)
• Kaiser Vagabond (1949-50)
• Kaiser Virginian (Hardtop) (1949-50)
• Lagonda V-12 (1948-49)
• Lagonda 2.5 Liter Drophead Coupe (1949-53)
• Lancia Flaminia Zagato (1959-64)
• Lancia Flaminia GT Two Passenger Coupe or Convertible (1961-63)
• Lancia Flavia Coupe (1962-66)
• Lancia Aurelia B.20 and B.2O Coupe (1951-59)
• Lancia Aurelia B.24 Spyder and Convertible (1953-59)
• Lea Francis 2.5 Liter Eighteen Sports (1950-54)
• Lincoln Capri (1952-54)
• Lincoln Continental (1946-48, 1961-64)
• Lincoln Continental Convertible (1958-60, 1965-67)
• Lincoln Continental Custom Limos (Lehman Peterson) (1961-67)
• Lotus Elite (1958-63)
• Maserati 3500/3700 GT (1957-64)
• MG Series TC (1946-49)
• MG Series TD (1950-53)
• Mercedes-Benz 190 SL (1955-61)
• Mercedes-Benz 220A Coupe and Convertible (1951-54)
• Mercedes-Benz 220S/220SE Coupe and Convertible (1956-65)
• Mercedes-Benz 230SL Coupe and Convertible (1963-1967)
• Mercedes-Benz 250SE Coupe and Convertible (1965-1967)
• Mercedes-Benz 250 SL (1965-67)
• Mercedes-Benz 280 SL 1969-70
• Mercedes-Benz 300 SE Coupe and Convertible (1965-67)
• Mercedes-Benz 300 (S, SL, SE, 300 Coupe and Convertible) (1952-64)
• Mercedes-Benz 600 (1964)
• Mercedes-Benz SWB-LWB 600 (1965-70)
• Mercury Cougar XR-7 (1967-68)
• Mercury Sportsman (1946)
• Mercury Sun Valley (1954-55)
• Morgan Plus Four (1950-64)
• Muntz Jet (1950-54)
• Nash Healey (1951-54)
• NSU Wankel Spyder (1964)
• OSCA MT-4 (1948-56)
• Oldsmobile 88 (Coupe, Convertible, Holiday) (1949-50)
• Oldsmobile 98 Holiday HT (1949)
• Oldsmobile Fiesta (1953)
• Oldsmobile 442 (1964-70)
• Oldsmobile Toronado (1966-67)
• Packard Caribbean (1953-56)
• Packard Custom (Clipper and Custom Eight) (1946-50)
• Packard Pacific/Convertible (1954)
• Packard Panther Daytona (1954)
• Packard Patrician/400 (1951-56)
• Panhard Dyna (1946-67)
• Pegaso (All) (1951-58)
• Plymouth Fury (1956-58)
• Plymouth Satellite SS and GTX (1965-70)
• Plymouth Barracuda Formula S (1965-69)
• Plymouth Roadrunner and Superbird (1968-70)
• Pontiac Safari (1955-57)
• Pontiac GTO (1964-69)
• Porsche Series 356 (1949-64)
• Porsche 356C (1965)
• Riley 2.5 (RMA, RME) (1945-55)
• Rolls-Royce (All) (1947-67)
• Shelby 350GT and 500 GT (1965-67)
• Sunbeam Tiger Convertible (1965-67)
• Studebaker Avanti (1963-64)
• Studebaker Gran Turismo Hawk (1962-64)
• Studebaker Starlight Coupe (1947-49)
• Studebaker Starliner Hardtop (Six and V-8) (1953-54)
• Studebaker President Speedster (1955)
• Talbot Lago 4.5 (All) (1946-54)
• Triumph TR2/TR3 (1953-63)
• Tucker (1948)
• Volvo P.1800S, 2-door Coupe (1961-67)
• Willys Overland Jeepster (1948-51)
• Woodill Wildfire (1952-58).
mill:
[1] Often used to refer to the whole engine.
[2] To remove metal through the use of a rotating toothed cutter.
[3] to grind, press or reduce to powder.
[4] to shape or cut metal.
[5] A milling cutter
[6] A milling machine
milled glass fiber:

Chopped strands of glass fibre which vary in length from 3 mm to about 50 mm
Miller cycle:
A type of engine developed by Ralph Miller in the 1940s. It differs from a standard
engine in that it has a supercharger. During the compression stroke, the intake valve
remains open so that compression is against the supercharger instead of against the
walls of the cylinder. The efficiency of the engine is increased by up to 15%.
milliampere:
One thousandth of an ampere. With figures it is usually written mA
milliammeter:
An ammeter with a milliampere scale
milligram:
A unit of measurement of weight. A thousand milligrams equal one gram. With
figures usually written mg
milliliter:
A unit of measurement of liquid or volume where a thousand milliliters equal one
liter. Also, one milliliter equals one cubic centimeter. With figures usually written
ml.
millilitre:
British spelling of milliliter
millimeter:
A unit of measurement of distance where a thousand millimeters equal one meter.
25.4 millimeters equal an inch. With figures usually written mm.
millimetre:
British spelling of millimeter. A metric measurement equivalent to about 0.039370
of an inch.
milling cutter:
A rotating, toothed cutter in a milling machine, used to cut or shape metal
milling machine:
[1] A machine that uses a variety of rotating cutter wheels to cut splines, gears,
keyways, etc.
[2] A machine tool with a table on which rests material which is cut by a rotating
cutting tool held by a horizontal arbor or vertical spindle
millsaw file:
A flat hand file with round or square edges for sharpening saw blades or machine-
cutting knives
milometer:
A device that records the number of miles travelled. Compare odometer. Also
spelled "mileometer."
MIL:
Acronym for "Mechanic Installed Market."
mineral oil:
A light lubricating oil refined from crude oil
Minerva:
A vehicle brand of which all 1925-48 models except 4-cyl are classic car.
Mini:
A small British front-wheel drive car designed in 1959 by Sir Alec Issigonis (1906-
88)
miniature offset open-end wrench:

A very small, open-ended wrench with two jaw openings of the same size set at
different angles to the handle, e.g., 15° at one end and 60° at the other. Also called
electrical wrench
minibus:
small, single-decker bus designed to carry around 12-20 people
minicar:
A very small sedan carrying no more than four adults
mini catalytic converter:

A small but usually a primary catalytic converter which is installed close to the
engine in the headpipe
miniframe:
See suspension subframe
mini-grinder:
See angle grinder
Minilite:
A true magnesium wheel, developed for the mini in 1962 by nuclear engineer Derek
Power on the basis of experience gathered with magnesium components in nuclear
power plants. The Minilite started the boom in alloy wheels
Minilite alloy wheel:

A true magnesium wheel, developed for the mini in 1962 by nuclear engineer Derek
Power on the basis of experience gathered with magnesium components in nuclear
power plants. The Minilite started the boom in alloy wheels
mini-motorhome:
See type C motorhome
mini spare wheel:

See space saver spare.
mini tube cutter:

A compact tube cutter for cutting brass, copper, plastic, or thin steel tubing in
confined areas
minivan:
[1] minibus-sized van with no side windows, used to transport goods instead of
people.
[2] A smaller van, with windows, which became popular with the VW van and its
GM copy Greenbrier (based on the Corvair). Later, Chrysler produced its Magic
Wagon series (also copied by GM and Ford) which has almost eliminated the
station wagon.
Minlon:
A mineral-fiber-reinforced polyamide, used for alloy wheels as a rim trim cover that
protects the balancing weights
min/max governor:
Controls the idle speed and prevents overspeed
minor diameter:
The diameter measured from the thread valley to the corresponding valley on the
opposite side of the bolt or screw
mint condition:
condition. Also called "cherry condition."
mirror:
A reflective device which is located in one of several positions: between the two A-
posts within the passenger compartment (called the rearview mirror); behind
either/both sunvisors (vanity mirror); on either side of the outer A-posts; on the
forward or leading edge of the front doors; or on the front fenders.
Also see
anti-dazzle mirror
day-night mirror
dimming mirror
dipping mirror
driving mirror
electric mirror
exterior mirror
external mirror
inspection mirror
interior mirror
remote mirror
vanity mirror
wing mirror
mirror control:
See remote mirror.
misalignment:
[1] general term referring to all types of frame damage caused by accidents.
[2] The condition of two mating parts which are not placed in proper alignment
misfire:
The failure of the fuel charge in one or more engine cylinders to fire or ignite at the
proper time. It can be due to poor compression caused by worn or improperly
adjusted valves, worn piston rings, a faulty head gasket, or in the case of a two-
stroke engine leaking crank seals. It can also be caused by poor ignition due to worn
or dirty spark plug electrodes, worn or improperly gapped points or spark plugs,
poor fuel delivery, faulty ignition wiring, or faulty distributor components. An easy
way to detect the problem is to put a stiff piece of paper at the end of the tail pipe
and listening for an irregular puffing sound. Also called "missing" or "backfiring."
See engine misfire
misfiring:
Failure of an explosive to occur in one or more cylinders while engine is running.
This may be a continuous or intermittent failure
miss:
See misfire
missing:
See misfire.
mist:
See spray mist
mist action:
An action of intermittent wipers which will make one or two swipes to clear away
any mist from the windshield.
mist coat:
Usually the final color coat, produced by over-reducing with a slow evaporating
thinner. It is generally used to blend in the final overlap areas.
Mitsubishi:
A model of automobile manufactured in Japan Click for books on Mitsubishi
mix air cap:

See
mixed-flow impeller:
A pump impeller which combines radial and axial-flow principles, i.e., liquid flows
both along the drive shaft and out through the impeller; pump impellers are classed
as mixed-flow when the specific speed is 2,000 to 6,000 rpm
mixed-flow pump:
A centrifugal pump which develops its head partly by centrifugal force and partly
by the lift of the vanes on the liquid
mixing chamber:
[1] That part of the welding torch where the welding gases are intimately mixed,
prior to combustion.
[2] that part of a carburetor distinct from the float chamber both in function and
layout, in which the air and the fuel mix as they meet.
[3] The midbed of a catalytic converter
mixing head:
The head of an oxyacetylene torch by which the mixture of oxygen and acetylene
can be adjusted
mixing rolls:
A machine designed for the mixing and mastication of the materials from which
tires are made
mixte frame:
A bicycle frame that replaces the top tube with twin lateral tubes that run all the way
from the head tube back to the rear dropouts.
mixture:
[1] A substance made up of two or more chemicals in some proportion.
[2] A fuel-air mixture in an internal combustion engine.
[3] The combination of oil and gasoline in the fuel tank of a two-stroke engine, e.g.,
1:50, i.e., one part of oil is added to every 50 parts of fuel.
Also see
air-fuel mixture
air mixture
fuel-air mixture
fuel mixture
idle mixture screw
idle mixture
lean air-fuel mixture
lean mixture
rich air-fuel mixture
rich mixture
mixture adjustment screw:

See idle mixture adjustment screw
mixture control knob:

See choke
mixture control screw:

See idle mixture screw
mixture control solenoid:

(M/C)
[1] A device, installed in carburetor, which regulates the air/fuel ratio by oscillating
the metering rods.
[2] A computer-controlled device in a feedback carburetor that alters the mixture
adjustment by moving the carburetor's metering rod in and out of the metering jet.
Also called a duty-cycle solenoid
mixture control unit:

[1] A unit in the K-jetronic fuel injection system which combines the fuel
distributor and the airflow sensor; it monitors the rate of airflow and meters the fuel
supplied to the injectors.
[2] In Bosch CIS, the collective term for the airflow sensor plate and the fuel
distributor, which are integrated into a single component
mixture discharge nozzle:

See main mixture discharge nozzle
mixture screw:
See idle mixture screw.
mixture volume:
The quantity of air/fuel mixture
ML oil:
Motor Light oil used in engines that work under ideal conditions of light loads,
moderate speeds, and clean conditions.
mm:
Millimeter. 25.4 mm = 1 inch.
MM oil:
Motor Medium oil used in engines that work under moderate conditions where there
is moderate loads, occasional high speeds, and a normal amount of dust.
MMT:
Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl.
mobile home:
A large home which can be hauled to its location (it does not have an engine). Once
in place, the wheels are removed. In most cases, the home is never moved again. A
motor home, in contrast, keeps its wheels and has its own engine.
mobile phone:
A cellular telephone (i.e, cell phone)
mobile two-way radio:

A receiver/transmitter used for CB communication
mock-up:
A full-size model of a vehicle made of wood and clay, used for design studies. Also
see prototype.
mode:
[1] A way of operating.
[2] A particular state of operation.
Also see
hump mode
limp-home mode
viscous mode
mode door:
A device which directs the flow of air through the heater/evaporator box
model:
[1] A vehicle can be designated by a number of parameters: manufacturer, make,
model, series, engine size, etc. For example: GM, Cadillac, DeVille, Concours,
Northstar 4.5 engine.
[2] A miniature representation of a full-size vehicle.
Also see
base model
clay model
entry model
flagship model
master model
production model
top-of-the-line model
top-of-the-range model
trunk model
model designation:
A shortened description of a particular model
model line:
A group of motor vehicles having the same platform or model name.
model name:
word, group of words, letter, number or similar designation assigned to a motor
vehicle by a marketing division of a motor vehicle assembler.
model year:
(MY) A new model year starts after the summer break of the car production plant,
during which the assembly lines are altered to accommodate the changes introduced
in the cars of the next model year. A model year and year of manufacture can,
therefore, differ.
modifications:
See engine modifications
modifier:
See friction modifier
mods:
Abbreviation for "modifications" to refer to changes made in the appearance or
performance of a vehicle.
modular air strut:

See self-levelling suspension strut
modulated:
See
back pressure modulated
modulated EGR:
See vacuum modulated EGR
modulated valve:
See
back pressure modulated valve
modulation:
Variation of a wave.
See
amplitude modulation
frequency modulation
modulator:
A pressure control or adjusting valve used in the hydraulic system (i.e., hydraulic
modulator) of the automatic transmission. When the vehicle is under heavy load or
full throttle, the modulator increases the pressure to hold the clutches in place. In a
light load situation, the modulator reduces pressure to give smoother shifts. If the
vehicle tends to stay in low gear, shifts with difficulty, or produces a white smoke,
and has low transmission fluid or has leaked transmission fluid, you have a
transmission problem. It may be cured by an expensive repair or by simply
replacing the modulator. Also called "vacuum modulator."
modulator pressure:
Pressure controlled by the actuator valve and thus directly related to inlet manifold
vacuum
modulator valve:
A valve operated by the modulator to create modulator pressure by means of inlet
manifold vacuum
module:
A packaged functional assembly of wired electronic components for use with other
such assemblies.
Also see
airbag module
drive module
hall module
ignition module
nox-control module
pick-up module
transmission control module
modulus in shear:
A measure of a material's resistance to shearing stress equal to the shearing stress
divided by the resultant angle of deformation expressed in radians
mold:
[1] A hollow form, matrix, or cavity, into which molten metal or plastic is poured to
form a casting or product in the desired shape.
[2] A device, that includes a matrix, enclosing the tire and supplying heat and
pressure to cause curing.
[3] To shape something into the desired form.
moldability:
The capacity for being molded into a particular form
molded:
See
injection-molded
integral molded seat
molded beam:
The maximum breadth of a hull measured between the inboard surfaces of the side
shell plating of flush-plated ships
molded depth:
The vertical distance from the molded baseline to the top of the freeboard deck
beam at side, measured at midlength of the ship
molded part:
A plastic part produced by injection molding etc.
molded seat:
See integral molded seat
molding:
A plastic part produced by injection molding etc. Moldings are parts which have
been produced from molding materials (compounds) by shaping in molds closed on
all sides (e.g., by compression molding, transfer molding, or injection molding).
Also see
body side molding
compression molding
injection molding machine
injection molding
plastic molding
powder slush molding
slush molding
transfer molding
molding compound:
See sheet molding compound
molding machine:
See injection molding machine
molding material:
Molding materials are products which can be molded permanently by a shaping
process employing mechanical forces within a given temperature range into molded
parts or semi-finished articles; in some cases molding materials are used in a
preformed state (e.g., pelleted or granulated) without their plastic moldability being
appreciably impaired by such preforming
mold loft:
A floor space used for laying down the full size lines of a ship for making templates
for construction
mold shrinkage:
In thermoplastics, the difference in dimension between the cold mold and the cooled
molded part, expressed in percent relative to the dimension of the cold mold
molecular weight:
The mass of a molecule that may be calculated as the sum of the atomic weights of
its constituent atoms
molecule:
The smallest portion that matter may be divided into and still retain all the
properties of the original matter.
mole grips:
locking pliers
mole wrench:
locking pliers
moly:
Abbreviation for "molybdenum" which is a lightweight metal which is often
combined with chromium. It is used in piston rings (chrome moly rings) and even
bicycle frames (chrome moly frames).
molybdenum:
A hard white metallic element (symbol Mo; atomic number 42; atomic mass 95.94)
which forms hard steel and/or chromium alloys to make piston rings and bicycle
frames. See moly.
molybdenum piston ring:

A piston ring with a molybdenum coating
moly ring:
A piston ring with a molybdenum coating
moment of inertia:
This is similar to inertia except that it relates to rotating movement rather than linear
movement. Linear movement is the tendency of an object to remain motionless if at
rest and to keep moving in a straight line if already in motion. The moment of
inertia, however, is the tendency of an object to resist being accelerated when it is
rotating. The polar moment of inertia is the rotating movement around a vertical
axis through the center of rotation. It greatly affects steering and handling response
in an automobile. The greater the length of the axis the greater the polar moment of
inertia. By having the heavy components of a vehicle such as the engine and
transmission between the two front wheels, the polar moment of inertia is low so
that the tires can easily change the direction of the vehicle.
Also see
polar moment of inertia
momentum:
A measure of a body's motion. It can be calculated from the product of the body's
mass and velocity.
MON:
Acronym for "Motor Octane Number." See octane number.
monel metal:
Corrosion resistant alloy of nickel, copper, iron, and manganese
money factor:
[1] When purchasing a vehicle, the characteristics of its engine, appearance, and
appointments may be very appealing, but the money factor (i.e., its cost) may be
prohibitive.
[2] The most common way to express the base interest rate of a lease is as a money
factor. If you multiply a money factor by 2400, the result will be equivalent to the
base interest rate. The money factor of most leases is known by a dealer's sales staff.
The money factor measures the cost of money, just like an interest rate. However,
money factors are used almost exclusively in leases, whereas interest rates are used
everywhere else.
money metal:
Corrosion-resistant alloy of nickel, copper, iron, and manganese
monitoring:
Maintaining a continuous control of an operation or function, varying control as
required by specific conditions
monkey wrench:
A tool which is similar to a pipe wrench. While a pipe wrench has teeth and a loosly
mounted head that allows it to "bite" into the pipe and tighten as a strain is put on
the handle, a monkey wrench has adjustable, smooth jaws that always remain
parallel. The money wrench is used for turning pipe unions, the heads of bolts, and
other flat surfaced object. The monkey wrench has pretty much been replaced by the
Cresent wrench and other more modern adjustable wrenches. Monkey wrenches are
still used on old steam engines (not necessarily locomotives) and boiler fittings.
Some call it a "steamboat" wrench. (definition submitted by George King III). The
expression "throw a monkey wrench" into something generally means to sabotage
something or to cause a problem or delay in performing repairs.
Also see
left-handed monkey wrench
monobloc:
All cylinders cast as one unit.
monobloc casting:
A type of engine construction where the cylinders are cast in a single block which
incorporates the crankcase
monobloc construction:
A type of engine construction where the cylinders are cast in a single block which
incorporates the crankcase
monoblock:
All cylinders cast as one unit.
monocoque:
[1] A design of a vehicle's body where a single shell has the engine and suspension
attached to it in various places to spread the load evenly over the whole shell. Holes
are cut only to install the engine and allow the driver to get into it. Otherwise it is
completely closed. Also called "unit" or "unitized construction" or unitary
construction.
[2] A motorcycle frame in which the structure is made as one unit from a sheet
material (i.e., alloy or steel). It may also include bodywork or fuel containers in the
structure. The Vespa scooter and the F750 Norton of c.1973 are among the rare
examples in motorcycles
Monodex-type cutter:
See nibbler
Mono-Jetronic:
A single point injection system developed by Bosch
monolith:
A single block of material; used to describe the (ceramic) base for the catalyst in
one type of catalytic converter.
Also see
metal monolith
monolithic converter:
catalytic convener with a catalyst-coated, ceramic honeycomb monolith through
which the exhaust gases pass
monolithic substrate:
The ceramic honeycomb structure as a base to be coated with a metallic catalyst
material for use in the catalytic converter
monomer:
A relatively simple compound which can react with itself to form a polymer or with
other monomers to form a copolymer
monotube damper:
See single-tube shock absorber
monotube shock absorber:

See single-tube shock absorber
monoxide:
See carbon monoxide.
Monroney sticker:
A window sticker. A US federal law requires that all cars sold in the USA display a
Monroney sticker which is required to specify the manufacturer's suggested retail
price for the vehicle and all its factory-installed options, a destination charge for
shipping from final assembly point (or port of importation) to the dealer, and EPA
fuel economy estimates; most dealers add a second window sticker that lists
accessories installed at the dealership, as well as other charges
monster:
A type of vehicle, usually a truck, which has very large tires.
Monte Carlo:
A model of car produced by Chevrolet Click for books on Monte Carlo
monthly payment:
[1] The amount that must be paid each month to satisfy the lease contract. It is
common for the monthly payment shown in lease advertisements to exclude
applicable taxes, which will add to the amount paid each month.
[2] The amount that is paid on a vehicle loan.
<>Moon:
[1] An automobile make of which only the Custom bodies with required application
are classic cars.
[2] A type of hubcap which does not cover the whole wheel and is perfectly smooth
and dome shaped.
moon key:
See half moon key
mooring:
Securing a ship at a dock or elsewhere by ropes or cables
mooring line:
A cable or rope used in securing a ship
Mopar:
Trade name of Chrysler Corp for its motor parts (i.e., MOtorPARts). Chrysler also
uses the name Autopar to indicate its automobile parts (i.e., AUTOmobilePARts).
moped:
A two-wheeled motorized bicycle (short for motorized pedal bicycle) with an
engine of less than 50cc
moquette:
A thick, velvety upholstery fabric often used as weatherstrip
Morgan:
A vehicle brand of which the 1950-64 Plus Four models are
milestone cars. Click for books on
Morgan
Morris:
A model of automobile manufactured in England Click for books on Morris
Morris Garages:
See MG
Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment:
(MFN) one country's commitment to extend to another country the lowest tariff
rates that it applies to any third country.
MOT:
Acronym for the British "Ministry of Transport"
MOT certificate:
A certificate awarded when a vehicle passes an mot test
mothball:
A substance that was used to increase the octane rating in gasoline. It had a
marginal effect in increasing octane.
motion:
Also see
angular motion
lost motion
perpetual motion machine
perpetual motion
rotation
motion shaft:
See third motion shaft
motocross:
Off-road racing over a rough circuit. Formerly known as scrambling
motor:
[1] An electrically driven power unit (electric motor). This term is often incorrectly
(but commonly) applied to an internal combustion engine.
[2] An engine
[3] An automobile.
[4] Attaching a generator to a battery in such a way it revolves like an electric
motor.
[5] A starting motor. See starter.
[6] To travel by automobile, as in "Let's motor down the road."
Also see
compound motor
cranking motor
drive motor
electric motor
inboard motor
outboard motor
radiator fan motor
servo motor
starter motor
stepper motor
synchronous motor
wet motor
motorbike:
A motorcycle.
motor car:
A British term for a car or automobile (a 4-wheel road vehicle)
motor caravan:
A British term for motor home
motorcycle:
A two-wheeled motorized vehicle where the two wheels are not side-by-side but in
line. Most have the fuel tank ahead of the saddle and the engine just below the tank.
The engine size usually ranges from 50cc to 1500cc. Also called "motorbike" or just
"bike."
Also see
cafe racer
chopper
cruiser
scooter
sportbike touring bike
trike
wing
motorhome:
A motorized recreational vehicle that looks something like a bus.
also See
mini-motorhome
type A motorhome
type B motorhome
type C motorhome
motor insurance:
Insurance against damage to or damage caused by a vehicle.
Also see
automobile insurance
comprehensive insurance
motorist:
Someone who drives an automobile
motorized:
A wheeled vehicle with a motor or engine.
motor mechanic:
See mechanic
motor mount:
The rubber-covered bracket that hold the engine and transmission to the frame of
the vehicle and cushions vibrations.
motor mounts:
The rubber-covered brackets that hold the engine and transmission to the frame of
the vehicle and cushions vibrations.
motor octane number:

(MON) See octane number
motor oil:
engine oil or gear oil
motor pump:
See canned motor pump
motor scooter:
A lightweight motorcycle with small wheels, an enclosed engine, open foot
platform, and leg shields. Also called "scooter."
Motorsports Association:
See international Motorsports Association
motor vehicle:
Any automotive vehicle that does not run on rails; usually with rubber tires; such as
cars, vans, trucks, lorries, scooters, and motorcycles
Motor Vehicle Safety Act:

(MVSA) Act which regulates the manufacture and importation of motor vehicles
and motor vehicle equipment to reduce risk of death, injury and damage to property
and the environment.
motorway:
A multi-lane, main road for fast-moving traffic with speed from 55 mph to 70 mph
(90 - 110 kph) with a center median, and few exit and entry points
motor wheel type:

(Spoke steel type) -- A type of dual mounting wheels similar to the Chevrolet type
using single cone locking nuts on each stud, however, the conical washer which
forms the base of the cone is loosely attached to the nut and swivels independently.
Motronic:
Bosch term to denote its engine management systems. The original Motronic
system combined L-Jetronic with electronic ignition timing control in one control
unit. Most Motronic-equipped engines also have electronic idle stabilization.
Around 1986, Motronic system got knock regulation by ignition timing of
individual cylinders; adaptive circuitry, which adapts fuel delivery and ignition
timing to actual conditions; diagnostic circuitry which enables the control unit to
recognize system faults and store fault information in its memory. Motronic has also
been integrated with KE-Jetronic system and is referred to as KE-Motronic
MOT test:
An annual roadworthiness test for all vehicles in Britain over two years old,
undertaken by a garage approved by the (currently named) Department of
Transport. Parts covered by the MOT test are: steering, suspension, transmission,
lighting, brakes, tires and wheels, seat belts, horn, exhaust system (including a
metered emission check), and vehicle structure
mottling:
spotty, non-uniform, blotchy appearance of metallic paint, characterized by small,
irregular areas darker in color, or spots in solid color paint -- caused by the flakes
flowing together
mould:
British term for "mold"
mouldability:
British term for moldability
moulded part:
British term for molded part
moulding:
British term for molding
moulding material:
British term for molding material
mould shrinkage:
British term for mold shrinkage
Moulton Hydragas suspension:

hydropneumatic suspension developed by Leyland
Moulton Hydrolastic suspension:

Hydrolastic suspension developed by Leyland
mount:
[1] to attach something to a support.
[2] A device for attaching something.
Also see
motor mounts
transverse mount
mountain bike:
A bicycle with straight handlebars, sturdy fat tires, and wide-range gearing designed
for off-road use. Also called "All-Terrain Bike" or "ATB."
mounted speaker:
See flush mounted speaker
mounting:
A support to which or by means of which something is attached.
Also see
anti-vibration mounting
belt anchorage
belt mounting
budd mounting
din mounting
dual mounting
engine mounting
fender mounting
headlight mounting panel
inner mounting face
spigot mounting
spring mounting
suspension mounting
wheel mounting
wing mounting
mounting bolt:
A bolt upon which some component is secured. See pivot bolt.
mounting box:
See panhard rod mounting box
mounting face:
See inner mounting face
mounting flange:
See windshield mounting flange
mounting frame:
A floating-frame disc brake in which the floating frame is held by a casting which is
bolted to the steering knuckle or other suspension part
mounting panel:
See headlight mounting panel
mouse:
See mickey mouse
movement:
See bead movement
move off:
to start from rest; to begin to drive away
moving contact:
A component of a solenoid switch; in a starter motor it is designed for switching on
the electric circuit in the excitation and armature windings.
Also see
contact breaker
MPC:
Acronym for manifold pressure controlled
MPFI:
Acronym for multi-point fuel injection
mpg:
Abbreviation for "miles per gallon," as a measure of fuel consumption. The U.S.
gallon is 3.785 liters. The Imperial gallon is 20% larger (4.546 liters). When a
vehicle gets 30 mpg (US), he will get 36 mpg (Imperial). The metric system
calculates fuel consumption as the number of liters per 100 kilometers. The same
vehicle will be giving 7.8 l/100 km.
mph:
Abbreviation for "miles per hour." The metric equivalent is Kilometers per hour
(kph). To convert Miles to Kilometers, multiply by 1.609344. It may be easier to
divide the miles by 10 (i.e., knock off a zero) and then double it four times. Thus 60
mph divided by 10 is 6. Doubled is 12, doubled is 24, doubled is 48, doubled is 96.
The accurate figure is 96.56, but 96 is probably close enough. To convert from
Kilometers to Miles, divide by 1.609344. It may be easier to multiply is by 10, then
chop it in half four times. Thus 70 kilometers becomes 700. Chopped in half it is
350, chopped again is 175, again is 87, and one more time is 43.5. Accurately it is
43.49.
MPI:
See multi-point injection
MPV:
Acronym for "Multi-Purpose Vehicles" (like Ford Villager and Windstar, and
Daimler-Chrysler Voyager).
MR2:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on MR2
MS oil:
Motor Severe oil used in engines that operate under heavy loads and at high speeds.
MS oil is required for automotive engines.
MSRP:
Acronym for "Manufacturers Suggested Retail Price."
MSTS:
See microprocessor spark timing system
M/T:
Metric ton (2,250 lbs.).
mud and snow:

(M+S) A type of tire tread which gives maximum traction in mud and snow.
mud and snow tire:

(M+S tire) winter tire with a deep tread
mud flap:
A rubber or plastic shield which is positioned behind a wheel (usually the rear
wheels) to prevent mud and small rocks from being thrown up against the body of
the vehicle or from being thrown at a following vehicle. Also called "splash guard"
mudflap:
See mud flap
mudguard:
curved part over the wheels of a motorcycle to minimize splashing
muffler:
A unit through which the exhaust gases are passed to quiet the sounds of the
running engine. The British term is "silencer."
Also see
glass pack muffler
gutted muffler
steel pack muffler
Multec:
A combined fuel injection and ignition system
Multec system:
A combined fuel injection and ignition system
Multicon connector system:

A 13-pinned electrical connection system for trailers
multi-cut file:
See multipurpose file
multi-disc:
See multi-plate
multi-entry:
See multi-suction pump
multi-focal:
(MF) multiple-focus
multi-focal headlight:
A conventional headlight with a multiple-focus parabolic reflector
multi-function control stalk:

A rod-shaped control mounted on the steering column near the steering wheel. A
unit could operate the signal lights, headlight dimmer switch, wipers, windshield
washer, cruise control, and horn
multigrade oil:
An engine oil that meets the viscosity requirements of several different single-grade
engine oil types. Also called multi-viscosity oil
multigrip pliers:
Pliers with an adjustable head allowing different jaw widths
multi-hole nozzle:
A two-hole, three-hole, or four-hole injector nozzle in a direct injection engine.
Also see
pintle nozzle
multi-inlet pump:
See multi-suction pump
multileaf spring:
A leaf spring with several flat leaves bundled together by steel bands.
multi-link independent rear suspension:

A special multi-link rear suspension design, developed by Mercedes-Benz for the W
201 series
multi-link rear suspension:

A general term for independent rear suspension layouts incorporating several
control arms.
Also see
four-link rear suspension
five-link rear suspension
multilink suspension:
A rear suspension consisting of at least four links, or "arms," and no struts. Because
multilink suspensions assign specific wheel-locating duties to each element, they
provide great flexibility for optimizing both ride and handling.
multi-piece rim:
A rim type incorporating at least one demountable bead seat and/or rim flange to
allow tire mounting. The opposite is a one-piece rim. The bead seats of all multi-
piece rims (except flat base rims) have a 5° taper; rims incorporating the semi-drop
center, the tapered bead seat or the flat base design are multi-piece rims
multi-plate clutch:
British term for multiple-disc clutch
multiplate clutch:
A clutch with several friction and drive plates. Its compact size makes it ideal for
motorcycles
multiple disc:
See multiple disc clutch.
multiple disc clutch:

A clutch which has several clutch discs in its construction. The greater number of
discs allows the size of the bell housing to be smaller in diameter and still maintain
efficiency. A clutch with more than one driven plate, usually of the oil-immersed
type; frequently used in motorcycle drive trains, in automatic transmissions of cars,
in power distribution systems of 4WD vehicles, and as locking elements in limited-
slip differentials.
Also see
viscous coupling
multiple-disc limited-slip differential:

limited-slip differential incorporating multiple discs as locking or slip-inhibiting
devices
multiple-plate clutch:
British term for multiple-disc clutch
multiple-point injection:
See multi-point injection
multiple-spark coil:
See multi-spark ignition coil
multiple-spark ignition coil:

See multi-spark ignition coil
multiplex technology:
In cars, connecting lamps, wipers, horn, etc. to a single power cable via
electronically controlled modules, making it easier to diagnose faults and to service
the problem
multi-point fuel injection:

(MPFI) a fuel injection system that uses one injector per cylinder, mounted on the
engine to spray fuel near the intake valve are or the combustion chamber. Also
called multi-port injection
multi-point injection:
(MPI) Gasoline fuel-injection system in which only air enters the inlet manifold; as
the air approaches the inlet valve, an injection valve opens in the valve port,
spraying fuel into the airstream.
Also see
SPI
multi-port injection:
A fuel injection system that uses one injector per cylinder, mounted on the engine to
spray fuel near the intake valve are or the combustion chamber. Also called multi-
point fuel injection
multi-purpose file:
A flat file with faces featuring different cuts, e.g., coarse cut on one side and smooth
cut on the other
multipurpose ship:
A ship designed for carrying different types of cargoes requiring different methods
of handling. See OBO ship
multi-reed cage:
A reed valve in a two-stroke induction control which consists of several petals
multi-spark coil:
A type of ignition coil used in static high-voltage distribution, designed as a double-
spark or four-spark coil
multi-spark ignition coil:

A type of ignition coil used in static high-voltage distribution, designed as a double-
spark or four-spark coil
multi-stage pump:
A pump with two or more stages (impellers/diffusers or other pumping elements)
operating in series. Multi-stage centrifugal pumps are employed to operate against
higher pressures, where several impellers are built onto one shaft in the same casing
multi-storey car park:

A car park with many levels
multi-suction pump:
A centrifugal pump with several impellers connected in parallel; i.e., the flow is
separated into two or more partial flows. Multi-suction usually means double
suction in practice
multi-viscosity oil:
Oil meeting SAE Requirements for both low temperature requirements of a light oil
and the high temperature requirements of a heavy oil. Example: (SAE 10W-30).
Also called Multiweight.
multi-viscosity oils:
Oils meeting SAE Requirements for both low temperature requirements of a light
oil and the high temperature requirements of a heavy oil. Example: (SAE 10W-30).
Also called Multiweight.
multiweight:
See multi-viscosity oils.
Muntz:
A vehicle brand of which the 1950-54 Jet models are milestone cars.
mural:
A customized designed air-brushed paintwork on the side panels of vans, cars, and
motorcycles
mush pot:
A container used to keep body lead bars in a semi-liquid state to enable them to be
spread directly onto the car body
mushroom-shaped dolly:
A dolly with a shank to allow it to be hand-held or clamped in a vice; a more or less
rounded head may be fitted to one or both ends of the shank
mushroom tappet:
A tappet shaped like a mushroom located on the underside of a pushrod operating
the valves of a four-stroke engine.
Also see
flat tappet
mushroom valve:
See poppet valve
Mustang:
A vehicle brand of which the 1965-67 GT/GTA V-8 models are Click for books
milestone cars. The 1969-70 Boss 302/Mach 1 models are on Mustang
milestone cars.
muting:
See automatic muting
mutual inductance:
A condition that takes place when the current in one winding induces an EMF in
another winding in the same magnetic circuit
M.V.:
Motor Vessel or Diesel Engine driven ship
MV:
Acronym for manual valve
MVAN:
Acronym for "Medium Van" (e.g., Toyota Hiace).
MVMA:
Acronym for "Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association."
MVSA:
Acronym for "Motor Vehicle Safety Act.
MX:
Abbreviation for "Motocross"
MY:
Acronym for model year

"N"
[N][O][P][Q][R][S][T][U][V][W][X][Y][Z]
[Na] [Ne] [Ni] [No] [Ns] [Nu]
N:
A gear selection indication for neutral
NAAMSA:
Acronym for "National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa"
NACA duct:
This is an air opening which was named after the National Advisory Committee for
Aerodynamics. It was the American organization which developed the kinds of
designs for low drag air ducts for jet engines. NACA ducts are used on cars to force
air for engine breathing and cooling, for forcing air through the radiators, and for
providing fresh air for the passenger compartment.
nacelle:
A plastic or metal covering. A headlight nacelle on a motorcycle is the bucket
surrounding the headlight.
NADA:
Acronym for "National Automobile Dealers Association"
NAFTA:
Acronym for "North American Free Trade Agreement" on
http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/SSG/am00635e.html.
N.A.G.:
A vehicle brand of which these models, with required application, are classic cars.
NAICS:
Acronym for "North American Industrial Classification System."
nail hammer:
A hammer designed to hit the head of nails and usually has a claw device which
allows for the removal of nails.
nail punch:
See drift punch
name:
See model name
nameplate:
See import nameplate
NAPA:
Acronym for "National Automotive Parts Association"
NASCAR:
Acronym for "National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing" or "North America
Stock Car Auto Racing" or
Nash:
A vehicle brand of which the 1930 Twin Ignition 8; 1931 Series 900;
1932 Series 990, Advanced 8, and Ambassador 8 with required Click for
application are classic cars. The 1951-54 Healey models are milestone books on
cars. See Frazer Nash. Nash
national coarse thread:

(NC) A standard for the threads of nuts and bolts in which the number of threads per
inch is much fewer than a fine (NF) nut or bolt. Observe the difference in the
number of threads per inch (TPI) of the NF and NC in the following chart. Also
called unified National Coarse thread
WIDTH NF TPI NC TPI
#10 32 24
#12 28 24
1/4 28 20
5/16 24 18
3/8 24 16
7/16 20 14
1/2 20 13
9/16 18 12
5/8 18 11
3/4 16 10
7/8 14 9
1 14 8
1-1/8 12 7
1-1/4 12 6
1-3/8 12 6
1-1/2 12 5
1-3/4 n/a 4
2 n/a 4.5
2-1/4 n/a 4.5
2-1/2 n/a 4
2-3/4 n/a 4
3 n/a 4
national fine thread:

(NF) A standard for the threads of nuts and bolts in which the number of threads per
inch is much greater than a coarse (NC) nut or bolt. Also called unified National
Fine thread. Observe the difference in the number of threads per inch (TPI) of the
NF and NC in the following chart
WIDTH NF TPI NC TPI
#10 32 24
#12 28 24
1/4 28 20
5/16 24 18
3/8 24 16
7/16 20 14
1/2 20 13
9/16 18 12
5/8 18 11
3/4 16 10
7/8 14 9
1 14 8
1-1/8 12 7
1-1/4 12 6
1-3/8 12 6
1-1/2 12 5
1-3/4 n/a 4
2 n/a 4.5
2-1/4 n/a 4.5
2-1/2 n/a 4
2-3/4 n/a 4
3 n/a 4
national flag:
The flag flown by a ship to show her nationality.
natural frequency:
The frequency at which an object, circuit, or system oscillates or vibrates when set
in free vibration
natural gas:
An alternative, environmentally friendly fuel (mainly methane) which can be stored
under pressure in the trunk as compressed natural gas (CNG).
Also see
compressed natural gas
liquified natural gas
naturally aspirated engine:

A conventional engine that takes in air at normal pressure, i.e. not turbocharged or
supercharged. The opposite is forced-induction engine
natural oxide film:

A transparent film which forms naturally on an aluminum surface due to oxidation
natural oxide skin:

A transparent film which forms naturally on an aluminum surface due to oxidation
natural rubber:
(NR) An elastomer produced from latex, a milky sap, obtained from the rubber tree
(Hevea brasiliensis) and other plants. An elastic and porous form of rubber.
Also see
synthetic rubber
natural weathering:
A corrosion test by means of which the corrosion resistance of a material is tested in
the open air
nave:
A wheel hub
nave plate:
A hub cap
navigating bridge:
The command post of a ship.
navigator:
See electronic navigator
NC:
Acronym for :normally closed"
NCM:
Acronym for NOx-control module
NCS:
See noise cancellation system
NDIR analyzer:
A non-dispersive infrared analyzer, used for analyzing concentrations of carbon
monoxide and carbon dioxide in an exhaust gas sample
NDS:
Acronym for neutral drive switch
NDT method:
A non-destructive testing method, such as ultrasonic testing, X-ray testing, dye-
penetrant testing
Neader-pattern:
A motorcycle frame and fork design by Neader using pressed steel or Duralumin
nearside:
(n/s) the side of a vehicle nearest the curb (when driving)
neck:
See
filler neck
fuel filler neck
necking:
When ductile test specimens are subjected to a tensile test, they exhibit necking
when the tensile force exceeds the yield strength of the material; necking results in a
reduction of area, measured in percent after break of the specimen
needle:
[1] An indicator on a dial, instrument, or gauge.
[2] A thin rod or small tapered rod used to open or close a hole.
See
bury the needle
float needle
jet needle
metering rod
needle and seat
needle bearing
needle cage.
needle and seat:

A pair of items in a carburetor. The seat is usually a brass plug with a specially
shaped hole to accommodate the needle which is a shaft with a pointed end. When
the needle is fully seated in the seat, no gasoline can enter the float bowl. As the
needle is lifted off the seat some gas pours into the float bowl. The needle moves
when the float in the float bowl drops below a set height.
needle bearing:
A roller type bearing in which the many rollers have a very narrow diameter in
relation to their length. The design makes them particularly useful in situations
where there is limited space such as the rod bearings on some pistons. Also
called "Quill-type bearing."
needle cage:
In a needle bearing, there are many rollers within a holder or cage.
needle-flame test:
A test to assess fire hazard by simulating the effect of small flames, which may
result from faults within the equipment
needle-nose pliers:
See
long-nose pliers
thin needle-nose pliers
needle valve:
[1] A valve with a needle-shaped pin that can be moved to control the flow of a
fluid.
[2] The valve, in a carburetor, which controls the amount of gasoline flowing from
the pump to the float chamber
neg:
Abbreviation for "negotiable," as in the price is neg. Also it may refer to the
negative terminal of a battery, or negative ground.
negative back pressure valve:

See EGR negative transducer EGR valve
negative back pressure modulated valve:

See EGR negative transducer EGR valve
negative camber:
See camber.
negative caster:
See caster.
negative connections:
Connections in an electric circuit through which the current flows back to its source.
negative electrode:
See negative plate
negative ground:
An electrical system where the chassis is the negative side of the circuit and a
separate wire to each component is the positive (hot) line.
See
ground
positive ground
negative load base:

If the center of the payload is behind the rear axle, it is negative and takes load off
the front axle. See load base.
negative offset:
[1] A steering geometry layout where the steering axis cuts the wheel axis above the
wheel center plane. Compare center point steering, positive offset, and scrub radius.
[2] The distance between the mounting face of the disc and the rim centerline; the
offset is referred to as negative when the inner attachment face of the wheel disc is
shifted towards the inner side of the wheel. Opposite to positive offset.
negative offset steering:

A steering system which indicates the placement of the wheels. From the back of
the vehicle, it appears as though the tires are tucked in where they contact the road.
Although this system may appear strange, it actually does provide the benefit of
helping a vehicle to stop in a straight line when the brakes are weak or the road
friction is different on one side than the other.
negative plate:
The grey plate which acts as anode during battery discharge. Opposite of positive
plate
negative pole:
The point toward which an electrical current flows through the circuit. It is
designated by a minus sign (-).
negative spark:
A spark that jumps from the negative center electrode to the positive ground
electrode of the spark plug, allowing a reduction in the high voltage required
negative suction head:

See suction lift
negative temperature coefficient:

(NTC) a special type of thermistor whose resistance decreases as the temperature
increases. Nearly all coolant temperature sensors are NTC thermistors
negative terminal:
That terminal (such as that on the battery) from which the current flows on its path
to the positive terminal. It is usually marked with a minus symbol and is attached
with the black cable.
negative transducer EGR valve:

A valve used on engines with a relatively low back pressure to provide the desired
opening point and exhaust gas recycling rate
negative wheel dish:

See negative offset
negative wheel dishing:

See negative offset
negative wheel offset:

See negative offset
Nelson:
See Piquet, Nelson
neon tube:
An electric "bulb" or tube filled with a rare gas, used on ignition test instruments
like timing lights.
neoprene:
A hard plastic like substance.
nerf bar:
A type of front bumper guard, typically made of chrome-plated steel tubing; extends
horizontally from below front end and is curved upward; a pair of nerf bars is
usually braced by a horizontal crossbar. In Australia it is called a roo bar.
Also see
bull bar
Nernst equation:
A relationship showing that the electromotive force developed by a dry cell is
determined by the activities of the reacting species, the temperature of the reaction,
and the standard free-energy change of the overall reaction
net:
See
bungee net
cargo net
tonnage net
net bhp:
See sae net bhp
net capacity:
The weight of cargo which a vessel can carry when loaded in salt water to her
summer freeboard marks. Also called cargo carrying capacity, cargo deadweight,
useful deadweight.
Net cap cost:

The price of the vehicle after deducting any dealer participation, manufacturer
discounts, and cap cost reduction ("down payment") from the MSRP.
net capitalized cost:
The price of the vehicle after deducting any dealer participation, manufacturer
discounts, and cap cost reduction ("down payment") from the MSRP.
net horsepower:
See SAE net horsepower.
net interest rate:

The total interest rate for the lease. It represents the lease's true cost, similar to an
APR for a bank or credit union loan. The lower the net interest rate, the lower the
cost of the lease.
net sales value:

the selling price received by the manufacturer for the vehicle including the cost of
transporting the vehicle in Canada (includes mark-up).
net tonnage:
See tonnage, net
neutral:
[1] (N) The neutral position of a transmission is the gear position where the engine
is unable to drive the wheels. It is usually placed between reverse and one of the
forward gears in automatic transmissions; and is located centrally in manual
transmissions.
[2] Something that does not have any distinctive characteristics.
[3] A charactristic of handling where both front and rear wheels have the same
amount of traction so that neither one has a tendency to slide.
[4] Something that is neither an alkaline nor acid, usually with a pH of 7.
neutral drive switch:

(NDS) a sensor that provides information on transmission status to the computer
neutral flame:
Flame which results from combustion of perfect proportions of oxygen and the
welding gas.
neutral handling:
A vehicle with neither oversteer nor understeer
neutralizer:
See rust neutralizer
neutral safety switch:

A switch which allows the starter to be engaged only when the automatic shift lever
is in either park or neutral
neutral steer:
The characteristic of a vehicle's slip angles where both front and rear are the same.
In slippery conditions, both the front and rear tires will break loose at the same time
so that the vehicle slides sideways rather than the rear end swinging around
(oversteer) or the front end wanting to move to the rear (understeer). A cornering
condition in which the front and rear slip angles are roughly the same. Although
seemingly an ideal state of balance, perfect neutral steer is not as stable as slight
understeer.
neutron:
A neutral charge particle forming part of an atom.
new car dealer:

major car dealership with a parts and service operation.
new-old-stock:
(NOS) New genuine parts for older models, referring mostly to spare parts that are
normally no longer produced
new-old-stock part:
(NOS) New genuine parts for older models, referring mostly to spare parts that are
normally no longer produced
newton:
A unit of force. One newton is the force which acts on a mass of 1 kilogram to
produce an acceleration of 1 metre per second per second.
newton meter:
See newton metre as the standard spelling.
newton metre:
(Nm) A unit of torque. One pounds-force feet (lb-ft) equals 1.356 Newton metres.
One Newton metre equals 0.7375 lb-ft.
newton's law:
For every action there is an equal, and opposite reaction.
new tread:
A term used by some tire companies to denote a retreaded tire. Also called "nu-
tread."
New Werner frame:

A motorcycle frame design first used on the 1901 Werner, the engine was mounted
between the front downtube and the bottom bracket
NIASE:
National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (usually referred to as ASE)
nibbler:
A tool used to cut sheet metal without deforming the sheet or causing a burr; works
upwards, leaving the hands above the material; allows circular and straight cuts
nibbling:
The jerking action which occurs in a vehicle, due to the distortion within some tires
as they are forced to traverse pavement ridges at a slight angle.
NiCaSil:
Nickel-silicon plating used, for example, on the cylinder walls of certain light-
weight high-performance engines to reduce weight and friction and improve heat
transfer. May be spelled "nikasil."
Also see
scanimet
nichrome:
A metallic compound containing nickel and chromium, used in making high
resistances
nickel plating:
thin coating of nickel deposited on a surface by electrolysis
nickel steel:
Nickel is alloyed with steel to form a heat and corrosion resistant metal
nikasil:
See NiCaSil
nipple:
[1] A small metal piece that fits through a wheel rim of a bicycle or motorcycle and
is threaded inside to receive the end of a spoke.
[2] A small, one-way valve used for injecting grease into a bearing.
Also see
grease nipple
[3] A short, steel tube holding a thin rubber or plastic tube used for bleeding
hydraulic fluid
nippy:
A small and relatively powerful motor vehicle.
Nissan:
A model of automobile manufactured in Japan Click for books on Nissan
Nissan Altima:
A model of automobile manufactured by Nissan in Click for books on Nissan
Japan Altima
Nissan Maxima:
Japan Maxima
Nissan Pathfinder:
A model of SUV manufactured by Nissan in Click for books on Nissan
Japan Pathfinder
Nissan Pulsar:
Japan Pulsar
Nissan Sentra:
Japan Sentra
Nissan Stanza:
Japan Stanza
Nissan SX:
Japan SX
Nissan Z:
Japan Z
nitriding:
The hardening of steel by heating it for several hours in ammonia gas. Used on
crankshafts
nitrocellulose paint:
A paint which gives a deep, lustrous finish. It is used on old Jaguars but was prone
to crazing and checking. Because spraying with nitrocellulose paints creates
environmental problems, they are no longer used for volume cars
nitrogen:
See oxides of nitrogen
nitrogen oxide:
See nitrogen oxides.
nitrogen oxides:
(NOx) In the combustion process, nitrogen from the air combines with oxygen to
form nitrogen oxides such as nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Nitric oxide is the
main oxide of nitrogen emitted in raw exhaust gas, typically 90%; nitric oxide and
nitrogen dioxide are severely toxic gases: without emission controls, the exhaust of
an spark ignition engine contains 0.3-1.5 kg of NOx per 100 liters of gasoline
consumption
nitrophyl:
A closed cell material that's impervious to gasoline and fuel additives; used as a
float material
nitrous oxide:
(NOx) One of the three basic pollutants found in the exhaust emission of an internal
combustion engine. The amount of NOx usually varies in an inverse proportion to
the amount of HC and CO.
nitrous oxide system:

A performance system that injects nitrous oxide into the inlet manifold at the press
of a button, thereby introducing a quick dose of extra energy and a burst of power.
On a 6-cylinder or V-8 engines, the nitrous oxide system is intended to add up to
250 HP; it consists basically of a pressurized nitrous oxide bottle as used for
welding, solenoids, an injector base plate for the carburetor, and steel pipes; the low
vaporization temperature of nitrous oxide (-130°F, -90°C) cools the A/F charge,
dampening detonation and minimizing stress caused by increased load
Nm:
Acronym for "newton metre.
NMA:
Acronym for "The National Motorists Association"
NO:
Acronym for "normally open"
noble metal:
A rare or precious metal (such as gold, silver, mercury, platinum) which conducts
electricity very well, resists corrosion, and is inert; some are used as catalysts in
catalytic converters
no-claims bonus:
A reduction in insurance premiums because no claims have been made
no-cost option:
An optional extra for a new car at no extra cost
no fault insurance:
A form of vehicle accident insurance in which the insurance company of each driver
pays for the damages of its own driver regardless of who is at fault. So if you and I
have an accident, my insurance company will pay for my damaged car and your
insurance company will pay for your damages. If you don't have insurance, my
insurance company will pay for my damages even if I think you are at fault.
noise:
See
engine noise
induction noise
interior noise level
tappet noise
noise cancellation:
(NCS) The reduction of noise by means of anti-noise loudspeakers. Compare
soundproofing material
noise control:
See anti-noise system
noise control system:

See active noise control system
noise level:
See interior noise level
noise reduction:
The reduction of noise by means of anti-noise loudspeakers
noise system:
See anti-noise system
nomad:
See Chevrolet Nomad.
nominal capacity:
See rated capacity
nominal diameter:
A characteristic value used for pipeline systems to identify parts which belong
together such as pipes, pipe joints, fittings, etc.; a nominal size for the inside
diameter
nominal engine speed:

See rated speed
nominal length:
[1] The length of the shank of screws/bolts with flat bearing faces.
[2] The length of shank plus height of head of countersunk bolts/screws.
[3] The overall length of a stud minus the length of the stud end
nominal pressure:
See rated pressure
nominal rim diameter:

A measurement from one bead seat to the opposite bead seat 180° away.
nominal rim width:

A measurement between the flanges at the bead seat.
nominal thread diameter:

See major diameter
nominal voltage:
See rated voltage
non-destructive testing:
(NDT) See NDT method
non-directional tread:
An arrangement of bars, grooves and ribs in a manner that gives equal traction in
forward or reverse direction.
Also see
directional tire
directional tread
non-dispersive infrared analyzer:

See NDIR analyzer
nonferrous metal:
A metal which contains no iron (except in very minute quantities). Thus it is not
subject to rusting, e.g., aluminium, copper, magnesium, etc.
nonferrous metals:
All metals containing no iron (except in very minute quantities). Thus they are not
subject to rusting.
non-self-priming pump:
A centrifugal pump which is unable to evacuate and prime the suction line without
external assistance. The opposite is self-priming pump. Most centrifugal pumps are
non-self-priming and require a flooded suction line
non-servo brake:
A drum brake design; each brake shoe is anchored, therefore no one shoe can assist
in the application of the other; one shoe is self-energizing, the other is not
non-staged carburetor:
A 4-barrel carburetor that has secondary throttle plates which open at the same time
as the primary throttle plates, or a two-barrel carburetor with only one throttle shaft
(both throttle valves open simultaneously)
non-woven abrasive:
A grinding disc which is made of very hard material used primarily for cutting.
Nordberg key:
A round key
Nordic Anti-Corrosion Code:

A code developed by the Scandinavian automobile and consumer associations
which stipulates that, as of January 1983, all cars must be free of surface corrosion
for three years and free of perforation and weakening damage for six years
no rinse treatment:
An application method of chemical conversion coatings by means of a roll coating
system whereby no rinsing treatment is required
normally aspirated:
An engine that intakes air or "breathes" without the assistance of a supercharger or
turbocharger.
normally aspirated engine:
An engine which uses the factory installed carburetor or fuel injection system with
its normal air filter, etc. It does not use modified air flow systems which pump more
air into the engine. Usually this expression is used as comparison as in My modified
intake puts out more horsepower than a normally aspirated engine. Also called
naturally aspirated engine or a "free breather."
normal zinc technology:

See low zinc technology
NORS:
Acronym for "new old replacement stock," or "new old reproduction stock." These
are parts that were aftermarket replacements, usually of the same quality, for the
manufacturer's parts. Or, they are parts that were reproduced by an aftermarket
supplier using the same quality of materials and manufacture as the original
manufacturer, but now are "old."
North American Free Trade Agreement:

(NAFTA) Agreement creating free trade among the United States, Canada, and
Mexico. The NAFTA went into effect on January 1, 1994.
North American Industrial Classification System:

(NAICS) Industry Classification between Canada, the United States and Mexico to
increase compatibility of data with these countries. The classification is based on
establishment rather than commodity. This classification system will be
implemented with reference to year 1997 and data will be available in 1999.
North American produced:

motor vehicles assembled in Canada, the United States or Mexico.
north pole:
The magnetic pole in a magnet from which the lines of force emanate; travel is from
North to South pole.
north-south layout:
An engine layout with the cylinders lying lengthways from the front (north) to the
back (south). Also called longitudinal engine. Compare east-west layout
NOS:
Acronym for "new old stock." These are parts that originally were available from
the manufacturer of an automobile. They have never been used, thus are "new." But
they also may have been on the shelf for decades, thus are "old."
nose:
The front end of a vehicle.
Also see
front nose section
insulator nose
projected core/insulator nose
nose section:
See front nose section
nose-to-tail:
A driving mode in rush-hour traffic. Also called bumper-to-bumper
nose-up:
A description of the towing vehicle if the vehicle being towed is too heavy
nose dive:
See brake dive
nosepiece:
An insert for pop-rivet pliers that is used to allow various pop-rivet diameters to be
used
nose protector:
A cover, usually of black soft plastic sheeting with flannel-like backing, that fits
around the front end of a car. Also called nose bra. Compare stealth bra. It protects
the front portion of hood and fenders against damage caused by flying rocks, road
debris and insects; attaches to car with bendable plates, straps, or hooks and
grommeted edges; sometimes personalized with a vehicle logo; relatively common
in the USA, but rarely found in Europe
noseweight:
A vertical weight on the center of the towing ball exerted by the vehicle being
towed (on level ground). This must be within certain limits; generally between 110-
165 lbs (50-75 kg) for car and trailer
nosing:
See shaving
no-spin differential:
See limited-slip differential
notch:
A V-shaped or U-shaped indentation cut into a test piece, test bar, or into a molded
part
notchback:
A classical sedan shape which is sometimes called a three box design. When you
look at the side of the car, the front section in front of the windshield is one box; the
section with the doors and windows is the second box; and the third box is the
trunk. Because the third box starts just below the back window, it is called a
notchback.
notched rocker arm stud:

A rocker arm stud with a notch worn in its side; a notched stud is more likely to
break
notchy:
The action of changing the gears in a rough way which causes a slight crashing of
gears. It is often caused by the clutch failing to disengage fully
note:
See exhaust note
NOx:
Oxides of nitrogen. They are at their worst when combustion is most efficient. They
are produced because the air is 78 percent nitrogen. Combines with HC in sunlight
to form photochemical smog. NOx emissions can be reduced by lowering peak
combustion temperatures through lowering compression ratios and by recirculating
exhaust gases.
NOx-Control module:
(NCM) A digital ignition control module for retrofitting to cars with Motronic
engine control; modifies ignition timing characteristics for lower NOx emissions
nozzle:
A thin hollow tube; a jet or hole at the end of a pipe.
See
injector nozzle
multi-hole nozzle
pintaux nozzle
pintle nozzle
nozzle cleaning unit:

nozzle drip:
Air rushing by the venturi at idle can cause fuel to drip from the discharge nozzle
for the main metering circuit
nozzle restrictor:
A restrictor in the fuel filler neck of cars fitted with catalytic converters that
prevents filling from leaded petrol pumps, which have larger pump nozzles
notchback:
A body shape which differs from a fast back. When a fastback is observed from the
side, there is a smooth line (curve) along the roof from the A-pillar to the back of
the car. In a notchback, the roof is abruptly dropped down to the leading part of the
rear deck (or trunk).
Nova:
An automobile model produced by Chevrolet Click for books on Nova
NPN:
Three-element transistor made of two types of semi-conductor metals
NR:
See natural rubber
NRT:
Net registered tons. See tonnage, net
n/s:
Abbreviation for "nearside"
NSPA:
National Standard Parts Association.
NSU:
1906 saw the launch of the "Sulmobil," a three-wheeled vehicle with a 3.5 hp
motorcycle engine. However, the "Sulmobil" was not a success. As a result, the first
"Original Neckarsulm Motor Car," with a 1308 cc four-cylinder engine and 10 hp,
went into production the same year. The 1964 Wankel Spyder models are milestone
cars.
NTC:
Acronym for negative temperature coefficient
NTF:
Acronym for "notify." When a mail order seller does not have the merchandise in
stock, but expects to get it in the future, he tells a customer the item's status with
"NTF," which means he will notify the buyer when it is in stock.
nuclear:
Involving the inner part of an atom, the nucleus. Changes in the nucleus can release
a lot of energy which can be used in the generation of power.
nucleation site:
A location where nucleation, i.e., the formation of new crystal nuclei in
supersaturated solutions, starts
nudge bar:
See nerf bar
number drill:
See number drills.
number drills:
A series of drills in which each size is designated by a number (0-80).
number one diesel fuel:

Used in cold climates; sometimes blended with number two diesel fuel to increase
number one's energy and two's cold weather performance
numberplate:
A British term for license plate
numberplate lamp:
British term for license plate light
number two diesel fuel:

Diesel fuel used in moderate climates
nut:
[1] A fastening device that is somewhat doughnut shaped with a number of flat
surfaces on the outer rim and threads on the inner hole.
Also see
ball and nut
ball worm and nut
bolt and nut
butterfly nut
cap nut
captive nut
castellated nut
castle nut
center lock nut
cylinder head nut
double cap nut
flare nut
flare nut spanner
flare nut wrench
fly nut
inner cap nut
jam nut
knurled nut
locking lug nut
lock nut
locut nut
lug nut
nyloc nut
nylon lock nut
octagon nut
outer cap nut
rudge nut
self-locking nut
sleeve nut
speed nut
staked nut
stiff nut
thumb nut
union nut
wheel nut
wing nut
[2] A person who is greatly interested in a field such as "Jim is a car nut." Also see
buff.
nut cover:
A cap or covering over a nut to protect it or to improve appearance.
nut cracker:
A tool used to crack open stubborn nuts without damaging the bolt or stud thread
nut driver:
A shaft with a handle on one end (like a screwdriver) and a socket on the other.
Also see
tubular nut driver
nut end:
The end of a stud on which a nut is screwed. The opposite is the stud end
nu-tread:
See new tread.
nut spanner:
See
chainring nut spanner
flare nut spanner
nut spinner:
A shaft with a handle on one end (like a screwdriver) and a socket on the other
nut splitter:
A tool used to crack open stubborn nuts without damaging the bolt or stud thread
nut starter:
A tool used to hold a nut for easy placement in tight locations
nut steering:
See recirculating ball and nut steering
nut thread:
The internal thread of a nut
nut wrench:
See
flare nut wrench
wheel nut wrench
NVH:
Acronym for "Noise, Vibration, and Harshness." Every vehicle has some degree of
NVH. It is the task of the manufacturer to reduce them as much as possible. The
comfort of vehicles can be compared based on their NVH. For example, some
vehicles may have more noise but less vibration or harshness than another.
nyloc nut:
A self-locking nut with nylon insert. Also called "nylon lock nut"
nylon:
A synthetic fiber which is stronger than vinyl. It can be used in sheet, fiber, or solid
form
nylon hammer:
A soft face hammer with a nylon face
nylon lock nut:

A self-locking nut with nylon insert. Also called "nyloc nut"
nylon ties:
See harness ties

[N][O][P][Q][R][S][T][U][V][W][X][Y][Z]
[Ob] [Oc] [Od] [Of] [Oh] [Oi] [Ol] [On] [Op] [Or] [Os] [Ot] [Ou] [Ov] [Ow] [Ox] [Oz]
O2 sensor:
A device that detects the amount of oxygen in the exhaust stream and sends that
information the ECM. Also called an oxygen sensor or an exhaust oxygen sensor
O3:
See ozone
OAC:
Acronym used by car dealers to indicate "on approval of credit."
OBD:
Acronym for "On-Board Diagnosis."
objectives:
See program objectives
oblique crash test:

You have seen crash tests where the vehicle slams into a brick wall, but what
happens if your vehicle is hit on the front corner. Do you still have the same kind of
protection? The oblique crash test determines a vehicle's ability to withstand crashes
which may occur to any of its four corners.
OBO:
Acronym for "or best offer" which indicates that the seller is willing to negotiate. If
you offered $10 for a vehicle and you were the only one who made an offer,
technically your offer is the best. However most sellers understand "$3000 obo" as
meaning "about $3000, maybe less." Some think it means "I'll sell it for $3000; but
if someone offers $4000, I will take that instead."
OBO ship:
A multipurpose ship that can carry ore, dry bulk goods and oil.
OBRO:
Acronym for "or best reasonable offer."
obsolescence:
See planned obsolescence.
obstruction wrench:
A bent ring wrench for reaching around manifold and other obstacles to work on
parts with difficult access, such as starters or alternators
OC:
[1] Acronym for overhead camshaft.
[2] Acronym for oxidation catalyst
ocean liner blast horn:

A horn which imitates the deep bellow of an ocean liner horn
octagonal bolt:
A bolt with an eight-sided head
octagonal head bolt:

A bolt with an eight-sided head
octagon nut:
A nut with eight sides
octane:
An amount of anti-knock compound in gasoline.
See
iso-octane
motor octane number
research octane number
octane number:
Every brand of gasoline has an octane rating or number which indicates its ability to
resist knocking. When the numbers were first developed, the researchers found that
normal heptane (a hydrocarbon) had almost no ability to resist knocking so they
gave it an octane number of zero. Then they found that isooctane (also a
hydrocarbon) was very resistant to knocking so they gave it the octane number of
100. To measure a particular sample of gasoline they discovered when it began to
create detonation. Then they mixed isooctane to heptane to find out what percentage
of isooctane created the same results as the sample of gasoline. In United States,
there are two methods for determining the octane number depending upon operating
conditions. The Research Octane Number (RON) is obtained when conditions are
somewhat mild. The Motor Octane Number (MON) is obtained when conditions are
somewhat severe and give a much lower number than the RON. The numbers on the
gasoline pumps are usually an average of the RON and MON. Usually the pump
number is about four numbers less than the RON. Thus if the automobile
manufacturer recommends using gasoline with a RON of 91 or more, it would be
acceptable to use pump gas rating of 87. The pump number is the anti-knock index
which is half the sum of the RON and the MON.
See
motor octane number
research octane number
octane rating:
See octagon number
OD:
Acronym for outside diameter, outer diameter, or overdrive.
odometer:
An instrument which measures and registers the number of kilometers or miles a
vehicle travels. In automobiles, it is usually located in the same housing as the
speedometer. Bicycles do not generally come with odometers as standard
equipment. Motorcycles usually have the odometer in an instrument housing along
with the speedometer for measuring and registering the miles and tenths of a mile
(or kilometers and tenths of a kilometer) that the vehicle is driven. Some cars and
motorcycles also have an additional trip odometer that can be reset to zero for
conveniently measuring the miles or kilometers driven during trips or between fuel
fillups.
OE:
Acronym for "original equipment."
OECD:
Acronym for " Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development."
OEM:
Acronym for "original equipment manufacturer." Products supplied by the company
which first created the product.
off-boost:
The condition that exists when a turbocharger is not producing power. If exhaust
pressure is not sufficient to spin the turbine, the turbocharger goes off boost.
off-car balance:
A procedure of removing a wheel from a vehicle and balancing the assembly. This
is the most common form of wheel balancing and is done either statically or
dynamically. The preferred method of off-car balancing is dynamic.
off color:
A color mismatch (though very close to the correct color) due to wrong paint
mixing or application
offer up:
To bring a part close to or in contact with another, ready to fit the pieces together
off-highway vehicle:
Vehicle intended for operation on unmade surfaces or rough terrain (i.e., for
construction or agriculture).
off-idle discharge ports:

The holes that deliver fuel from the idle circuit during the transition from curb-idle
to the main metering circuit. Located just above the throttle plates. At curb idle, off-
idle ports function as an extra air bleed for further emulsification of the idle
mixture; but as vacuum moves up the carburetor bore when the throttle plates are
opened, they become fuel discharge ports. Either one or more holes, or a single slot
(slots are usually used because they are cheaper to manufacture). Also called
transfer ports
off-lease:
A vehicle which was once leased, but now has been returned after the lease has
expired.
off-line:
Something that is independent of the main production process line which is
characterized by a separate operation
off-line painting:
The painting of parts, mostly plastic parts, outside the actual painting line
off-road tire:
(OTR) A tire that is used on vehicles designed for operation on unmade surfaces or
rough terrain (i.e., for construction or agriculture or recreation). See A-2 tire.
off-road vehicle:
Vehicle intended for operation on unmade surfaces or rough terrain (i.e., for
construction or agriculture).
offset:
[1] Something set at an angle or to one side.
[2] See scrub radius.
[3] The distance between the centerline of the rim and the attachment face of the
wheel disc at the wheel hub; this dimension can either be positive, negative, or zero.
An important measurement for positioning the tire to insure proper tracking of the
vehicle and adequate dual spacing.
See
caster offset
kingpin offset
miniature offset open-end wrench
negative offset steering
negative offset
negative wheel offset
positive offset
rim offset
wheel offset
zero offset
offset angle:
The angle of the offset crankpins in V-engines
offset crankshaft:
A crankshaft layout whereby the axes of the crankshaft and the piston pin do not
intersect. They do not intersect because the forces acting on the piston do not act
uniformly on the walls of the cylinder through the skirt of the piston but much more
on the side affected by the thrust of the con red during the power stroke. The
crankshaft is thus offset, so that the con rod is less inclined during the power stroke
than during the compression stroke
offset dish:
A wheel with a hub which is not in the same plane as the rim.
offset handle:
A drive handle for use with sockets, with one end set at 90° to the handle
offset link:
A link in a chain which is often called a "half-link." An offset link increases the
number of links by one.
offset open-end wrench:

See miniature offset open-end wrench
offset screwdriver:
A screwdriver with either straight or Phillips (cross-head) tips or a combination of
both, and the two ends set at right angles to the shank, somewhat in the shape of the
letter "Z"
offset steering:
See negative offset steering.
offset twin:
A typical motorcycle engine with the two crankpins offset by 180°
offset wrench:
An L-shaped tool for turning recessed screws
off shade:
A color mismatch (though very close to the correct color) due to wrong paint
mixing or application
offside:
(o/s) The side of the vehicle farthest away from the curb (when driving)
off-the-car balancing:
balancing the wheel after it has been removed from the car. The opposite is on-the-
car balancing
off-the-dolly panel beating:

A metalworking technique used to hammer out dents in the bodywork. If the panel
has a depression on one side, the dolly is held behind the depression, and the
hammer blows are directed on the ridge away from the dolly, i.e., on the other side
of the dolly. This causes a reaction by the dolly, producing an alternating impact on
the dent from both sides
OHC:
Acronym for "overhead camshaft."
ohm:
A unit of measurement used to indicate the amount of resistance to the flow of
electricity in a given circuit.
ohmmeter:
An instrument used to measure the amount of electrical resistance in a given unit or
circuit (in ohms).
Ohm's law:
Mathematical relationship between voltage, resistance, and amount of current in an
electrical circuit. It states: E=IxR; I=E/R; R=E/I
OHV:
Acronym for "overhead valve" -- valve-in-head engine in which the valves are
directly above the piston.
OHV engine:
See OHV
OICA:
Acronym for "Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles" (i.e.,
International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers)
oil:
A substance that lubricates and cools the moving parts of the engine and reduces the
formation of rust and corrosion. It contains additives which fights the corrosion of
bearings, keeps small particles in suspension, reduces engine wear, and reduces
oxidization, minimizes carbon, lacquer, and gum formation. Oil comes in varying
viscosity weights suitable for efficient operation in cold and hot weather and for
engines in varying states of wear.
See
bedding-in oil
break-in oil
change the oil
check the oil
clean oil
crude oil
detergent oil
diesel oil
engine oil
engine oil pan
EP gear oil
flushing oil
full-flow oil filter gear-type oil pump
gear oil
hypoid gear hypoid oil
hypoid oil
low oil sensor
lube oil
lubricating oil
micro oil filter
mineral oil
ML oil
MM oil
motor oil
MS oil
multi-viscosity oils
multigrade oil
penetrating oil
piston ring, oil control
pumping, oil
single-grade oil
straight-weight oil
straight weight engine oil
synthetic engine oil
synthetic oil
viscosity
oil additive:
Any one of a variety of chemicals added to engine oils to improve their
performance. They include additives to increase viscosity at high and low
temperatures; to inhibit corrosion, wear, and foaming; to prevent the formation of
breakdown products caused by oil oxidation and to keep these in suspension
oil and water extractor:

See air transformer
oil bath air cleaner:

An air cleaner that uses a pool of oil to insure the removal of impurities from the air
entering the carburetor.
oil bleed line:

An external oil line which circumvents the evaporator pressure regulator or bypass
valve to ensure positive oil return to the compressor when rpm are high and the
system is under a low charge or clogged
oil bleed passage:

An internal orifice which bypasses the evaporator pressure regulator, the bypass
valve or the expansion valve to ensure positive oil return to the compressor
oil breather:
Ventilated cap on oil filler pipe for allowing fumes to escape from the crankcase.
oil breather pipe:

A crankcase breather pipe used prior to engine emission control systems to remove
fumes and pressure from the engine crankcase. Also called road-draft tube. The
tube, which was connected to the crankcase and suspended slightly above the
ground, depended on venturi action to create a partial vacuum as the vehicle moved.
The method was ineffective below about 20 mph
oil burner:
An engine that consumes an excessive quantity of oil.
oil can:
[1] A container with a long, thin nozzle for lubricating machinery.
[2] A shallow dent in a panel that causes the panel to warp. The dent will spring
back into its original shape with a characteristic sound if light pressure is applied
but will not retain its normal shape once the pressure is released. It must therefore
be straightened with body tools
oil change:
The act of draining and replacing the engine oil at regular intervals
oil circulation:
The passing of oil throughout the engine. The engine oil circulation is maintained
by a gear-type pump with an output of up to 35 litres per hour
oil-combination splash and pressure system:

An engine oiling system that uses both pressure and splash oiling to accomplish
proper lubrication.
oil consumption:
The amount of oil an engine uses
oil control:
See piston ring, oil control
oil control orifice valve:

A valve located in the feed line between cylinder and cylinder head
oil control ring:

A piston ring designed to scrape oil from the cylinder wall, the ring is of such a
design as to allow the oil to pass through the ring and then through holes or slots in
the groove. In this way the oil lubricates the cylinder walls and is returned to the
pan rather than getting into the combustion chamber where it might foul the spark
plugs and create carbon on the head of the cylinder. There are many shapes and
special designs used on oil control rings. Often it is the third or fourth ring from the
top. Also called oil scraper ring
oil cooler:
This looks like a small radiator used to cool off the engine oil or the automatic
transmission fluid. As air passes through the cooler, the temperature of the oil in the
cooler is reduced. Some units reduce the temperature of the manual gearbox and
differential lubricants in racing cars.
oil cooler bypass valve:

An oil-temperature-controlled valve which closes the oil circuit through the oil
cooler when the oil is still cold; similar function as the thermostat in the engine
cooling system. Engine oil is heated to a considerable temperature in engines
subject to a high thermal load. This in turn greatly reduces the lubricating ability
and the cooling capacity of the oil. Thermostats control the oil volume to the oil
cooler, thus ensuring constant temperature of the oil
oil dipstick:
See dipstick.
oil drain plug:

The large bolt or plug that secures the drain hole in the oil pan. It is fitted with a
gasket or o-ring to prevent leakage. Often the drain plug is magnetized so that any
stray particles of iron will stick to it rather than lodge in some vital orifice. Also
called "sump drain plug"
oil drain valve:

A valve in an upright oil filter housing which lets oil drain into the oil pan when the
filter element is removed. It prevents oil spill
oil duct:
A pipe or passage through which oil flows under pressure. Also called "oil passage"
or "oil way."
oiler:
[1] A cam lubricator.
[2] An oil can
oil filler cap:

A cap covering the oil filler hole
oil filter hole:

A hole at the top of the engine (usually the rocker cover) through which new oil can
be added after the oil filler cap is removed.
oil filter:
A device used to strain the oil in the engine thus removing abrasive particles.
Some filters are a can-like container, others look like small air filters which fit
into a canister. Most manufacturers recommend that the oil filter should be
replaced at least every second oil change.
See
centrifugal oil filter filter
full-flow oil filter
micro oil filter
oil filter bypass:

See oil filter oil filter bypass valve
oil filter bypass valve:

A valve in or near the oil filter which routes the oil unfiltered directly to the
lubricating points; it comes into operation when the oil filter is clogged so that
pressure across the filter is higher than the pressure needed to overcome the oil filter
bypass valve spring
oil filter cartridge:

[1] The type of oil filter usually used on automotive engines which comes complete
with filter and housing, and where both components are replaced together.
[2] A paper or textile insert for the oil filter housing (quite commonly used on
motorcycle engines where e.g., the main filter is a disposable cartridge, while a
filter screen is located on the bottom of the oil pump)
oil filter housing:

A case surrounding an oil filter
oil filter wrench:

A special automotive tool for the removal and installation of oil filters; they come in
a variety of shapes, e.g., as strap wrenches, chain wrenches, or special cup-style end
cap oil filter wrenches
oil full pressure system:

See oil-full pressure system.
oil-full pressure system:

An engine oiling system that forces oil, under pressure, to the moving parts of the
engine.
oil gage:
See oil gauge.
oil gallery:
A pipe or drilled passageway in the engine that is used to carry engine oil from one
area to another.
oil gauge:
An instrument on the dashboard which indicates the oil pressure as the oil is
pumped through the engine. If this gauge shows a sharp drop, reads low, or lights
up, it is possible that there is no oil in the engine. Stop the vehicle and turn off the
engine. Check the oil level and replenish it as necessary. A vehicle with no oil in the
engine could destroy an engine within a kilometer (or a mile). Also called oil
pressure gauge
oil grade:
A rating of an oil according to its viscosity
oil groove:
recess designed to either accommodate or transport lubricant
oil-immersed clutch:
See wet clutch
oil level:
The depth of oil in the oil pan, gearbox, transmission, power steering reservoir, or
rear axle. Also see engine oil level warning light
oil level gauge:
A dial on the instrument panel that indicates the oil level; operates when the ignition
is switched on and stops shortly after the engine starts to run
oil level sensor:

A sensor mounted in the oil pan that supplies information on the engine oil level to
the corresponding gauge
oil level warning light:

See engine oil level warning light
oil lubrication:
See clean oil lubrication
oil-ML:
Engine oil designed for light duty service under favorable conditions.
oil-MM:
Engine oil designed for moderate duty service with occasional high speeds.
oil-MS:
Engine oil designed for high speed, heavy duty operation or for a great deal of stop
and go driving.
oil pan:
The removable metal chamber or bowl (usually of sheet steel or cast alloy) at the
bottom of the crankcase into which the oil drains to be stored. The oil drain plug is
found at the bottom of this pan and can be removed to allow the old oil to flow out
of the vehicle during an oil change. The British term is "sump." Also see engine oil
pan
oil pan drain plug:

short fat bolt for draining the sump (when removed)
oil pan gasket:

A gasket fitted between the cylinder block and the oil pan
oil pan guard:
A shield fitted under the engine to protect the oil pan
oil passage:
A pipe or passage through which oil flows under pressure. Also called "oil duct" or
"oil way"
oil pick-up:
A pipe or tube from the strainer to the oil pump in the oil pan
oil pick-up pipe:

A pipe or tube from the strainer to the oil pump in the oil pan
oil pressure:
The lubrication points of the engine will be lubricated sufficiently only if, in
addition to the oil quantity required, the oil pressure is also sufficient; the oil
pressure is maintained by the oil pump
oil pressure gage:

See oil pressure gauge.
oil pressure gauge:

An instrument on the dashboard which indicates the oil pressure as the oil is
pumped through the engine. If this gauge shows a sharp drop, reads low, or lights
up, it is possible that there is no oil in the engine. Stop the vehicle and turn off the
engine. Check the oil level and replenish it as necessary. A vehicle with no oil in the
engine could destroy an engine within a kilometer (or a mile).
oil pressure sensor:

A sensor mounted above the oil filter that supplies information on the engine oil
pressure to the corresponding warning light
oil pressure switch:

A switch which indicates a drop to below the minimum permissible oil pressure by
illuminating the oil pressure warning light
oil pressure warning light:

An instrument panel light that illuminates when oil pressure falls below a certain
level
oil pump:
The device located in the crankcase used to force oil, under pressure, to various
parts of the engine, it is driven by a gear on the camshaft. There are two types: gear
pump and rotor-type pump. Also see gear-type oil pump
oil pumping:
A condition where an excessive quantity of oil passes the piston rings and is
consumed in the combustion chamber.
oil pump strainer:

A coarse-mesh metal screen on the bottom of the pick-up pipe that prevents foreign
matter (such as lost washers, nuts and bolts) from entering the oil pump
oil rail:
The part of the oil ring responsible for the seal between piston and cylinder wall and
thus for the actual "scraping off" of the oil
oil ring:
The lowermost piston ring that scrapes off excess oil from the cylinder walls and
returns it to the oil pan via vents in the ring and piston. The oil ring consists of up to
three separate pieces. The two outside pieces are thin rings (rails), and the inner
section of the ring is called the expander ring. The oil ring is also called the "oil
scraper ring"
oil screen:
See oil pump strainer
oil seal:
A device used to prevent oil leakage past a certain area.
See
grease seal
valve oil seal
oil sensor:
See low oil sensor
oil separator:
A wire-mesh filter used to trap oil in the fumes drawn out of the engine by the
crankcase ventilation system
oil slinger:
A cone-shaped collar attached to a revolving shaft so that any oil passing that point
will be thrown outward where it will return to the point of origin.
oil splash system:

See oil-splash system.
oil-splash system:
An engine oiling system that depends on the connecting rods to dip into oil troughs
and splash the oil to all moving parts.
oil sludge:
A thick deposit in the oil pan and elsewhere, of dirt and the products of combustion,
partial combustion and oxidation of the oil (e.g. carbon particles, unburned
hydrocarbons and oxides)
oil sump:
See oil pan
oil tanker:
A ship designed for transporting oil in bulk
oil temperature gauge:

A gauge which indicates the temperature of the engine oil
oil thermal vacuum switch:

(OTVS) a switch used by some GM vehicle to shut off vacuum to the early
evaporation (EFE) valve when oil temperature reaches 150° F
oil trap:
See oil separator
oil warning:
See low oil warning light
oil warning light:

See low oil warning light
oil way:
A pipe or passage through which oil flows under pressure. Also called "oil duct" or
"oil passage"
Oldsmobile:
A vehicle brand of which the 1949-50 88 Coupe, Convertible, and
Holiday are milestone cars. The 1949 98 Holiday Hardtop is a Click for books
milestone car. The 1953 Fiesta is a milestone car. The 1964-70 on Oldsmobile
442 models are milestone cars.
Oldsmobile 88:
A model of automobile manufactured by General Click for books on Oldsmobile
Motors 88
Oldsmobile Ciera:
Motors Ciera
Oldsmobile Omega:
Motors Omega
Oldsmobile Toronado:
A vehicle brand of which the 1966-67 Toronado models Click for books on
are milestone cars. Toronado
old-stock:
See new-old-stock
oleopneumatic suspension:
See hydropneumatic suspension
Oldsmobile Omega:
A model of automobile manufactured by General Motors Click for books on Omega
ON:
See octane number
on-board computer:
An electronic component used to control vehicle electrical circuits, etc. and to
process data for instrument panel gauges
on board diagnostics:
(OBD) A unit that monitors the Electric Control Unit and system responses for
errors during normal vehicle operations. When the vehicle is serviced, this
information on the errors can be down loaded and displayed to the service personnel
which will facilitate the trouble shooting process.
on-board diagnostic system:

An indicating device on the car that alerts the driver when something is wrong in
the system
on boost:
The condition that exists when a turbocharger is producing power. When exhaust
pressure is sufficient, the turbine spins, and the turbo is on boost.
on-car balance:
In contrast with off-car balancing (which removes a wheel from the vehicle) on-car
balancing leaves the wheel on the vehicle and a special machine is used to balance
the tire, wheel and brake assembly making adjustment for all of these components.
Obviously this is the best (and most costly) procedure in obtaining balance.
on-center feel:
The responsiveness and feel of the steering when the wheel is approximately
centered. In a car with good on-center feel, the steering wheel tends to return to
center when slightly deflected, assisting straight-line stability.
One:
See formula One
one-coat finish:
A finish consisting of a single coat of paint
one-groove track:
Regardless of the width of a track, going into and coming out of a tight turn causes
the track to have room for only one line of race cars rather than two.
one-off:
A car or spare part of which only a single unit is made
one off:
A car or spare part of which only a single unit is made
one-piece rim:
A wheel rim consisting of one part, designed for tubeless tire mounting. The
opposite is a multi-piece rim
one-piece rim designation:

A coded description of a one-piece wheel rim.
one-piece wheel:
A wheel with a rim constructed in one piece incorporating a well formation at or
near its center to enable the tire beads to be mounted over the rim flanges. A cast
wheel, a one-piece forged wheel, and a steel wheel have either a 5° drop center rim,
15° drop center rim, wide base rim, or double wide base rim are one-piece wheels.
The opposite is a multi-piece wheel
one price selling:

published fixed price displayed on a new vehicle eliminating need for negotiation.
one-way:
See reactor one-way clutch
one way clutch:

A mechanical clutch which transmits power in one direction of rotation only; when
torque is not applied, the driven member rotates freely; used in automatic
transmissions and the old freewbeel.
See
freewheeling
sprag clutch
reactor one-way clutch
one-way clutch:
See oneway clutch
one-way valve:
See check valve
on-line:
A state in which a piece of equipment or subsystem is directly connected with or
incorporated into the main system
on-line painting:
A painting of components within the actual painting line. This is especially relevant
for plastic moldings, which are fitted to the metal car body after the welding
assembly operation. On-line painting means that such plastic parts are painted
together with the body and must withstand the bake-in temperatures of about 150°C
ONO:
Acronym for "or nearest offer" as a term of negotiation which indicates that the
seller is not too flexible in his price.
on/off delay:
See headlight on/off delay system
on-the-car balancing:
Balancing the wheel while it is still attached to the car. The opposite is off-the-car
balancing
on-the-dolly panel beating:

A metalworking technique used to tap out dents in the bodywork. The dolly is held
directly under the ridge in the panel so that the dolly contour closely matches that of
the original panel shape. Hammering is then directed at the peak of the ridge,
working along the ridge from end to end in a progressive manner to push the area
down gradually to its original shape
on-the-road charges:
Extra charges, in addition to the list price of a new car, to cover delivery, license,
etc.
opacimeter:
An instrument for measuring the content of particulate suspended in a fluid
opacity:
See poor opacity
Opel:
A model of automobile manufactured by General Motors in Click for books on
Europe Opel
open car:
Another name for convertible
open circuit:
A circuit in which a wire is broken or disconnected.
open coil glow plug:

See wire glow plug
open cradle frame:

A motorcycle frame without tubes running under the engine. The engine unit bolts
into place between the front downtube and the swingarm pivot area as a semi-
stressed or stressed member
open-deck design:
A design in which there is no metal at the cylinder head joint face between the
cylinder walls and the outer block
open differential:
Common to all conventional motor vehicles, performing the basic drive axle
differential function. Unlike a limited-slip or locked differential, an open differential
is unable to compensate for traction distinctions from one side of the vehicle to the
other, and will thus spin the wheel with the least available grip.
open element glow plug:

See wire glow plug
open-end:
open-ended wrench:
A wrench with openjaws
open end lease:

With an open-end lease, there is still a residual value set at the beginning of the
lease. However, if the car is worth less than the residual value at the lease's end, the
lessee must pay the difference. In other words, the lessee assumes the risk for
depreciation with an open-end lease.
open-end wrench:
open face helmet:

A motorcycle helmet which does not wrap around the chin to protect the whole
face.
open frame:
A step-through motorcycle/scooter frame
opening angle:
The angle of the timing diagram that indicates how long the port remains open
opening cam/rocker:
With desmodromic engines, the cam/rocker responsible for opening the intake or
exhaust valve
openings:
See tonnage openings
open loop:
An operating condition or mode based on programmed instructions and not
modified by a feedback system
open-loop:
Without feedback from e.g., oxygen-sensor control systems
open-loop catalytic converter:

A preset converter which does not use an oxygen-sensor control system and thus
operates without feedback. The opposite is computer-controlled catalytic converter.
Certain engine management systems deactivate emission control systems (such as
EGR and/or oxygen sensor control) under certain operating conditions (e.g., full-
throttle driving); i.e., the electronic control module operates in the open-loop mode
open-loop fuel control:

A non-feedback mode of operation which a feedback system resorts to when the
engine is started while it is still cold. During this period, the oxygen sensor isn't yet
able to supply reliable data to the computer for controlling the air/fuel mix ratio
because the engine isn't yet warmed up. So mix control is handled by a program
stored in computer memory
open loop mode:

Mode in which the computer operates without feedback from the oxygen sensor
while the engine is in the cold running condition
open loop system:

A control system which operates by feeding in instructions at the beginning of a
process and they are followed to complete the process.
open registry:
See
flag of convenience
flag of necessity
opens:
See
exhaust valve opens
inlet valve opens
intake valve opens
open system:
Term for a crankcase emissions control system which vents to the atmosphere
open throttle:
See wide open throttle
open tourer:
See AC Buckland Open Tourer.
opera light:
A light mounted on the outside of the B-pillar or C-pillar
operated absolute:
See pilot operated absolute
operated window:
See manually operated window
operating costs:
The costs of running a vehicle. It includes insurance premiums, tax, depreciation,
fuel, oil, maintenance, repairs, etc.; usually expressed in dollars per mile or
kilometer
operating piston:
A piston in an automatic transmission which causes its respective clutch(es), band,
or multi-disc brakes to be applied by converting fluid pressure into mechanical force
and movement
operating profit:
pre-tax earnings after deducting all operating expenses from gross margin.
operation:
See
interval operation
part-load operation
part-throttle operation
operational test:
A check of temperature, pressure, and other conditions under controlled
circumstances to determine whether an air conditioner or some other system is
operating optimally
opportunity cost:
The cost of what you didn't do. For instance, if you have the cash to buy a car, the
opportunity cost of the purchase is the interest lost on the cash you used for the car.
One of the often-cited advantages of leasing is that it frees up your money to invest
elsewhere.
opposed engine:
See horizontally opposed engine.
opposite lock:
The act of turning the wheels to avoid a skid by steering in the opposite direction to
which the vehicle is going. If the tail of the vehicle swings out to the left in a skid,
you should correct the problem by turning the steering fully to the left. Some people
express it by saying, steer in the direction of a rear-wheel skid. Others say, counter
steer to straighten out the vehicle. If you have never experienced a skid, you might
consider taking a course designed to give you the skill. Otherwise, practice in an
unoccupied snow-covered parking lot.
opt:
Abbreviation for "options" or optional equipment.
optical check:
[1] A cursory visual inspection.
[2] an examination with optical instruments
optics:
See fiber optics
optimize:
To set at the best possible value
option:
See
cost option
no-cost option
purchase option
factory options
optional equipment:
Any equipment or feature of a new vehicle which is not included in the basic price
and is provided only if the purchaser requests it. Also see extras. The opposite is
standard equipment
options:
Extra features which may be purchased or may be included in the normally standard
list of features and appointments of a vehicle.
OPUS:
See oscillating pick-up ignition system
orange peel:
A rough paint surface, resembling the skin of an orange caused by the paint spray
failing to flow together.
orbital sander:
A flat, cushioned plate covered with abrasive paper, rotated with an elliptical
motion by an electric motor and used for fine sanding work like feather edging.
Also see disc sander
order:
See firing order
ore-bulk-oil carrier:
See OBO ship
ore carrier:
A large ship designed for the transportation of ore.
organic:
Something of chemical compounds that are based on carbon chains or rings and
containing hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, or other elements. The
opposite is inorganic
organic linings:
Brake lining material using asbestos as its main ingredient
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development:

(OECD) An organization whose purpose is to provide its 29 Member countries with
a forum in which governments can compare their experiences, discuss the problems
they share and seek solutions which can then be applied within their own national
contexts. Each member country is committed to the principles of the market
economy and pluralistic democracy.
orientation:
The tendency of plastic molecules if stretched, to align themselves in the direction
of the stress. Molecular orientation leads to anisotropy of mechanical properties
(i.e., having different mechanical properties in different directions). This can be
used to advantage in the production of fibers and film or may be the undesirable
result of a molding process
orifice:
Opening through which gases flow. It is usually the final opening, or any opening
controlled by a valve.
See
atomization orifice
lateral atomization orifice
orifice spark advance control:

(OSAC) a device used by Chrysler to apply vacuum advance over a period of time.
By limiting the timing advance rate, NOx is reduced
orifice valve:
See oil control orifice valve
orig:
Abbreviation for "original," as in orig. owner.
original condition:
An older vehicle that has all of its original paint and equipment and has not been
restored or modified.
original equipment:
These are the items on a vehicle which came from the manufacturer. It does not
include accessories produced by "aftermarket" companies (sometimes called
"jobber"). Generally original equipment parts are the best for the vehicle. Although
it must be admitted that some aftermarket products are better quality and may be
less money; however the opposite is also true.
original finish:
The paint applied to vehicle when it is built by the manufacturer.
o ring:
See O-ring.
o-ring:
An o-ring is a doughnut shaped (annular) rubber or plastic ring which is placed in a
groove and compressed to seal fluid or gas from passing a particular point.
o-ring chains:
A drive chain (usually used on motorcycles) which has small neoprene o-rings
within the exposed rollers to encircle the pins. The o-rings help to prevent dust from
getting in and thus the chain lasts much longer.
o/s:
Abbreviation for offside
OSAC:
Acronym for orifice Spark advance control
OSCA:
A vehicle brand of which the 1948-56 MT-4 models are milestone cars.
oscillate:
To swing back and forth like a pendulum.
oscillating action:
A swinging action such as that in the pendulum of a clock.
oscillating pick-up ignition system:

(OPUS) An ignition system where the contact breaker and cam are replaced by a
timing rotor, a pick-up module, and an amplifier module
oscillation:
A swinging action such as that in the pendulum of a clock.
oscilloscope:
A testing unit which projects visual reproduction of the ignition system spark action
onto screen of cathode-ray tube. Also see ignition oscilloscope
OSD:
Acronym for "Otomotiv Sanayii Dernegi" (i.e., Automotive Manufacturers
Association) (Turkey)
OSHA:
Acronym for "Occupational safety and health administration"
otg:
Abbreviation outdoor or outside temperature gauge
OTR:
Acronym for off-road tire. Also see A-2 tire.
otto cycle:
Four-stroke cycle consisting of the intake, compression, firing, and exhaust strokes.
Also see four-stroke cycle engine. It was named after the German engineer Dr.
Nikolaus Otto (1832- 1891) who first patented the design in 1876
OTVS:
Acronym for oil thermal vacuum switch
ounce:
See troy ounce
ounce inches:
An expression of the force exerted by a heavy spot (or counterbalance weight) on a
tire. Multiply the weight times its distance from the axle center, i.e., 3 oz. x 7" = 21
ounce inches.
outboard:
[1] Something away from the center of a vehicle.
[2] Away from the centerline and towards the side. Outside the hull
outboard contre pente:

Safety contour for tubeless passenger car wheel rims, featuring a contre pente on the
outer bead seat
outboard flat hump:

A safety contour for tubeless passenger car rims, featuring a flattened hump on the
outer bead seat
outboard flat pente:

A safety contour for tubeless passenger car rims, featuring a flattened contre pente
on the outer bead seat
outboard motor:
A boat motor which is attached to the rear of a small boat
outboard round hump:

A safety contour for tubeless passenger car rims, featuring a round hump on the
outer bead seat
outdoor temperature gauge:

(otg) A gauge which indicates the ambient air temperature outside the vehicle
outer bulb:
See outer envelope
outer cap nut:

A securing device on a dual mounted disc wheel type where it threads directly on
the inner cap nut and holds the outer wheel in place against the hub.
outer dead center:

See bottom dead center
outer diameter:
(OD) The external diameter of a cylinder or tube
outer electrode:
[1] The outer terminal.
[2] The ground electrode
outer envelope:
The bulb of a gas discharge lamp which protects and supports the arc tube; either
filled with gas or evacuated to avoid oxidation of the arc tube
outer headlight:
On a headlight system where there are four lights (two on each side), the outer
headlights (low beam) are at the extreme outside (i.e., the furthest away from the
center of the car). Also see inner headlight
outer sill:
A ledge below the doors visible from the outside; often referred to as the sill,
whereas the inner sill is actually the side member
outer terminal:
The electrode on the inside of the distributor cap, one outer terminal being assigned
to each spark plug; the distributor rotor distributes the firing voltage from the
central electrode to the outer terminals. The opposite is center electrode
outer tower:
A socket on the distributor cap corresponding to the outer terminal, one per
cylinder, to connect the spark plug leads
outer wrap:
Something that surrounds the converter shell of a catalytic converter and serves as a
retainer and provides mechanical protection for the insulation
outlet:
[1] synonymous with vehicle dealership.
[2] The exhaust port of 4-stroke engine.
[3] The rear opening of a catalytic converter or muffler.
[4] The last pipe of an exhaust system (i.e., the tailpipe).
See
air outlet
HT outlet
outlet pipe:
A pump discharge pipe
outlet side:
That side of the pump or pumping system on which the liquid pumped leaves the
pump or system. The opposite is suction side
outlet valve:
[1] See exhaust valve.
[2] See discharge valve
outline:
To mold plastic material around something. Compare insert
Out-Of-Pocket Cost:
See total Out-Of-Pocket Cost
out of round:
Something that is not completely circular. For instance a wire wheel may be true in
that it does not wobble from side to side, but it may have a flat spot. A condition
where engine cylinder bore has grater war at one diameter than another
out of true:
Something inaccurately made or incorrectly adjusted, e.g., of a wheel with side-to-
side deviation or wobble
out of tune:
An engine which is not running ideally and needs a tune up
output:
See
gearbox output shaft
pump power output
output driver:
A transistor in the output control area of the computer that is used to turn various
actuators on and off
output shaft:
The shaft delivering power from within a mechanism. The shaft leaving the
transmission, attached to the propeller shaft or driveshaft, is the transmission output
shaft.
See
transmission output shaft
output speed:
The speed of the transmission output shaft which is transmitted to the driven wheels
via the final drive; as the final drive provides a constant gear ratio, output speed is
proportional to vehicle road speed
out-rigger:
[1] A device with retractable mechanical legs used to stabilize equipment such as
cranes, ditch diggers, etc., while working.
[2] A short angle or box section member that runs across part of the car. On cars
with separate frames, outriggers are used to link the main chassis or the longitudinal
members with the sill or running board area. An outrigger is far shorter and often of
a smaller section than a crossmember
outrigger:
[1] A device with retractable mechanical legs used to stabilize equipment such as
cranes, ditch diggers, etc., while working.
[2] A short angle or box section member that runs across part of the car. On cars
with separate frames, outriggers are used to link the main chassis or the longitudinal
members with the sill or running board area. An outrigger is far shorter and often of
a smaller section than a crossmember
outside caliper:
A machinists' caliper used to check outside dimensions. See caliper.
outside calipers:
See caliper.
outside corner weld:

Fusing two pieces of metal together, with the fusion taking place on the underpart of
the seam.
outside diameter:
The external diameter of a cylinder or tube
outside spring caliper:

An outside caliper with a spring for accurate setting
outside temperature gauge:

(otg) A gauge which indicates the ambient air temperature outside the vehicle
oval piston:
A special piston developed by Honda, able to accommodate eight valves and two
spark plugs
oval track:
A race course which is shaped like an oval rather than a circle. Sometimes used to
describe any race track, other than a road race.
ovals:
See wide ovals
oven:
See
drying oven
primer oven
top coat oven
overall gear ratio:

The ratio of engine revolutions to road wheel revolutions, producing road speed as a
ratio of engine speed (sometimes expressed as mph per 1000 rpm)
overall length:
the extreme length of a ship measured from the foremost point of the stem to the
aftermost part of the stern
overall ratio:
See steering overall ratio
overall repainting:
A type of paint job that involves the entire vehicle
overall rim diameter:

A measurement from the top of the flange to opposite top of the flange 180° away.
overaxle pipe:
See kick-up pipe
overcapacity:
the situation where maximum global production of automobiles exceeds the total
global demand for automobiles.
overcure:
Vulcanizing a tire longer than necessary. It can result in the deterioration of certain
overdrive:
[1] A unit with a planetary gearset which turns the driveshaft faster than the
transmission output shaft.
[2] An additional gearbox which is mounted in the driveline. Normally the final
drive ratio is 1:1; but the overdrive makes it less (e.g., 0.87:1). The overdrive can
reduce gas consumption at sustained high-speed driving, engine noise, and engine
wear. Also called "overdrive transmission." Also see aftermarket overdrive
overdrive transmission:
A transmission with a high gear which acts as an overdrive.
overflow:
To spew out tread compound at the mold parting line or at the edge of the matrix
skirt. This excess material should be trimmed or buffed off the finished product.
overflow hose:
A tube located in the radiator fill hole that allows excess liquid to escape from the
cooling system under conditions of extreme heat, pressure, or overfilling. Also see
coolant recovery system.
overflow pipe:
A tube located in the radiator fill hole that allows excess liquid to escape from the
cooling system under conditions of extreme heat, pressure, or overfilling. Also see
coolant recovery system.
overhang:
The distance between the outermost front or rear point of a vehicle and the wheel
centers of the respective axle. Also see load overhang
overhaul:
See
rebuild
engine overhaul
overhead cam:
(OHC)
See
overhead camshaft
double overhead cam
single overhead cam
overhead cam engine:

See dual overhead cam engine
overhead camshaft:
(OHC) The camshaft that activates the valves is mounted above the head and driven
by a long timing chain or cam chain. In contrast, a pushrod engine has the camshaft
below the cylinders so that thin rods (pushrods) are moved by the camshaft and
activate the valves. An engine with an overhead cam means that the distance
between the cam and the valves is much shorter, so the valves respond quicker and
valve adjustment can be more accurate. Also this system allows for higher engine
speed because of fewer moving valvetrain parts. A system with only one cam is
called "Single Overhead Cam" (SOHC). In some instances there are two camshafts
above the heads (one for the intake valves and the other for the exhaust) and called
"double overhead cam" (DOHC).
See
single overhead camshaft
twin overhead camshaft
overhead position:
A weld made on the underside of the joint with the face of the weld in a horizontal
plane.
overhead valves:
(OHV) Valves located in the head. A four-stroke engine with the intake and exhaust
poppet valves located in the cylinder head and not at the side of the cylinder as in a
side-valve engine. The valve stems are either at an angle or parallel and the valve
discs face the piston, valve actuation pushrod and swing arm. Also see I-head
engine.
overheat:
To make or become too hot. Engine overheating could be caused by a fault in the
cooling system caused by a leak, blockage, slipping or broken fan belt; lack of
engine oil; or an over-lean mixture. Brake overheating can be caused by prolonged
use (e.g., when going downhill) leading to brake fade, binding brake shoes, or
seized disc pads or pistons
overinflated tire:
A tire which has too much air in it, causing premature wear in the tread center. The
opposite is underinflated tire
over inflation:
Excessive tire pressure in relation to the tire size and load carried. It will generally
result in wear at the center of the tire tread rather than the outer sides.
overlap:
[1] The part of the spray band that covers the previous application of paint. A 50%
overlap on each stroke is generally recommended.
[3] Extension of the weld face metal beyond the toe of the weld.
[2] The number of degrees of crankshaft rotation where the both the intake and
exhaust valves are open at the same time. This situation will occur only at the end of
the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the following intake stroke. Also see valve
overlap.
overlay:
The upper layer of a plain bearing insert. If the overlay is worn, the bearing material
beneath it will still allow for a certain emergency operation of the component
supported in the plain bearing
overlay paint:
A special type of custom paint where a design on the painted surface is embedded
below a coat of translucent paint, giving the impression that two paints are applied
to the car. Compare candy paint
overload:
Carrying more weight on a tire than its listed maximum carrying capacity or
carrying excessive loads on a tire in relation to its inflation (esp. if underinflated).
overload spring:
A chassis spring which acts only under heavy load and prevents bottoming
overrev:
To run an engine above the maximum recommended rpm. To exceed the redline on
the tachometer
override button:
See ABS override button.
overrider:
A short, vertical attachment to the bumper, to prevent interlocking with other
bumpers
overrun:
[1] A vehicle travelling with no throttle and the engine acting as a brake is said to be
"on the overrun" or "overrunning."
[2] The action of a trailer when it travels faster than the towing vehicle
See
coast
deceleration
overrun control valve:

A valve in a crossover pipe between the compressor suction and discharge sides of
some turbocharger systems. When the manifold pressure drops, as during
deceleration, the overrun control valve opens and allows compressed air to circulate
through the compressor again; this maintains turbo speed on the overrun,
minimizing turbo lag when the throttle is re-opened; not to be confused with a
safety-relief valve in the compressor discharge line or with a wastegate valve
overrun cut-off/shut-off:
See deceleration fuel cut-off
overrunning clutch:
[1] A clutch mechanism that will drive in one direction only. If driving torque is
removed or reversed, the clutch slips.
[2] A part of a starter motor designed to avoid armature damage caused by severe
overrevving.
[3] A device in an automatic transmission that disengages the engine on overrun
See
freewheeling
one-way clutch
overrunning clutch starter:

See pre-engaged starter
overrunning clutch starter drive:

A starter drive that is mechanically engaged. When the engine starts, the
overrunning clutch operates until the drive is mechanically disengaged. Also see
freewheeling.
overrunning coupling:
See freewheeling
oversize:
Installing a tire larger than needed to carry the load. A common (though not always
beneficial) practice on passenger vehicles to increase one size when replacing OEM
tires.
oversize piston:
A piston with a diameter slightly larger than that of the standard piston, used in
order to allow for a honing of the cylinder walls
oversize valve guide:

A valve guide with a slightly larger outside diameter than the standard valve guide,
used to repair worn valve guides after their bores have been reamed
overspray:
The fine mist of paint on areas where it is not wanted (glass, moldings, other
painted surfaces, etc). The distinguishing mark of a vehicle that has been painted or
had body work done. Compare spray mist
oversquare:
An engine where the cylinder bore diameter is greater than the length of the stroke.
over square engine:

An engine in which the bore diameter is larger than the length of the stroke.
oversteer:
The tendency for a vehicle, when negotiating a corner, to turn more sharply than the
driver intends. The rear end of the vehicle wants to swing toward the outside of a
turn. It is generally a sign that the suspension roll resistance is too hard in the rear or
too soft in the front. A rear-engine vehicle has a natural tendency to want to swap
ends, or oversteer, unless its suspension is adjusted to counteract it. A handling
condition in which the slip angles of the rear tires are greater than the slip angles of
the front tires. An oversteering car is sometimes said to be "loose," because its tail
tends to swing wide.
See
lift-throttle oversteer
power oversteer
roll oversteer
overtake:
To pass another vehicle going in the same direction
overtaking:
The action of your passing a vehicle which is going in the same direction you are.
overthin:
To add too much thinner to paint
overtime:
includes pay received for the number of hours worked in excess of the standard
workday or workweek.
owner:
Someone who actually owns something, i.e., has the title of property. Also see
registered owner
owner's handbook:
A booklet provided with a new car which briefly describes the position and
operation of the various instruments and switches, as well as technical specifications
and some maintenance information. Also called owner's manual
owner's manual:
Every new vehicle is supplied with an owner's manual which gives the basic
instructions for operating the controls. It includes a maintenance schedule and
specifications such as the type and quantity of fluids. For instruction on repair work,
you will need a service manual which may be ordered from the dealership which
sold you your vehicle.
oxalic acid:
An acid used as an electrolyte for anodising
oxidation:
[1] One of the processes by which enamel paint cures, by combining oxygen in the
air with the paint film. This process dries and continues to harden enamel for
several weeks. Oxidation also results in chalking in older paint.
[2] A chemical reaction which increases the oxygen content of a compound or in
which a compound or radical loses electrons, i.e., in which the positive valence is
increased. Compare reduction
oxidation catalyst:
(OC) type of bead material in catalytic converter which aids in oxidation of CO and
HC
oxide:
A chemical compound of oxygen with another element.
See
aluminum oxide
natural oxide skin
nitrogen oxides
nitrous oxide system
nitrous oxide
polyphenylene oxide
oxide film:
See natural oxide film
oxide layer:
See
anodic coating
anodic oxide layer
oxides:
See nitrogen oxides
oxide skin:
See natural oxide skin
oxides of nitrogen:
See nitrogen oxides
oxide system:
See nitrous oxide system
oxidize:
Action where surface of metal is combined with oxygen in the air to produce rust,
scale, etc.
oxidizer:
A compound which gives up oxygen easily, removes hydrogen from another
compound, or attracts electrons. Also see trap oxidizer
oxidizing:
The combining of oxygen with any other substance. For example, a metal is
oxidized when the metal is burned, i.e., oxygen is combined with all the metal or
parts of it.
oxidizing agent:
A compound which gives up oxygen easily, removes hydrogen from another
compound, or attracts electrons
oxidizing catalyst:
A catalyst which decreases CO and HC levels using excess air. Compare reducing
catalyst
oxidizing converter:
A converter with a conventional oxidation catalyst that needs a secondary air supply
to convert hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and water; does
not control NOx. Compare single-bed oxidizing converter
oxidizing flame:
Flame produced by an excess of oxygen in the torch mixture, leaving some free
oxygen which tends to burn the molten metal.
oxyacetylene welding:
See oxygen-acetylene welding. Also called gas welding
oxygen:
A gas formed of the element oxygen. When it very actively supports combustion it
is called burning; when it slowly combines with a substance it is called oxidation.
oxygen acetylene cutting:

Cutting metal using the oxygen jet which is incorporated with an oxygen-acetylene,
preheating flame or flames.
oxygen-acetylene welding:
A method of welding, using as a fuel a combination of the two gases - oxygen and
acetylene.
oxygenated gasoline:
Any fuel with a mixture of ethyl or methyl alcohol. The addition of oxygen causes a
slightly leaner fuel-air mixture which is especially beneficial with older cars.
oxygenated gasolines:
See oxygenated gasoline.
oxygenates:
An oxygen-enriched fuel or anti-knock additive
oxygen corrosion:
An electrochemical corrosion caused by neutral or alkaline electrolytes in which,
during the cathodic reaction, oxygen is reduced to hydroxide
oxygen cylinder:
A specially built container manufactured according to I.C.C. Standards and used to
store and ship certain qualities of oxygen.
oxygen-hydrogen flame:
The chemical combining of oxygen with the fuel gas hydrogen.
oxygen-LP gas flame:

Chemical combining of oxygen with the fuel gas LP (liquefied petroleum).
oxygen regulator:
An automatic valve used to reduce cylinder pressures to torch pressures and to keep
the pressures constant. They are never to be used as acetylene regulators.
oxygen sensor:
A pollution control device which measures the amount of oxygen in the exhaust
stream and sends that information the ECM. It controls the fuel-air mixture entering
the engine. Also called a lambda sensor, exhaust oxygen sensor, or an O2 sensor
oxygen sensor system thermo-switch:

A sensor of a fuel injection system that is usually located in a coolant hose to
provide a coolant temperature signal to the ECM
oxyhydrogen gas:
A highly explosive mixture of oxygen and hydrogen, generated during charging of
lead-acid batteries. Compare gassing
ozone:
A faintly blue form of oxygen produced by the silent discharge of electricity into the
air. Ozone is very harmful to tires.
ozone checking:
Cracks or hard spots usually found on the sidewalls of tires. Caused by the action of
the ozone in the air on the rubber. This condition is normal, but could be dangerous
on tires that are more than 65,000 km (40,000 miles) old or have been exposed to
the ozone created by electrical machinery.
ozone compound:
Rubber compounded with certain chemicals to retard ozone damage. Properly this
should be called anti-ozone compound.

P
[N][O][P][Q][R][S][T][U][V][W][X][Y][Z]
[Pa] [Pc] [Pe] [Ph] [Pi] [Pl] [Pn] [Po] [Pr] [Pu] [Py]
p:
[1] A tire designation for "Passenger," as used in rating tires such as P185R13.
[2] A tire designation for speeds up to 150 kph (95 mph) as in P195PR78 (the first P
is passenger, but the second P is the speed rating.
[3] The designation for "park" on the gear selector of an automatic transmission.
See PRNDL
PA:
Acronym for "power antenna."
p/a:
An abbreviation for power-assisted
pace car:
A vehicle which leads the pack of racers during the first part of the race (usually one
lap) so that the racers can warm up their engines, etc. The pace car never runs the
actual race. They also lead during parade, pace lap, caution periods, and restarts.
pace lap:
The warm-up part of the race before the actual race begins.
Pacific Economic Cooperation:

See Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
pack:
See
See
glass pack muffler
rectifier pack
package:
See
accessory package
equipment package
trailer-towing package
Packard:
A vehicle brand of which all sixes and eights 1925-34; all 12-cyl.
models; 1935 Models 1200-1208; 1936 Models 1400-1408; 1937
Models 1500-1508; 1938 Models 1603-1608; 1939 Models 1703-1708;
1940 Models 1803-1808; 1941 Models 1903-1908; 1942 Models 2004-
2008 plus 2023; 1946-47 Models 2106 and 2126; all Darrin-bodied Click for
with required application are classic cars. The 1953-56 Caribbean books on
models are milestone cars. The 1946-50 Clipper and Custom Eight are Packard
milestone cars. The Pacific sedan and convertible for 1954 are
milestone cars. The 1954 Panther Daytona is a milestone car. The
Patrician 400 for 1951 to 56 are milestone cars.
packed gland:
A cylindrical recess that accommodates a number of rings of packing around the
shaft or shaft sleeve of a pump. Pumps used for high-temperature fluids are
provided with jacketed, water-cooled packed glands. Also called "stuffing box."
packing:
See stuffing-box packing
pack muffler:
See
glass pack muffler
steel pack muffler
PAD:
Acronym for "Program Associated Data."
pad:
See
backing pad
brake pad
ceramic brake pad
friction pad
pillion pad
sintered metal brake pad
skid pad
padding disc:
An insert in the crankcase area designed to reduce the internal volume of the
crankcase and thus to increase the precompression ratio; this helps to increase the
output of a two-stroke engine
paddle:
See
solder paddle
stirring paddle
paddling the lead:

The act of filling repair areas by smoothing the body lead layer until a smooth
surface is achieved
pad retainer:
A pin which locates the brake pad in a disc brake
pad retainer pin:

A pin which locates the brake pad in a disc brake
pad wear indicator:

See brake pad wear indicator
pagoda roof:
An unusual roof design, introduced on the Mercedes-Benz SL Hardtop, which was
slightly lower in the center than at the sides
pagoda-style roof:
An unusual roof design, introduced on the Mercedes-Benz SL Hardtop, which was
slightly lower in the center than at the sides
paid value:
See duty paid value
Paige:
See Graham-Paige
paint:
[1] A liquid or paste consisting of a suspension of a pigment in oil or water, etc.
When spread over a surface, it dries to form a hard, thin covering colored by the
pigment. The primary purpose of paint is to help in the preventing of rusting. A
secondary purpose is to provide a variety of color.
See
acrylic paint
barrier paint
bituminous paint
candy apple paint
candy paint job
candy paint
coach paint
dust-free paint
finishing paint
flame paint
heavy paint
light paint
liquid paint
low-bake paint
metallic paint
nitrocellulose paint
overlay paint
polyurethane paint
pyroxylin paint
refinishing paint
soft paint
solder paint
solid paint
tire paint
two-pack paint
two-tone paint
zinc-rich paint
[2] The act of spray painting a surface.
paint booth:
A closed area where coats of paint are applied
paint chip book:

A color chart
paint color matching:

The process of determining the correct paint shade with the aid of color charts and
special mixing devices and through spectral analysis
paint film:
The actual thickness of the paint on a surface.
paint gun:
See spray gun
painting:
See
cataphoretic painting
electrophoretic painting
electrostatic painting
off-line painting
on-line painting
painting line:
The route taken by the bodywork of a newly manufactured vehicle on its way
through the paint shop
painting robot:
A robot used for paint application
paint refinishing:
The various steps involved in repainting a secondhand car
paint shop:
[1] The production stage in an automobile manufacturing plant during which the
bodywork is treated with paint.
[2] A separate paint repair shop, usually near a body repair shop (i.e., for damaged
vehicles)
paint stripper:
A liquid paint remover
paint system:
The sum of all coats of paint on a work
paintwork:
The overall result of painting; the paint coating or finish
PAIR system:
See pulse air system
palladium:
A white, ductile, malleable, noble metal of the platinum family; atomic number 46,
atomic weight 106.4; resembles platinum and together with other platinum metals is
used as a catalyst in automotive exhaust converters. Compare platinum metals
palletized construction:
The process of building a vehicle where the workers assemble a complete chassis at
a comfortable workbench height, in a well-lighted area, away from the main line --
not underneath a moving body. Working conditions and product quality are vastly
improved.
palm spinner:
A device which is attached to a steering wheel to allow disabled people to
insert a hand into its bracket in order to steer a vehicle.
pan:
A thin stamped cover that is bolted to the bottom of the crankcase, it forms a sump
for the engine oil and keeps dirt, etc. from entering the engine.
See
engine oil pan
floor pan
oil pan
seat pan
panamax:
A water-borne vessel (i.e., ship) designed small enough for passage through the
Panama Canal
pancake engine:
An engine in which the cylinders are on a horizontal plane, this reduces the overall
height and enables them to be used in spots where vertical height is restricted. Also
see flat engine.
pan drain plug:

See oil pan drain plug
pane:
A sheet of window glass
panel:
[1] A flat piece of metal that is stamped to create a body component such as a door
panel.
[2] A plastic molding; e.g., interior trim of doors.
See
a-panel
access panel
aperture panel
back panel
body panel
bonnet landing panel
closing panel
cluster panel
corner panel
cowl panel
cowl side panel
dashboard
dash panel
deck panel
door panel
front panel
full panel
grille face panel
grille panel
header panel
headlight mounting panel
high crown panel
hinge panel
hood landing panel
inner fender panels
instrument panel
kick panel
lamp panel
low crown panel
lower front panel
manual panel cutter
parent panel
part panel
patch panel
pattern panel
pressed panel
quarter panel
radiator support panel
rear corner panel
rear deck panel
rear panel
replacement panel
replica panel
reproduction panel
rocker panel
roof panel
sacco panels
scuttle panel
scuttle side panel
shelf panel
side aperture panel
side bumper panels
side panel
splash panel
squab panel
straightened panel
sunroof aperture panel
tail light panel
trim panel
under seat panel
under sill panel
wheel house panel
wheel panel
windshield corner panel
windshield header panel
windshield panel
windshield support panel
panel beater:
[1] A person who beats out the dented bodywork of a damaged vehicle.
[2] A panel hammer
panel beating:
beating out the dents in damaged bodywork.
See
panel bonding:
A new repair process using a special adhesive to glue body panels in place instead
of spot-welding them
panel contour:
The normal shape of a new, undented body panel as produced by the factory
panel cutter:
An air-operated tool used to cut out old panels. It is a relatively coarse tool and is
thus suited mainly for cutting sheet metal in areas where minor distortion along the
cutting lines does not matter. Also see manual panel cutter
panel file:
See body file
panel flanger:
See joggler
panel hammer:
A special hammer for metalworking that has two different fly-shaped heads for
different purposes, e.g., cross-pein and shrinking hammer
panelling:
[1] A combination of separate sheet metal panels to form a complete assembly, e.g.,
the outer panels of the body or even the panels surrounding the engine
[2] A plastic molding; e.g., interior trim of doors.
See
cladding
underside panelling
panel picking:
The act of straightening very fine indentations or marks of very small diameter on a
panel surface with a pick hammer
panel puller:
A tool with a slide hammer and hook or self-threading screw tip to pull dented
doors, fenders, and other sheet metal panels back into place. After drilling a hole in
the deepest part of the dent, the hook or screw tip is inserted to pull out the dent by
means of slide hammer impact. Also called knocker
panel release tool:

See trim panel release tool
panel repair:
A type of repainting job involving an entire panel but not the entire vehicle
pan gasket:
See oil pan gasket
pan guard:
See oil pan guard
Panhard:
A vehicle brand of which the Dyna for 1946-67 models are milestone cars.
panhard rod:
A rod or linkage on the axle which runs from side to side. Usually one end is
attached to the body and the other end is connected to the axle. Also called a "track
bar."
Panhard rod mounting box:

box section used to mount the Panhard rod of the rear axle
pannier:
A luggage bag used in pairs and fastened alongside one or both wheels of a bike.
Saddlebag.
panniers:
Luggage bags used in pairs and fastened alongside one or both wheels of a bike.
Saddlebags.
p. ant:
Abbreviation for "power antenna."
panoramic windshield:
A windshield style popular in the 1950s and '60s that featured recessed screen
pillars, giving a wide, unobstructed view of the road; entry for the front passengers
was awkward, since the screen pillar comers projected into the door opening
pantechnicon:
A British term for a large van or truck, especially one for moving furniture
Pantera:
panting:
The pulsation in and out of the bow and stern plating as the ship alternately rises
and plunges deep into the water
panting frame:
The frames in the forward and after portions of the hull framing to strengthen
against shell panting
paper:
See abrasive paper
paper air cleaner:

An air cleaner that makes use of special paper through which the air to the
carburetor is drawn.
parabolic reflector:
An old headlight reflector in the shape of a parabola, now replaced by ellipsoidal
reflectors
parabolic spring:
A leaf spring tapered in the shape of a parabola
paraffin:
A British term for kerosene a solvent for removing grease
parallel:
[1] The same distance apart at every point.
[2] Two or more electrical components each receiving the same voltage resistors
connected in parallel. Opposite to series.
[3] To connect in parallel
parallel action locking pliers:

A locking pliers with parallel action jaws, e.g., for pinching off hoses when
servicing cooling systems
parallel circuit:
An electrical circuit with two or more resistance units so wired as to permit current
to flow through both units at the same time. Unlike the series circuit, the current in
the parallel circuit does not have to pass through one unit to reach the other. A
method or pattern of connecting units in an electrical circuit so that they are
connected negative-to-negative and positive-to-positive. In a parallel circuit, current
can flow independently through several components at the same time. Also see
series parallel circuit
parallelism:
[1] The same thickness of brake discs all the way around.
[2] See axle parallelism.
parallel key:
See feather key
parallel middle body:

The amidships portion of a ship in which the contour of the underwater hull form is
unchanged
parallelogram steering:
See parallelogram steering linkage
parallelogram steering linkage:

A steering system using two short tie rods connected to the steering arms and to a
long center link. The link is supported on one end on an idler arm and the other end
is attached directly to the pitman arm. The arrangement forms a parallelogram
shape.
parallelogram steering system:

See parallelogram steering linkage
parallelogram suspension:
See double wishbone suspension
parallel parking:
The action of bringing a vehicle to a stop behind another vehicle (or between two
vehicles) so that your front bumper is right behind the rear bumper of the vehicle in
front of you. The technique of parallel parking involves driving beside the other
vehicle and then backing up while turning the steering first to the right and then at
the correct time turning it to the left. It is one of the testing requirements for
obtaining a licence.
parallel trailing link suspension:

A front suspension layout used primarily by Volkswagen on rear-engined cars
parallel twin:
A type of engine usually found on two-cylinder motorcycles where the cylinders are
beside each other and on the same side of the crankshaft. An opposed twin has two
cylinders that are on either side of the crankshaft.
parallel valves:
The intake and exhaust valves with parallel valve stems
parameters:
See engine parameters
parent panel:
The panel left in place on the car to which a new panel is welded after all the rusted
metal has been cut out
park:
(P)
[1] One of the positions of the gear selector for an automatic gearbox; when
engaged (after the vehicle has come to a complete standstill) the driving wheels are
locked.
[2] To leave a vehicle in a particular place.
[3] A parkade.
See
car park
parkade:
A place where vehicles can be parked on one of several levels. Also see
See
car park
Park Avenue:
A model of automobile manufactured by Click for books on Buick Park
Buick Avenue
park brake:
See parking brake
park brake extension:

A device which is attached to the parking brake to help disable people to
operate the parking brake more easily.
parkbrake warning light:

A light on the instrument panel that illuminates when the parkbrake is applied; on
most new cars it has been superseded by a multifunction brake warning light
parking:
The action of placing a vehicle at a full stop out of the flow of traffic.
See
angle parking
attendant parking
echelon parking
parallel parking
self-parking
valet parking
parking brake:
Hand or foot operated brake which prevents vehicle movement while parked by
locking rear wheels, or transmission output shaft. One type applies the rear brake
shoes by mechanical means and the other type applies a brake band to a brake drum
installed in the drivetrain. Also see emergency brake.
parking brake console:

The reinforcing member incorporated in the center tunnel area of the floorpan to
provide the mounting support for the handbrake
parking brake lever:

[1] A lever inside the drum brake which spreads the brake shoes outward; the long
end is connected to the parking brake cable, the opposite end to one brake shoe and
to a push bar which acts on the other shoe.
[2] A lever inside the passenger compartment attached to the end of the parking
brake rod and which activates the parking brake cable.
parking brake lever strut:

A push bar between the shoes in a drum brake
parking brake pedal:

foot-operated pedal for the parking brake
parking disc:
A marker displayed on the inside of a parked car showing time of arrival or latest
permitted time of departure in a British parking lot
parking heater:
An air heating system which operates independently of the engine
parking interlock:
See parking lock
parking lamp:
An energy-saving vehicle illumination mode on British cars for long-term roadside
parking; includes only one front sidelight and one taillight; the parking light can be
switched to illuminate the left side or the right side
parking light:
An energy-saving vehicle illumination mode on British cars for long-term roadside
parking; includes only one front sidelight and one taillight; the parking light can be
switched to illuminate the left side or the right side
parking lock:
(PL) A lock gear and pawl that lock the transmission mechanically
parking lot:
A ground level, outdoor area where vehicles can be left temporarily.
parking meter:
A coin-operated timing device that indicates how long a vehicle may legally remain
parked
parking space:
A parking place reserved for a particular vehicle
parking ticket:
A written fine for a parking offence, especially where a vehicle has exceeded the
time limit for parking
park light:
A low intensity light which is often incorporated into the front signal lights. The
park lights are to be illuminated when the vehicle is still running, but pulled off the
road. However, many people drive with them on -- an action which is illegal in
some parts of North America.
park safety switch:

A switch which allows the starter to be engaged only when the automatic shift lever
is in either park or neutral
part:
A component of a vehicle.
See
aftermarket part
identical part
molded part
new-old-stock part
spare part
structural part
partial flow filter:

A bypass filter
partial respray:
A respraying of only part of the bodywork, opposite to full respray or complete
respray
participation:
See dealer participation
particulate:
See diesel particulate filter
particulate catalyst:
A pellet catalyst
particulate emission:
An emission of solid particles of carbon and unburnt hydrocarbons from the exhaust
system
particulate emission limit:

The weight of particulate emissions in the exhaust of diesel engines, specified in
grams per mile
particulate filter:
See diesel particulate filter
particulate ignition temperature:

In diesel filtration tests, the exhaust gas temperature at which there is an equilibrium
between particulate burn-off and deposit build-up
particulate matter:
(PM) Suspended solids of carbon and unburnt hydrocarbons from the exhaust
system
particulates:
(PM) Suspended solids of carbon and unburnt hydrocarbons from the exhaust
system
part-load:
The throttle opening between idle and fully open
part-load enrichment:
Extra fuel injected during throttle opening to enrich the mixture during transition.
Usually occurs during closed-loop operation
part-load operation:
The operation of systems and components under conditions below full load
partnership:
Business owned by at least two people
Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles:

(PNGV) established in 1993, this partnership, between the United States Federal
Government and the Automotive industry, was founded to establish global technical
leadership in the development and production of affordable, fuel-efficient, low
emission vehicles that meet today's performance standards.
part number:
(p/n, PN) A reference number attributed to a particular part. Each company uses its
own system of numbering the parts.
part out:
To dismantle a vehicle and sell the parts. British term is "break up"
part panel:
See patch panel
parts car:
A vehicle that has been damaged beyond repair or restoration, or that has
deteriorated badly. It is useful only as a source of parts. It may be drivable though
unsafe, but it usually is not in drivable condition.
parts catalog:
A directory listing available parts for a particular product
parts store:
See auto parts store
part-throttle operation:
Driving without using full throttle
part-time four-wheel drive:

A manually selectable four-wheel drive
PAS:
Acronym for power-assisted steering
pascal:
(pa) SI measurement of pressure, it equals one newton per square meter
pascal's law:
A principle which states that when pressure is exerted on a confined liquid, it is
transmitted undiminished. The law is particularly valid for hydraulic systems.
pass:
[1] The act of overtaking a vehicle which is travelling in the same direction you are.
[2] The act of going past a vehicle which is travelling is the opposite direction from
you.
[3] Weld metal created by one progression along the weld. Also see bypass
passage:
See
air passage
lateral air passage
oil passage
relief passage
scavenging passage
transfer passage
water passage
passenger capacity:
The maximum number of people that a vehicle can carry.
passenger car:
A four-wheeled motor car powered by an engine and designed for passengers
passenger car wheel:

A one-piece wheel made of sheet steel. The rim and disc are welded together or
made of light-alloy (cast or forged), and designed for tubeless tires. Rims for
passenger cars are almost exclusively designed as 5° drop center rims incorporating
a safety bead seat (double hump and combination hump are most common; flat
hump designs are less common) and a J-flange. The B-flange type is reduced in
height and used on passenger cars with small rim diameter and rim width
passenger cell:
That part of the vehicle in which the driver and passengers sit
passenger compartment:
That part of the vehicle in which the driver and passengers sit
passenger ship:
A ship authorized to carry more than twelve passengers.
passenger-side air bag:

An air bag restraint system designed to protect the front passenger; introduced on
some cars in the early 1990s, it usually occupies the space normally provided for a
glove compartment
passenger vehicle:
four wheeled motor vehicle that also includes mini-vans and sport utility vehicles.
passing:
[1] The action of overtaking another vehicle going in the same direction you are.
[2] The action of going past another vehicle which is going in the opposite direction
you are.
passing gear:
An automatic transmission gear that shifts a vehicle into a lower gear for a short
burst of extra power to pass other cars on the highway. The gear is engaged by
sharply depressing the gas pedal. When the pedal is released, the vehicle returns to
normal to normal driving gear. See forced downshift.
passing lane:
The outside lane (far left lane in North America, etc. or the far right lane in Britain,
Australia, etc.). Also called the "fast lane"
passivate:
To reduce the reactivity of a chemically active metal surface by electrochemical
polarization or by immersion in a passivating solution
passive restraint system:

See airbag restraint system.
passive safety:
Any device which automatically provides protection for the occupants of a vehicle
such as the bumpers, seat belt, padded dash, laminated windshield, head restraints,
collapsible steering column, air bags, etc. In contrast with active safety.
passive safety features:

Items in a vehicle which do not require action on the part of the driver to avoid a
hazard, e.g., crumple zones, bumpers, side impact beams, and roll-over bars. See
passive safety.
Passport:
A model of automobile manufactured by Honda Click for books on Honda Passport
paste:
See
grinding paste
patch:
[1] To repair a component.
[2] The added part used to repair a component, e.g., a rubber disc glued to a tube to
cover a nail hole.
[3] The footprint of a tire in its contact with the ground.
See
contact patch
balance patch
plug patch
patching:
[1] A repair method for welding up local corrosion damage by using smaller panels
made up from sheet metal.
[2] A repair method for gluing a rubber patch to a tube which has a hole in it.
patch panel:
A small sheet metal panel that is usually made up specially to repair minor rust
holes
path:
See heat path
Pathfinder:
A model of SUV manufactured by Nissan in Japan Click for books on Pathfinder
patter:
See wheel patter
pattern:
See
contact pattern
heavy side pattern
ignition pattern
master pattern
primary pattern
secondary pattern
spray pattern
tread pattern
wear pattern
pattern panel:
A body panel made by somebody other than the original manufacturer, usually for
repair purposes; this also includes panels remanufactured after the factory has
discontinued making and supplying those parts.
pattern percentage:
See tread pattern percentage
pattern snips:
See straight pattern snips
pawl:
[1] A bar, pin, or stud that can be moved, pivoted, or slid into engagement with
teeth cut on another part, such as the parking pawl on the automatic transmission
that can be slid into contact with teeth on another part to lock the rear wheels.
[2] A catch at the bottom of a lever which connects with a toothed rack to hold the
lever in position (e.g., with a handbrake lever or in ratchets).
[3] An arm pivoted so that its free end can fit into a notch, slot, or groove at certain
times in order to hold a part stationary
payload:
[1] The actual weight of cargo being carried, including packaging, etc. (GVW --
Unladen weight = payload).
[2] The revenue-earning cargo of a commercial vehicle. Also see interior payload
payment:
See monthly payment
PB:
Acronym for "power brakes" or for "pushbutton" as in PB radio.
PC:
Acronym for pitch circle or polycarbonate
PCB:
Acronym for printed circuit board
PCD:
Acronym for pitch circle diameter
PCI:
Acronym for program comparison and identification
PCV:
Acronym for "positive crankcase ventilation."
PCV system:
Abbreviation for "positive crankcase ventilation system." A system which prevents
crankcase vapors from being discharged directly into the atmosphere. Also see
closed crankcase ventilation.
PCVV:
Acronym for positive crankcase ventilation valve
PCV valve:
(PCVV)Part of the positive crankcase ventilation system, which reroutes crankcase
blowby to the intake manifold and back to the engine, where it is reburned in the
cylinders as part of the fuel-air mixture. This cuts emission pollution and improve
fuel economy because unburned fuel in the blowby is consumed the second time
around. It also keeps the blowby and water vapor from fouling the oil in the
crankcase, thus reducing the formation of engine sludge.
PDA:
Acronym for "Personal Digital Assistant."
PDB:
Acronym for "power disc brakes."
PDL:
Acronym for "power door locks."
PDLR:
Acronym for "power deck lid release."
PDR:
Acronym for "power deck release."
PE:
Acronym for polyethylene or polyellipsoidal
peaking:
A condition, usually in the cushion rubber, resulting from local material starvation
and excessive flow from adjacent areas.
peak inverse voltage:

Amount of voltage a diode can take in reverse direction without being damaged
peak power:
The point of maximum torque
peak pressure period:

The phase of diesel combustion lasting from about five degrees before top dead
center to about 10 degrees after top dead center, the majority of diesel fuel burns
during this period
peak revs:
The point of maximum engine speed
peaky:
An engine that is able to deliver useful power only at high revs and needs frequent
shifting. Compare flexible
peanut:
A small motorcycle fuel tank which holds about five litres (one gallon). See
chopper.
pedal:
A lever operated by the foot.
See
accelerator
accelerator pedal
brake pedal
clipless pedal
clutch pedal
dead pedal
depress the throttle pedal
ease up on the throttle pedal
foot pedal
free pedal play
gas pedal
loud pedal
low brake pedal
parking brake pedal
pumping the throttle pedal
pump the gas pedal
pump the throttle pedal
quill pedal
spongy brake pedal
spongy pedal
step on the gas pedal
step on the throttle pedal
throttle pedal.
pedal clearance:
The distance between the pedal and the floor, when the pedal is folly depressed;
reference points may vary
pedal free play:

The distance a pedal moves until a slight resistance is felt.
See
free pedal play
pedal free travel:

See
free pedal play
free travel
pedal play:
See free pedal play
pedal pulsation:
The vibration of the brake pedal when depressed, caused by a defective disc or
drum (or when ABS is activated)
pedal to the metal:

To fully apply the accelerator for a fast take-off.
pedal travel:
The total stroke of a pedal, i.e., the distance the pedal moves
pedestal pivot:
A semi-cylindrical (half-round) pivot used with pivot guided rocker arms. A
pedestal pivot restricts the rocker arm so it pivots around one axis or in a single
plane-the plane of the valve stem and pushrod
peel:
[1] The action of rapid acceleration so that the tires slip on the road surface (i.e., the
wheels are turning, but the vehicle is not moving very much) which may result in a
strip of rubber on the road surface. See peel rubber.
[2] The action of paint coming off. See orange peel.
peel rubber:
Rear wheels slipping on the highway during acceleration. Also called "burn rubber."
peen:
Also spelled "pein"
[1] To flatten out the end of a rivet, etc., by pounding with the round end of a
hammer.
[2] The ball-shaped, or narrow wedge-shaped end of a hammer head opposite the
flattened striking face.
See
ball peen hammer
wide-nose peen hammer
peen hammer:
Also spelled "pein hammer." A body hammer with a peen of triangular section with
a fairly sharply shaped end. Compare ball pein hammer
peening:
The flattening or shaping with a peen hammer
Peerless:
A vehicle brand of which the 1926-28 Series 69; 1930-31 Custom 8; and 1932
Deluxe Custom 8 are classic cars.
peg:
See highway peg
pegs:
[1] Studs or nipples which may be used for alignment of parts or the placement of a
part.
[2] Footpegs, often called pegs, are where the motorcycle rider's feet rest. Some
motorcycles have floorboards instead of pegs. With pegs, the rider usually rests the
balls of his feet on the peg, whereas a floorboard is large enough to accommodate
the whole foot.
Pegaso:
A vehicle brand of which all models from 1951-58 are milestone cars.
PE headlight:
A headlight with a gas discharge lamp and a polyellipsoidal reflector
pein:
Also spelled "peen"
[1] To flatten out the end of a rivet, etc., by pounding with the round end of a
hammer.
[2] The ball-shaped, or narrow wedge-shaped end of a hammer head opposite the
flattened striking face
pein hammer:
Also spelled "peen hammer." A body hammer with a pein of triangular section with
a fairly sharply shaped end. Compare ball pein hammer
peining:
The flattening or shaping with a pein hammer
pellet catalyst:
See pellet-type catalytic converter
pellet-type catalytic converter:

The first type of automotive catalytic converter, introduced in the USA in 1975. It
consisted basically of a sheet steel catalyst container surrounded by thermal
insulation and a sheet steel outer shell. The catalyst container was fitted with one or
two beds of ceramic pebbles (pellets) coated with a catalyst. This type of catalytic
converter suffered from poor service life due to vibration-induced attrition of the
catalytic coating; this also produced additional particulate emissions and the pellet
bed caused high exhaust back pressure, resulting in poor engine performance.
Pellet-type catalytic converters have been superseded by monolithic converters
penalty:
See
residual penalty
stop-and-go penalty
pencil:
See
glow pencil
grease pencil
pencil-type glow plug:

See sheathed-type glow plug
pencil-type injector:
An early GM injection nozzle
pendulum impact test:

The standard test methods are the Izod and Charpy tests; the specimens have a
standard notch machined in them, and the impact energy absorbed in breaking the
specimen is recorded
penetrating oil:
A special oil with very thin viscosity that is used to free rusted parts (esp. nuts and
bolts) so that they can be removed.
penetration:
The extent that the fusion goes into the base metal as measured from the surface of
the base metal.
penny-farthing:
An early bicycle which had a large front wheel (which was both the driving wheel
and the steering wheel) and a smaller rear wheel. Its name comes from two British
coins -- the large penny and the small farthing.
pent crown piston:

A piston design with a sloping, pent-roof shaped piston crown to improve the flow
of the fuel/air mixture and to increase engine compression
pente:
See
contre pente
flat pente
outboard contre pente
outboard flat pente
pent-roof:
A combustion chamber whose upper surface resembles a shallow peaked roof.
Usually used with four valves per cylinder.
pent-roof combustion chamber:

A combustion chamber whose top is angled like a roof
percolation:
A condition in which the fuel actually boils due to excess heat. Percolation prevents
proper atomization of the fuel causing rough running. Also see anti-percolation
valve.
percussion welding:
The type of resistance welding in which the heating comes from an arc produced by
an electrical discharge and instantaneous pressure applied during or immediately
following the heating.
perf:
See hi Perf.
perfect scavenging:
The scavenging parameter of two stroke engines. In an ideal scavenging process, the
fresh mixture is considered to push the combustion products out of the cylinder
without mixing or exchanging heat. This process continues until all burnt gases
have been expelled and the cylinder is completely filled with a fresh mixture
performance:
[1] The general way a vehicle, machine, or material is able to accomplish its
purpose.
[2] The ability of a vehicle to accelerate and reach top speed.
See
engine performance tester
high-performance
manufacturer's performance ratings
performance characteristics of materials:

The specific values for materials, obtained by standard test methods and available
for the selection of appropriate materials
performance handling system:

A suspension system that can be improved by adding appropriate front and rear
anti-roll bars, nitrogen-filled gas shock absorbers, and special springs
performance ratings:
See manufacturer's performance ratings
performance tester:
See engine performance tester
performance tuning:
The act of improving a vehicle's performance in general or engine performance in
particular, such as upgraded suspension, higher engine output and/or torque, or
drag-reducing measures, such as the addition of spoilers
perimeter frame:
Sometimes called a "Space Frame." A steel frame making up the chassis of a
vehicle. The engine, transmission, body panels, and interior are all attached to the
frame. Most cars today do not use a frame but are instead made with unibody
construction.
period:
See
blowdown period
dwell period
induction period
injection period
saturation period
period of roll:
The time occupied in performing one complete roll of a ship as from starboard to
port and back to starboard
periphery:
The outside edge or circumference.
permanent four-wheel drive:

A British term for full-time four-wheel drive. A permanently engaged four-wheel
drive (with lockable or limited-slip differentials).
permanent magnet:
The permanent magnet does not need electricity to function and will retain its
magnetism over a period of years.
peroxide:
See lead peroxide
perpendiculars:
See
after perpendiculars
between perpendiculars
fore perpendiculars
forward perpendiculars
length between perpendiculars
perpetual motion:
A situation where a device will turn forever because there is no friction between the
moving part and the stationary part. Although friction can be greatly reduced, it can
never be eliminated. Thus a perpetual motion machine is impossible.
perpetual motion machine:

a device which will turn forever because there is no friction between the moving
part and the stationary part. Although friction can be greatly reduced, it can never be
eliminated.
personalized license:
A license plate chosen (at a cost) by a vehicle's owner, rather than one allocated by
the agency giving out the license. The letters and numbers may spell out a person's
name or occupation or even some cryptic reference.
personal license:
A license plate chosen (at a cost) by a vehicle's owner, rather than one allocated by
the agency giving out the license. The letters and numbers may spell out a person's
name or occupation or even some cryptic reference.
Perspex:
See polymethyl methacrylate
petal:
See
main petal
subsidiary petal
petcock:
A small valve or tap which is used to control the flow of liquid. You may find one
at the bottom of a radiator to permit draining the radiator. A petcock may also be
found on the line coming from the fuel tank in small engines and motorcycles. It
allows you to cut the flow of gasoline going to the carburetor. On some
motorcycles, the position of the petcock lever may permit draining the last part of
the fuel tank as a reserve position. In units where the carburetor is fed by gravity
feed from a fuel tank, turning off the petcock when the unit is not in operation may
prevent gasoline from leaking past the carburetor's needle and seat and into the
crankcase to dilute the oil.
petroil lubrication:
A lubrication method for two-stroke engines where the oil is added to the fuel and
lubricates the moving engine parts as the air/fuel mixture passes through the
crankcase
petrol:
A British term for gasoline.
See
lead-free petrol
leaded petrol
petroleum:
Raw material from which gasoline, kerosene, lubricating oils, propane, diesel fuel,
etc. are refined. Consists primarily of hydrogen and carbon; but also contains other
elements. Its source is decomposed organic matter which has been buried. Some
used to think that the action of ice ages moved soil over great forests of tropical
vegetation. The current suggestion is that great bodies of water flooded tropical
vegetation in a cataclysmic event. Also see liquified petroleum gas
petroleum gas:
See liquified petroleum gas
petroleum jelly:
A whitish jelly-like substance obtained from petroleum, used as a lubricant and as a
protection against corrosion
petrol pump:
A British term for gas pump. A pump which dispenses gasoline at a gas station
petrol station:
A British term for a gas station or service station
petrol tanker:
A British term for a tanker truck -- a specially equipped truck for transporting
gasoline and other fuels
Peugeot:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models, with
required application, are classic cars.
Click for books on

Peugeot
PFI:
Acronym for port fuel injection
PG:
Acronym for "powerglide" automatic transmission.
PGM-FI:
Acronym for programmed Fuel Injection
P grit numbers:
A standard system of grit numbers applied to sandpapers to ensure identical
properties in products made by different manufacturers
pH:
See pH value
phaeton:
An open-type body with two cross seats, it usually accommodates five passengers.
A folding windshield, folding weatherproof fabric top and removable side curtains
are usually standard equipment. The four-seater was called a double phaeton, and
the six-seater or seven-seater was called a triple phaeton. Also see sport and
Imperial phaeton.
phase-locked loop circuitry:

See PLL circuitry
phase pressure forming:

See solid phase pressure forming
phenolic spacer:
A carburetor base gasket made from a thermosetting resin used specifically for heat
insulation between the carburetor and the intake manifold
phillips head screw:

A screw having a fairly deep cross slot instead of the single slot as used in
conventional screws.
Phillips screw:
A common type of cross-head screw
phillips screwdriver:
A screwdriver with a pointed tip that is shaped to fit the crossed slots in the heads of
Phillips screws.
phone:
See
car phone
cell phone
cellular phone
mobile phone
phosphate:
See manganese phosphate coating
phosphate coating:
A special conversion coating produced by phosphating. It is applied to camshafts
which promotes oil retention.
See
manganese phosphate coating
zinc phosphate coating
phosphate section:
A section in a painting line in which phosphate treatment is performed
phosphate treatment:
A treatment of metals with a phosphating solution to produce a phosphate
conversion coating on the surface
phosphating:
See
heavy phosphating
low temperature phosphating
phosphate treatment
phosphating solution:
A solution of phosphoric acid, often enriched with zinc, used during the bodywork
production process for cleaning and rust prevention
phosphor-bronze:
Bearing material composed of tin, lead, and copper.
photochemical:
Relates to branch of chemistry where radiant energy (sunlight) produces various
chemical changes.
pH value:
A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, which shows the
strength of acid or alkaline. The pH value of an aqueous solution is a number
describing its acidity or alkalinity. The pH of a neutral solution is 7.0 at 25°C
pick:
See prospector's pick
pick and finishing hammer:

A widely used type of body hammer with a pointed end on one side and a shallow
domed end for finishing on the other side
picker:
See electro picker
picker set:
See lock picker set
pick hammer:
A hammer with a round head for conventional planishing and a small pick-shaped
head for working away in sharp or tight corners. It should not be confused with a
bullet-point pick hammer, which has a more blunt pick, nor with a pein hammer
picking:
See panel picking
pickling:
The removal of oxide or mill scale from the surface of a metal by immersion,
usually in an acidic or alkaline solution
pickling attack:
The initial chemical reaction between phosphating solutions and metal surfaces in
phosphate treatment
pickup:
[1] A utility truck with a closed cab and an open box. In Australia it is called a
"utility" or "ute."
[2] The transfer of material, as between bearing and shaft, caused by friction and
heat due to lack of oil; can lead to seizure.
[3] A pick-up coil or yoke.
pick-up:
[1] A utility truck with a closed cab and an open box. In Australia it is called a
"utility" or "ute."
[2] The transfer of material, as between bearing and shaft, caused by friction and
heat due to lack of oil; can lead to seizure.
[3] A pick-up coil or yoke.
See
inductive pulse pick-up
magnetic pick-up
magnetic pick-up assembly
magnetic pick-up tool
transistorized ignition with inductive pick-up
transistorized ignition with magnetic pick-up
pick-up assembly:
See magnetic pick-up assembly
pickup coil:
See pick-up coil.
pick-up coil:
The coil in which voltage is induced in an electronic ignition.
pick-up ignition:
pick-up ignition system:

pick-up module:
A trigger-activated device which sends a signal to the ignition unit of an electronic
ignition system
pick-up pipe:
See oil pick-up pipe
pick-up screen:
pick-up tool:
A tool with a flexible or rigid shaft and a claw type pick-up end; used to retrieve
small objects from hard-to-reach areas. Compare magnetic pick-up tool
picture:
See scavenging picture
piece:
See
blanking piece
distance piece
extension piece
pole piece
sill end piece
pien hammer:
See ball pien hammer
Pierce-Arrow:
piezoelectric ignition:
A system of ignition that employs the use of a small section of ceramic-like
material. When this material is compressed, even a very tiny amount it emits a high
voltage that will fire the plugs this system does not need a coil, points or condenser.
pig iron:
Produced in blast furnaces, pig iron is the raw material for practically all iron and
steel products; contains about 3-5 % carbon
pigment:
Finely ground powders in the paint that give it its color.
pigtail:
See wiring pigtail
pile:
This is a steel or concrete bar which is driven into the ground to form part of the
foundations for a building. Also see scrap pile
piling:
The build-up of metal on a contact breaker point. The opposite is pitting
pill:
A jet in the fuel-return line which establishes the mixture
pillar:
A shaft or upright member or support holding up the roof. Also called a post. The
A-post holds up the windshield. The B-post is behind the front door about in the
middle of the side of the roof. The C-post holds up the rear window. In station
wagons, another post is placed between the B-post and the last post so that it
becomes the C-post and the last post is the D-post.
See
A-pillar
B-pillar
C-pillar
cabin pillar
center pillar
D-pillar
dogleg pillar
dogleg pillar
door pillar switch
door pillar
front pillar
hinge pillar reinforcement
hinge pillar
latching pillar
latch pillar
lock pillar
rear cabin pillar
pillared hardtop:
See four-door pillared hardtop
pillar jack:
See tower jack
pillar light:
A courtesy light mounted on the central pillar within the passenger compartment
pillar reinforcement:
See hinge pillar reinforcement
pillars:
See
roof pillars
windshield pillars
pillar switch:
See door pillar switch
pillion pad:
A backrest pad which is mounted behind the seat on a motorcycle.
pilot bearing:
A small bearing in the center of the flywheel end of the crankshaft, which carries
the forward end of the clutch shaft. The British term is "spigot bearing." See clutch
pilot bearing.
pilot hole:
When using a large drill bit, it is sometimes hard for the drill to cut through the
metal and do it evenly in a straight line. A pilot hole is first made with a small bit.
Then, when you use the large bit, the drilling is much easier.
pilot house:
The enclosed space on the navigating bridge from which a ship is controlled when
under way. See bridge
pilot jet:
A jet in the idling circuit of a fixed jet carburetor which measures and admits fuel
pilot operated absolute:

See POA suction throttling valve
pilot operated absolute valve:

(POA) the POA valve is a suction throttling device used on some GM and Ford air
conditioner system.
pilot shaft:
A dummy shaft that is placed in a mechanism as a means of aligning the parts. It is
then removed and the regular shaft installed.
pilot valve:
A small valve used to control action of a larger valve
pin:
A small cylinder used for fastening something or as a pivot.
See
bonnet pin
carbon pin
cotter pin
dowel pin
floating piston pin
fulcrum pin
gudgeon pin boss
gudgeon pin circlip
gudgeon pin end
gudgeon pin
hair pin
hitch pin
hood pin kit
hood pins
kingpin
knuckle pin
locating pin
lock pin
pad retainer pin
pawl
piston pin
piston pin boss
piston pin circlip
piston pin end
pivot pin
roll pin
shear pin
spiral wrapped pin
split pin
swivel pin
tri pin
worm and taper pin
wrist pin
pin boss:
See
gudgeon pin boss
piston pin boss
pinch-off pliers:
See hose pinch-off pliers
pin circlip:
See
gudgeon pin circlip
piston pin circlip
wrist pin circlip
pin end:
See
gudgeon pin end
piston pin end
wrist pin end
ping:
See pinging.
pinging:
A metallic rattling sound produced by the engine during heavy acceleration when
the ignition timing is too far advanced for the grade of fuel being burned. The noise
is caused by vibrations in the cylinder walls, head, and piston. When an engine
pings, the normal, controlled even spread of the flame front is disrupted by the
spontaneous combustion of pockets of fuel. Their collision sets off the pressure
waves that result in the pinging sound. Pinging can be caused by bad timing,
inadequate octane rating, incorrect fuel-air mixture, a hot spot in the combustion
chamber caused by a glowing piece of carbon, or an overheat condition. Also called
"knocking." Also see detonation.
pinhole:
See rust pinhole
pinholing:
Tiny bubbles in the paint finish that are often grouped together. It is caused by
trapped solvents, moisture or air released from the film. Compare solvent pop
pinion:
A small, tapered gear which meshes with a larger gear or rack. It is found in two
primary places in an automobile: the differential pinion and the rack and pinion
steering.
See
crown wheel and pinion
drive pinion
inertia pinion
planet pinion
rack and pinion gearbox
rack and pinion
ring and pinion
pinion carrier:
That part of the rear axle assembly that supports and contains the pinion gear shaft.
pinion gear:
Pinion Gear: The smaller of two meshing gears. A pinion gear is used in a starter
motor to engage the flywheel ring gear and also rides along the surface of the
steering rack (a rod with grooves cut in it to mesh with the gear) See rack and
pinion gearbox.
pinion gearbox:
See rack and pinion gearbox
pinion shaft:
A short drive shaft in the rear axle connecting the prop shaft to the crown wheel via
the final drive pinion
pinion steering:
See rack and pinion steering
pinking:
A British term for pinging
pin kit:
See
bonnet pin kit
hood pin kit
pinned piston ring:

A steel pin, set into the piston, is placed in the space between the ends of the ring.
The ring is thus kept from moving around in the groove.
pinned ring:
pinning:
Procedure for repairing cracks in the combustion chamber using threaded pins
pin punch:
A tool with a parallel shaft for use with a hammer to drive out pins, shafts, rivets,
etc. Compare drift punch)
pin slider caliper disc brake:

A disc brake design with a sliding caliper. The major components are: caliper (a
casting with one cylinder and piston), caliper frame (casting), guide pins, Teflon or
rubber sleeves/bushings. The caliper floats on the sleeves over the guide pins. The
guide pins are threaded or riveted to the caliper frame. The caliper frame is bolted to
the suspension
pin spanner:
A wrench with pins on forked ends, used to turn an adjustable cup on a bottom
bracket of a bicycle.
pinstripe:
A thin, precisely contoured lines along certain body features; they may extend along
the whole car and finish off in elaborate, bouquet-like designs. Striping usually
refers to simple decorative lines, e.g., on motorcycle tanks, while pinstriping mostly
refers to custom work, i.e., more elaborate and sharply curved lines
pinstriping:
A thin, precisely contoured lines along certain body features; they may extend along
the whole car and finish off in elaborate, bouquet-like designs. Striping usually
refers to simple decorative lines, e.g., on motorcycle tanks, while pinstriping mostly
refers to custom work, i.e., more elaborate and sharply curved lines
pinstriping tool:
A painting tool used to apply thin, precise lines on the body, e.g., on motorcycle
tanks and to enhance car body contours.
pintaux nozzle:
A pintle-type diesel fuel injector nozzle with a hole in the side through which a very
small amount of fuel is sprayed when the needle valve is partly opened at low
pressure, before the main hole comes into use
pintle:
[1] The needle of the injection valve in a diesel fuel injector.
[2] A vertical bolt or pin in a towing bracket, to which the towbar is attached.
[3] The pins or bolts that hinge the rudder to the gudgeons on the rudder post or
sternpost
pintle nozzle:
An injector nozzle containing the pintle
pin wrench:
A wrench with a pin that can be fitted into a hole in a nut to exert extra pressure
PIP:
Acronym for profile ignition pickup
pipe:
A tube used to transfer liquid or gas.
See
air pipe
balance pipe
brake pipe
breather pipe
chain pipe
discharge pipe
downpipe
exhaust pipe
feed pipe
flexible brake pipe
front pipe
hawse pipe
heater air pipe
impact pipe
induction pipe
inlet pipe
intake pipe
kickup pipe
oil breather pipe
oil pick-up pipe
outlet pipe
overaxle pipe
overflow pipe
pick-up pipe
side pipe
sounding pipe
suction pipe
tail pipe
twin front pipe
Y-pipe
pipes:
See
exhaust system
lake pipes
lakes pipes
pipework:
A system of pipes
pipe wrench:
An adjustable wrench with serrated jaws. The most common type of pipe wrench is
the so-called "Stilison wrench." Also called a "monkey wrench." Also see chain
pipe wrench
piping:
[1] A system of pipes.
[2] A rubber or plastic strip inserted between two removable panels, i.e., between a
bolt-on fender and the body, to cover up the joint and to prevent water getting in;
with the piping inserted, only the round bead along the upper edge of the piping is
visible
pip mark:
A little dot or indentation which indicates the top side of compression ring
Piquet, Nelson:
A three-time, World Driving Champion from Brazil and is considered one of the all-
time great Formula One drivers
piston:
A round or cylindrical plug, which closed at one end and open at the other. It slides
up and down in the cylinder. It is attached to the connecting rod and when the fuel
charge is fired, will transfer the force of the explosion to the connecting rod then to
the crankshaft.
See
accumulator piston
alloy piston
autothermic piston
belted piston
brake piston
cam-ground piston
charging piston
collapsed piston
damper piston
deflector piston
flat-topped piston
flat-top piston
floating piston pin
floating piston
full-skirt piston
light-alloy piston
molybdenum piston ring
operating piston
oval piston
oversize piston
pent crown piston
pinned piston ring
primary piston
secondary piston
slipper piston
slotted piston
split skirt piston
stepped piston
piston bore:
The diameter of the hole in the cylinder block in which the piston moves back and
forth between top dead center (TDC) and bottom dead center (BDC)
piston boss:
The built-up area around the piston pin hole. Also see boss.
piston charging pump:

[1] The function of the piston of the two-stroke engine to pre-compress the fresh
charge induced into the crankcase.
[2] A separate piston used in earlier two-stroke engine designs to provide a
supercharging effect
piston collapse:
A reduction in the diameter of the piston skirt caused by heat and constant impact
stresses. Also see collapsed piston.
piston compressor:
A compressor in an air-conditioning system with one or more pistons arranged in
either an in-line, axial, radial, or V-configuration
piston crown:
The very top of the piston. The piston crown transmits the pressure created during
the ignition of the air/fuel mixture to the piston pin, then to the connecting rod, and
from there to the crankshaft. The diameter of the piston crown is slightly smaller
than the piston skirt. Also called piston dome.
piston damper:
A small damper piston in an SU or Stromberg carburetor which reduces the
movement of the large air piston in the venturi
piston diaphragm:
A flexible membrane which displaces under pressure, imparting movement to the
piston in a Stromberg carburetor
piston displacement:
Amount (volume) of air displaced by a piston when moved through the full length
of its stroke. Also see displacement.
piston dome:
The top surface of a piston. It is often shaped for better combustion and to prevent a
valve from contacting the surface. Also called piston crown. See piston head.
piston engine:
A form of internal combustion engine. It is a heat engine in which the expansion of
gas causes (by the explosion or a fuel and air mixture or the introduction of steam) a
piston inside a cylinder to move and turn a crank shaft.
piston expansion:
Because pistons are usually made of aluminum and the cylinder walls are made of
iron, the piston will expand more rapidly than the cylinder when they get hot. Some
type of compensation needs to be made for this expansion or the piston will seize in
the cylinder.
See
split skirt
T-slot
steel strut
cam-ground piston
piston extension screw:

A stroke limiting screw between the primary piston and secondary piston stop
piston head:
That portion of the piston above the top ring.
See
piston dome
piston crown
piston land:
That portion of the piston which is between the ring grooves.
piston lands:
That portion of the piston which is between the ring grooves.
piston lifter:
A pin in the base of the piston chamber in an SU or Stromberg carburetor, used to
check the strength of the mixture and the free movement of the piston
piston material:
The materials from which pistons are made are grey cast or light alloys; most light
alloys consist of an aluminium-silicon alloy
piston pin:
A steel pin that is passed through the piston, it is used as a base upon which to
fasten the upper end of the connecting rod. It is round and may be hollow. Also
called "wrist pin" or "gudgeon pin." See floating piston pin.
piston pin boss:

See piston boss.
piston pin circlip:

A circlip which is used on either end of the piston pin to hold the pin in place.
piston pin end:

The small end of the connecting rod through which the piston pin is inserted
piston ring:
A metal, split ring installed in the groove on the outside wall of the piston. The ring
contacts the sides of the ring groove and also rubs against the cylinder wall thus
sealing the space between the piston and the wall. Poor rings can cause poor
compression and severe blowby. Often seen as blue smoke out the exhaust pipe.
See
compression ring
dykes ring
oil control ring
pinned piston ring
piston ring, chrome:

A piston ring which has a thin layer of chrome plate on the outer edge.
piston ring clamp:

A special automotive tool used for installing pistons. The clamp is slipped over the
piston and when tightened, compresses the piston rings into the piston grooves.
With the piston rings compressed, the piston can be installed into the cylinder by
light tapping
piston ring, compression:
See compression ring.
piston ring end gap:

The distance left between the ends of the ring when installed in the cylinder.
piston ring expander:

A spring device placed under a piston ring to hold it snugly against the cylinder
wall. Also see expander.
piston ring flutter:

The oscillations of a piston ring which mainly occur at high engine speed and thus
can cause breakage
piston ring gap:

See piston ring end gap.
piston ring groove:

One of the channels into which the piston rings reside.
piston ring groove cleaner:

A special automotive tool to remove carbon and varnishes from piston grooves
before installing piston rings
piston ring job:

Reconditioning the cylinder and installing new rings.
piston ring, oil control:

See oil control ring.
piston ring, pinned:

piston ring pliers:

A pliers-like special automotive tool used to spread and slip piston rings over a
piston for removal and installation
piston ring ridge:
That portion of the cylinder above the top limit of ring travel. In a worn cylinder,
this area is of a smaller diameter than the remainder of the cylinder and will leave a
ledge or ridge that must be removed.
piston ring side clearance:

The space between the sides of the ring and the ring lands.
piston ring stop:

A pin pressed into the ring grooves of a two-stroke engine in order to prevent the
rings from rotating, which would allow the open ends to become jammed in the
ports
piston rocking:
See piston slap
piston rod:
A shock absorber rod which operates the piston in a telescopic damper
piston seal:
A fluid seal on a disc brake caliper piston
piston seizure:
A sudden stalling of the engine, caused by the piston becoming stuck in the bore;
this is often caused by overheating or lack of lubrication and often leaves severe
score marks in the cylinders and on the skirt of the piston.
piston skirt:
That portion of the piston below the rings and bosses. (Some engines have an oil
ring in the skirt area.).
piston skirt expander:

A spring device placed inside the piston skirt to produce an outward pressure which
increases the diameter of the skirt.
piston skirt expanding:

Enlarging the diameter of the piston skirt by inserting an expander, by knurling the
outer skirt surface, or by peening the inside of the piston.
piston slap:
The condition caused by too much clearance between the piston and the cylinder
walls. The piston rattles or slaps against the wall of the cylinder. It makes a hollow,
muffled, bell-like sound.
piston speed:
The speed of the piston for a given engine rpm
piston spring:
A coil spring in an SU carburetor which counteracts the upward movement of the
piston
piston thrust:
The pushing action of the piston which occurs at the sides of the piston 90° away
from the piston pin as it pushes against the cylinder wall.
piston top:
See piston crown
piston-type compressor:
A compressor in an air-conditioning system with one or more pistons arranged in
either an in-line, axial, radial, or V-configuration
piston-valve engine:
A two-stroke engine that relies on the ports in the cylinder walls to control
admission and exhaust of the air/fuel mixture; it is not equipped with other control
elements such as rotary valves
pit:
[1] Area at a race track for fuelling, tire changing, making mechanical repairs, etc.
[2] Small craters in the surface of metal.
See
cockpit
inspection pit
pitch:
[1] The back and forth rocking motion of a vehicle which compresses the front
springs and extends the rear springs so that the nose of the vehicle is down while the
tail is up. Then the action reverses so that the nose is up and the tail is down (i.e.,
dive and squat).
[2] The distance between two threads on a bolt or screw.
[3] The distance between a point on one gear tooth and the same point on the next
gear tooth.
[4] The quality of sound with respect to the frequency of vibration of the sound
waves.
[5] The angle at which something is tilted. See variable pitch stator.
[6] In Britain, a parking space or site for a trailer, camper, etc.
See
coarse pitch
height hamper pitch control
thread pitch
pitch circle:
(PC) the circumference on which the centers of the wheel bolt holes are located
pitch circle diameter:

(PCD) The diameter of the stud holes/bolt holes for fixing the wheel to the hub. The
pitch circle (PC) is usually shown as a double number, e.g., 5-5.5. The first number
indicates the number of holes, and the second, the diameter of the PC
pitch control:
pitch diameter:
On a straight thread the diameter of the coaxial cylinder the surface of which would
pass through the thread profiles at such points as to make the width of the groove
equal to one-half of the basic pitch. Approximately half way between the major and
minor diameters.
pitch gauge:
See
screw pitch gauge
thread pitch gauge
pitch stator:
See variable pitch stator
pitman arm:
A short lever arm splined to the steering gear cross shaft, the pitman arm transmits
the steering force from the cross shaft to the steering linkage system. In this way
rotary motion of the steering wheel is turned to lateral movement of the arm. The
British term is "drop arm." Also see idler arm.
pitman shaft:
See rocker shaft
pitot tube:
A tube for measuring the pressure and velocity of a fluid flow; in some CVTs, used
in conjunction with a valve arrangement to control ratio changes
pit road:
The paved roadway that leads into the pit area from the racetrack.
pits:
[1] Area at a race track for fuelling, tire changing, making mechanical repairs, etc.
[2] Cavities extending from the surface into the metal as a result of pitting
corrosion. Also see shallow pits
pit stop:
[1] A stop at the pits by racer, for fuel, tires, repairs, etc.
[2] Colloquial term for going to the toilet.
pitted:
Eroded contact breaker points
pitting:
Surface damage to a metal in the form of pits or holes. The opposite is piling
pitting corrosion:
A corrosion process resulting in pits
pitting factor:
The ratio of the depth of the deepest pit to the average penetration as calculated
from weight loss
pivot:
A pin or shaft about which a part moves. The place at which a lever swivels. A lever
cannot work without a pivot. Also see low pivot swing axle
pivot axis:
See swivel axis
pivot bolt:
A bolt on which the arms of caliper brakes pivot and which also serves as the means
for mounting the brakes on the bike frame. Also called "mounting bolt."
pivot pin:
See kingpin
pivot ring:
See fulcrum ring
pivot swing axle:

See low pivot swing axle
PL:
Acronym for parking lock
PL&PD:
Acronym for "Public Liability and Property Damage" as a form of basic car
insurance
plain bearing:
A cylindrical sleeve friction bearing; most commonly used type of bearing.
See
ball bearing
needle bearing
roller bearing
plain disc wheel:
A type of wheel without holes or slots in the wheel disc
plain gage tubing:

See plain gauge tubing.
plain gauge tubing:

Tubing whose thickness remains constant over its entire length.
plan:
See
body plan
capacity plan
lines, plan
plane:
A flat surface. See inclined plane.
plane sailing:
A method of navigation which ignores the earth's curvature, treating its surface as a
plane. Colloquially it indicates travel or procedure without difficulty or obstruction.
planetary gear:
A gear used in some starters as an intermediate transmission
planetary gear differential:

A planetary gear set used as a differential with asymmetric torque distribution, as
used in 4WD vehicles
planetary gears:
See planetary gearset.
planetary gearset:
A gearing unit consisting of a ring gear with internal teeth, a sun or central pinion
gear with external teeth, and a series of planet gears that mesh with both the ring
and the sun gear. Frequently used in overdrives and automatic transmission. Also
called epicyclic gearbox.
planetary gear set:
A central externally toothed sun gear, an internally toothed outer ring gear, and
several intermediate planet gears which are evenly spaced and supported by a planet
carrier; they are in constant mesh with the sun gear and the internal gear
planetary transmission:
A form of gear used by Benz in which small pinions revolve around a central or sun
gear and mesh with an outer ring gear called the annulus. Type used in the Ford
Model T. Also called epicyclic gearbox and "sun-and-planet gears."
planet carrier:
That part of a planetary gearset upon which the planet gears are affixed. The planet
gears are free to turn on hardened pins set into the carrier. The planet carrier
revolves around the central axis of a planetary gear set and supports the planet gears
planet gear:
See
planet gears
stepped planet gear
sun and planet gears
planet gears:
Those gears in a planetary gearset that are in mesh with both the ring and the sun
gear. They are referred to as planet gears in that they orbit or move around the
central or sun gear.
See
stepped planet gear
sun and planet gears
planetary gear set:

See
ravigneaux planetary gear set
simpson planetary gear set
planetary set:
See ravigneaux planetary gear set
planet pinion:
See planet gear
planets:
See twin planets
planet spider:
A common type of planet carrier with a spider or web-style design
planet wheel:
See planet gear
planishing:
The final panel hammering stage for lifting out minor imperfections in a panel
surface. Part of the panel finishing process
planishing hammer:
A panel beater's hammer
plan lines:
the plans that show the shape or form of the ship
planned obsolescence:
A policy of manufacturers that encourages motorists to become dissatisfied with
their cars so that they are eager to buy the latest model.
planning:
See product planning
plant:
See pressing plant
plaque:
See dashboard plaque
plasma:
Temporary physical condition of a gas after it has been exposed to and has reacted
to an electric arc.
plasma arc cutters:

Cutting equipment that makes clean, fast cuts without destroying the properties of
high-strength steels
plasma spray process:

The process in which a very high temperature flame is produced by blowing gas
through an electric arc. Metal wire or powder is melted by passage through the
flame and is projected on the surface to be coated
plastic:
A material that contains as an essential ingredient one or more organic polymeric
substances of large molecular weight. It is solid in its finished state and, at some
stage in its manufacture or processing into finished articles, can be shaped by flow.
See
glass reinforced plastic
hydrocarbon plastics
plastic deformation:
A permanent change in the shape or size of a solid body without fracture resulting
from the application of sustained stress beyond the elastic limit
plastic engine:
An automobile engine whose bulk is made of plastic components (e.g., engine
block, inlet manifold, water-pump housing, valve covers, oil pan), the use of metal
being limited to parts subjected to extreme mechanical or thermal loads (e.g.,
combustion chamber, exhaust manifold, pistons, cylinder liners, valve train, etc.)
plastic filler:
See polyester filler
plasticize:
To soften a material to make it plastic or moldable by heating, kneading, or adding a
plasticizer
plasticizer:
An additive that gives flexibility to an otherwise rigid plastic
plastic molding:
a process that converts organic-based materials, by means of a general-purpose
press and purpose-built tooling under controlled heat and pressure, and injects the
hot material into a die cavity shaped in the final form of the intended part.
plastics welding:
A uniting of thermoplastic, i.e., non-setting plastics of similar or different type
using heat and pressure and with or without the addition of plastic of a similar kind
(filler material). The welding proceeds within the temperature range of
thermoplasticity of the contact surfaces on the parts to be welded; the freely mobile
molecular chains in the marginal areas flow together and become interlaced
Plastigage:
A soft plastic that flattens out to predetermined widths when subjected to torque;
these widths equal a specific clearance. It is normally used to check main and rod-
bearing clearance. It is sold in a paper sleeve that also doubles as the scale on which
it is measured (in thousandths of an inch)
plate:
[1] The action of coating a material with some metal. Also called "electroplate" or
anodize.
[2] A flat piece of material.
[3] Two lead-alloy plates in each cell where the positive plate is made of lead
peroxide and the negative plate is made of spongy lead. Separators are placed
between the plates of different polarity.
[4] Clutch discs
See
adapter plate
backing plate
baffle plate
blanking plate
brake backing plate
breaker plate
center drive plate
chafing plate
clutch plate
contact breaker plate
driven plate
drive plate
end cover plate
flitch plate
friction plate
governor plate
gusset plate
heel plate
hinge plate
hinge tapping plate
hub plate
intel-plate
intermediate plate
keel, flat plate
license plate frame
license plate
nave plate
negative plate
positive plate
pressure plate
registration plate
restrictor plate
retainer plate
scuff plate
sensor plate
skid plate
spacer plate
step plate
stopper plate
striker plate
swash plate
tapping plate
thrust plate
torque converter drive plate
transfer plate
valve body separator plate
valve plate
vanity plate
wobble plate
plated:
See
armor-plated
cadmium-plated
chrome-plated
chromium-plated
plate frame:
See license plate frame
plate grid:
See grid
plate group:
An assembly of plates of identical polarity (positive or negative) used in a battery
cell
plate keel:
See flat plate keel
plate lamp:
See rear license plate lamp
plate light:
See rear license plate light
plates:
[1] Thin sections of lead peroxide or porous lead in a battery. There are two kinds of
plates -- positive and negative. The plates are arranged in groups, in an alternate
fashion, called "elements," they are completely submerged in the electrolyte.
[2] Any basically flat surface often used to mount another device.
See
baffle plate
brake backing plate
breaker plate
plate strap:
The conducting connection between the lugs of battery plates of like polarity and
the cell terminal
plate support:
The support at the bottom of a battery case on which the elements rest. It provides
space for the sediment chamber
platform:
primary load-bearing structural assembly of a motor vehicle determining the basic
size of the motor vehicle, and is the structural base that supports the driveline and
links the suspension components of the motor vehicle. Also see lifting platform
take-up point
platform frame:
The underbody construction consisting of a reinforced and fairly flat section that
forms the entire lower portion of a vehicle. It includes the floorpans and is bolted to
the body; (e.g., Volkswagen Beetle)
platform take-up point:

See lifting platform take-up point
plating:
The coating of metal usually by electrolysis.
See
black chromium plating
chromium plating
copper plating
gold plating
mechanical plating
nickel plating
shell plating
silver-plating
zinc plating
platinum:
A precious light-grey, heavy, ductile, noble metal, atomic number 78, atomic weight
195.09; melting point at 1769°C. It is the main member of the so-called platinum
metals. Together with other platinum metals, it is used as a catalyst in automotive
exhaust converters. It is used in the construction of breaker points. It conducts
electricity well and is highly resistant to burning.
platinum electrode:
A spark plug electrode made of platinum which lasts longer than one of nickel alloy
because it can better withstand high temperatures
platinum metals:
A generic term for a family of noble metals found with and resembling platinum. It
includes ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. They are
used as catalysts in catalytic converters. Less than a tenth of a troy ounce is required
per converter to produce acres of catalytically active catalyst surface
platinum spark plug:

A spark plug with a platinum center electrode
play:
Movement between two parts.
See
camshaft end play
end play
free pedal play
free play
pedal free play
radial play
player:
See
cassette player
CD player
plenum:
[1] A chamber, located between the throttle body and the runners of an intake
manifold, used to distribute the intake charge evenly and to enhance engine
breathing.
[2] An enclosure containing air or gas at a higher pressure than exists outside. Also
see intake plenum
plenum chamber:
[1] A large cast alloy body in an induction system which connects the throttle body
or inlet tube to the cylinder head(s) or inlet manifold.
[2] The air compartment in a car body formed between the scuttle and the bulkhead,
providing a basis for the interior air supply
plexiglas:
A trade name for an acrylic plastic, made by the Rhom and Haas Co.
plexiglass:
See plexiglas.
pliers:
A gripping tool with two hinged arms and serrated jaws.
See
action locking pliers
angle-nose pliers
bending pliers
circlip pliers
clamp pliers
clip pliers
combination pliers
crimping pliers
end cutting pliers
eyelet pliers
flat-nosed pliers
flat-nose pliers
general purpose pliers
hose clamp pliers
hose clip pliers
hose pinch-off pliers
internal circlip pliers
locking pliers
lock ring pliers
long-nose pliers
long-nose self-grip pliers
multigrip pliers
needle-nose pliers
piston ring pliers
shim pliers
snipe-nose pliers
spark plug pliers
thin needle-nose pliers
valve shim pliers
valve stem seal pliers
plies:
See
ply
stabilizing plies
tire plies
PLL circuitry:
A phase-locked loop circuitry in a radio which "locks" the station frequencies to
ensure utmost frequency stability
plug:
A removable "cork" or stopper which fills a hole.
See
blanking plug
coil glow plug
cold plug
core hole plug
core plugs
drain plug
drain plug key
drain plug spanner
drain plug wrench
expansion plug
fill plug
flame glow plug
freeze plug
glow plug
glow plug indicator
glow plug starter switch
heater plug
hot plug
hot spark plug
level plug
magnetic drain plug
magnetic plug
oil drain plug
oil pan drain plug
open coil glow plug
platinum spark plug
radiator drain plug
resistor spark plug
RFI suppressed spark plugs rubber plug
self-regulating sheathed-type glow plug
sheathed-type glow plug
sooted plug
sooty plug
spark plug
spiral-type glow plug
split electrode spark plug
SR sheathed glow plug
sump drain plug
sump plug
surface discharge plug
surface gap spark plug
welch plug
wire glow plug
[2] A spark plug.
[3] A male electrical connector.
[4] To seal with a stopper
plug body:
See spark plug body
plug boot:
See spark plug boot
plug boot puller:

See spark plug boot puller
plug brush:
See spark plug brush
plug cable:
See spark plug cable
plug cable cover strip:

See spark plug cable cover strip
plug cable loom:
See spark plug cable loom
plug cable marker:

See spark plug cable marker
plug cable separator:

See spark plug cable separator
plug caddy:
A special box which can hold spare spark plugs and is especially used by
snowmobilers.
plug cap:
The device on the end of the high tension wire coming from the coil and mounted
on the spark plug. Also called spark plug cap
plug condition:
See spark plug condition
plug electrode:
See spark plug electrode
plug gap:
See spark plug gap.
plug gapping:
Adjusting the side electrode on a spark plug to provide the proper air gap between it
and the center electrode.
plug gauge:
See spark plug gauge
plug ignition:
See twin plug ignition
plug-in diagnosis:
On-board computer provides means for special test equipment to be plugged in for
making a series of programmed tests to check condition of various units and
systems on the vehicle
plug indicator:
See glow plug indicator
plug insert tap:

See spark plug insert tap
plug insulator:
See spark plug insulator
plughole:
The hole in a tank or cistern, which can be closed with a rubber plug
plug key:
See drain plug key
plug lead:
See spark plug lead
plug patch:
A tire repair material which is forced into a nail hole to fill it. The plug is attached
at one end to a patch that seals the hole and then expands to fill the hole. Although a
common procedure, it is not the most satisfactory method of repair
plug pliers:
See spark plug pliers
plug repair:
The filling of a nail hole by forcing repair material into the damaged area, often
while the tire is mounted and containing air. It is not a satisfactory method of repair.
plug shell:
See spark plug shell
plug socket:
See spark plug socket
plug spanner:
See
drain plug spanner
spark plug spanner
plug starter switch:

See glow plug starter switch
plug tester:
See spark plug tester
plug weld:
A weld which holds two pieces of metal together and made in a hole in one of metal
which is lapped over the other pieces. Also called "rosette weld."
plug welding:
A number of holes are punched along the edge of the repair section to be welded in;
the section overlaps the damaged area to be repaired and is welded to the base metal
at the punched boles. This is a convenient way of duplicating the spot welding
process used by manufacturers, as spot welding equipment is usually too expensive
and cumbersome for repair purposes
plug whiskering:
See
gap bridging
spark plug whiskering
plug wire:
See spark plug wire
plug wire cover strip:

See spark plug wire cover strip
plug wire loom:

See spark plug wire loom
plug wire marker:

See spark plug wire marker
plug wire separator:

See spark plug wire separator
plug wrench:
See
drain plug wrench
spark plug wrench
plunger:
[1] Any immersing type of piston.
[2] A hydraulic tappet component (e.g., in a valve).
[3] An actuating element in an ignition lock.
[4] A piston in a starter solenoid. Also see control plunger
plunger principle:
A new ABS control system which offers improved pressure modulation with very
small amplitudes even at pressures close to zero. Compare valve principle
plunger pump:
An oil pump consisting of a reciprocating plunger in a ported chamber
plunger suspension:
A suspension system in which the vertical movement of the axle is controlled by
springs mounted above and below the axle.
plunging joint:
A slip joint which is a connection in the drive train, of variable length, which
permits the drive shaft to change in effective length. The British term is "sliding
joint"
ply:
A layer of rubber-coated parallel cords which forms a unit of a tire carcass. The
plies are made of cord, fiberglass, steel, or structural fabric.
See
bias tire
conventional cross ply
radial ply
tire plies
tire ply
Plymouth:
A vehicle brand of which the Fury for 1956-58 are milestone cars.
The Satellite SS and GTX for 1965-70 are milestone cars. The Click for
Barracuda Formula S for 1965-69 are milestone cars. The books on
Roadrunner and Superbird for 1968-70 are milestone cars. Plymouth
ply rating:
(PR) An indication of tire strength and load carrying capacity. It does not
necessarily indicate actual number of plies. A two-ply four-ply rating tire would
have the load capacity of a four-ply tire of the same size but would have only two
actual plies. This system of measurement has been replaced by the term "load
range."
ply separation:
A breakdown of the bonding compounds resulting in the plies detaching from each
other. Usually as a result of excessive heat.
ply tire:
See bias ply tire
ply turnup:
The extension of a carcass ply to its end after wrapping around the bead. Also called
"flipper strip"
PM:
See particulate matter
PM trap:
A diesel particulate filter
PMMA:
See polymethyl methacrylate
p/n:
Abbreviation for part number
PN:
Acronym for part number
pneumatic suspension:
See air suspension.
pneumatic tire:
A flexible, hollow rubber forming the outer part of the vehicle wheel and inflated by
air pressure. Originally rubber tires were solid core. Dunlop was the first to invent a
tire with an air-filled tube for bicycles. Later, tubeless tires were invented. The tire
is filled with enough compressed air to support the weight of the vehicle and
cushion road impacts. The opposite is solid tire
pneumatic trail:
The distance between a vertical line through the center of the wheel and the center
of pressure of the tire contact patch; most apparent during cornering. See self-
aligning torque.
pneumatics:
The study of pressure and flow in gases. A pneumatic drill is operated by
compressed air; a pneumatic tire contains compressed air.
PNGV:
Acronym for "Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles."
PNP:
Three element transistor made of two layers of semi-conductor materials
POA:
Acronym for pilot operated absolute valve used in some air conditioning systems
POA suction throttling valve:

A term standing for "pilot operated absolute" and is a modification of a suction
throttling valve which has a metal bellows with a vacuum instead of a diaphragm; it
provides more accurate evaporator pressure control, allowing for lower evaporator
temperatures without cone icing
pocket:
See
door pocket
still-air pocket
gas pockets
pocket caliper:
A small slide-type caliper for inside and outside measurement up to about 100 mm
or 4 inches
pocket slide caliper:

A small slide-type caliper for inside and outside measurement up to about 100 mm
or 4 inches
pod:
A housing for a gauge mounted on the dash.
See
induction pod
sidelight pod
pod filter:
A foam filter which is like a sock (open at one end and closed at the other) and is
clamped on the horn of a carburetor
point:
See
bead point
boiling point
breaker point
breaker points
brittle point
charging point
check point
cloud point
contact breaker point
contact point
contact points
coupling point
dew point
dry boiling point
dual breaker points
fire point
flash point
ignition point file
ignition point
ignition points
jacking point
lifting platform take-up point
lubrication point
point gap
points
pour point
shift point
vacuum runout point
wet boiling point
point file:
See ignition point file
point gap:
The space between the contact points when they are fully open. The distance of the
gap will determine the effectiveness of the points.
point gauge:
See sighting point gauge
point injection:
See single point injection
points:
See
boiling point
breaker points
contact breaker points
contact points
dual breaker points
ignition points
point
points file:
A thin, fine-toothed file for cleaning and smoothing off the piles on contact breaker
points
points gap:
A gap between the contact breaker points when fully open; measured with a feeler
gauge
point steering:
See center point steering
poke:
A colloquial term for power or acceleration
polarity:
[1] Indicates if the pole shoes are so magnetized as to make current low in a
direction compatible with the direction of flow as set by the battery.
[2] Indicates if the end of a magnet is the North or South pole (N or S).
[3] Indicates if the battery terminal (either one) is positive or negative (plus or
minus) (+ or -).
See
direct polarity
reversed polarity
straight polarity
polarization resistance:
The transition resistance between the electrodes and the electrolyte; part of the
internal resistance of a battery. Compare internal resistance
polarizing:
The process of sending a quick surge of current through the field windings of the
generator in a direction that will cause the pole shoes to assume the correct polarity.
This will insure that the generator will cause current to flow in the same direction as
normal.
polar moment of inertia:

The resistance of an object to rotational acceleration. When the mass of an object is
distributed far from its axis of rotation, the object is said to have a high polar
moment of inertia. When the mass distribution is close to the axis of rotation, it has
a low polar moment of inertia. A mid-engined car has most of its mass within its
wheelbase, contributing to a low polar moment of inertia, which, in turn, improves
cornering turn-in. See moment of inertia.
pole:
[1] One end, either North or South, of a magnet.
See
negative pole
north pole
positive pole
south pole
[2] A post or long shaft.
[3] The best starting position in an auto race. It is the inside space on the first row of
drivers. Most races begin with the cars in a formation of rows of two. Most events
begin with a standing start or a rolling start.
pole piece:
A soft magnetic core of the inductive winding in a magnetic pick-up assembly;
stator
pole position:
The best starting position in an auto race. It is the inside space on the first row of
drivers. Most races begin with the cars in a formation of rows of two. Most events
begin with a standing start or a rolling start.
pole shoe:
See pole shoes.
pole shoes:
Metal pieces about which the field coil windings are placed, when current passes
through the windings, the pole shoes become powerful magnets, example: Pole
shoes in a generator or starter motor.
polish:
[1] A substance like wax used to make the exterior paint shine or gloss.
See
automobile polish
car polish
[2] The act of making the paint shine.
[3] To remove the minor obstructions in the exhaust flow. A term sometimes
coupled with porting, as in porting and polishing or "port and polish." This is
generally a process of blueprinting a two-stroke engine so that the intake and
exhaust ports are polished and have no obstructions in the flow of fuel-air mixture
or exhaust gases. In this way the engine generally has more performance. A
problem may arise when an individual port has been polished too much. Also see
ground and polish
polishing:
See
chemical brightening
chemical polishing
polishing barrel:
A barrel used for a polishing process in which the aluminum surface is smoothed in
the presence of metallic or ceramic shot by a rotating movement of the barrel
pollutant:
Hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides.
See
exhaust emissions
exhaust pollutants
pollution:
See air pollution.
polycarbonate:
(PC) A polyester polymer in which the repeating structural unit in the chain is of the
carbonate type; used for bumpers, body and roof panels
polyellipsoidal:
A curve which is an ellipse in every direction so that the light of the bulb which is
positioned at the focal point will bounce into the same forward direction.
polyellipsoidal headlight:
A headlight with a gas discharge lamp and a polyellipsoidal reflector
polyester:
A synthetic fiber.
polyester filler:
A body repair material for smoothing dents in body panels; includes a resin base
filler paste and a catalyst which is added to the base filler and hardens by chemical
reaction
polyester powder:
A powder used for electrostatic powder coating
polyethylene:
(PE) A polymer prepared by the polymerization of ethylene as the sole monomer;
very resistant to chemical attack. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is used, e.g.,
for blow-molded parts such as tanks for fuel, coolant, washer and brake fluid; low-
density polyethylene (LDPE) is used for plastic film and sheet
poly-glycotes:
See glycote.
polymer:
A material consisting of large units (molecules) made by joining many smaller
building blocks (simple molecules). Usually used to describe synthetic rubber.
polymer alloy:
A mixture of two or more different compatible polymers
polymer coating:
A coating that prevents paint from oxidizing and so protects a vehicle from
premature fading and rusting. Professionally applied, it will last up to three years.
polymerization:
The bonding of two or more monomers (by chemical reaction) to produce a
polymer. Plastic parts produced from specific polymer alloys usually give better
performance in respect to thermal and mechanical properties as compared to those
of parts consisting of the respective individual components
polymethyl methacrylate:
(PMMA) A thermoplastic polymer derived from methylacrylate; transparent solid
with excellent optical qualities and weather resistance; typical automotive
applications are the lenses of rear lights. Also called Perspex
polyphenylene oxide:
(PPO) The characteristics of this plastic are high impact strength, good thermal and
dimensional stability as well as excellent flame-resistance
polypropylene:
(PP) An extremely versatile plastic, available in many grades and also as a
copolymer (ethylene/propylene). PP has the lowest density of all thermoplastics
(900 kg per cubic meter) and is characterized by excellent strength, stiffness,
fatigue, and chemical resistance
polytetrafluoroethylene:
(PTFE) The major advantages of this material are its excellent chemical resistance
and its extremely low coefficient of friction; automotive uses are parts where these
characteristics are relevant, such as in valve stem seals, friction bearings, and joints
polyurethane:
(PUR) A thermoplastic material with high strength, good chemical and abrasion
resistance; used mainly for foamed reaction injection moldings and for adhesives,
such as for flush-bonded body glass
polyurethane paint:
A type of two-pack paint based on polyurethane substances
polyurethane powder:
A powder used for electrostatic powder coating
poly-V-belt:
A drive belt with multiple Vs; flat, similar to the toothed belts used as timing belts,
but with lengthwise V-shaped ribs rather than transverse cogs; used increasingly on
new engines instead of conventional V-belts
polyvinyl chloride:
(PVC) Both plasticized and unplasticized PVC types are marked by good
weathering resistance, excellent electrical insulation properties, and good surface
properties; they are self-extinguishing
poop:
A superstructure fitted at the after end of the upper deck of a ship
Pontiac:
A vehicle brand of which the Safari for 1955-57 are milestone Click for books on
cars. The GTO for 1964-69 are milestone cars. Pontiac
Pontiac Fiero:
General Motors Fiero
Pontiac Firebird:
General Motors Firebird
Pontiac Grand Am:

division of General Motors Grand Am
Pontiac Grand Prix:

division of General Motors Grand Prix
Pontiac GTO:
A model of automobile manufactured by Pontiac division Click for books on
of General Motors Pontiac GTO
Pontiac Le Mans:
A model of automobile manufactured by Pontiac
division of General Motors Click for books on Pontiac
Le Mans
Pontiac Sunbird:
division of General Motors Sunbird
Pontiac Tempest:
division of General Motors Tempest
Pontiac Trans Am:

division of General Motors Trans Am
pony car:
Small, sporty car along the lines of the Mustang, Firebird, Camaro, etc.
poor opacity:
A paint fault in which the color of underlying coats or fillers remains visible
through the topcoat; may be caused by insufficient paint thickness, overthinning,
etc.
pop:
See solvent pop
pop-off valve:
A one-way valve that opens to the atmosphere above a certain set pressure to relieve
excessive internal pressure buildup; often used with a turbocharger installation to
limit boost pressure to the engine.
popper:
See snap fastener
poppet valve:
A valve structure consisting of a circular head with an elongated stem attached in
the center, very much like the shape of a mushroom with a flat top. It is designed to
open and close a circular hole or port. Its name comes from the fact that it pops up
and down. In engines, it is the valve used to open and close the valve port entrances
to the engine cylinders.
popping:
See solvent pop
popping back:
See blowback
pop rivet:
A type of tubular rivet which initially has a hard steel pin (like a nail) passing
through it; when the pop rivet is fitted with a pop rivet gun, the head of the pin
expands the inner end of the tubular rivet, closing it; the head of the pin then snaps
off; used when a joint can be accessed from only one side
pop tester:
An injector testing tool used for measuring opening pressure, leakoff pressure, and
spray patterns of injectors
populaire:
A randonneur bicycle event under the regulations and pace of a standard brevet
which is less than 200 kilometers.
pop-up:
A towable tent that pops up when parked to expand its space. These types have a
furnace, three way refrigerator, a/c, and more options.
pop-up headlights:
See concealed headlights
porcelain:
The material used to insulate the center electrode of a spark plug, it is hard and
resistant to damage by heat.
porcelain enamel:
A glassy material obtained by melting a mixture of inorganic materials; this can
then be applied in one or more layers on a metal surface to which it is firmly bonded
after firing; typical automotive applications are for badges and trim. The British
term is "vitreous enamel"
pore:
A small opening in a surface
porosity:
Presence of gas pockets or voids in the metal.
porous:
permeable to air or fluids
Porsche:
A vehicle brand of which the Series 356 for 1949-64 are Click for books on
milestone cars. The 356C for 1965 is a milestone car. Porsche
Porsche-type synchromesh:
A sophisticated synchromesh technology depending on the frictional forces created
by a spreading synchronizer ring
port:
[1] An opening in an engine cylinder block for exhaust and intake valves and water
connections.
See
adjustable variable exhaust port
cargo port
compensating port
exhaust port
freeing port
inlet port
intake port
metering port
replenishing port
third scavenging port
transfer port
valve port
variable exhaust port
vent port
[2] To smooth out, align, and somewhat enlarge the intake passageway to the valves
or intake chambers (especially in two-stroke engines).
[3] A small hole in the master brake cylinder to permit fluid to return to the
reservoir. See compensating port.
[4] The left-hand side of a ship when facing forward.
port area:
The cross-section area of the port of a two-stroke engine; this value is one of the
factors determining the gas flow and the power of a two-stroke engine
port bar:
If the ports of the two-stroke engine have to be exceptionally wide, as in the case of
the exhaust, a port bar is sometimes formed vertically across the port to give support
to the rings, which might otherwise expand into the port and be jammed and broken
port bridge:
If the ports of the two-stroke engine have to be exceptionally wide, as in the case of
the exhaust, a port bar is sometimes formed vertically across the port to give support
to the rings, which might otherwise expand into the port and be jammed and broken
port cover:
See transfer port cover
ported EGR valve:

Operated by a vacuum signal from the carburetor EGR port. The port signal actuates
the valve diaphragm. As vacuum increases, spring pressure is overcome, opening
the valve and allowing EGR flow. The amount of the flow is dependent on the
position of the tapered pintle or poppet whose position reflects the strength of the
vacuum signal
ported vacuum:
A slot-type port located right at the throttle plates, used for controlling various
devices that must work in proportion to throttle plate opening, such as the EGR
valve. When the throttle plates are closed at idle, there is virtually no vacuum signal
at this slop. But as the throttle plates open during acceleration, they expose the slot
to a progressively increasing amount of intake manifold vacuum
ported vacuum advance:

(PVA) A series of restriction devices between the distributor advance unit and the
carburetor advance port to ensure that there is no vacuum advance during idle, but
increasing ignition advance as the throttle opens
ported vacuum switch:

(PVS) a temperature actuated switch that changes vacuum connections when the
coolant temperature changes (originally used to switch spark port vacuum; now
used for any vacuum switching function that requires coolant temperature sensing)
port fuel injection:

(PFI) A type of fuel injection with at least one injector mounted in the intake port(s)
of each cylinder. Usually the injector is mounted on the air intake manifold close to
the port. Port fuel injection improves fuel distribution and allows greater flexibility
in intake-manifold design, which can contribute to improved engine breathing. Also
called multi-point injection
porthole:
A styling accessory popularized by the Buicks of the early 1950s where two or three
round chrome surrounds were fitted to the sides of both fenders for decorative
purposes; this trim detail was soon imitated by other manufacturers and was offered
as an option for many models, even in Europe. The T-bird had a porthole window
on each the rear sail panels.
port induction:
See third port induction
port timing:
In 2-stroke engines the critical moment when ports are covered or uncovered by the
piston
pos:
Abbreviation for "positive ground."
position:
See
driving position
flat position welding
flat position
horizontal position
overhead position
pole position
projected spark position
recessed spark position
spark position
vertical position
position sensor:
See
crankshaft position sensor
throttle position sensor
position welding:
See flat position welding
Positioning Satellite:
See global Positioning Satellite
positive camber:
See camber.
positive caster:
When an imaginary line extending through the steering axis cuts the wheel axis
ahead of the extended vertical axis through the wheel center. See caster.
positive clutch:
See dog clutch
positive connections:
Connections in an electric circuit out of which electricity constantly flows. The
positive connections out of which electricity flows may also be termed that into
which electrons flow; and the negative connection into which electrons flow; and
the negative connection into which the electricity flows may be considered that pole
out of which the electrons flow.
positive crankcase ventilation:

(PCV) A process introduced in 1963 for preventing the buildup of harmful acid-
producing combustion gases within the crankcase. See closed crankcase ventilation.
positive crankcase ventilation system:

(PCV) A process for preventing the buildup of harmful acid-producing combustion
gases within the crankcase. See closed crankcase ventilation.
positive crankcase ventilation valve:

(PCVV) a one-way valve which controls the flow of vapors from the crankcase into
the engine
positive displacement compressor:

A pump which provides a measured amount of gas or liquid per stroke or cycle and
requires some form of mechanical drive arrangement, usually a belt drive from the
crankshaft; typical positive displacement compressors are piston compressors, roots
compressors and vane-type compressors
positive electrode:
The positive plate of a battery
positive ground:
An automotive electrical system where the negative post of the battery was the hot
wire and the positive post was connected to the frame of the vehicle. Opposite to
negative ground.
positive offset:
[1] A steering geometry layout where the steering axis cuts the wheel axis at or
below the wheel center plane.
[2] The distance between the mounting face of a disc and the wheel centerline; the
offset is referred to as positive when the inner attachment face of the wheel disc is
shifted towards the outer side of the wheel. The opposite is negative offset
positive plate:
The chocolate-colored plate during battery discharge which acts as cathode. The
opposite to negative plate
positive pole:
The point away from which an electrical current flows through the circuit. It is
designated by a plus sign (+).
positive temperature coefficient:

(PTC) a thermistor (temperature sensor) whose resistance increases as the
temperature increase. The opposite of a negative temperature coefficient (NTC)
thermistor
positive terminal:
The terminal (such as that on the battery), to which the current flows. It is usually
marked with the letters "pos" or a plus sign (+) and is usually red.
post:
[1] The round, tapered lead posts protruding above the top of the battery to which
the battery cables are attached. See terminal.
[2] The pillars which support the roof on a car.
See
A-post
B-post
battery post
C-post
D-post
door post
hardtop
hinge post
pulling post
terminal post
[3]
The insert tube to which the seat of a bicycle is attached. See seatpost.
postheating:
[1] Temperature to which a metal is heated after an operation has been performed
on the metal (welding, cutting, forming, etc.).
[2] The heating of glow plugs after the engine is started to prevent blue smoke and
misfiring during the warm-up phase
post-ignition:
The ignition of the air-fuel mixture after the electrical ignition has been shut off
pot:
[1] A colloquial term for "carburetor."
[2] An abbreviation for a "potentiometer."
[3] A cylinder.
[4] A dashpot. Also see mush pot
pothole:
A deep hole in the surface of a road.
pot joint:
A universal joint in which the rollers or balls can move freely in an internally
grooved cylinder.
See
constant velocity joint
slip joint
pot metal:
An alloy that is cast as a unit. It is relatively inexpensive to make, but is easily
subject to breakage.
potential:
An indication of the amount of available energy.
potential energy:
The mechanical energy possessed by a body due to its position. For example, water
in a reservoir above a hydro-electric power station has high potential energy which
is converted to work when it drives the turbines of the power station.
pound:
See foot-pound
pound foot:
The unit of measurement for torque. One pound-foot is equal to the twisting force
produced when a one-pound force is applied to the end of a one-foot-long lever.
pour point:
The lowest temperature at which oil will pour, a test of its ability to flow and
lubricate in cold weather.
powder:
See
electrostatic powder coating
polyester powder
polyurethane powder
powder coating:
See electrostatic powder coating
powder slush molding:
A processing technique applied to produce PVC skins. In a preheated rotating mold,
a thin layer of PVC dry blend is evenly spread across the mold surface. The mold is
transferred to an oven to fuse the PVC skin and is finally cooled in a water-bath
power:
[1] The rate of doing work. It is expressed in mass times distance over a period of
time.
See
candle power
constant power distribution
equal power distribution
equal power split
fifty-fifty power split
four-stroke power cycle
horsepower
hydro-electric power
in-line power steering
integral-type power assisted steering
integral-type power steering
linkage power steering
load-controlled power distribution
maximum brake power
maximum power
peak power
propelling power
propulsive power
pump power output
rated power
[2] To provide power to something.
power antenna:
(PA) or (P.Ant) A radio antenna which automatically moves up and down whenever
the radio is turned on or off. It is a telescoping antenna driven by an electric motor.
See antenna.
power assisted brake:

See power brakes.
power assisted brakes:

See power brakes.
power-assisted steering:
(pas) A steering system in which a hydraulic pump powered by the engine helps the
driver to turn the steering wheel. Compare power steering. Also see integral-type
power assisted steering
power band:
The subjectively defined rpm range over which an engine delivers a substantial
fraction of its peak power. The power band usually extends from slightly below the
engine's torque peak to slightly above its power peak.
power booster:
A device that uses engine vacuum to assist you in braking the vehicle. Helps the
brake pedal to activate the hydraulic pistons in the master cylinder.
power brake:
See power brakes.
power brakes:
(PB) A conventional hydraulic brake system that uses engine vacuum to operate a
vacuum power piston, the power piston applies pressure to the brake pedal, or in
some cases, directly to the master cylinder piston. This system reduces the amount
of pedal pressure that the driver must exert to stop the vehicle. Also called
"vacuum-assisted brakes" or "hydraulic-assisted brakes." Also see brake booster.
power closing:
See automatic closing system
power cut-off:
A battery master switch
power cut-off switch:

A battery master switch
power cycle:
See four-stroke power cycle
power distribution:
A specific drive torque distribution between front and rear axles in a 4WD system.
Compare asymmetric power distribution equal power distribution load-controlled
power distribution
powerglide:
(PG) A two-speed automatic transmission offered by General Motors.
power hood:
British term for electric top
power output:
See pump power output
power oversteer:
In a rear-wheel-drive vehicle, power oversteer creates a skid when too much power
is applied and the rear wheels spin.
powerplant:
The automobile engine regardless of its type.
power seat:
(P.seat) The cushions upon which the driver and or passengers sit which is adjusted
by a control switch connected to a small electric motor so that the seat can be
moved forward or back, up or down, or be tipped forth and aft. See also seat.
powershift transmission:
A transmission which can be shifted without declutching or decelerating
power split:
See
equal power split
power steering:
(PS) A steering system using hydraulic pressure to increase the driver's turning
effort. As the driver turns the steering wheel, steering effort is reduced. The pressure
is used either in the gearbox itself or in a hydraulic cylinder attached to the steering
linkage. Also called "power-assisted" or "assisted steering."
See
speed-sensitive steering
variable assist power steering
variable ratio steering
power steering pump:

A pump which supplies hydraulic pressure for the power steering system
power stroke:
The third stroke of the four-stroke cycle. The piston moves downward from
top dead center to bottom dead center as a result of the force of combustion
acting on the top of the piston.
power take off:

(PTO) The end of the crank (usually on the other side from the magneto or starter)
where the motion of the crank is transferred to the transmission or power output.
power to weight ratio:

See power-to-weight ratio.
power-to-weight ratio:
The relationship of a vehicle's horsepower to the weight of a vehicle. The greater
the horsepower is in relation to the weight of the car, the faster the car will go and
the faster it will accelerate.
power train:
See powertrain.
powertrain:
An engine and transmission combination. Sometimes includes the drive shaft, and
drive axle.
See
drivetrain
direct drive powertrain
power valve:
An enrichment unit in a carburetor that is operated by vacuum or mechanical
linkage to provide more fuel at wide open throttle.
power window:
A side window which is raised and lowered by an electric motor which is operated
by a switch. The British term is "electric window"
power window lock-out switch:

A switch that renders inoperable all electric window controls on the individual
windows, except for the master controls on the driver's door
power windows:
Side windows which are raised and lowered by an electric motor which is operated
by a switch. The British term is "electric windows"
Pozidriv screwdriver:
A proprietary type of screwdriver whose tip resembles the Phillips cross-head
configuration but with four additional wedges, making eight flanks altogether,
which allows a more positive drive and a higher torque.
PP:
Acronym for polypropylene
PPM:
Acronym for "parts-per-million." Term used in determining extent of pollution
existing in given sample of air.
PPO:
Acronym for polyphenylene oxide
PR:
Acronym for ply rating
Pratt and Whitney key:
(P&W) A bar like a flat key except the ends are oval shaped.
prechamber:
A small upper chamber in the cylinder head of a diesel engine, connected to the
main combustion chamber by a narrow passage; fuel is injected into the prechamber
(also called swirl chamber) where it is ignited before spreading to the main
chamber. See pre-combustion chamber.
pre-chamber:
See pre-combustion chamber.
precision insert bearing:

A very accurately made replaceable type of bearing, it consists of an upper and
lower shell, the shells are made of steel to which a friction type bearing material has
been bonded, connecting rod and main bearings are generally of the precision insert
type.
precombustion chamber:
See pre-combustion chamber.
pre-combustion chamber:
A small chamber located outside the combustion chamber of some cars in which a
small amount of rich fuel-air mixture can be ignited to increase fuel efficiency and
cut emissions. Found principally on diesel engines and stratified charge engines.
Also called "pre-chambers."
pre-combustion engine:
A diesel engine using indirect injection. The British term is indirect injection engine
pre-compounding:
A process of mixing plastic raw materials with additives
pre-compress:
To compress the fuel-oil mixture first
pre-compression:
See crankcase pre-compression
pre-compression chamber:
A chamber below the pistons in a two-stroke engine in which the fuel-oil mixture is
initially compressed in order to enable more fresh charge to be fed into the cylinder
pre-converter vehicle:
A car built prior to the enforcement of emission control standards requiring a
catalytic converter to be fitted to every new car
precured tread rubber:

Pre-cured rubber, usually of high density and available in various tread designs, is
lined with cushion gum before applying to a buffed casing using the cold cap
method of retreading. Recently it has been applied in some hot cap molds
employing a smooth matrix or other modifications.
pre-engaged Bendix starter:

A combination of Bendix and pre-engaged starter drives
pre-engaged starter:
A starter motor in which the solenoid-operated pinion engages with a flywheel ring
gear before the full electric current flows; an overrunning clutch enables the pinion
to freewheel before disengaging, once the engine has fired
Preferential Tariff:
See generalized Preferential Tariff
preheater system:
A cold starting aid for diesel engines, consisting of glow plugs, a glow-control unit,
and a glow plug and starter switch, for preheating the combustion chamber or the
intake air up to auto-ignition temperature
preheating:
[1] Temperature to which a metal is heated before an operation is performed on the
metal (welding, cutting, forming, etc.).
[2] The application of some heat prior to the later application of more heat, cast iron
is preheated to avoid cracking when the welding process is started. A coil (ignition)
is preheated prior to testing. Also see converter preheating.
preheating zone:
A section in hot-wax flooding units, in which body shells are preheated to 60°C
preignition:
The fuel charge being ignited before the proper time. Sometimes causes pinging or
detonation. This is the combustion of the fuel-air mixture that is not a result of the
spark plug's firing, but by high pressure, a flame, or a hot surface.
preloading:
Adjusting an antifriction bearing, ball joint, or spring so that it is under mild
pressure, this prevents bearing looseness under driving stress.
prelubricator:
A lubrication system consisting mainly of an electronically controlled pump that
circulates pressurized engine oil to an engine's vital parts for about six seconds
when the ignition is switched on prior to starting the engine; reduces friction during
cold starts and prolongs engine life
premium:
See insurance premium
premium gasoline:
Gasoline with a high amount of octane.
pre-owned vehicle:
A used vehicle.
prepreg:
The reinforcing or molding material already impregnated with a synthetic resin
pre-selector gearbox:
An arrangement that enables the driver to select a gear speed before he needs it and
then depress the clutch pedal when he desires to use the selected gear.
preselector gearbox:
See pre-selector gearbox.
preset station button:

A button for tuning a radio automatically to a preset frequency, i.e., one radio
station can be allocated to each button
press:
See drill press
press brake:
A large type of sheet metal folder, built to handle larger panels and thicknesses
press, drill:
See drill press.
pressed panel:
A panel produced with special press tools and dies, as opposed to a hand-made
panel
pressed steel:
Sheet steel made into curved sections by press forming. It is often used in the
construction of the frame and forks
press fit:
An interference fit. A fit so tight that an object must be removed with a puller or a
press.
See
drive fit
interference fit
force fit
pressing plant:
A factory specializing in the manufacture of automobile bodies
pressure:
The force due to the weight of a substance exerted over the area the substance
occupies. In metric measure, it is the force acting on each square metre. To calculate
pressure, divide the force (in newtons) by the area (in square metres). It is measured
in newtons per square metre (N/m²). In Imperial (U.S.) measure, it is measured in
pounds per square inch (lb/in.²) (psi).
See
absolute pressure
air pressure
atmospheric pressure
atomizing pressure
back pressure
boost pressure
center of pressure
charging pressure
combustion pressure
control pressure
discharge pressure
effective pressure
exhaust back pressure
extreme pressure lubricant
fuel pressure
governor pressure
high pressure foaming
high pressure relief valve
high pressure
hydraulic pressure pump
inflation pressure
line pressure
low pressure indicator
low pressure tire
lubricating pressure
mainline pressure
main pressure
mean indicated pressure
modulator pressure
nominal pressure
oil-combination splash and pressure system
oil-full pressure system
oil full pressure system
oil pressure gauge
oil pressure sensor
oil pressure switch
oil pressure
pressure bleeder
pressure cap
pressure relief valve
ram pressure
rated pressure
residual pressure valve
safety pressure cap
solution pressure
static pressure
tire pressure
pressure accumulator:
A spherical pressure tank of about 10 mm diameter in an hydraulic brake booster. A
diaphragm separates the pressure accumulator into two chambers, one contains
pressurized nitrogen, the other contains hydraulic fluid supplied by the hydraulic
pump; pressure inside the accumulator is in the order of 60 bar
pressure bleeder:
A device that forces brake fluid under pressure, into the master cylinder so that by
opening the bleeder screws at the wheel cylinders, all air will be removed from the
brake system.
pressure buildup:
As a tire heats up as it travels on the road, the air inside the tire expands and thus
increases the air pressure. Any increase exceeding 15% above starting cold pressure
should be investigated. The practice of bleeding the excess or hot pressure should be
avoided.
pressure cap:
A special cap for the radiator, it holds a predetermined amount of pressure on the
water in the cooling system, this enables the water to run hotter without boiling. In
this way, the engine can operate at a higher and a more efficient temperature
without danger of overheating. The cap also has a vacuum valve that lets air into the
cooling system if the pressure falls too low to prevent outside air pressure from
causing a partial collapse of the radiator.
See
safety pressure cap
pressure differential sensor:
pressure. Also called a manifold pressure sensor, manifold vacuum sensor, or
vacuum sensor
pressure differential switch:

A hydraulic pressure-operated switch (often included in a combination valve) which
activates the "brake failure" warning light when one of the brake circuits (in a dual-
circuit system) falls due to a system leak and associated pressure drop
pressure differential valve:

Senses unbalanced hydraulic pressure between two halves of the split brake system
pressure drop:
The difference in pressure between two points in the system, usually caused by a
restriction device. Specifically the difference in pressure where fuel metering
occurs. In electronic injection system, this is the difference between fuel system
pressure and intake manifold pressure. In Bosch CIS, it is the difference between
system pressure inside the control plunger and the pressure outside the slits, in the
upper-chamber of the differential-pressure valves
pressure-feed spray gun:

A type of spray gun with a separate paint container (pressure-feed tank). It is used
mostly for spraying highly viscous materials such as spray putty
pressure foaming:
See high pressure foaming
pressure forming:
See solid phase pressure forming
pressure gage:
See oil pressure gauge
pressure gauge:
See
oil pressure gauge
tire pressure gauge
pressure indicator:
See low pressure indicator
pressure limiting valve:

A British term for a proportioning valve
pressure lubrication:
[1] Forced-feed lubrication.
[2] Lubrication system with crankcase scavenging. Fresh oil is supplied from a
separate container and lubricates the engine components as it passes through the
crankcase. The oil is ignited along with the air/fuel mixture. With this system, it is
no longer necessary to add oil to the fuel when filling up
pressure modulated:
See
back pressure modulated
pressure modulated valve:

See
pressure plate:
[1] The plate that carries the brake pad in a disc brake. Also called backplate.
[2] The part of the clutch assembly which is pressed against the clutch plate by the
clutch springs to transmit the drive. Also see clutch pressure plate.
pressure pump:
See hydraulic pressure pump
pressure radiator cap:

See pressure cap.
pressure regulating valve:

[1] any valve which maintains pressure at or under a certain pressure; specifically
the pressure relief valve of the oil pump.
[2] In a continuous injection system, part of the fuel distributor, consisting basically
of a spring-loaded steel diaphragm which serves to keep the pressure drop across
the metering ports at a constant 0.1 bar
pressure regulator:
A spring-loaded diaphragm-type pressure-relief valve which governs the pressure of
the fuel delivered to the fuel injectors by the fuel pump and returning the excess to
the tank. Also see system pressure regulator
pressure regulator valve:

A valve which releases hydraulic fluid if pressure exceeds a preset value
pressure relief:
What you must do to all fuel injection system before cracking a line and opening up
the system
pressure relief valve:

A one-way valve designed to open at a specific pressure to prevent pressures in the
system from exceeding certain limits. In an engine's lubrication system, a pressure-
relief valve opens to relieve excessive pressure that the oil pump might develop.
See
blowoff valve
safety valve
wastegate
pressure ridge:
A work-hardened edge of a damaged panel area that will often remain, even after
the area has been smoothed with hammer and dolly; it must then be dressed with
hammer and body spoon
pressure sensing line:

Connects the remote bulb to the expansion valve. Also called capillary tube
pressure sensing switch:

Device, used on some late model GM and Ford vehicle, which cycles compressor
operation in accordance with pressure changes sensed at the accumulator
pressure sensor:
See
absolute pressure sensor
barometric pressure sensor
oil pressure sensor
pressure switch:
See oil pressure switch
pressure system:
See
oil full pressure system
pressure tap:
Also called a fuel-injection system test port
pressure tire:
See low pressure tire
pressure-vacuum cap:
Fuel tank filler cap designed to prevent loss of fuel or vapor from tank
pressure valve:
See
back pressure valve
pressure warning light:

See oil pressure warning light
pressure wave:
Pulsations or oscillations in the induction and exhaust systems caused by the
opening and closing of the valves
pressure wave supercharger:

A supercharger using the pressure waves created by the expanding exhaust gases to
compress the inlet charge. Also called "Comprex supercharger." See comprex
pressure wave supercharger
pressurized:
working under pressure
Presta valve:
A bicycle tube valve whose stem has a small nut on top, which must be loosened
during inflation, instead of a spring such as is found on the Schrader valve.
pretensioner:
A device that retracts the seat belt to tighten or take up slack in the wearer's belt.
When a collision occurs or when brakes are applied, a seat belt with a pretensioner
detects the stopping action and tightens the belt before the wearer is propelled
forward. This holds the occupant more securely in the seat.
preunit:
An engine and gearbox that are not built together in the same casing. Preunit
construction was common on earlier motorcycles
prevention:
See corrosion prevention
Previa:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Previa
price:
See
basic price
end-of-lease purchase price
final purchase price
fixed price selling
list price
manufacturer's suggested retail price
one price selling
purchase price
sticker price
trade-in price
price selling:
See
fixed price selling
one price selling
prick punch:
Small, sharp punch used to make punch marks on a metal surface
primary battery:
A non-rechargeable battery consisting of one or more primary cells, used e.g., in
portable radio receivers. Opposite to secondary battery or storage battery
primary brake shoe:

The brake shoe that is first to press against the brake drum. The other shoe is the
secondary shoe. When both shoes are pressing against the drum, the amplification
of forces is called "servo action."
primary catalytic converter:

A small converter positioned close to the engine which quickly achieves the
necessary operating temperature to reduce exhaust emissions during the warm-up
period
primary cell:
An electric cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy in an
irreversible process: unlike a secondary cell, it cannot be recharged
primary chain:
The chain of a primary drive
primary circuit:
The low voltage (6 or 12 volts) path of the ignition system which goes from the
positive pole of the battery to the primary windings of the coil, through the breaker
points, and into the ground which leads back to the negative pole of the battery.
primary compression:
A term that is used in two-stroke engines. Primary compression takes place in the
crankcase and is then pushed up into the combustion chamber where secondary
compression takes place as the piston squeezes the mixture. If the crankcase seals
are poor, primary compression will be reduced resulting in reduced secondary
compression so that it may be difficult to start the engine.
primary compression ratio:

The degree of compression achieved in the crankcase area below the piston of a
two-stroke engine when the piston moves down and compresses the mixture
supplied into the crankcase
primary forward brake shoe:

The brake shoe that is installed facing the front of the vehicle, it will be a self-
energizing shoe.
primary key:
A key which operates all the locks of the car. Also see secondary key
primary magnetic field:

A magnetic field of the primary winding
primary pattern:
The oscilloscope pattern of the primary circuit
primary piston:
The main piston in a tandem master cylinder
primary pressure:
Also known as system pressure in Bosch continuous injection system
primary pull-off diaphragm:

Device that partially opens the choke when vacuum develops (i.e., when the engine
starts), allowing more air to pass through the carburetor, thinning out the
excessively rich idle mixture
primary pump:
An engine-driven oil pump feeding pressurized oil to the transmission and hydraulic
control system
primary seal:
The primary piston seal in a tandem master cylinder
primary shaft:
See clutch shaft
primary shoe:
The shoe of a brake drum system which pivots outwards into the approaching drum.
The British term is leading shoe
primary structure component:

Any structural component which, if it collapsed, could make the car uncontrollable
or would seriously reduce occupant safety in a crash
primary terminal:
The clip found inside the distributor which allows electric current to pass from the
points to the condenser and provides the insulation to keep the current from
contacting other metal parts.
primary valve:
The valve which controls the primary V-pulley
primary V-pulley:
(CYT) The pulley which is driven by the engine via a clutch; one of its halves can
be slid hydraulically, thus varying the diameter of the steel thrust belt track and
changing the transmission ratio
primary winding:
The low voltage (6 or 12 volt) windings in ignition coil, the primary winding is
heavy wire; secondary winding uses fine wire.
primary windings:
The low voltage (6 or 12 volt) windings in ignition coil, the primary winding is
heavy wire; secondary winding uses fine wire.
primary wire:
See primary wires.
primary wires:
The wiring which serves the low voltage part of the ignition system. Wiring from
battery to switch, resistor, ignition coil, distributor points.
prime:
[1] To paint bare metal with primer to prevent rusting. A second color (often
different from the prime color) is painted over the primer.
[2] Pronounced PREEM, a stage in a bicycle race.
[3] To fill a machine (e.g., a pump) with the necessary fluid before starting, in order
to improve its sealing qualities.
[4] To put fuel in the float chamber of a carburetor to ease the starting of an engine
prime coat:
A primer or surfacer applied to the old paint or bare metal before the finish coat is
applied.
primer:
The surfacer that acts as a bond between the bare metal surface or old paint and the
color coat and designed to give rust protection.
See
anti-chipping primer
electrophoretic primer
etching primer
etch primer
factory primer
shop primer
weld-through primer
zinc-rich primer
primer bath:
A container filled with primer into which a metal object is submerged. This painting
procedure is faster than spray painting and will cover better. The disadvantage is
that a lot of primer is required and the metal must be bare of anything else (i.e.,
glass, rubber, cloth)
primer filler:
A special primer used to cover fine cracks
primer oven:
A painting oven used to dry the coats of primer
primer surfacer:
The material for the resilient coating underneath the top paint coat which provides
corrosion protection, protects the paint system from chipping caused by gravel,
provides a smooth surface for the top paint coat, and serves as an adhesion
promoter. A primer that contains a lot of solid material to fill small imperfections in
the substrate (primer-surfacer must be sanded before applying paint over them)
principal:
See dealer principal
principle:
See
air principle
plunger principle
pulse air principle
Ricardo principle
valve principle
printed circuit:
An electrical circuit made by connecting the units with electrically conductive lines
printed on a panel, this eliminates actual wire and the task of connecting it.
printed circuit board:

(pcb) A thin plastic insulating board on one or both sides of which the components
and connections of an electronic circuit are formed by etching in a metallic coating
or electrodeposition
prise off:
To remove a stubborn object with a lever
Prix:
See grand Prix
PRND:
Acronym for the order in which an automatic transmission is displayed to the driver
and stands for "Park," "Reverse," "neutral," and "Drive." Sometimes, two or more
drive positions will be displayed as D1 and D2.
PRNDL:
Acronym for the order in which an automatic transmission is displayed to the driver
and stands for "Park," "Reverse," "neutral," "Drive," and "Low." Sometimes, the
Low may be divided into 3, 2, 1.
probe:
[1] A pointed tool, like an icepick. It is used to determine the
extent of injuries during the tire inspection.
[2] An awl. Click for books on
[3] A measuring sensor, usually long and thin to gain access to Ford Probe
narrow cavities. Also see lambda probe.
[4] A model of automobile manufactured by Ford
process:
See
alfin process
casting process
cbr process
jet process
lost-foam casting process
plasma spray process
reverse process
sendzimir process
vertac-process
Procon-ten:
A safety system developed by Audi which makes use of the relative displacement of
the engine during a frontal collision; steel cables pull the steering wheel away from
the driver and increase the seat belt tension
produced:
See
american produced
north American produced
product:
See
care product
corrosion product
product carrier:
A tanker used to carry refined oil products. Normally four different grades of oil can
be handled simultaneously.
product design:
the process of planning the product's specifications.
production:
See cost of production
production car:
A vehicle model that has been assembled for sale to the general public as opposed
to a concept vehicle that is not available to be purchased. Also called "production
model."
production engineering:
planning and control of the mechanical means of changing the shape, condition of
materials toward greater effectiveness and value.
production line:
A system of assembly in which the parts of an end product are transported by a
conveyor past a number of sites where the parts are modified without stopping the
conveyor
production model:
A vehicle manufactured by a mass-production process. A vehicle model that has
been assembled for sale to the general public as opposed to a concept vehicle that is
not available to be purchased. Also called "production car."
production retread shop:

A shop which schedules its production not on the basis of day-to-day orders but
rather on long runs of purchased tire casings in order to secure the lowest cost per
unit.
production vehicle:
A vehicle manufactured by a mass-production process. A vehicle model that has
been assembled for sale to the general public as opposed to a concept vehicle that is
not available to be purchased. Also called "production model."
productivity:
relative measure of output per labour and/or machine output.
product line:
A series of different products made by the same company which form a group (such
as different models of cars)
product planning:
a function whereby an enterprise is responsible for the efficient, planning,
scheduling and coordination of production activities.
product range:
A series of different products made by the same company which form a group (such
as different models of cars)
product testing:
rigorous methods whereby a product's quality and durability are measured.
profile:
[1] The side view of something.
[2] The aspect ratio of a tire.
See
cam profile
low profile
tread profile
profile depth:
See tread depth. Compare aspect ratio
profile ignition pickup:

(PIP) a Hall Effect vane switch that furnishes crankshaft position data to the Ford
EEC-IV processor
profit:
See operating profit
program cars:
automobiles sold by manufacturers for fleet use. Usually applies to very large fleets,
such as those of car rental companies.
program comparison and identification:

(PCI) A system that identifies a radio station and compares stations to find the
station which offers the strongest signal
programmable read only memory:

(PROM) An electronic component which can be specifically programmed to the
design of each car model to control the M/C solenoid. Plugs into the Electronic
Control Module (ECM). Also called an engine calibration unit
Programmed Fuel Injection:

(PGM-FI) Honda's fuel injection system for the Accord, Civic, Civic CRX, and
Prelude
program objectives:
A consensus of what has been determined to be the most marketable product for a
given model year.
progressive carburetor:
See compound carburetor
progressive linkage:
A carburetor linkage designed to open the throttle valves of multiple carburetors. It
opens one to start with and when a certain opening point is reached, it will start to
open the others.
progressively wound valve spring:

A valve spring with variable spacing between its coils which helps to improve
responsiveness and thus to reduce the load on the valve train
progressive rate spring:

A spring with an increasing spring constant. For example, if the first inch of spring
motion requires 100 pounds of force, the second inch would require more than an
additional 100 pounds, and the third inch would require still more. Progressive-rate
springs become stiffer as they are compressed, unlike single-rate springs, which
have a fixed spring rate.
progressive spring:
See progressive rate spring.
progressive suspension:
A system in which the suspension stiffness changes depending on the amount of
change required. On light bumps, the suspension is soft; but on greater bumps, the
suspension is stiff.
progressive transmission:
An older version of a manual transmission. When you wanted to go from low gear
to the highest gear, you had to go through all the gears in between. Likewise when
you wanted to go from the highest gear to the lowest, you had to proceed through all
the intermediate gears.
progressive valve spring:

A valve spring with variable spacing between its coils which helps to improve
responsiveness and thus to reduce the load on the valve train
projected core/insulator nose:

An insulator tip that extends beyond the end of the spark plug shell
projected spark position:

The amount the spark plug gap projects into the combustion chamber: 1 mm for the
slightly projected spark position in older engines and 3 mm for the normally
projected spark position in modern engines
projection welding:
resistance welding method
PROM:
Acronym for programmable Read Only Memory. PROM contains permanent
information about how components should perform under various operating
conditions
promoter:
A substance embedded in the washcoat on catalyst substrates that serves to enhance
catalytic efficiency
prony brake:
A device using a friction brake to measure the horsepower output of an engine.
prop:
See gas prop
propane:
A colorless, flammable gas which is a petroleum product, similar to and often
mixed with butane. It is useful as an engine fuel or for cooking and heating. In
Canada this is the term used for LPG.
propellant:
See solid propellant
propeller:
The impeller of a pump, characterized by a small number of blades of double
curvature; propellers are generally axial-flow impellers, seldom mixed-flow ones.
Also see divided propeller shaft
propeller pump:
The impeller of a pump, characterized by a small number of blades of double
curvature; propellers are generally axial-flow impellers, seldom mixed-flow ones
propeller shaft:
British term for driveshaft. The shaft connecting the transmission output shaft to the
differential pinion shaft.
See
composite propeller shaft
divided propeller shaft
propeller shaft safety strap:

See driveshaft safety strap.
propelling power:
The force with which a vehicle moves; the pulling force; depends not only on
engine power and torque, but also on the amount of friction between driving wheels
and road surface
proper proportion of air and fuel:

One of the essential factors in a combustion engine (Fuel, Air, Proper proportion of
mixture, compression, timing, spark).
properties:
See run-flat properties
property:
See intellectual property rights
property rights:
proportion:
See proper proportion of air and fuel
proportional load synchromesh:

See locking synchromesh
proportioning:
The act of distributing something (e.g., brake fluid) to several components in equal
measures.
See
brake proportioning valve
load-sensitive proportioning valve
regulated proportioning valve
proportioning valve:
[1] any valve which limits pressure in a system, e.g., in a hydraulic circuit, in
automatic transmissions, in pneumatic suspension systems, etc.
[2] The valve used in the rear brake line of some cars with front disc and rear drum
brakes. When braking gently, pressure is about equal front and rear; as pedal
pressure is increased, the limiting valve controls and finally limits pressure to the
rear wheels to prevent rear wheel lockup during heavy braking. The British term for
"proportioning valve" is "pressure limiting valve."
See
propshaft:
Abbreviation for "propeller shaft."
See
divided propshaft
driveshaft
split propshaft
prop shaft:
Abbreviation for "propeller shaft." See driveshaft.
propulsion:
See hybrid propulsion
propulsive power:
The force with which a vehicle moves; the pulling force; depends not only on
engine power and torque, but also on the amount of friction between driving wheels
and road surface
prop up:
To secure the hood, trunk, or liftgate in the open position using the hood support
rod.
Prost, Alain:
Alain Prost of France is a four-time World Driving Champion. He is the only
French Grand Prix driver to win the World Championship in the modern era (1951
through the present). He has won more races than any other driver in Grand Prix
racing history. And his 51 wins are a record that will likely stand for a long time.
protection:
See
cathodic protection
corrosion protection
edge protection
electrolytic protection
energy Protection Agency rust protection
sacrificial protection
theft protection
underbody protection
Protection Act:
See Canadian Environmental Protection Act
Protection Agency:
See Energy Protection Agency
protective coat:
A layer or layers applied to a surface to provide corrosion protection
protective coating:
A layer or layers applied to a surface to provide corrosion protection
protector:
See
door protector
nose protector
wheel arch protector
protector washer:
A filter disc between the primary piston and primary seal which supports and
protects the primary seal when the brake system is under pressure
Protocol:
See kyoto Protocol
proton:
A positive charge particle forming part of the atom.
prototype:
The test model of a new car design that is intended to be produced in quantity.
See
Camel Grand Touring Prototype
concept car
Grand Touring Prototype
mock-up
proud:
Something that projects up slightly from the surrounding surface. Something not
flush
prospector's pick:
pry:
See inside pry spoon
pry spoon:
See inside pry spoon
PS:
Acronym for "power steering."
p. seat:
Abbreviation for "Power seats."
PSI:
Acronym for "pounds per square inch." A unit of inflation for a tire, or a unit of
measurement for an engine's compression. Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level
is 14.7 psi. Metric measurement uses kilopascals.
PSIA:
Acronym for pounds per square inch absolute
PSIG:
Acronym for pounds per square inch gauge
PSR:
Acronym for "power sun roof."
PTC:
Acronym for positive temperature coefficient
PTFE:
See polytetrafluoroethylene
PTO:
Acronym for "power take off." A device (usually a pulley) on an engine or wheel
which drives a secondary device.
puck:
See brake pads.
puckering:
A paint fault. See wrinkling
pucks:
See brake pads.
puddle:
Portion of weld that is molten at the place heat is supplied.
puddle jumper:
A colloquial term for a small car. It was used in North America when most cars
were very large and was representative of the VW, Austin, Nash Metropolitan, etc.
puddle lamp:
A lamp in the bottom of a luxury car door which illuminates the area into which a
passenger is going to step when the door is opened
puddle welding:
See plug welding
pull:
The action of a vehicle to deviate towards the side. There may be various causes for
a vehicle pulling to one side or the other, the most common being: the brakes on
either side exerting uneven pressure, incorrect wheel alignment, uneven tire tread,
or a defect in the steering system.
See
door pull
rim pull
pull away:
to drive away from a standing start
puller:
A device for separating two components which are secured by press fitting them.
See
stud puller
ball bearing puller
bearing puller
dent puller
flange-type puller
flywheel puller
gear puller
hub puller
lock puller
magneto puller
panel puller
spark plug boot puller
stud puller
suction cup dent puller
tie rod puller
pulley:
A grooved wheel carrying a string, rope, chain, or belt which turns the wheel.
See
camshaft pulley
crankshaft pulley
driven pulley
drive pulley
fan pulley
idler pulley
jockey pulley
timing belt pulley
V-pulley
pull in:
To drive to the side of the road or into a rest stop, etc.
pulling:
See brake pulling
pulling beam:
A hydraulic ram attached securely to the vehicle at strong points; pulling force is
then applied to the pulling beam to pull the frame or sheet metal back into place
pulling post:
A post bolted to the shop floor or secured in a concrete foundation which forms the
anchor for the chain and hydraulic jack assemblies to straighten misaligned bodies
pull-in winding:
A winding as used in a starter solenoid that does the heavy pull-in work. Also see
hold-in winding
pull it down:
A term often used in reference to dismantling and overhauling an engine. Same as
"tear it down."
pull off:
To drive off a road (and stop)
pull out:
[1] To drive away from the side of a road.
[2] To drive out from behind a vehicle in front in order to overtake (pass)
pull-out door handle:

An outside door handle which is pulled away from the door skin to open the door
pull over:
to drive to the side of the road and stop
pullover point:
The location of the main circuit discharge in the venturi, which is always higher
than the fuel level in the bowl so fuel wont run into the venturi when it shouldn't.
Spillover is determined by the size of the venturi and by the displacement of the
engine pulling air through the carburetor. Also called spillover point
pull-type clutch:
A clutch in which the clutch release bearing is pulled away from the flywheel when
the clutch is disengaged. Compare push-type clutch
pull up:
To get close to and stop as in "to pull up to the gas pumps."
PULSAIR:
A GM system similar to the air Injection Reaction System (AIR) except there is no
air pump. Instead exhaust pressure pulses draw air into the exhaust system. Fresh air
that is filtered by the air cleaner is supplied to the system on a command from the
Electronic Control Module (ECM).
Pulsar:
A model of automobile manufactured by Nissan in Japan Click for books on Pulsar
pulsation:
See pedal pulsation
pulsation damper:
A device used to smooth out the pulsations or surges of fuel from the fuel pump to
the carburetor. Also see damper.
pulse:
See
hot-start pulse relay
inductive pulse pick-up
pulse air principle:

The method, in air induction systems of introducing secondary air into the exhaust
system by means of aspirator valves actuated by the pressure pulses of the exhaust
gas stream
pulse air system:

An air induction system using the pulse air principle. An exhaust emission control
system that uses exhaust pulse in a pipe to permit air to be drawn into exhaust
system
pulse arc welding:

A type of welding arc in which the arc welding current is interrupted or pulsed as
the welding arc progressed.
pulsed injection:
A system that delivers fuel in intermittent pulses by the opening and closing of
solenoid-controlled injectors. Also called electronic fuel injection (EFI)
pulse former:
A circuit for changing the waveform of a signal
pulse generator:
See
pick-up module
transistorized ignition with inductive pulse generator
pulse period:
The time available, depending on engine speed, for opening the solenoid injectors
pulse pick-up:
See inductive pulse pick-up
pulser coil:
See coil.
pulse relay:
See hot-start pulse relay
pulse shaper:
A circuit for changing the waveform of a signal
pulse time:
The measurement, in milliseconds, of the duration of the signal that activates the
fuel injector. In other words, the amount of time that an injector is energized. The
duration or pulse width is related directly to the amount of fuel injected into the
combustion chamber. Also called pulse width
pulse vacuum hublock:

This is a new scheme of switching the hubs in a four-wheel-drive vehicle using a
pulse of vacuum rather than electrical solenoids, which are heavier and more prone
to failure.
pulse width:
The measurement, in milliseconds, of the duration of the signal that activates the
fuel injector. In other words, the amount of time that an injector is energized. The
duration or pulse width is related directly to the amount of fuel injected into the
combustion chamber. Also called pulse time
pump:
[1] A device for moving liquid or gas by decreasing or increasing the pressure on it.
See
accelerator pump
air pump
canned motor pump
cell pump
centrifugal pump
charging pump
circulating pump
coolant pump
diaphragm pump
eccentric rotor pump
electric fuel pump
external vane pump
feed pump
foot pump
fuel injection pump
fuel pump
fuel pump shut-off switch
fuel pump switch
gasoline pump
gas pump
gear-type oil pump
gear pump
hydraulic pressure pump
impeller pump
in-line pump
injection pump
internal gear pump
internal vane pump
jerk pump
lift pump
liquid pump
low-head pump
low-pressure pump
lubrication pump
mixed-flow pump
multi-inlet pump
multi-stage pump
multi-suction pump
non-self-priming pump
oil pump
oil pump strainer
petrol pump
piston charging pump
plunger pump
power steering pump
primary pump
propeller pump
radial-flow pump
reciprocating pump
roller-vane pump
roller cell pump
rotary pump
rotary vane pump
rotor-type pump
rotor pump
scavenging pump
secondary pump
self-priming pump
sliding-vane pump
twin diaphragm pump
two-stage pump
vacuum pump
vane-in-rotor pump
vane-in-stator pump
vane pump
water pump
windshield washer pump
[2] As a verb, it means to move something energetically up and down.
See
oil pumping
pump down:
See evacuate
pump-fed lubrication:
See forced-feed lubrication
pump gasoline:
Normal gasoline (whether regular or premium) available at service stations in
contrast with racing fuel obtained from specialty locations.
pumping:
See oil pumping
pumping chamber:
See precompression chamber
pumping losses:
That part of engine power which is expended on the induction of the fuel and air
charge into the engine and the expulsion of combustion gases
pumping, oil:
See oil pumping.
pumping the gas brakes:

A method of repeatedly applying the brakes so that optimum braking can be
established without creating brake fade. In anti-lock brakes, this procedure is
unnecessary.
pumping the gas pedal:

Forcing the accelerator up and down in an endeavor to provide extra gasoline to the
cylinders, this is often the cause of flooding. It is especially harmful to cars with
fuel injection.
pumping the throttle pedal:

Forcing the accelerator up and down in an endeavor to provide extra gasoline to the
cylinders, this is often the cause of flooding. It is especially harmful to cars with
fuel injection.
pump inlet check ball:

A steel ball located in the plunger head or in the bottom of the accelerator pump
well. The pump inlet check ball prevents fuel from escaping from the well when the
throttle is opened and pressure is exerted on the fuel in the pump well by the
accelerator pump piston
pump power output:

the energy transferred by a pump to the liquid pumped
pump rotor:
A centrifugal pump assembly consisting of the pump shaft, impeller and further
rotating components, such as rotating hearing and shaft sealing parts
pump sag:
A hesitation in carburetor performance between the time the accelerator pump
squirts fuel into the venturi and the point at which the main fuel circuit is activated
pump shaft:
A shaft which transmits the driver torque to the impeller(s) of centrifugal pumps or
to the displacement element(s) of rotary pumps
pump shut-off:
pump shut-off switch:

pump strainer:
pump switch:
See fuel pump switch
pump the brakes:

See pumping the brakes.
pump the gas pedal:

See pumping the gas pedal.
pump the throttle pedal:

See pumping the gas pedal.
punch:
A tool for making holes or driving out bolts, rivets and pins.
See
aligning punch
brass punch
center punch
drift
drift punch
fender punch
gasket punch
hole punch
nail punch
pin punch
starter punch
tapered punch
wad punch
wing punch
puncture:
A penetration of a tire's air chamber by a foreign object, nail, glass, etc. resulting in
loss of air. Such loss can be rapid with the collapse of the innertube, or relatively
slow in the case of tubeless tires.
punt chassis:
See backbone chassis
PUP:
Acronym for "Pick-ups" (like Ford Blackwood or GM Sierra).
PUR:
Acronym for polyurethane
purchased:
Component supplied by an outside manufacturer
purchase option:
Most closed-end leases grant the lessee an option to purchase the vehicle at the end
of the lease. The end-of-lease purchase price is usually the same as the stated
residual value. Check your lease contract before signing to ensure that there is a
purchase option. The lessor must disclose the purchase option price prior to your
signing the lease contract.
purchase price:
The price of a vehicle that the consumer pays. Start with the MSRP and subtract any
manufacturer discount and dealer discount you negotiate. Purchase price is a key
determinant of the true cost of a lease. Purchase price less your down payment and
dealer participation equals the net capitalized cost.
See
end-of-lease purchase price
final purchase price
purchasing:
total materials purchased for manufacturing/assembly into auto parts (i.e., steel,
plastics, rubber, textiles, etc.).
pure:
See layer of pure zinc
pure zinc:
See layer of pure zinc
purge:
to get rid of impurities
purge control valve:

(PURGE CV) used to control the release of fuel vapors from the charcoal canister
into the engine
PURGE CV:
Acronym for purge control valve
purge solenoid:
A device used to control the operation of the purge valve in an evaporative control
emission system
purification:
purification system:
purpose lacquer:
purpose lacquer thinner:

purpose pliers:
See general purpose pliers
purpose:
See general purpose pliers
purpose ship:
See dual purpose ship
push:
A colloquial term for understeer.
push bar:
A bar between the shoes in a drum brake
push button:
See pushbutton.
push-button:
A switch which is engaged by pushing a button in. In most cases there are several
button options so that when one is selected, the previously selected button is pushed
back out (de-selected).
pushbutton:
A switch which is engaged by pushing a button in. In most cases there are several
button options so that when one is selected, the previously selected button is pushed
back out (de-selected).
pushrod:
See push rod
push rod:
The rod that connects the valve lifter to one end of the rocker arm. Used on valve-
in-head installations where the cam is below the piston and the valves are above the
piston. The rods are moved by the cam and activate the valve lifter. Engines with
overhead cams do not need push rods because the camshaft connects to the valves
directly.
pushrod engine:
See push rod engine
push rod engine:

An engine configuration where the camshafts are located lower in the engine.
Connecting rods and other components are used to operate the valves at the top of
the cylinder heads
pushrod measuring tool:

A tool which measures the length of pushrod needed in an engine; a pushrod of
proper length is vital to keep the rocker in the center of the valve, minimize the risk
of breakage and extend the valve guide life
push start:
A procedure of starting a vehicle with a manual transmission by pushing the vehicle
with another vehicle or by the power of several strong people or by coasting
downhill. Once sufficient speed is obtained and the clutch is disengaged (the pedal
or lever is pushed in) and the transmission in second gear, then engaging the clutch.
At this point, the engine will turn over and start. This procedure will not work with
a vehicle with an automatic transmission. The British term is "bump start"
push-type clutch:
A conventional clutch in which the clutch release bearing is pushed towards the
flywheel when the clutch is disengaged. Compare pull-type clutch
putty:
A malleable cement or paste used for repairing minor panel imperfections, e.g.,
chips or scratches on the filled surface; it is used after normal filling and gives an
extremely smooth surface.
See
body putty
cellulose putty
putty knife:
A tool for scraping off dirt, carbon, and paint or for applying putty
PVA:
Acronym for ported vacuum advance
PVC:
Acronym for polyvinyl chloride
PVC seam sealing:

The sealing of seams with PVC sealant to prevent the penetration of corrosive
agents
PVC tape:
See insulating tape
PVC underbody treatment:

A treatment of the underbody of a vehicle to protect it from chipping due to gravel
or stones and corrosive agents
PVC underseal:
A protective PVC coating applied to the underbody of a vehicle
PVC underseal coating:

A protective PVC coating applied to the underbody of a vehicle
PVS:
Acronym for ported vacuum switch
PW:
Acronym for "power windows."
P&W key:
See pratt and Whitney key
pylon:
A highly visible marker for controlling traffic.
pyrometer:
A device which determines the temperature in various parts of a tire.
pyroxylin paint:
An early type of quick drying synthetic paint.

[N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]
[Qua] [Que] [Qui]
Q:
[1] The letter on the sidewall of a tire denoting the maximum speed for which it is
designed (160 kph or 100mph). See speed rating.
[2] A symbol for "throughput."
[3] A symbol for the quantity of water discharged, usually in m3s-1.
[4] A symbol of merit, often called the Q-factor, for an energy-storing device,
resonant system, or tuned circuit.
[5] A symbol for "charge."
QAM:
Acronym for "quadrature amplitude modulation"
Q-band:
The frequency band mostly in radar, 36-46 GHz which has now been superseded by
Ka-band.
QCD:
Acronym for "quantum chromodynamics"
Q-code:
A telecommunications code using three letter groups: QAA-QNZ for aeronautics;
QOA-QQZ for Maritime uses; QRA-QUZ for all other services.
QDC:
Acronym for "quick die change."
QED:
Acronym for "quantum electrodynamics"
Q-factor:
A symbol of merit, often abbreviated "Q", for an energy-storing device, resonant
system, or tuned circuit.
q-feel:
A term given to a device which applies an artificial force on the control column of a
power-controlled aircraft proportional to the aerodynamic loads on the control
surfaces, thereby simulating the natural "feel" of the aircraft throughout its speed
range.
Q-gas:
One based on helium (98.2% He, 1.8% butane) widely used in gas-flow counting.
Qiana:
A trade name for a special nylon with silken properties when spun into fiber.
QIC:
Acronym for "quarter-inch cartridge"
Q-meter:
A laboratory instrument which measures the Q-factor of a component
QPP amplifier:
Abbreviation for "quiescent push-pull amplifier"
QPSK:
Acronym for "quaternary phase-shift keying"
QS:
An acronym for "quick sweep" or "quantity surveyor"
Q-shell:
The electron shell in an atom corresponding to a principal quantum number of
seven. It is the outermost shell for heavy radioactive elements.
Q-signal:
[1] The signal, in the NTSC color system, that corresponds to the narrow-band axis
of the chrominance signal.
[2] The first of three-letter code kfor standard messages in international telegraphy.
See Q-code
Q-switching:
A means of producing high instantaneous power from a laser.
QTS:
Acronym for quartz tuning system
quad:
[1] A four-wheeled off-road ATV which is generally designed for one rider.
[2] Either four insulated conductors twisted together (star-quad) or two twisted pairs
(twin-quad). Normally a single structural unit of a multiconductor cable.
[3] A prefix to denote a paper size whch is four times the area of that of the basic
size (broadsize), i.e., both dimensions of the basic size are doubled.
[4] A piece of metal less than type height, for spacing. Also called "quadrat"
quad-cam engine:
An engine with four camshafts
quad fork:
A steering device which attaches to the rim of the steering wheel to assist
disabled drivers in handling the steering.
quadrant:
[1] The gearshift selector indicator marked PRNDL.
[2] The V-shaped toothed section of a worm-and-sector steering box.
[3] A slotted segmental guide through which an adjusting lever works. It is provided
with means for locating the lever in a number of angular positions. See link motion.
[4] A quarter of a circle.
[5] In cartesian mathematics, two intersecting lines divide a plane (e.g., a sheet of
paper) into four sections called quadrants.
quadrantal diviation:
Those parts of the deviation which vary as sine and cosine of twice the compass
course, thus changing their sign quadrantally with change in direction of the ship's
head
quadrantal point:
One of the four points of the compass which in moving from north correspond to
the headings NE(45°), SE(135°), SW(225°), and NW(315°)
quadrant dividers:
A form of dividers in which one limb moves over an arc fixed rigidly to the second
limb and may be secured to it by tightening a binding screw
quadrant electrometer:
See Dolezalek quadrant electrometer
Quadrantids:
A major meteor shower which shows maximum activity on January 3 with a rate of
around 110 per hour
quadraphonics:
See quadrophonics
quadrat:
A piece of metal less than type height, for spacing. Also called quad
quadratic equation:
An algebraic equation of the second degree (ax2 + bx + c = 0), whose solution is
quadratic system:
See tetragonal system
quadrature:
The relation between two waves of the same frequency but one-quarter of a cycle
(90°) out of phase, as in TV color difference signals
quadrature amplitude modulation:

A modulation system involving phase and amplitude modulation of a carrier, used
in microwave and satellite communication links.
quadrature component:
See reactive component
quadrature reactance:
A term used in the two reaction theory of synchronous machines to denote the ratio
which the synchronous reactance drop produced by the quadrature component of the
armature current bears to actual value of quadrature component.
quadrature transformer:
A transformer designed so that secondary emf is 90° displaced from primary emf
quadric:
The three-dimensional surface represented by a general second-degree equation in
three variables. By a suitable choice of co-ordinates sucha an equation can be
reduced to one of the following standard equations:
If all of the ± are "+" then it describes an ellipsoid; if there is one "-" it is a
hyperboloid of one sheet; if two "-" then a hyperboloid of two sheets; and if
three "-" then an imaginary (virtual) quadric
An elliptic paraboloid (a and b of the same sign), a hyperbolic paraboloid (a
and b of opposite sign)
A cone
A cylinder
quadricycle:
An early type of lightweight, four-wheeled automobile using bicycle wheels and a
frame of steel tubes.
quadrilateral:
A four-sided polygon
quadrilateral speed-time curve:

A simplified form of speed-time curve used in making preliminary calculations
regarding energy consumption and average speed of railway trains. The acceleration
and coasting portions of the curve are sloping straight lines and the braking portion
is neglected, so that the curve becomes a quadrilateral
quadripole:
A network with two input and two output terminals. A balanced wave-filter section
quadrivalent:
A term describing an atom with four electrons in its valency shell
quadrophonics:
A system of sound transmission using a minimum of four speakers fed by four, or
sometimes three, separate channels.
quadruple-expansion engine:
A steam engine in which the steam is expanded successively in four cylinders of
increasing size, all working on the same crankshaft
quadruple point:
A point on a concentration-pressure-temperature diagram at which a two-
component system can exist in four phases
quadruplex:
Videotape recording and reproduction system using four rotating heads to produce
transverse tracks on two-inch wide magnetic tape
quadruplex system:
A system of Morse telegraphy arranged for simultaneous independent transmission
of two messages in each direction over a single circuit
quadrupole:
A collection of charges such that the potential at a point distance r from their center
of mass may be expressed by an infinite series of terms in inverse powers of r. The
inverse third power term is the quadrupole potential
quadrupole moment:
The moment derived from the series expansion (see quadrupole) of charges
multiplied by space co-ordinates. The sum of the quadratic terms is the quadrupole
moment, which is possessed by most metals.
quadrupoles:
Radiator producing a sound field of two adjacent dipoles in antiphase. the eddies in
a subsonic jet of gas are quadrupoles
qualification test:
An evaluation of a flight article or its equivalent to verify that it functions correctly
under the specified conditions of space-flight; normally the test condidtions are
more severe than those expected
qualifying diaphragm:
See vacuum-break diaphragm
qualitative analysis:
Identification of the constituents of a sample without regard to their relative
amounts. It often refers to elemental analysis, but may also refer to the detection of
acid-base or redox properties in a sample
quality:
[1] Conformance to requirements in relation to a degree of excellence.
[2] In sound reproduction, the degree to which a sample of reproduced sound
resembles a sample of the original sound. The general description of freedom from
various types of acoustic distortion in sound-reproducing systems.
[3] The timbre or quality of a note which depends upon the number and magnitude
of harmonics of the fundamental.
[4] The condition of a saturated vapor, particularly steam, expressed as the ratio per
cent of the vaporized portion to the total weight of liquid and vapor.
[5] In radiography, an indication of the approximate penetrating power. Higher
voltages produce higher quality X-rays of shorter wavelength and greater
penetration. The term dates from before the nature of X-rays was completely
understood. See build quality
quality control:
A form of inspection involving sampling of parts in a mathematical manner to
determine whether or not the entire production run is acceptable, a specified number
of defective parts being permissible
quality factor:
A measure of relative biological effectiveness.
quality grading:
Department of Transportation requirements for labelling of various tire safety and
performance criteria by the manufacturer.
quality level:
See acceptable quality level
quality management:
See total quality management
quality of service:
The overall performance level of a network connection as perceived by its users,
covering such aspects as speech quality, digital error rate and delay jitter.
quality systems:
Ways of managing materials, components and products so as to ensure high-quality
control of manufactured products at all levels
quantile:
The argument of the cumulative distribution function corresponding to a specified
probability; (of a sample) the value below which occur a specified proportion of the
observations in the ordered set of observations.
QuantiMet:
A trade name for a machine which analyses material surfaces for microstructural
variables such as grain size diameter, orientation etc. Based originally on the optical
microscope, extended to electron optical examination. Uses computer techniques to
perform statistical analyses based on stereological methods.
quantitative analysis:
Identification of the relative amounts of substances making up a sample. It usually
refers to elemental analysis, but may refer to any constituent of the sample. In
addition to chemical methods, virtually every physical property can be a basis for
some analytical method, and spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques are
particularly often employed.
quantity of electricity:
A product of the flow of electricity (current) and time during which it flows. The
term may also refer to a charge of electricity.
quantity of light:
A product of luminous flux and time during which it is maintained; usually stated in
lumen-hours.
quantity of radiation:
Product of intensity and time of X-ray radiation. Not measured by energy, but by
energy density and a coefficient depending on ability to cause ionization.
quantity surveyor:
One who measures up from drawings and prepares a bill (or schedule) of quantities
showing the content of each item. This is then used by contractors for estimating.
The quantity surveyor also periodically measures and assesses the value of the work
done.
quantization:
[1] See digitize.
[2] In quantum theory, the division of energy of a system into discrete units
(quanta), so that continuous infinitesimal changes are excluded.
[3] In pulse-code modulation, the division of the amplitude range of a continuously
variable signal, e.g., speech or video, into discrete levels for the purposes of
sampling and coding.
quantization distortion:
The distortion that arises in the mapping of a continuous signal on to a number of
discrete levels so that it may be coded for digital transmission.
quantization distortion unit:

A measure of quantization distortion equivalent to the transition from analogue to
64 Kbits--1 A-law digital code and back again.
quantization noise:
Noise introduced into a circuit using pulse-code modulation because there are too
few levels of quantitation to describe the waveform accurately.
quantometer:
An instrument showing by spectrographical analysis the percentages of the various
metals present in a metallic sample.
quantum:
[1] A general term for the indivisible unit of any form of physical energy; in
particular the photon, the discrete amount of electromagnetic radiation energy, its
magnitude being hv where v is the frequency and h is Planck's constant.
See
graviton
magnon
phonon
roton
[2] An interval on a measuring scale, fractions of which are considered
insignificant.
quantum chromodynamics:
(QCD) The theory of strong interactions between elementary particles including the
interaction that binds protons and neutrons to form a nucleus. It assumes that
strongly interacting particles are made of quarks and that gluons bind the quarks
together.
quantum efficiency:
The number of electrons released in a photocell per photon of incident radiation of
specified wavelength.
quantum electrodynamics:
(QED) A relativistic quantum theory of electromagnetic interactions. It provides a
description of the interaction of electrons, muons and photons and hence the
underlying theory of all electromagnetic phenomena.
quantum electronics:
The study of the amplification or generation of microwave power in solid crystals,
governed by quantum mechanical laws.
quantum field theory:

The overall theory of fundamental particles and their interactions. Each type of
particle is represented by appropriate operators which obey certain commutation
laws. Particles are the quanta of fields in the same way as photons are the quanta of
the electromagnetic field. So gluon fields and intermediate vector boson fields can
be related to strong and weak interactions. Quantum field theory accounts for the
lamb shift.
quantum gravity:
The theory that would unify gravitational physics with modern quantum field
theory.
quantum Hall effect:

The effect in which Hall resistivity changes by steps so that it is a fraction of h/e2
where h is planck's constant and e is the electronic charge. Observed in two-
dimensional semiconductors (e.g., metal-oxide-silicon) at high magnetic fields and
ultra-low temperatures. Also see Hall effect.
quantum mechanics:
A generally accepted theory replacing classical mechanics for microscopic
phenomena. Quantum mechanics also gives results consistent with classical
mechanics for macroscopic phenomena. Two equivalent formalisms have been
developed: matrix mechanics (developed by W. Heisenberg) and wave mechanics
(developed by E. Schrödinger). The theory accounts for a very wide range of
physical phenomena.
See
correspondence principle
statistical mechanics
quantum number:
One of a set of numbers describing possible quantum states of a system, e.g.,
nuclear spin.
See
principal quantum number
spin
quantum statistics:
Statistics of the distribution of particles of a specified type in relation to their
energies, the latter being quantized.
See
Bose-Einstein statistics
Fermi-Dirac statistics
quantum theory:
The theory developed from Planck's law to account for black-body radiation, the
photoelectric effect and the Compton effect and to form the Bohr model of the atom
and its modification by Sommerfeld.
quantum tunnelling:
See
potential barrier
tunnel effect
quantum voltage:
Voltage through wich an electron must be accelerated to acquire the energy
corresponding to a particular quantum
quantum wire:
A nano-structure proportioned like a wire so that electron behavior is strongly
constrained by quantum mechanical effects in two dimensions.
quantum yield:
The ratio of the number of photon-induced reactions occurring to the total number
of incident photons.
quaquaversal fold:
A dome-like structure of folded sedimentary rocks which dip uniformly outward
from a central point.
quark:
A type of fundamental particle that forms the constituents of hadrons. There are
currently believed to be six types (or flavours) of quarks (and their antiquarks): up,
down, charm, strange, top, bottom. In quark theory, the baryon is composed of three
quarks of different colour, an antibaryon is composed of three antiquarks, and a
meson is composed of a quark and an antiquark. No quark has been observed in
isolation.
quarl:
See burner firing block
quarrel:
The diamond-shaped pane of glass used in fret-work
quarries:
Same as quarry tiles
quarry:
[1] An open working or pit for granite, building-stone, slate or other rock.
[2] An underground working in a coal mine for stone to fill the goaf. Distinction
between quarry and mine is somewhat blurred in law, but usage implies surface
workings.
quarry-faced:
A term applied to a building-stone whose face is hammer-dressed before leaving the
quarry.
quarry-pitched:
A term applied to stones which are roughly squared before leaving the quarry.
quarry stone bond:

A term applied to the arrangement of stones in rubble masonry.
quarry tile:
The common unglazed, machine-made paving tile not less than .75" (20 mm) in
thickness, Also called "promenade tile."
quart:
One-quarter of a gallon, or two pints (UK 1.14 liter, US 0.946 liter in liquid
measure, 1.1 liter in dry measure).
quartation:
See inquartation
quarter:
[1] The phase of the Moon at quadrature. The first quarter occurs when the
longitude of the Moon exceeds that of the Sun by 90°, the last quarter when the
excess is 270°. The two other quarters are the new Moon and full Moon.
[2] The fourth part of a hundredweight, equivalent to 28 (or in US 25) pounds
avoirdupois.
[3] A unit equal to 8 bushels.
See
hinged quarter window
rear quarter valance
quarter bend:
A union connecting two pipes at 90°
quarter bond:
The ordinary brickwork bond obtained by using a 2.25" (57 mm) closer.
quarter-bound:
A term applied to a book having its back and part of its sides covered in one
material and the rest of its sides in another.
quarter bumper:
A type of shortened bumper designed to give a car a sporting image. Instead of
extending around the full width of the car, short bumper sections around the left-
hand and right-hand corners leave the center unprotected. This type of bumper was
popular on certain sports models manufactured by Opel and Ford in the 1970s
quarter-chord point:
The point on the chord line at one quarter of the chord length behind the leading
edge. Sweepback is usually quoted by the angle between the line of the quarter-
chord points and the normal to the aircraft fore-and-aft center-line.
quarter-elliptic leaf spring:

A cantilevered half of a semi-elliptic leaf spring, rigidly attached to a vehicle at its
major section and carrying the axle at its end section
quarter-inch cartridge:
(QIC) A standard for computer tapes.
quartering:
A method of obtaining a representative sample for analysis or test of an aggregate
with occasional shovelsful, of which a heap or cone is formed, This is flattened out
and two opposite quarter parts are rejected. Another cone is formed from the
remainder which is again quartered, the process being repeated until a sample of the
required size is left.
quarter light:
[1] A small, roughly triangular, front-door window that swings out on fixed hinges;
situated in front of and separate from the main window.
[2] A small, roughly triangular window situated behind the main rear-door window
quarter light filler panel:

A relatively small, roughly triangular panel, usually black, inserted into the rear
side-window's rear bottom corner
quarter lines:
The aggregation of waterlines, buttocklines, sections and diagonals indicative of a
ship's form, drawn on a scale of .25" = 1 ft. See fairing
quarter page folder:

A supplementary device to give a third fold in line with the run of the paper on
webfed presses.
quarter panel:
A rear section of the body shell which incorporates the rear fender and usually also
the C-pillar. In modern car bodies, the rear fender usually is no longer a separate
welded or bolt-on panel, Instead it blends smoothly into the bottom of the rear
window frame and the rear panel
quarter-phase systems:
See two-phase systems.
quarters:
[1] Accommodations (i.e., a place where occupants of a ship can stay).
[2] Also see flanks
quarter-space landing:
A landing extending across only half the width of a staircase.
quarter turn:
A wreath subtending an angle of 90°
quarter valance:
See rear quarter valance
quarter-wave antenna:
One whose overall length is approximately a quarter of free-space wavelength
corresponding to frequency of operation. Under these conditions it is oscillating in
its first natural mode, and is half a dipole.
quarter-wave bar:
See quarter-wave line
quarter-wavelength stub:
Resonating two-wire or coaxial line, approximately one quarter-wavelength long, of
high impedance at resonance. Used in antennas, as insulating support for another
line, and as a coupling element.
quarter-wave line:
Quarter-wavelength section of transmission line designed to operate as a matching
device between lines of different impedance levels.
quarter-wave plate:
A plate of quartz, cut parallel to the optic axis, of such thickness that a retardation of
a quarter of a period is produced between ordinary and extraordinary rays travelling
normally through the plate. By using a quarter-wave plate, with its axis at 45° to the
axes of a polarizer, circularly polarized light is obtained.
quarter window:
[1] A small, roughly triangular, front-door window that swings out on fixed hinges;
situated in front of and separate from the main window.
[2] A small, roughly triangular window situated behind the main rear-door window.
Also see hinged quarter window
quarter window filler panel:

A relatively small, roughly triangular panel, usually black, inserted into the rear
side-window's rear bottom corner
quartic equation:
An algebraic equation of the fourth degree, i.e., ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e=0. Its resolution
into a pair of quadratic equations, and hence its solution, depends upon the solution
of a subsidiary cubic equation.
quartile:
The argument of the cumulative distribution function corresponding to a probability
of either 1/4 (first or lower quartile) or 3/4 (third or upper quartile); (of a sample)
the value below which occurs a quarter (first or lower quartile) or three-quarters
(third or upper quartile) of the observations in the ordered set of observations.
quarto:
The quarter of a sheet, or a sheet folded twice to make four leaves or eight pages;
written 4to.
quartz:
Crystalline silica, SiO2, occurring either in prisms capped by rhombohedra (low-
temperature quartz, stable up to 573°C) or in hexagonal bipyramidal crystals (high-
temperature quartz, stable above 573°C). Widely distributed in rocks of all kinds;
igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary; usually colourless and transparent (rock
crystal), but often coloured by minute quantities of impurities as in citrine,
cairngorm, etc; also finely crystalline in the several forms of chalcedony, jasper etc.
quartz crystal:
A disk or rod cut in the appropriate directions from a specimen of piezoelectric
quartz, and accurately ground so that its natural resonance shall occur at a particular
frequency.
quartz-diorite:
A coarse-grained holo-crystalline igneous rock of intermediate composition,
composed of quartz, plagioclase feldspar, hornblende and biotite, and thus
intermediate in mineral composition between typical diorite and granite.
quartz-dolerite:
A variety of dolerite which contains interstitial quartz usually intergrown
graphically with feldspar, forming patches of micropegmatite. A dyke-rock of
worldwide distribution, well represented by the Whin Sill rock in N. England.
quartz-fiber balance:
A very sensitive spring balance, the spring being a quartz fiber
quartz-fiber electroscope:
A personal radiation monitor whose state can be viewed at any time. The fiber is
charged periodically and discharged by radiation.
quartz glass:
See vitreous silica
quartz halogen bulb:

See quartz-halogen bulb.
quartz-halogen bulb:
A bulb with an inner quartz bulb which holds a tungsten filament. Usually the inner
bulb contains an inert gas such as iodine or one of the other five halogen gases. The
use of a halogen gas prevents the bulb from turning black and thus reducing the
amount of light output. Because this type of bulb requires intense heat, a quartz
inner bulb is needed instead of glass. As a result, the quartz-halogen bulb produces
more light per watt of electrical power. When replacing a quartz-halogen bulb, it is
important not to touch the outer bulb with your fingers. The moisture and oils
deposited on the glass will cause the glass to break under the high temperature.
quartz-iodine lamp:
A compact high-intensity light source, consisting of a bulb with a tungsten filament,
filled with an inert gas containing iodine (sometimes bromine) vapor. The bulb is of
quartz, glass being unable to withstand the high operating temperature (600°C).
Used for car-lamps, cine projectors etc.
quartzite:
The characteristic product of the metamorphism of a siliceous sandstone or grit. The
term is also used to denote sandstones and grits which have been cemented by
silica.
quartz-keratophyre:
A type of soda-trachyte carrying accessory quartz.
quartz lamp:
One which contains a mercury arc under pressure, a powerful source of ultraviolet
radiation.
quartz oscillator:
One whose osciliation frequency is controlled by a piezoelectric quartz crystal.
quartz porphyrite:
A porphyrite carrying quartz as an accessory constituent; the representative in the
medium grain-size group of the fine-grained dacite.
quartz porphyry:
A medium-grained igneous rock of granitic composition occurring normally as
minor intrusions, and carrying prominent phenocrysts of quartz.
quartz resonator:
A standard of frequency comparison making use of the sharply resonant properties
of a piezoelectric quartz crystal.
quartz topaz:
See citrine
quartz tuning system:

(QTS) quartz-controlled tuning system with digital tuning and frequency display;
uses microprocessor-controlled PLL circuitry
quartz wedge:
A thin wedge of quartz which provides a means of superposing any required
thickness of quartz on a mineral section being viewed under a polarming
microscope, the wedge being cut parallel to the optic axis of a prism of quartz
crystal. It enables the sign of the birefringence of biaxial minerals to be determined
from their interference figure in convergent light.
quartz wind:
A form of acoustic streaming near ultrasonic transducers operated at high
amplitudes
quasar:
A distant, compact, object far beyond our Galaxy which looks star-like on a
photograph but has a red shift cbaracteristic of an extremely remote object.
quasi-biennial oscillation:
(QBO) Alternation of easterly and westerly wind regimes in the equatorial
stratosphere with an interval between successive corresponding maxima of from 24
to 30 months. A new regime starts above 30 km and propagates downward at about
1 km per month.
quasi-bistabie circuit:
An astable circuit which is triggered at a high rate as compared with its natural
frequency.
quasi-duplex:
A circuit which operates apparently duplex, but actually functions in only one
direction at a time, e.g., a long distance telephone or a radio link, which is
automatically switched by speech.
quasi-elastic method:
A method of stress analysis for non-linear and/or time-dependent materials,
especially polymers, in which elastic moduli in the elastic equations are replaced by
the values of the corresponding secant modulus or creep modulus, at the required
levels of strain or time, respectively.
quasi-Fermi levels:
Energy levels in a semi-conductor from which the number of electrons or holes
available for conduction under nonequilibrium conditions; esp. when light is falling
on the semiconductor, can be calculated in the same way as from the true Fermi
level which applies under equilibrium conditions.
quasi-geostrophic approximation:
An approximation to the dynamical equations governing atmospheric flow, esp. the
vorticity equation, whereby the horizontal wind is replaced by the geostrophic wind
in the term representing the vorticity, but not in the term representing the
divergence.
quasi-longitudinal wave:
A special type of wave occurring in plates and bars. The particle motion is mainly
longitudinal and has a small transverse component caused by lateral contraction.
quasi-optical waves:
Invisible electromagnetic waves with similar wavelength and laws of propagation to
visible light.
quasi-stationary front:
A weather front which is moving slowly and irregularly so that it cannot be
described as either a cold front or a warm front.
quasi S-VHS playback:

The facility for playing S-VHS tapes in a VHS video recorder - with VHS
resolution.
quaternary:
[1] A chemical term consisting of four components etc.; also, connected to four
non-hydrogen atoms.
[2] The geological period which succeeded the Tertiary. It includes the Pleistocene
and Holocene epochs and covers a time span of approx the last two million years.
quaternary ammonium bases:

Bases derived from the hypothetical ammonium hydroxide NH4OH, in which the
four hydrogen atoms attached to the nitrogen are replaced by alkyl radicals, e.g.,
(C2H5)4NOH, tetraethyl-ammonium hydroxide.
quaternary diagram:
Phase diagram of four-component system.
quaternary phaseshift keying:

Used in microwave links and satellite communications to double the channel
capacity of conventional binary phase-shift keying without changing the bandwidth.
The phase of the carrier can be set by modulation to any one of four positions.
quattro:
An Italian term for "four" and indicates that a car has four-wheel drive
queen:
A slate 36 x 24 in (914 x 610 mm).
queen bolt:
A long iron or steel bolt serving in place of a timber queen-post.
queen closer:
A half-brick made by cutting the brick lengthwise.
queen-post:
The two spaced vertical ties required for roofs of more than about 30 ft (ca 10 m)
span, where the central support of the tie-beam by the king-post is insufficient.
queen post roof:

A timber roof having two queen-posts but no king-post.
quench:
[1] to damp or suppress a spark.
[2] A resistor or resistor-capacitor shunting a contact, to reduce high-frequency
sparking when a current is broken in an inductive circuit
quench area:
A zone in the combustion chamber where the piston at top dead center is very close
to the cylinder head. Because the piston and cylinder head is cooler than the
unburned part of the fuel-air mixture (i.e., end gas), they pull the heat from the end
gas. Because the end gas is now cooler, detonation is quenched or reduced.
However, the process does form unburned hydrocarbons.
quenched cullet:
A cullet made by running molten glass into water
quencher:
A material introduced into a luminescent substance to reduce the duration of
phosphorescence.
quench frequency:
The lower frequency signal used to quench intermittently a high-frequency
oscillator, e.g., in a super-regenerative receiver.
quenching:
[1] Dipping a heated object into water, oil or other substance, to quickly reduce the
temperature. Quenching into water gives a more rapid cooling rate than into oil. The
term also applies to cooling in salt and molten-metal baths or by means of an air
blast. Applied to steels heated above their upper critical temperature in order to
harden them prior to tempering and to other alloys for solution treatment prior to
precipitation hardening.
[2] A nuclear engineering term to describe the process of inhibiting continuous
discharge, by choice of gas and/or external valve circuit, so that discharge can occur
again on the incidence of a further photon or particle in a counting tube.
[3] A suppression of oscillation, particularly periodically, as in a super-regenerative
receiver.
quenching media:
See hardening media
quenching oscillator:
One with a frequency slightly above the audible limit, and which generates the
voltage necessary to quench the high-frequency oscillations in a super-regenerative
receiver.
quench oil:
Oil injected into the product stream leaving a cracking or reforming heater. It lowers
the temperature of the stream and thus stops (quenches) any further, undesired,
chemical reaction.
quench time:
That required to quench the discharge of a Geiger tube. Dead time for internal
quenching, paralysis time for electronic quenching, although dead time is often used
synonymously for the other two terms.
quench zones:
Those parts within the combustion chamber of an engine where the temperature of
the air-fuel mixture is lower than necessary for optimum combustion, due to contact
with the relatively cold metal surface; incomplete combustion in the quench zones is
one of the two major factors contributing to HC and CO concentrations in the
exhaust gas
query language:
A method of retrieving information interactively from a database without having to
write a complex program. Simple commands such as FIND postcode = "SO9 2QU"
are used.
queue:
A list for which insertions are made at one end and deletions at the other. The
arrangement is called FIFO.
queuing:
Programs waiting, in order determined by their priority, for access to the central
processor in a time-sharing system.
queuing:
The situation that arises in a digital network or other system when data arrives at a
device faster than the device can process it, in which data is allowed to accumulate
in a buffer until a reduction in data rate allows it to be dealt with.
quick-break switch:
A switch having a spring or other device to produce a quick break, independently of
the operator.
quicking:
Electrodeposition of mercury on a surface before regular plating.
quicklime:
See
caustic lime
lime
quick make-and-break switch:

See snap switch
quick release:
See quick-release.
quick-release:
A cam-lever mechanism used to rapidly tighten or loosen a wheel on a bike frame, a
seatpost in a seat tube, or a brake cable within cable housing.
quick release skewer:

See quick-release skewer.
quick-release skewer:
A thin rod that runs through the center of a wheel axle; a cam-lever is attached to
one end and the other end is threaded to receive a nut. See skewer.
quick return mechanism:

A reciprocating motion, for operating the tool of a shaping machine etc, in which
the return is made more rapidly than the cutting stroke, so as to reduce the "idling"
time.
quicksand:
Loose sand mixed with such a high proportion of water that its bearing-pressure is
very low. Also called "running sand."
quick-setting inks:
A general term for inks formulated to set quickly, allowing handling of the stock
after printing
quick-setting level:
See fixed-needle surveying
quicksilver:
The metal mercury. Often used in thermometers.
quick sweep:
A term applied to circular work in which the radius is small.
quick take-up valve:

A residual pressure valve with a relief hole in a brake master cylinder
quick test:
A functional diagnostic test of Ford's EEC system that displays test results as a
series of service codes
quiescent:
A general term for a system waiting to be operated, as a valve ready to amplify or a
gas-discharge tube to fire.
quiescent carrier transmission:

One for which the carrier is suppressed in the absence of modulation.
quiescent current:
A current in an active device in the absence of a driving or modulating signal.
quiescent operating point:

The steady-stats operating conditions of a valve or transistor in its working circuit
but in the absence of any input signal.
quiescent period:
That period between pulses in a pulse transmission.
quiescent push-pull amplifier:

(QPP) Thermionic valve or transistor amplifier, in which one side alone passes
current for one phase, the other side passing current for the other phase.
quiescent tank:
A form of sedimentation tank in which sewage is allowed to rest for a certain time
without flow taking place.
quiet automatic volume control:

The application of this is known as "quieting." Also delayed automatic gain control.
quieting sensitivity:
The minimum input signal required by a frequency-modulation radio receiver to
give a specified signal/noise ratio at the output.
quill:
[1] Similar to the rattrap type of bicycle pedal except that the two sides of the pedal
frame are joined by a piece of metal that loops around the dust cap.
[2] A form of drive used for electric locomotives in which the armature of the
driving motor is mounted on a quill surrounding the driving axle, but connected to it
only by a flexible connection. This enables a small amount of relative motion to
take place between the motor and the driving axle.
[3] A hollow non-rotating shaft in which another shaft rotates under power, for
providing axial movement as in a drilling machine spindle.
quill bearing:
See needle bearing.
quill drive:
See quill
quill pedal:
Similar to the rattrap type of bicycle pedal except that the two sides of the pedal
frame are joined by a piece of metal that loops around the dust cap.
quill shaft:
A hollow shaft
quill-type bearing:
See needle bearing.
quinaldine:
2-methylquinaline. C10H9N. Bp 246°C. A colorless refractive liquid, which occurs
to the extent of 25% in quinoline obtained from coaltar.
Quincke's method:
A method for determining the magnetic susceptibility of a substance in solution by
measuring the force acting on it in terms of the change of height of the free surface
of the solution when placed in a suitable magnetic field.
quinhydrone:
C6H4O2 + C6H4(OH)2. An additive compound of one molecule of l.4 quinone and
one molecule of l.4-dihydroxybenzene. It crystallizes in green prisms with a
metallic lustre.
quinhydrone electrode:
A system consisting of a clean, polished, gold or platinum electrode dipping into a
solution containing a little quinhydrone, for determining pH-values, making use of
the pH dependence of the redox properties of the system
quinine:
C20H24O2N2N23H2O. Mp 177°C. An alkaloid of the quinoline group, present in
Cinchona bark. It is a diacid base of very bitter taste and alkaline reaction. It
crystallizes in prisms or silky needles; the hydrochloride and sulphate are used as a
febrifuge but have been largely superseded as a remedy for malaria, although they
are still used in the treanment of leg cramps.
quinizarine:
A synonym for 1.4-dihydroxy-anthra-quinone
quinol:
See hydroquinone
quinoline:
A heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring condensed with a pyridine
ring. It is a colorless, oily liquid, mp -19.5°C, bp 240°C, rel.d. 1.08, of characteristic
odor, insoluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents. It is found in coaltar, in
bone oil, and in the products of the destructive distillation of many alkaloids. It can
be synthesized by heating a mixture of aniline, glycerine, and nitrobenzene with
concentrated sulphuric acid.
quinones:
Compounds derived from benzene and its homologues by the replacement of two
atoms of hydrogen with two atoms of oxygen, and characterized by their yellow
color and by being readily reduced to dihydric phenols. According to their
configuration they are divided into 1.2-quinones and 1.4-quinones.
quinonoid formula:
A formula based upon the diketone configuration of 1.4-quinone (benzoquinone),
involving the rearrangement of the double bonds in a benzene nucleus; adopted to
explain the formation of dyestuffs, e.g., coloured salts of compounds of the
triphenylmethane series.
quinoxalines:
A group of heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring condensed with a
diazine ring. They can be obtained by the condensation of 1.2-diamines with 1.2-
diketones.
quintal:
(q) Unit of mass in the metric system, equal to 100 kg.
quintic equation:
An algebraic equation of the fifth degree. Unlike like equations of lower degree, its
general solution (and that of equations of higher degree) cannot be expressed in
terms of a finite number of root extractions.
quintozene:
(PCNB) Pentachloronitrobenzene. Used as a fungicide
quintuple point:
A point on a concentration-pressure-temperature diagram at which a three-
component system can exist in five phases.
quire:
A paper quantity: 25 sheets or 1/20 of a ream
quire spacing:
On a rotary printing press, as the product is delivered, it is separated into quires or
batches by the kicker which delivers a kick copy at the required interval.
quirewise:
Sections which after printing are folded and insetted one in the other. This method
allows the booklet to be stitched instead of stabbed.
quirk:
The narrow groove alongside a bead sunk flush with a surface.
quirk-bead:
See bead-and-quirk
quirk float:
A plasterer's trowel specially shaped for finishing mouldings.
quirk moulding:
A molding having a small groove in it
quirk-router:
A form of plane for shaping quirks
quitclaim:
A deed of relinquishment of a claim or portion of mining ground.
quoin:
[1] An exterior angle of a building, esp. one formed of large squared cornerstones
projecting beyond the general faces of the meeting wall surfaces.
[2] A wooden wedge or a metal device used to lock up formes.
quoin header:
A brick laid at the external angle of a building to be a header in the wall proper and
a stretcher in the return wall.
quoin post:
See heel post
quotations:
Metal spaces of varying widths, 1, 2, 3, or 4 em used for filling blanks in pages or
formes.
quotient group:
The group G/N whose elements are the cosets of N in G, where N is a normal
subgroup of G. The product of two cosets is defined to be equal to the coset which
contains the product of an element of the first coset and an element of the second.
Q-value:
[1] Quantity of energy released in a given nuclear reaction. Normally expressed in
MeV, but occasionally in atomic mass units.
[2] Ratio of thermonuclear power output to power needed to maintain the plasma.
QWERTY keyboard:
A keyboard laid out in the standard typewriter pattern where the top row of letters
begins with the letters "QWERTY"

[N][O][P][Q][R][S][T][U][V][W][X][Y][Z]
[Ra] [Re] [Ri] [Ro] [Ru]
R:
[1] Letter designation for tires to indicate that they are radial as in P185R13 tire.
See speed rating.
[2] Reverse.
[3] A letter on a fuel gauge indicating low fuel; when first illuminated it indicates
that there is approximately five litres left in reserve
RAC:
Acronym for the Royal Automobile Club
race:
[1] The inner or outer ring that provides a contact surface for the balls or rollers in a
bearing.
[2] A competition (usually based on speed) between two vehicles.
See
drag race
race camshaft
[3] To run an engine at high speed when not in gear.
See
bearing race
drag race
inner race
race cam:
opening and closing, length of time valve is held open, etc. Also called full cam,
three-quarter cam, or semi-race cam, depending upon design
race camshaft:
A camshaft, other than stock, designed to improve engine performance by altering
cam profile. Provides increased lift, faster opening and closing, earlier opening and
later closing, etc. Race camshafts are available as semi-race or street grind, three-
quarter race camshaft or full race. Grinds in between these general categories are
also available.
racer:
See
boy racer
cafe racer
racing:
See banger racing
Racing Green:
See british Racing Green
racing harness:
See 4-point racing harness
racing start:
A start on a normal street, e.g., at traffic lights, using excessive throttle resulting in
wheelspin and screeching tires
rack:
A long, toothed bar.
See
ache rack
head ache rack
luggage rack
roof rack
steering rack
trunk rack
rack and pinion:

See rack and pinion gearbox.
rack and pinion gearbox:

A type of steering system with a pinion gear on the end of the steering shaft. The
pinion engages a long rack (a bar with a row of teeth cut along one edge). When the
steering wheel is turned, the pinion turns and moves the rack to the left or right.
This movement is carried through tie rods to the steering arms at the wheels.
rack and pinion steering:

rack-and-pinion steering:
rack galvanizing:
A galvanizing method for objects which can be placed on a rack
rad:
Abbreviation for radiator
radar detector:
A device which will sense the presence of a radar device which law enforcement
officers might be using to spot speeders.
radial:
See
radial engine
radial tire
radial bearing:
A bearing designed to absorb the radial forces acting on a pump. Compare thrust
bearing
radial clearance:
See radial play
radial compressor:
A compressor with pistons radiating out from the centerline of the compressor. The
Harrison (Frigidaire) is a typical example
radial cracking:
Cracking of sidewall rubber running perpendicular to the tire beads. May result
from underinflation or exposure to ozone.
radial discharge nozzle:

Booster venturi with four spokes or arms which carry fuel to the outer
circumference of the booster before discharging it from tiny holes in the ends of the
spokes. Used only on the Corvair Model H carburetor.
radial engine:
An engine with a number of cylinder arranged in a circle around the crankshaft
center line. A design often used for aircraft engines.
radial-flow pump:
An end-suction centrifugal pump with the liquid flowing perpendicular to the pump
shaft
radial play:
A bearing clearance in the radial direction
radial ply:
The ply or plies used in tire in which the cords run at right angles to the bead and
parallel to the tire radius. See radial tire.
radial runout:
[1] A tire assembly that does not form a true circle; the radii of the circle are not
equal. Most usual causes are bent wheel (out of round) or tire not mounted properly
(beads not seated). This is one of the main causes of vehicle vibration.
[2] A variation in the diameter of a brake disc, wheel, or tire from a specified
amount
radial shaft seal:

A typical seal design used to prevent leaks between stationary parts and rotating
shafts and to exclude foreign matter. A lip seal, typically of neoprene, is held in a
metal retainer and applies a sealing pressure to a rotating shaft, the pressure being
provided by an annular garter spring winch surrounds the sealing lip; radial shaft
seals are used wherever a shaft penetrates a casing, such as on crankshafts,
camshafts, water pump shafts, etc.
radial tire:
A type of tire construction which has the main carcass plies or cords which run at
right angles to the bead and parallel to the radius. By itself, this construction is very
weak because when the bias angle is smaller, the structure is stiff. However, the
radial tire has a very large bias angle. In order to strengthen the tire, a belt surrounds
the circumference. This belt is made of low-angle plies (usually about 15 degrees).
In this way, the tread area is stiff and the sidewall are flexible. In this way they can
act independently of each other. In a P185/80R13 tire, R indicates a radial tire. Also
see steel belted radial tire
radiant drier:
See infrared radiant drier
radiation:
The transfer of heat from one object to another when the hotter object sends out
invisible rays or waves that upon striking the colder object, cause it to vibrate and
thus heat. Also see thermal radiation
radiator:
A device that cools the liquid in the cooling system by allowing it to circulate
through a series of water channels, which are exposed to air ducts.
See
crossflow radiator
downflow radiator
heat exchanger
rodding the radiator
radiator cap:
A pressure cap at the top of the radiator. Also see pressure radiator cap
radiator drain cock:

A radiator tap; unlike the radiator drain plug, tools are not required to drain the
coolant from a radiator with a drain cock
radiator drain plug:

A threaded closure plug located at the underside of a radiator used to drain the
coolant; usually equipped with a hex or Allen head
radiator fan:
Two types are used on automobiles: a crankshaft-driven fan connected by a
temperature-sensitive viscous coupling, or a fan driven by an electric motor
radiator fan motor:

An electrically operated motor responsible for driving the radiator fan. An electric
motor allows much more freedom in radiator location and engine bay design and
permits aftercooling of the engine with the engine switched off: most engines
mounted crosswise at the front (as on most front-wheel-drive subcompacts) use
electric radiator fans which also lead to reduced power losses, since the vehicle's
engine is not also required to drive the radiator fan also. The problem with them,
however, is that even with the engine off, the fan may start up unexpectedly for the
person inspecting the engine bay.
radiator fill hole:

An opening at the top of the radiator through which new water and coolant can be
added. The pressure cap seals the fill hole.
radiator grille:
The grating that admits cooling air to the radiator
radiator grille surround:

The sheet metal panel for mounting the radiator grille; often combined with the
front apron to form a single front panel
radiator guard:
See side radiator guard
radiator hose:
The rubber pipe connecting the radiator to the cylinder block
radiator hose shark tooth pliers:
A special automotive tool for removing and installing radiator and heater hoses;
round and toothed jaws securely grip the hose while the handles provide leverage to
twist the hose free
radiator pressure cap:

See pressure cap.
radiator support panel:

A panel located behind the radiator grille surround which provides a mounting for
the radiator and connects the mudguard skirts at their front edge
radiator tank:
A reservoir containing the coolant in a radiator. Early units were made from sheet
metal, typically brass or aluminum. Newer versions used advanced polymer
technology and injection molding processes have made it possible to produce
radiator tanks from thermoplastics. Since all modern cars use forced circulation
systems, there is no need for a vertical flow through the radiator. Thus most
radiators are horizontally arranged
radio:
A device which receives radio signals (either AM, FM, or both) and plays the sound
through the speakers. Automobile radios began to appear in vehicles in 1928. Even
in the mid-1960s, many cars came without radios.
See
car radio
cb radio
citizens band radio
din radio
mobile two-way radio
radio/cassette deck:
(r/c) A combined radio and tape deck
radio choke:
An electric coil used to prevent static in the radio caused by opening and closing of
the contact points in the instrument voltage regulator
Radio Data System:
(RDS) A system which interrupts a radio broadcast with the latest information on
e.g., traffic problems
radio frequency interference:

(RFI) interference generated by the ignition system and other electrical apparatus;
counteracted by suppressors
radiograph:
A photograph obtained by passing X-rays or gamma rays through the object to be
photographed and recording the variations in density on a photographic film.
radius:
See
buffered radius
crown radius
free radius
loaded radius
radius rods
rolling radius
scrub radius
static loaded radius
turning radius
unloaded radius
radius arm:
An additional suspension link in a beam axle layout providing fore-and-aft location
of the axle
radius rod:
An additional suspension link in a beam axle layout providing fore-and-aft location
of the axle
radius rods:
Rods or arms which are part of the suspension, usually a live rear axle. They are
attached to the axle and pivoted on the frame. They are used to keep the axle at right
angles to the frame (i.e., prevent lateral movement) and yet permit an up and down
motion. On some cars like the Triumph Spitfire, they are used to help locate the
swing axles.
radius seat:
A spherical seat that provides positive centering of the wheel bolt head in the wheel
rag:
See tack rag.
rage:
See road rage
ragtop:
Colloquial term for convertible.
RAI:
Acronym for "Nederlandse vereniging de Rijwiel-en-Automobiel Indusrie"
(Netherlands).
rail:
A dragster built around a relatively long pipe frame. The only body panels used are
around the driver's cockpit area.
See
drip rail
fender rail
fuel rail
oil rail
roof rail
running on rails
seat rail
shift rail
shift rails
side rail
rail console:
See seat rail console
rails:
See
running on rails
shift rails
rail, shift:
See shift rails.
Railton:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models, with required application, are
classic cars.
rain:
See acid rain
raising:
The action of beating a rounded shape out of a flat panel by starting in the center
and working outward in a spiral to the edge; the metal is shrunk around the edge but
remains about the same in the center
rake:
[1] The angle at which a rod is attached. Also see fork rake.
[2] The fore-and-aft inclination from the vertical
raked:
Ground clearance, at either front or rear of the vehicle, reduced or increased, thus
giving the vehicle a tilted appearance.
RAM:
Acronym for "Random Access Memory" -- memory that serves as a temporary
storage place for data from the sensors
ram air:
In a ram air system, carburetors get fresh air to be mixed with the gasoline via
forward facing ducts. The idea is that as the bike moves faster, more air is forced or
rammed into the carburetors resulting in improved performance.
ram induction:
Using the forward momentum of vehicle to scoop air and force it into carburetor via
a suitable passageway.
ram intake manifold:

An intake manifold that has very long passageways that at certain speeds aid the
entrance of fuel mixture into the cylinders.
ramp:
[1] Equipment used to support a vehicle's front or rear for underbody work.
[2] A device used to raise a vehicle in the air
ramp-over angle:
An indication of how high a hump the vehicle can negotiate without scraping the
undercarriage or becoming high-centered; that is, stuck with the center of the
vehicle on the hump and the wheels in the air.
ram pressure:
The pressure generated by the deflection of the fluid flow due to the curvature of the
stator blades, resulting in a momentum acting on the turbine
R&D:
Acronym for "Research & Development."
randonnée:
A long bicycle touring ride of 160 to 1200 kilometers made up of several controls
(checkpoints).
randonneur:
A male long-distance cyclist. Also see the female randonneuse
Randonneur 5000:
One of the most prestigious awards a randonneur can earn. To be one of the
recipients, a randonneur must do a full series of 200, 300, 400, 600, and 1000km
brevets, a Paris-Brest-Paris randonneur event, a Fl&grave;che team ride, and the
remaining distances ridden on sanctioned brevets for a total of 5000 kilometers. The
qualifying events must all be completed within a four-year period.
Randonneurs Mondiaux:
An "umbrella" organization of national randonneuring groups. Its primary functions
are to organize foreign (i.e., France, Spain, United Kingdom, Holland, Belgium,
Australia, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Austria, Germany, Russia, South
Africa, Canada, and the United States) participation in Paris-Brest-Paris and other
1200-kilometer brevets, encourage the exchange of information of interest to
randonneurs, and reward clubs' and individuals' participation in long-distance
randonnées with various medals and trophies.
randonneuse:
[1] A female long-distance cyclist.
[2] A bicycle specifically designed for randonneuring.
range:
See
gear range
heat range
heat range reserve
high/low range gearbox
high/low range transmission
load range
mid-range
product range
rev range
range-change:
See auxiliary gearbox
range gearbox:
See high/low range gearbox
range gearing:
See wide range gearing
range reserve:
See heat range reserve
Range Rover:
A model of SUV manufactured in England Click for books on Range Rover
range transmission:
See high/low range transmission
rank:
See taxi rank
rash:
See road rash
rasp:
[1] A tool like a file with coarse teeth used to prepare a tire for section repair and for
buffing prior to retreading.
[2] The action of using a rasp tool.
ratchet:
[1] A feature of a special wrench which allows you to turn the handle in one
direction to tighten a nut or bolt, but turning it in the opposite direction does nothing
but position the handle back where you started and leaves the wrench on the nut or
bolt. Likewise you could set the wrench to loosen a nut or bolt.
[2] A drive handle with ratchet mechanism, usually called a socket wrench.
[3] A toothed rack or wheel which is engaged by a lever to permit motion in only
one direction. Also see tap ratchet
ratchet adapter:
A device which converts a torque wrench or drive handle without a ratchet
mechanism into a reversible ratchet tool
ratchet handle:
A ratchet tool
ratchet screwdriver:
A screwdriver with a ratchet mechanism
rate:
See
base interest rate
burn rate
charging rate
conversion rate
damping rate
deflection rate
discharge rate
flat rate
flat rate manual
flow rate
net interest rate
progressive rate spring
rising rate suspension
spark rate
spring rate
turn-in rate
rated capacity:
The quantity of electricity which can be drawn from a fully charged battery for 20
hours by a constant discharging current until cutoff voltage of 1.75 volts per cell is
reached. Compare ampere-hour capacity
rated horsepower:
See SAE horsepower.
rated power:
The power output of an engine as horsepower or kilowatt
rated pressure:
A nominal pressure rating applied to vehicle parts
rated voltage:
The voltage given for electrical equipment or devices which refers to specified
operating conditions
rate manual:
See flat rate manual
rate spring:
See
single rate spring
variable rate springs
rates:
See door rates
rate suspension:
See rising rate suspension
rating:
See
amp/hr. rating
amperage rating
axle weight rating
capacity rating
cetane rating
gross axle weight rating
gross Combined Weight Rating
gross Vehicle Weight Rating
load rating
manufacturer's performance ratings
octane rating
ply rating
rated capacity
speed rating
tow rating
ratio:
A fixed relationship between things in number, quantity or degree. For example, if
the fuel mixture contains one part of gas for fifteen parts of air, the ratio would be
15 to 1.
See
a/f ratio
a/f ratio
air-fuel ratio
air fuel ratio
air ratio
aspect ratio
axle ratio
back axle ratio
bore-stroke ratio
braking ratio
compression ratio
economy ratio
final drive ratio
fuel-air ratio
fuel air ratio
gear ratio
overall gear ratio
power-to-weight ratio
power to weight ratio
rear axle ratio
speed ratio
stall torque ratio
steering overall ratio
steering ratio
stoichiometric ratio
rationalization:
An industrial reorganization primarily aimed at a more cost-effective and time-
saving production process
ratio steering:
See variable ratio steering
rat-tail file:
A round file
rattle:
See
body rattle
death rattle
diesel rattle
rattle spring:
See spreader spring
rattrap:
The type of bicycle pedals that have thin metal plates with jagged edges running
parallel on each side of the pedal spindle.
RAVE valve:
A device used on two-stroke engines which automatically alters or varies the
exhaust port size. It stands for Rotax adjustable variable exhaust.
Ravigneaux planetary gear set:

A system which is composed of two sun gears of different diameters, one internal
gear, and several planet pinions
raw exhaust gas:

The exhaust gas upstream of any emission control device, e.g., before it passes
through a catalytic converter
raw rubber:
Natural rubber that has not been vulcanized
Raymond-Mays:
classic cars.
rayon:
A synthetic fiber.
rays:
See
infrared rays
ultraviolet rays
r/c:
See radio/cassette deck
RDS:
Acronym for radio data system
rdstr:
Abbreviation for "roadster."
reach:
The distance from the sealing washer of a spark plug to the end of the thread
reaction:
See
air injection reaction
reaction distance:
The time needed to respond to a situation, translated into the distance required for
this, depending on the speed of travel; braking distance plus reaction distance equals
the stopping distance
reaction injection molding:

(RIM) A processing technique for the production of large foamed automotive
components, based on the simultaneous injection of the liquid components and the
chemical reaction in the mold. Compare polymerization. In some cases, the
components are mixed immediately before being injected into the mold. The term
"RIM" is also applied to refer to the plastic material produced by this technique,
e.g., "RIM-PUR." Also see reinforced reaction injection molding
reaction member:
See stator
reactive suspension:
See electronic ride control
reactor:
See
stator
thermal reactor
reactor one-way clutch:

See stator roller clutch
reader:
See fault reader
real-time four-wheel drive:

An automatic four-wheel drive engagement by means of an electro-hydraulic clutch
or a viscous coupling incorporated in the drivetrain
ream:
[1] To enlarge (e.g., worn valve guides) with a reamer.
[2] To finish a hole accurately with a rotating fluted tool
reamer:
A conically or cylindrically shaped tool with longitudinally cut teeth for manual or
machine operation, used for precision finishing of bores.
See
terminal reamer
tubing reamer
valve guide reamer
rear:
The back of a vehicle or component.
See
folding rear seats
heated rear window
independent rear suspension
multi-link rear suspension
rear apron:
See rear valance
rear-axle:
See
front-axle and rear-axle split
twist-beam rear axle
rear axle crossmember:

A tubular frame member at the rear of the body shell that incorporates the mounting
points for the rear axle, e.g., on the VW Beetle and the Porsche 911
rear axle differential:

A differential situated in the final drive of the transmission assembly in a
conventional rear-wheel drive vehicle
rear axle housing:

See
banjo type
split type
rear axle housing, banjo type:

A rear axle housing from which the differential unit may be removed while the
housing remains in place on the vehicle. The housing is solid from side to side.
rear axle housing, split type:
A rear axle housing made up of several pieces and bolted together. The housing
must be split apart to remove the differential.
rear axle ratio:

The number of times the rear wheels turn compared to a particular
transmissionspeed. The higher the rear axle ratio, the slower the engine can run and
still allow the vehicle to achieve a given speed. Also called "Final axle ratio."
rear-axle split:
See front-axle and rear-axle split
rear bulkhead:
The vertical panel across the width of the car that extends behind the rear seat
backrest and separates the interior from the trunk
rear bumper skirt:

A rear bumper with integral skirt; a large plastic molding
rear cabin pillar:

See C-pillar
rear corner panel:

The bottom corner of the rear fenders. For manufacturing reasons, often a separate
panel
rear corner valance:

The bottom corner of the rear fenders. For manufacturing reasons, often a separate
panel
rear deck:
The surface of the rear of a sedan which includes the lid of the trunk
rear deck panel:

The sheet metal panel extending from the bottom of the rear window to the rear
panel and enclosing the cutout for the trunk lid, extending sideways to the top of
both rear fenders. In some cases, this panel covers only the area between the bottom
of the rear window and the front edge of the trunk lid
rear differential:
A differential situated in the final drive of the transmission assembly in a
conventional rear-wheel drive vehicle
rear end:
The rear part of the body shell, extending approximately from the rear seat pan to
the rear apron of the car, incorporating the trunk floor
rear end lift:

The tendency of the back of a speeding vehicle to rise, reducing traction. It can be
counteracted by a spoiler
rear engine:
An engine located at the rear of a vehicle but outside the wheelbase (i.e., behind the
rear wheels). Compare front engine and mid-engine car
rear fender:
The body panel which partially encloses a rear wheel
rear fog lamp:

A red light with the same intensity as a brake light
rear fog light:

A red light with the same intensity as a brake light
rear head restraints:

(rhr) head rests located on the back passenger seats
rear-hinged door:
A older type of door construction that had the hinges at the rear of the door so that
the opening was toward the front (i.e., opposite to modern car doors)
rear lamp cluster:

A group of lights at the rear corners of a vehicle, commonly comprising: tail lamp,
brake lamp, back-up lamp, rear fog lamp, reflector, and signal light
rear light surround:
A separate panel spot-welded at the juncture between the trailing edge of the rear
fender and the rear valance to provide a mounting base for the rear lights
rear license plate lamp:

A white light illuminating the rear license plate
rear license plate light:

A white light illuminating the rear license plate
rear panel:
A British term for back panel
rear quarter valance:

See rear corner valance
rear seat belt:

An inertia reel belt attached at each end of the rear seats; a passenger riding in the
middle of the rear seats must be satisfied with just a lap belt, which many safety
experts regard as inadequate. Some manufacturers (notably those from Scandinavia)
are tackling the somewhat costly problem and providing secure lap and shoulder
belts for all passengers riding in the rear seats
rear seats:
See
folding rear seats
split folding rear seats
split rear seats
rear sets:
Racing-style footrests mounted toward the rear of the machine to allow the rider to
adopt a racing crouch
rear shelf:
The interior shelf extending over the trunk at the level of the top of the rear seats
rear side window:

One of several types of side body glass: the side window between the B-posts and
C-posts of two-door sedans and coupes, the rearmost side window of station wagons
between the C-post and D-post, i.e., behind the rear seat backrest, and the third side
window found on some four-door sedans behind the rear side doors
rear spoiler:
An aerofoil mounted on the rear deck or trunk, typically made of shock-resistant
polyurethane with paintable matt black finish. It is effective only at high speeds, but
frequently used for the sake of appearance. Most sports cars are equipped with front
and rear spoilers (air dams and rear spoilers) to improve the aerodynamic
performance by reduced lifting force
rear suspension:
The axles, springs, and linkages which control the movement of the rear wheels.
See
rear tack strip:

A fixed or hinged bar on a convertible top which holds the rear end of the hood
against the rear deck
rear triangle:
A bicycleframe triangle formed by the chainstays, seatstays, and the seat tube.
rear valance:
A separate panel set below the rear panel which extends approximately from behind
the rear bumper downward to protect the rear end from splashes of mud. In designs
with a single-piece rear panel that incorporates the rear valance, the whole area is
sometimes referred to as the rear valance or rear panel
rearview mirror:
An interior mirror which allows the driver to see behind him.
rear wash/wipe system:

An electrical system for cleaning the rear window, comprising a water pump,
reservoir, and wiper
rear-wheel drive:
(RWD) A configuration in which the rear wheels of the vehicle are driven
rear-wheel drive transaxle:

A rear-wheel drive construction incorporating a transmission-differential unit placed
between the rear wheels of a front-engined car. The engine may be a front engine
(as in most cars and all trucks), a mid-engine (as in some sports and racing cars), or
a rear engine (as in some city cars, VW Beetle, the Porsche 911 series, and most
buses); RWD ensures good acceleration without wheelspin even on cars with
powerful engines; on most small cars, RWD has been superseded by front-wheel
drive
rear wheel skirt:

See fender skirt
rear wheel spat:

British term for fender skirt
rear window:
The central window at the rear of a vehicle. Although the American term is
backlight, most Americans still call it the rear window or back window. Also see
heated rear window
rear window heater system:

A heating element that removes the fog, mist, or even ice from the inside and
outside of the rear window (i.e., backlight)
rear window heating:

rear window louvres:

A plastic molding attached to the rear window which deflects sun rays to keep the
interior cool; usually hinged to lift up for easy window cleaning
rear wiper:
A window wiper that cleans the rear window
reboard system:
A child restraint system typically installed backwards on the front passenger seat
and having the benefit that the child's relatively heavy head is pressed into the back
of the child seat instead of being displaced forward in a frontal crash. A system
initially available only for babies, but originating from Sweden, they are
increasingly offered for children up to six years old; some reboards cannot be used
in conjunction with a passenger-side air bag system
rebore:
To grind out a worn or damaged cylinder usually .25 mm or (.01") at a time to fit an
oversize piston.
rebound:
The action of a shock absorber to spring back to its fully extended state. The
opposite of rebound is jounce.
See
bump and rebound
jounce and rebound
rebound clip:
A metal clip that holds the leaves of a multi-leaf spring together
rebound stroke:
The downstroke of a piston in a damper or shock absorber. Compare compression
stroke
rebuild:
To disassemble a particular device, clean it thoroughly, replace worn parts, and
reassemble it. Also called "overhauling" or "recondition."
rebuilt engine:
An engine reassembled using either new parts or reconditioned components
recap:
[1] Adding a top strip of synthetic or reclaimed rubber to buffed and roughened
surface of a worn tire.
[2] The top strip itself See retread.
recharge:
The action of bringing a product back to its full or original level. Recharging a
battery brings the voltage back to its recommended level. Recharging the air
conditioner means filling the system with refrigerant.
receiver:
[1] (e.g., of radio remote control system) device that receives incoming electrical or
radio signals. The opposite is transmitter.
[2] A steel tubing and channel structure that accepts the ball-mount platform of a
removable trailer coupler.
See
air receiver
air tank
receiver-dehydrator:
Storage tank and filter for liquid refrigerant and containing a drying agent to remove
moisture from circulating refrigerant. Also called receiver-drier
receiver-drier:
A device on the high side of an air-conditioning system, somewhere between the
condenser and the expansion valve, which stores excess refrigerant and removes
moisture from the refrigerant; consists of a tank, a filter, a drying agent, a pick-up
tube, and, on some units, a sight glass. Also called receiver-dehydrator Compare
accumulator-drier
recess:
See combustion chamber recess
recessed spark position:

A position where the spark gap is actually in the shell of the spark plug. It is used
for racing and special engines
rechargeable battery:
See storage battery
reciprocating action:
A back-and-forth or up-and-down movement such as the action of the pistons.
reciprocating compressor:
A positive displacement compressor with pistons that move back and forth in
cylinders; rarely used for supercharging, more frequently used for air conditioning
reciprocating engine:
An engine with a piston that moves to and fro, coming to a standstill at each
reversal
reciprocating pump:
See piston charging pump
reciprocation:
A back-and-forth or up-and-down movement such as the action of the pistons.
recirculating ball:
See recirculating-ball-and-nut steering.
recirculating ball and nut steering:

recirculating-ball-and-nut steering:
A very popular type of steering gear. It uses a series of ball bearings that feed
through and around and back through the grooves in the worm gear and nut on the
steering shaft. The turning forces are transmitted through these ball bearing to a
sector gear on the pitman-arm shaft. When the steering wheel is turned, the worm
gear on the end of the steering shaft rotates and the movement of the recirculating
balls causes the ball nut to move up and down along the worm. Movement of the
ball nut is carried by teeth to the sector gear which in turn moves with the ball nut to
rotate the pitman-arm shaft and activate the steering linkage. The balls recirculate
from one end of the ball nut to the other through a pair of ball return guides. This
system is also called ball-and-nut steering or worm-and-recirculating-ball steering.
recirculating ball steering:
A special version of the worm-and-nut steering in which ball bearings circulate
between the nut and worm to reduce friction
recirculating ball worm and nut:

recirculation:
See
exhaust-gas recirculation
fuel vapor recirculation system
recirculation system:
See fuel vapor recirculation system
recognition:
See voice recognition
recon:
A colloquial term for reconditioned engine
reconditioned engine:
A worn engine that has been given a new lease of life by reboring the cylinders,
regrinding the crankshaft journals and generally replacing any worn or damaged
parts
recorder:
See
crash recorder
trip recorder
recovery:
See
breakdown recovery
vapor recovery
recovery/recycling equipment:
Equipment that must now be used when servicing air conditioner systems. This
equipment captures refrigerant removed from an air conditioning system and stores
or recycles it
recovery system:
See
coolant recovery system
vapor Recovery System
recreational vehicle:
(RV)
[1] Any vehicle (motorized or trailered) in which temporary camping is done. They
are divided into seven categories:
• Folding camping trailer

• Truck camper
• travel Trailer
• Fifth-wheel travel trailer
• Type A motorhome
• Type B motorhome
• Type C motorhome
.
[2] A British term for any vehicle used for pleasure rather than business or transport
(e.g., dune buggy, quad) (i.e., an ATV)
rectangular headlight:
A modern shape of headlight as opposed to the traditional circular headlight
rectangular-section ring:
A compression ring with a rectangular cross-section
rectification:
The process of changing AC to DC
rectifier:
A device used to change AC (alternating current) into DC (direct current). Some
small motorcycles use a single diode for this purpose (half-wave rectifiers), the
overwhelming majority use four diodes connected in a bridge which yields full-
wave rectification.
See
diode
full-wave rectifier
half-wave rectifier
rectifier diode:
A semiconductor diode in an alternator that converts alternating current to direct
current
rectifier pack:
A diode heat sink with diodes in an alternator
recumbent:
A bicycle in which the rider sits low between the two wheels. The seat is "L-
shaped." The rider's back is against the upright portion of the seat. His feet are
almost straight forward. The pedals are just behind the front wheel. The handlebar is
located below the rider.
recycling:
See
charge-air recycling
vapor recycling
recycling car:
A car built with recycled materials and designed so as to facilitate recycling
red flag:
A solid red flag is used to stop the race immediately. Generally races are stopped for
bad accidents or weather. Occasionally, a multiple car pileup will halt a race.
Wreckers and fire marshals clear the track of cars, debris and fluids. Alternatively,
rain makes the surface of the race track dangerous. Once NASCAR officials
authorize the race to start again, a green flag resumes the race.
red lead:
(pronounced "LED") A poisonous, bright-red powder, soluble in excess glacial
acetic acid and dilute hydrochloric acid; used for corrosion protection
red line:
[1] Top recommended engine rpm. If a tachometer is used, it will have a mark (red
line) indicating maximum rpm. Some tachometers mark the red line with a colored
sector. Others have two lines: the lower one marking the maximum allowable
sustained engine rpm, the higher line indicating the absolute maximum rpm.
[2] (RL) Tires with a red concentric line which were marketed in the late '60s and
early '70s.
reduced shank:
A shank whose diameter approximately equals the effective pitch diameter
reducer:
The solvent that is used to thin enamel.
See
thinner
general purpose lacquer thinner
reducer valve:
See vacuum reducer valve
reducing adapter:
An adapter whose male end for the socket is smaller than the female end for the
drive handle. Opposite to increasing adapter
reducing agent:
A material which adds electrons to an element or compound in chemical reactions,
i.e., which increases the positiveness of its valence
reducing catalyst:
A catalyst such as rhodium which converts nitrogen oxides into harmless nitrogen
and oxygen in a reducing catalytic converter. Compare oxidizing catalyst
reducing flame:
An oxygen-fuel gas flame with a slight excess of fuel gas.
reducing furnace:
A section in continuous galvanizing lines in which the oxygen content of steel
surfaces is reduced at 900-980°C by means of hydrogen
reduction:
A chemical reaction in which an element gains electrons, i.e., has an increase in
positive valence. Compare oxidation.
See
cap cost reduction
capitalized cost reduction
double reduction gearing
noise reduction
reduction effort:
See supplier cost reduction effort
reduction gearbox:
A gearbox located at the wheels, which reduces the drive speed and may also
increase ground clearance; often found on 4WD off-road vehicles
reduction gearing:
See double reduction gearing
reduction of area:
Difference in cross sectional area of a specimen after fracture, as compared to
original cross sectional area.
reed:
A part of a reed valve made of flexible steel, or of glass fiber reinforced resin,
attached to the valve case and normally closed. The reeds are designed to open
readily under pressure from the incoming mixture, but will close rapidly once the
pressure inside the crankcase reaches that of the surrounding atmosphere; in this
way, the maximum amount of mixture is admitted and any back-leakage is
prevented
reed stop:
A component of a reed valve used to limit upward travel of the reed
reed valve:
A one-way valve used in a two-cycle engine. It is made of a flat strip of metal that
lies on the floor of the crankcase over a hole connected to the carburetor. As the
piston moves up, the vacuum developed in the crankcase lifts the reed valve off the
hole. The vacuum causes the fuel-air mixture to flow from the carburetor into the
crankcase. Then, as the piston starts to move down, pressure increases in the
crankcase pushing the reed valve down, closing the hole and sealing the crankcase.
reed valve induction timing:

Using a reed valve located in the intake system to control induction timing
reefer:
[1] A refrigeration unit which is mounted on a large truck to cool the contents in the
trailer.
[2] A ship designed for carrying goods requiring refrigeration
reefer container:
An insulated container fitted with a refrigeration unit for carrying cargo requiring
temperature control
reel:
A revolving, often cylindrical device for winding up or letting out cord, wire, or
strap.
See
inertia reel
locking reel
reel seat belt:
See inertia reel seat belt
reface:
A general term for reconditioning of the interface between valves and their seats in
the cylinder head; depending on valve seat condition, refacing may involve lapping,
grinding, or cutting
reference ignition pattern:

An oscilloscope pattern of an intact ignition system for comparison purposes
reference input:
In a closed-loop control, the reference input is fed to a controller that changes a
controlled variable in a controlled system to achieve a certain output condition or
actual value
reference mark sensor:

A magnetic pick-up attached to the flywheel for sensing the crankshaft position and
transferring the signal to the electronic control unit, which calculates the ignition
point; the reference mark sensor scans a pin or a hole in the flywheel and produces
one output signal per crankshaft revolution
reference pressure:
The fuel bowl is vented to the outside air to maintain a constant (atmospheric)
pressure on the fuel, thus maintaining a constant fuel level as a point of reference
for the other system in the carburetor
reference temperature:
The temperature at which measuring tools and pieces being worked on must have
the specified measurements; the reference temperature 20°C applies to all
statements of technical measurements unless the contrary is expressly stated
reference voltage:
A voltage provided by a voltage regulator to operate potentiometers and other
sensors at a constant level
refinishing:
See paint refinishing
refinishing paint:
A paint sold specifically for resprays; many paint formulas used in the factory are
not suited for respray equipment, so special paints for the repair trade are required
refinish system:
The complete product lines and product support offered by many paint
manufacturers for respray operations in body shops; these include all materials from
primers and thinners to the topcoat plus additional respray products; all products are
matched for optimum results
refit:
closure of a plant for the purpose of plant conversion or retooling.
reflectance:
The ratio of reflected luminous flux to that reflected from an ideal, perfectly
reflecting surface when similarly illuminated
reflector:
[1] A part of a headlight which receives light from the bulb and reflects it back
through the lens.
[2] A part of a rear lamp cluster which reflects the light from headlights behind.
See
parabolic reflector
triangular safety reflector
reformulated gasoline:
Fuel with less volatility and reduced levels especially of toxic hydrocarbons.
reformulated gasolines:
Fuels with less volatility and reduced levels of especially toxic hydrocarbons.
refrigerant:
The liquid used in refrigeration systems to remove heat from the evaporator coils
and carry it to the condenser. It absorbs and gives up heat as it changes from a liquid
to a gas to a liquid. Freon-12 was a common automotive refrigerant, but it has been
replaced by C134A.
refrigerant-12:
The name applied to refrigerant generally used in automotive air conditioning
systems and refrigerators. Also called freon-12.
refrigeration cycle:
The complete circulation of refrigerant through an air conditioning system as it
changes temperature and pressure, i.e., Changes its state from vapor to liquid, then
back to vapor. Air-conditioning refrigerant in vapor form is pressurized in the
compressor, air-cooled in the condenser, and becomes a liquid which passes through
the receiver-drier into the expansion valve where it expands into low-pressure
liquid. It then flows through the evaporator where it expands again and starts to
boil, absorbing heat from the core and cooling the air going into the passenger
compartment. The compressor draws off the low-pressure vaporized refrigerant and
recycles it
refrigeration oil:
A highly refined lubricating oil which is free of contaminants such as sulphur,
moisture, and tar
refundable deposit:
This is a refundable deposit required at lease inception. In some cases it may be
used to satisfy the final monthly payment. It is sometime called a security deposit.
Regal:
A model of automobile manufactured by Buick Click for books on Buick Regal
regenerative braking:
A system in which an electric motor can be switched to a generator mode when
braking, so that the kinetic energy involved may be stored in the battery
register:
To align with. The two-stroke piston is provided with cut-outs that line up with the
intake ports as the piston moves up and down in the bore, i.e., they register with the
ports. The fresh charge can thus enter the crankcase
registered keeper:
A British term for a person who keeps the car, i.e., who is registered and pays tax
and insurance for the car, but is not necessarily the owner or the driver.
registered owner:
The person who owns the car, i.e., the car is registered in his name and he pays the
licence, tax, and insurance for the car.
registered tons:
See gross registered tons
registration:
[1] Motor vehicle ownership that is filed with the province/state.
[2] The act of entering the details of a new vehicle in a supervised record
registration document:
Papers giving details of a vehicle, including its manufacturer, date of registration,
engine and chassis numbers, and owner's name. Also see vehicle registration
document
registration number:
A unique sequence of letters and numbers assigned to a vehicle when it is
registered, usually indicating the year and place of registration, displayed on the
vehicle license plate
registration plate:
See license plate
registry:
See
certificate of registry
open registry
regrind:
[1] To smooth and polish again (e.g., valve seats).
[2] A resin batch material produced by regrinding thermoplastic scrap and waste;
such recycled material can be used to produce plastic parts which are not critical in
terms of engineering properties or color, such as wheel arch liners or battery cases.
The opposite is virgin resin
regrooveable tire:
See special mileage tire.
regrooving:
The act of cutting new tread grooves into the crown of the tire after the original
tread is worn down. A practice which is legally forbidden in many places.
regular gasoline:
Gasoline which has the normal amount of octane and is less than premium or high-
test gasoline.
regulated proportioning valve:

See load-sensitive proportioning valve
regulating:
See
main regulating system
pressure regulating valve
regulating system:
See main regulating system
regulating valve:
See pressure regulating valve
regulation traction control system:

See anti-spin regulation traction control system
regulator:
Any device which controls fluid (gas or liquid) flow, pressure, temperature, voltage,
etc.
See
acetylene regulator
current regulator
height regulator
oxygen regulator
pressure regulator valve
pressure regulator
system pressure regulator</A
voltage regulator
regulator valve:
See pressure regulator valve
regulator, voltage:
See voltage regulator.
reinforce:
To increase the strength of plastics by filling them with whiskers of glass, metal,
fibres, etc.
See
glass reinforced plastic
hinge pillar reinforcement
reinforced filler paste:

See glass reinforced filler paste
reinforced plastic:
See glass reinforced plastic
reinforced reaction injection molding:

(RRIM)
[1] A reaction injection molding of reinforced plastics.
[2] The term also refers to the material produced by this technique. Compare
reinforcement:
Any material, usually rubber and fabric, vulcanized to the tire to return strength to
the cord body upon an injury. Also see hinge pillar reinforcement
reinforcement of weld:
Excess metal on the face of a weld.
relative humidity:
(RH) A dimensionless ratio of the actual vapor pressure of the air to the saturation
vapor pressure
relay:
[1] An electro-magnetically operated switch used to make and break the flow of
current in a circuit. As low amperage current is passed through one circuit of the
relay, it switches a greater current through another line. For example, when
installing auxiliary lights with a heavy draw, the stock light switch may not be able
to take the current. Thus a relay is installed so that when the light switch is turned
on, low current is sent to the relay. The relay closes the circuit of heavy wiring
directly from the battery to the lights. Also called "cutout" and "circuit breaker."
[2] An automatic device which controls the setting of a valve, switch, etc. by means
of an electric motor, solenoid, or pneumatic mechanism.
See
cutout relay
hot-start pulse relay
time delay relay
relay lever:
See idler arm
relay rod:
An intermediate rod between the pitman arm and idler arm
relay valve:
See ABS Relay Valve.
release:
See
bonnet release
hood release
quick-release
quick release skewer
release agent:
A substance to prevent a molding, i.e., a GRP part, from sticking to the mold and to
facilitate its removal from the mold; as opposed to release wax, this is marketed
only in liquid form
release bearing:
See clutch release bearing
release button:
A button at the end of the park brake lever which, when depressed, allows the pawl
to be released from the ratchet
release finger:
See
clutch semi-centrifugal release finger
semi-centrifugal release finger
release fingers:
release lever:
See clutch release lever
release skewer:
See quick release skewer
release tool:
See trim panel release tool
release wax:
See release agent
releasing fluid:
Penetrating oil for loosening seized parts
relief:
[1] Amount one surface is set below or above another surface.
[2]
See
relief passage:
See bypass
relief valve:
[1] See pressure relief valve.
[2] A valve in the air pump of an air injection system which dumps part of the air at
high pump speeds to prevent pump damage. It may be combined with the air gulp
valve.
See
relieve:
To remove, by grinding, the small lip of metal between the valve seat area and the
cylinder and removing any other metal deemed necessary to improve the flow of
fuel mixture into the cylinders. Porting is generally done at the same time.
relieved shank:
See reduced shank
relieving:
[1] Removal of some metal from around racing engine valves and between cylinder
and valves to facilitate flow of gases.
[2] See stress relieving
reline:
To replace the brake shoes in drum brakes
reluctor:
See trigger wheel
remains:
See sheet metal remains
remanufacturing:
The process of taking a used part and returning it to original equipment (OE)
specifications through disassembly and cleaning of the core, testing, and
remachining or replacement of worn components.
re-metalling the bearings:

A bearing repair method used on pre-war engines with poured bearings instead of
Babbitt metal inserts. The Babbitt metal is poured into the bearing surfaces and is
then scraped until a correct bearing surface is established
reminder:
See lights-on reminder
remold:
See retread
remote:
See
ir remote control
remote bulb:
A sensing device connected to the expansion valve by a capillary tube. The bulb
senses the temperature of the evaporator outlet pipe and controls the expansion
valve accordingly
remote choke:
Vacuum diaphragm is mounted on the carburetor, but the bimetal spring is mounted
either on a pad on the intake manifold or in a heat well in the exhaust man. Choke
lever is operated by a mechanical linkage rod from the bimetal spring. Also called
divorced choke
remote control:
[1] The control of something from a distance.
[2] The device used for this. See
See
ir remote control
remote-control locking:
A central locking device operated by a remote control from outside the car
remote keyless entry:

A system where the door locks can be opened or locked by a small hand-held
switching device located several meters/feet away. Some also contain a panic button
that causes the lights to flash and the horn to honk if an intruder is seen near the
vehicle. Most remote keyless entry devices turn on the vehicle's interior lights while
unlocking the driver's door.
remote mirror:
An outside mirror that is adjusted by a toggle device inside the passenger
compartment. Older styles relied on a cable that transferred physical movement
from the toggle to the mirror. On newer vehicles, the mirror is controlled by
electrical controls.
remote starter switch:

A special automotive tool that allows the ignition switch to be bypassed for
cranking the engine
removable rim:
See detachable rim
remover:
A chemical or compound used to clear away unwanted material.
See
bug and tar remover
rust remover
spot-weld remover
stud remover
tar remover
valve guide remover
Renault:
A vehicle brand of which the 45 HP models of 1925-1948 with Click for books on
required application are classic cars. Renault
Reo:
A vehicle brand of which the 1931-33 Royale 8-31, Royale 8-35, Royale 8-52, and
Royale Custom 8 and 1934 N1, N2, and 8-52 are classic cars.
repair:
To restore something to working condition, e.g., by reconditioning, rebuilding, or
replacing.
See
body repair
independent repair shop
plug repair
section repair
Repair and Service Council:

See Canadian Automotive Repair and Service Council
repair gum:
See cushion gum.
repair kit:
A package of the parts needed to repair a particular component (e.g., carburetor,
generator, pump, universal joint, etc.)
repair manual:
A book which details the procedure for repairing one or more components of a
vehicle. Compare service manual
repair section:
A special panel supplied for body repairs that does not include the full panel used
for assembling the car but only the most vulnerable areas; i.e., for fenders, separate
repair sections are supplied for the headlight area and the bottom fender edges,
where damage usually occurs. Compare replacement panel
repair shop:
See
specialty repair shop
repeater lamp:
A British term for a signal light on the side of a vehicle
replacement market:
all products and services used in the repair and maintenance of vehicles.
replacement panel:
A body panel supplied for repair purposes; sometimes also used to denote a repair
section
replacement vehicle:
A car loaned by a dealer to a customer while the customer's car is under repair
replenishing port:
An opening in the master cylinder body which connects the fluid reservoir to the
annulus of the primary piston. Compare compensating port. In a tandem master
cylinder, there is one replenishing port for each piston. It is the first port as seen
from the pushrod end of the master cylinder and it is always open. Also called a
breather port
replica panel:
See pattern panel
repmobile:
A colloquial term for a car used by a sales representative
repro:
Abbreviation for "reproduction."
reproduction:
Parts or complete vehicles that have been manufactured to closely follow or exceed
original specifications, materials, and performance. Also called "repro" or "repros."
These parts often are so perfect that not even a concours judge can tell that they are
not NOS or OEM.
reproduction panel:
See pattern panel
required ignition voltage:

The maximum high voltage required to produce a spark under particular conditions
RES:
[1] An abbreviation for "resume" on a cruise control switch which sets the cruise
speed back to what it was after being shut off.
[2] A ballast resistor
research & development:

R&D expenditures (product and process development).
Research and Experimental Development Program:

See scientific Research and Experimental Development Program
research octane number:

(RON) A fuel octane rating determined by the research octane test, one of many test
procedures. Compare octane number
reseat:
To recut a valve seat after repeated grinding-in has worn it out of shape
reservation:
See
central reservation
central reserve
reserve:
The amount left in the fuel tank. On many motorcycles there is no gas gauge.
Instead, the fuel tap has two settings. The regular setting allows most of the fuel to
be used. When this amount is finished, the fuel tap can be adjusted so that the
remaining portion can be used. During this time, it is wise to fill up the tank.
See
central reserve
heat range reserve
high-voltage reserve
voltage reserve
reserve capacity:
The time, in minutes, that a battery can maintain a discharge rate of 25 amps
reservoir:
[1] Any container filled with fluid.
[2] The space between the outer and inner tubes of a double-tube shock absorber
which takes up the oil squeezed out of the working chamber corresponding to the
volume of the piston rod immersed in the working chamber. Also see brake fluid
reservoir
reset button:
A switch which puts the configuration of a component back to its standard setting.
reshaping:
[1] A panel beating process for removing dents: the panel is brought roughly into its
original shape before detailed work is performed in the finishing stage.
[2] The process of forming a panel from sheet steel
residual:
See expected residual value
residual check valve:

See residual pressure valve
residual discount:
If the end-of-lease purchase price (stated residual value) is greater than the expected
end-of-lease value (expected residual value), the dollar difference represents the
value of the vehicle that you will not pay for during the lease.
residual exhaust gases:

The exhaust gas remaining in the cylinder of a two-stroke engine after the exhaust
ports have been closed, i.e., these gases have not been scavenged
residual penalty:
If the end-of-lease purchase price (stated residual value) is less than the expected
end-of-lease value (expected residual value), the dollar difference represents the
additional value of the vehicle you'll pay for during the lease.
residual pressure:
Fuel pressure maintained within the system after engine shutdown. Also, pressure
remaining in a hydraulic circuit after the brakes have been released
residual pressure check valve:

A small valve, usually located in the outlet port(s) of the master cylinder, which
maintains a certain amount of pressure in the hydraulic circuit(s) when the brakes
are released
residual pressure valve:

A valve mounted in the cylinder outlet between piston and brake lines of drum
brake circuits. It maintains a certain minimum pressure in the system. Disc brakes
do not require a residual pressure valve
residual value:
See
stated residual value
expected residual value
residue:
See combustion residue
resin:
[1] A secretion from trees used in varnishes, printing ink, and plastic as a binder.
[2] A synthetic product with some of the same physical properties as the plant
secretion.
[3] A liquid plastic used in body work.
See
acrylic resin
epoxy resin
gel-coat resin
lay-up resin
virgin resin
resist:
A substance applied onto aluminum pieces before etching; no surface particles are
removed where the surface is covered with the protective coating
resistance:
[1] An opposing force.
[2] A measure of a conductor's ability to retard the flow of electricity.
See
air resistance
corrosion resistance
fatigue resistance
impact resistance test
internal resistance
knock resistance
polarization resistance
rolling resistance
roll resistance
surface resistance
wear resistance
resistance shrinking:
Ripples in the bodywork are removed by shrinking the panel with the aid of heat
from an electric current provided by the electrode of a special tool which is brought
into contact with the rippled area
resistance test:
See impact resistance test
resistance thermometer:
An electrical temperature sensor which, in contrast to a thermocouple, needs an
external voltage supply; the actual sensing element is a resistor whose resistance is
an accurate indication of the temperature
resistance welding:
Fusing metals using the resistance of the metals to the flow of electricity, as the
source of heat.
resistant:
See
impact-resistant
weather resistant
resistivity:
The ability of a material not to conduct electricity. The opposite is conductivity
resistor:
A device placed in a circuit to lower the voltage. It will also decrease the flow of
current.
See
ballast resistor
coil resistor
ignition coil resistor
load resistor
resistor spark plug:

A spark plug containing a resistor designed to shorten both the capacitive and
inductive phases of the spark. This will suppress radio interference and lengthen
electrode life. Using a non-resistor spark plug may also damage a CDI box.
resleeve:
See re-sleeve.
re-sleeve:
This is a term used of the piston cylinders. The old cylinder inserts are completely
removed and new inserts or sleeves are pressed in. This action is done when the
cylinder cannot be rebored. Also see cylinder sleeve.
resonator:
[1] A small muffler-like device that is placed into the exhaust system near the end
of the tail pipe. It is used to provide additional silencing of the exhaust.
[2] Any device that attenuates pressure spikes
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act:

Federal act that covers businesses that generate, transport, or manage hazardous
wastes
response:
See steering response
respray:
To add one or more coats of paint to the existing finish. Also see partial respray
rest:
See
armrest
backrest
start from rest
restoration:
The act of working on a vehicle with such care as to bring it back to its original
condition (including original parts, paint, chroming processes, etc.) rather than
merely rebuilding or repairing one.
restorationitis:
A term coined by Mark A. Rock of Columbia Station, OH. A quasi-disease which
affects a person with a restorable vehicle so that he feels compelled to work on his
vehicle rather than eat, sleep, or anything else. While working on his vehicle to
repair or replace a particular part, the "disease" compels him to disassemble, clean,
polish, repair, etc. everything associated with the initial part and he justifies his
actions by saying, "While I am at it, I might as well do it right." Also see detailitis
restorer:
See finish restorer
restraint:
A device used to halt the movement of something.
See
head restraint
child restraint system
passive restraint system
supplementary inflatable restraint
voluntary Export Restraint
Restraint Agreement:
See Voluntary Restraint Agreement
restraint inflatable air-bag system:

restraint system:
A general term for occupant safety systems such as seat belts, belt tensioners, air
bags, child seats, etc.
See
airbag restraint system
child restraint system
passive restraint system
supplemental restraint system
restrictor:
See nozzle restrictor
restrictor plate:
A plate attached to the carburetor that limits the amount of airflow entering the
combustion chamber. It decreases horsepower.
rest stop:
A place at the side of a road where drivers can stop (to rest). The British term is
"lay-by"
resume:
A switch on the cruise control system. If you are driving on cruise control, for
example at 100 kph, and approach some slow traffic, you would normally apply the
brakes. This action will disengage the cruise control and allow you to slow down.
Once you are past the slow traffic, you can go back to the speed you had previously
set by simply hitting the "resume" button. The vehicle will accelerate to that speed.
resurfacing:
If the cylinder head is warped due to thermal differences, its mating surface will
have to be machined to ensure first that a level surface is created and second that the
engine's compression ratio is not increased above a tolerable value
retail:
The price of something that the customer pays (in contrast with wholesale). See
manufacturer's suggested retail price
retail price:
See manufacturer's suggested retail price
retainer:
A device which holds something in place.
See
pad retainer pin
pad retainer
valve keeper
valve retainer
valve spring retainer
retainer pin:
See pad retainer pin
retainer plate:
A plate which prevents a valve from sliding out of its bore
retainer spring tool:

A special automotive tool used on drum brakes for restraining the shoe retaining
springs for removal and installation. It comes in a variety of shapes, e.g., as a
screwdriver-type tool with a special socket end to grip retaining washers
retaining ring:
See truarc retaining ring
retard:
[1] To set the ignition timing so that a spark occurs later or less degrees before
TDC. It involves adjusting the camshaft, distributor spark, or valve operation. In
this way, the spark plugs fire or the valves open later in the cycle.
See
ignition retard
spark retard
vacuum retard
The opposite of advance.
[2] The device for doing this action.
retarded:
occurring late
retarder:
[1] An additive to decrease the evaporation rate of a thinner or reducer in paint;
used to improve viscosity in hot weather.
[2] An auxiliary brake used on commercial vehicles and coaches (it is a requirement
in some European countries). Also see energy retarder
retard unit:
See vacuum retard unit
retract:
To draw back, pull back, or rewind
retractable aerial:
A telescopic aerial or power antenna
retractable antenna:
See power antenna
retractable headlights:
See concealed headlights or hideaway headlights
retractor:
A seat belt device which locks the reel of a seat belt when the forward acceleration
of the occupants exceeds a certain value.
See
belt retractor
retractor indicator lamp:

See headlight retractor indicator lamp
retread:
[1] A means of extending the life of a tire that has worn its original tread, yet still
has a sound carcass. The casing is prepared by buffing off tread rubber and
vulcanizing new tread rubber stock in its place.
[2] A casing to which tread rubber has been affixed to extend the useable life of the
tire after the original tread has been worn out.
[3] The term in some parts of the USA and Australia is "recap." Also see production
retread shop
retreading:
See retread.
retread shop:
See production retread shop
retrofit:
To equip a vehicle with new parts after it has been manufactured
return:
See
earth return
fuel return line
ground return
return line:
See fuel return line
return spring:
A spring which is attached to a lever so that when the lever is moved in one
direction, the spring forces it back.
See
brake shoe return spring
throttle return spring
return sweep:
A body panel section presenting a concave appearance; its most common function is
to strengthen loose panel areas such as the finish along the wheel aperture of the
fender
rev:
Abbreviation for revolution
rev counter:
A colloquial term for tachometer
ReVere:
reverse:
[1] To drive backward or to back up.
[2] Reverse gear (R). Also see auto reverse
reverse bias:
Nonconductive condition that exists when current flow is blocked by a diode
reverse brake shoe:

See trailing brake shoe
reverse clutch:
A clutch which couples the components of planetary gear sets or trains in such a
way that the vehicle can be driven backwards
reversed Elliot axle:

An axle design in which the axle beam terminates in an eye, the steering knuckle
axis dividing as a yoke or fork-shaped end which straddles the axle beam end
reversed polarity:
(Electrode positive-anode) referring to DC and causing electrons to flow from the
base metal to the electrode.
reverse Elliot steering knuckle:

Type of axle construction in which steering spindle straddles ends of axle beam
reverse-Elliot type axle:

A solid bar front axle on which the steering knuckles span or straddle the axle ends.
reverse-flow scavenging:
A scavenging system for two-stroke engines in which a cylinder has two pairs of
transfer ports, at the front and rear respectively, with two exhaust ports located on
either side of the two pairs of transfer ports; the incoming streams of mixture spread
out like a fan, are deflected downward and expel the spent gases
reverse flush:
Cleaning the cooling system by pumping a powerful cleaning agent through the
system in a direction opposite to that of normal flow.
reverse gear:
A very low gear for driving backwards, denoted by the letter "R" on a gear knob or
gear selector
reverse idler gear:

A gear used in the transmission to produce a reverse rotation of the transmission
output shaft.
reverse inhibitor valve:

A valve which prevents the engagement of the reverse clutch in an automatic
transmissions if the vehicle road speed exceeds 10 kph (6 mph)
reverse lock:
A steering condition where the front wheels are pointed in the opposite (reverse)
direction of the turn. This technique is used in a rear wheel skid
reverse process:
An immersion or combined spray/immersion process employed to apply two
protective coatings which, in the case of body shells, replace the dip primer coat and
the filler coat. The designation derives from the fact that the sequence in which the
dip primer coat and the filler coat are applied is reversed. Compare electrostatic
powder coating
reverse scavenging:
See loop scavenging
reversible gear puller:

A puller with two or more reversible jaws, allowing it to be used for inside and
outside pulling
reversing light:
A British term for back-up light
reversing warning signal:

British term for backup alarm
reversion:
Excessive heating of a cured rubber compound leading to deterioration of its
rev limiter:
See engine speed limiter
revolution counter:
[1] A tachometer, which measures the engine speed in rpm.
[2] A counter which counts the total revolutions of a shaft as opposed to rpm
revolutions per kilometer:

(RPK) A measurement of the number of times a tire turns in one kilometer of travel.
revolutions per mile:

(RPM) A measurement of the number of times a tire turns in one mile of travel.
revolutions per minute:

(RPM) The speed the engine crankshaft is turning. Also see RPM.
rev range:
Automotive jargon for the range of speeds (expressed as revolutions per minute) in
which an engine is designed to operate. The lowest point in the rev range is the idle
speed; the highest point is the redline.
revs:
[1] To increase the speed of an engine.
[2] The number of revolutions per minute.
See
high revs
peak revs
revving:
See free-revving
RFI:
Acronym for radio frequency interference
RFI suppressed spark plugs:

Fully shielded and resistor spark plugs
RH:
[1] Acronym for "right hand," as in RH drive. For all vehicles, left and right are
from the perspective of sitting in the driver's seat.
[2] Acronym for relative humidity
RHD:
Acronym for "right-hand drive."
rheostat:
A resistor with variable resistance, e.g., the switch that dims the dash lights
rhodium:
A silver-white noble metal in the platinum family; atomic number 45, atomic
weight 102.905; used in thermocouples and, together with other platinum metals, as
a catalyst in catalytic converters
rhr:
Acronym for rear head restraints
rib:
[1] The continuous raised portions of rubber that run circumferentially (straight or
in a zigzag pattern) making up the tread on the tire. Also the term applies to various
raised surfaces circling the sidewall, i.e., guide rib.
[2] A structural member for reinforcing bodywork.
See
scuff rib
tread rib
ribbing:
[1] A series of raised portions in castings or moldings to increase rigidity.
[2] A narrow recess stamped into relatively flat body panels, e.g., floorpans, that
helps to reinforce the panel and to suppress vibrations in it
ricardo principle:
An arrangement in which a portion of the combustion chamber came in very close
contact with the piston head. The other portion, off to one side, contained more
space. As the piston neared TDC on the compression stroke, the fuel mixture was
squeezed tightly between the piston and head thus causing the mixture to squirt
outward into the larger area in a very turbulent manner. This produced a superior
mixture and allowed compression ratios to be raised without detonation.
rich:
An air/fuel mixture that has more petrol than normal. The opposite is lean
rich air-fuel mixture:

A mixture of air and fuel in which there is less air and more fuel. See air-fuel ratio.
rich mixture:
A mixture of air and fuel in which there is less air and more fuel. See air-fuel ratio.
The opposite is lean mixture. Also compare stoichiometric ratio. A slightly rich
mixture generates the maximum achievable engine power, an overly rich mixture
causes spark plug fouling, loss of engine power, and excessive fuel consumption.
Any rich mixture increases exhaust emissions
ride:
The degree of comfort, especially with regard to the suspension, experienced by the
passengers. Also see electronic ride control
ride control:
See electronic ride control
ride height:
A measurement between the ground and some fixed reference point on a car's body.
The exact location of the fixed point varies among manufacturers. This dimension
can be used to measure the amount of suspension deflection or the height of the
body from the ground. See ground clearance
ride-height adjuster:
See ground clearance control
ride levelling:
See automatic level control
rider:
[1] A person who operates a motorcycle.
[2] A passenger (but generally not the driver) of a car or truck.
[3] A vehicle. See low rider
ride steer:
A generally undesirable condition in which a wheel steers slightly as its suspension
compresses or extends. Also called "bump steer."
ridge:
[1] An edge, ledge, or lip which protrudes beyond the normal face of an object. See
rim ridge.
[2] The cutting edge of a screw thread above the flanks.
[3] See pressure ridge.
[4] A hump.
See
piston ring ridge
burr
riding the clutch:

A situation where the driver rests his foot on the clutch pedal while the vehicle is
being driven. This action can cause undue wear on the clutch plates because they
may be rubbing against each other ever so slightly.
rig:
A large truck.
See
big rig
jury rig
rigged:
See
jerry rigged
jury rigged
rigger:
See out-rigger
right:
When referring to the side of a unit, the right side is always from the perspective of
operation. In other words, when sitting in the driver's seat or when riding a bicycle
or when pushing a mower, the right side is the operator's right hand side. In other
words the left or right side is determined by facing the rear of the unit.
right-hand drive:
(RHD) A steering system in which the steering wheel is located on the right-hand
side of the vehicle; used for driving on the left, as in the UK, Japan, Australia, etc.
The opposite is left-hand drive
right hand thread:

See right-hand thread.
right-hand thread:
The common direction (clockwise) which is used to secure a nut to a bolt. Also see
left-hand thread.
right hand turn signal:

A device which is attached to the turn signal lever on the left side of the
steering wheel to allow disabled people to operate the turn signals from the
right side.
rights:
rigid:
Inflexible, without any flexural or elastic characteristic
rigid axle:
A simple non-independent suspension, consisting of a rigid transverse member with
wheel hubs solidly bolted to it. The axle can be attached to the body by leaf springs,
or by a combination of suspension arms and links. A rear axle which may be either
live (in rearwheel drive cars) or dead (in front-wheel drive cars)
rigid axle connection:

fixed drive
rigidity:
See torsional rigidity
Riley:
classic cars. The 1945-55 2.5 (RMA, RME) models are milestone cars.
rim:
[1] The outer edge of a dented area in a body panel that is heat shrunk towards the
center of the dent.
[2] On a bicycle, the metal or wooden hoop of a wheel that holds the tire and tube
and the outer ends of the spokes.
[3] On a truck, the metal assembly consisting of a base and either a side ring or a
side and lock ring combination, which are removable from one side for tire
mounting. The opposite side has a fixed flange to retain the tire. Note: Passenger
and tubeless rims do not have removable side and lock rings.
See
ah rim
asymmetric rim
base rim
center rim
curing rim
dc rim
demountable rim
detachable rim
drop-center rim
drop-centre rim
drop center rim
drop centre rim
flat base rim taper
flat base rim
high center rim
horn rim steering wheel
hump rim
intermediate rim taper
multi-piece rim
nominal rim width
one-piece rim
one-piece rim designation
removable rim
safety rim
semi-drop center rim
single-piece rim
split rim
standard rim
symmetric rim
td rim
tr-denioc rim
tr rim
well-base rim
wheel rim
wheel trim rim
RIM:
Acronym for reaction injection molding
rim bead seat:

The portion of the wheel rim below the rim flange providing radial support to the
bead of the tire
rim bead seat taper:

The narrowing of the rim width towards the rim well. The taper must be designed to
lock the tire to the rim and provide a good seal; well-base rims for passenger cars
have a 5° taper, those for commercial vehicles have a 15° taper; flat base rims for
commercial vehicles have no taper
rim brake:
Any type of brake that slows or stops a wheel by pressing its pads against the sides
of the wheel rim.
rim designation:
The nominal rim diameter, nominal rim width and any abbreviations and codes for
the contour of the rim. Compare multi-piece rim, and one-piece rim designation
rim diameter:
The distance between the intersection of the bead seats and the vertical walls of the
rim flanges.
See
rim drivers:
Riveted or welded metal blocks or extrusions on both sides of the valve slot to
prevent valve damage due to rim slippage on cast spokes.
rim flange:
The part of a rim that supports the tire bead in a lateral direction; the linear distance
between the two rim flanges is termed rim width
rim offset:
A measurement in inches from the center of the rim (between the flanges) to the tip
of the 28° gutter bevel.
rim pull:
Actual amount of effort in pounds available at the point of contact of tire and road
surface.
rim ridge:
See hump
rim size:
The dimension of a wheel covering the rim width and rim diameter and is measured
in inches
rim steering wheel:
See horn rim steering wheel
rim strip:
See rim tape
rim tape:
A rubber strap which covers the spoke nipples on the inside of the rim to protect the
spoke from poking into the tube.
rim taper:
The slope of the rim.
See
advanced rim taper
base rim taper
center rim taper
flat base rim taper
rim type:
Depending on the type of tire, rim types differ according to the rim profile and the
number of rim parts. Compare multi-piece rim, one-piece rim, and safety rim
rim well:
The portion of the rim with a substantially smaller diameter than the bead seats and
located with sufficient depth and width to enable the tire beads to be forced over the
mounting side of the rim flange and bead seat taper for installation or removal
rim well base:

The portion of the rim with a substantially smaller diameter than the bead seats and
located with sufficient depth and width to enable the tire beads to be forced over the
mounting side of the rim flange and bead seat taper for installation or removal
rim width:
The nominal distance between the rim flanges. The width of a rim is an important
factor in the handling characteristics of a car: a rim that is too narrow in relation to
the tire width will cause the tire to distort sideways under fast cornering. Unduly
wide rims on an ordinary car tend to give a rather harsh ride because the sidewalls
of the tire have insufficient curvature to make them flex properly over irregularities
in the road. Also see nominal rim width
ring:
A circular piece or band of metal.
See
balk ring
blocking ring
chainring
chrome ring
compression ring
control ring
D-ring
D ring
dykes ring
fire ring
flywheel ring gear
fulcrum ring
heavy-duty ring wrench
horn ring
L-section ring
lockring
lock ring pliers
moly ring
O-ring
oil control ring
oil ring
pinned piston ring
pinned ring
piston ring clamp
piston ring end gap
piston ring expander
piston ring flutter
piston ring gap
piston ring groove
piston ring job
piston ring pliers
piston ring ridge
piston ring stop
piston ring
pivot ring
rectangular-section ring
ring and pinion
ringbolt
ring gear
rotating seal ring
rubber ring
scraper ring
side ring
slip ring
snap ring
spacer ring
stepped compression ring
tapered compression ring
truarc retaining ring
valve seat ring
wear ring
ring and pinion:

A term used to describe the differential drive pinion and ring gear.
See
final drive ratio
ring and pinion
ring belt:
The lands and rings of a piston
ringbolt:
An iron bolt having a ring through an eye at one end, through which a rope can be
passed and tied.
ring, chrome:
See piston ring, chrome.
ring clamp:
See piston ring clamp
ring, compression:
See piston ring, compression.
ring end gap:

See piston ring end gap.
ring expander:
See
piston ring expander
piston ring pliers
ring flutter:
See piston ring flutter
ring gap:
The gap between the piston ring ends with the piston installed in the bore. See
piston ring end gap.
ring gear:
[1] The large bevel, circular gear which is attached to the flange or carrier of
the differential case. It meshes with the drive pinion on the end of the
propeller shaft.
[2] The outer gear in a planetary gearset. Also see flywheel ring gear.
[3] annulus gear.
[4] See crown wheel.
[5] A toothed rim of a flywheel which engages the pinion of the starter motor.
See
flywheel ring gear
starter ring gear
ring groove:
See piston ring groove.
ring groove cleaner:

See piston ring groove cleaner
ring groove insert:

See top ring groove insert
ring job:
See piston ring job.
ring, pinned:
See piston ring, pinned.
ring pliers:
See
lock ring pliers
piston ring pliers
ring ridge:
See piston ring ridge.
rings:
See piston ring.
ring side clearance:

See piston ring side clearance.
ring spanner:
A British term for a box wrench
ring stop:
See piston ring stop
ring wrench:
See heavy-duty ring wrench
rings:
See whitewall rings
rinse:
See no rinse treatment
rinse treatment:
See no rinse treatment
ripping hammer:
A hammer which looks like a claw hammer, but the claw is straight
rise:
See dead rise
riser:
See
handlebar riser
heat riser
rising rate:
A suspension system that becomes harder to compress the farther it is compressed.
This is usually achieved by a mechanical linkage with variable leverage ratio
rising rate suspension:

See rising-rate suspension.
rising-rate suspension:
A suspension system where the spring rate increases when the wheels move further
into jounce. This action can be accomplished by configuring the geometric shape of
the suspension, by using springs which change tension as they are compressed, or
by using two or more springs with rubber stops. The purpose of a rising-rate
suspension is to maintain consistent ride and handling characteristics under a variety
of situations: loaded or unloaded, straight roads or curves, and smooth roads or
bumpy.
rivet:
A metal pin used to hold two objects together. One end of the pin has a head and the
other end must be set or peened over to create another head
See
blind rivet
pop rivet
riveted brake lining:

A brake shoe that is attached to the backing plate with rivets rather than glued on.
riveter:
A tool with pliers-like handles and nose piece to insert rivets. It is used, for
example, in body repair work to rivet sheet metal material together
rivet gun:
A tool with pliers-like handles and nose piece to insert rivets. It is used, for
example, in body repair work to rivet sheet metal material together
riveting hammer:
A hammer with a special head for securing rivets.
Riviera:
A model of automobile manufactured by Buick Click for books on Buick Riviera
RL:
Refers to red line tires which were marketed in the late '60s and early 70s.
RMA:
Acronym for "Rubber Manufactures Association"
road:
Any large path upon which vehicles travel.
See
gravel road
pit road
rolling road
toll road
road closure:
An action by the authorities to stop vehicles from using a road. It is usually done
when there has been a serious accident blocking the road or when the road
conditions are bad (such as snow storms, earthquakes, avalanches, etc.)
road course:
A closed course with turns to both the right and the left mimicking a normal road.
road-draft tube:
British term for oil breather pipe or oil breather tube
road feel:
The feeling imparted to the steering wheel by the wheels of a vehicle in motion.
This feeling can be very important in sensing and predetermining vehicle steering
response.
road fund licence:

A British licence showing that road tax has been paid
road hazard:
Injury to a tire sustained in normal operation, excluding collision or vandalism and
that is not reparable by accepted standards.
road hog:
A selfish, often aggressive driver
roadholding:
The ability of a vehicle to grip the pavement. Technically described as "lateral
acceleration," because cornering is actually a continuous deviation from a straight
path. Measured in g's.
road holding:
See roadholding
road load horsepower:

The amount of power at the driving wheels needed to move a vehicle down the road
at a steady speed. This power varies according to the vehicle's speed, aerodynamic
drag, mechanical friction, and the tires' rolling resistance. Road-load horsepower is
distinct from engine power because the output of the engine is sapped by various
mechanical losses between the engine's output at its flywheel and the driving
wheels.
road rage:
The violent behavior by a driver which may be precipitated by being cut off,
forgetting to signal, getting an insulting gesture, etc.
road rash:
Any type of bruise or wound that is inflicted when you hit the ground, generally in a
low-speed crash. A skinned knee is a type of road rash; multiply that by 100 and
you get road rash that happens to unprotected motorcycle riders during an accident.
High-speed crashes do much more damage.
road speed:
A vehicle's speed along a road, measured in mph or kph
roadster:
(Rdstr) This term derives from equestrian vocabulary where it was applied to a
horse used for riding on the roads. Old dictionaries define the roadster as an open-
type car designed for use on ordinary roads, with a single seat for two persons and,
often, a rumble seat. It is an open-type body with one bench seat and a luggage
compartment in the rear deck. The weatherproof fabric top may be folded, and side
curtains may be removed. The windshield usually may be folded down. The original
concept is maintained by the Morgan Plus 8 but modern roadsters include power
features such as power steering, electric windows, etc. as in the Mercedes-Benz SL.
Also see sport roadster.
road surfaces:
See split-friction road surfaces
road tax:
An annual tax paid in order to use a vehicle on the roads
road test:
[1] A test to check that a car is roadworthy after repair.
[2] A test of a car (e.g., a new model) in actual use; for example, by a magazine for
comparison with other models. See also test drive
road-test:
To give a vehicle a road test
road train:
Several linked trailers pulled by a large truck; common in Australia for transporting
stock
roadworthiness:
A vehicle which is fit to be driven on the roads
roadworthy:
A mechanically sound vehicle which is fit to be driven on the roads
Roamer:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925 8-88, 6-54e, 4-75; 1926 4-75e and 8-88; 1927;
1928; 1929 8-88; 1929 8-125; and 1930 8:125 models are classic cars.
Robertson screw:
A screw with a recessed square hole. It is more commonly found in Canada than the
US, especially in woodworking situations. It is easier to install and remove than a
Phillips screw and does not strip the head as easily. There are four basic sizes
(measured across the flats): 1.6 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.6 mm, and 3.0 mm.
robot:
See painting robot
robot spraying:
The application of paint by robots
Rochet-Schneider:
classic cars.
rocker:
See
closing rocker
forked rocker arm
forked rocker
high lift rocker arms
rocker arm:
A curved lever that pivots in the middle. One end is attached to the top of the valve
stem. In overhead-valve engines the other end is attached to the push rod. In some
overhead-cam engines the other end is attached directly to the camshaft lobe. As the
camshaft rotates, the rocker arms pivot causing the valves to open and close.
See
forked rocker arm
high lift rocker arm
rocker arm cover:

A metal lid located on top of the cylinder head on vehicles that have valves that are
activated by an overhead cam or by rocker arms. See valve cover.
rocker arm shaft:

The shaft upon which the rocker arms are mounted so that the rocker arms can pivot
rocker box:
A British term for valve cover (i.e., a cylinder head cover above the valve train)
rocker cover:
A British term for valve cover (i.e., a cylinder head cover above the valve train)
rocker cover gasket:

A British term for valve cover gasket, (i.e., a gasket between the cylinder head and
the valve cover; usually either a flat paper or cork gasket or an O-ring
rocker panel:
That section of the vehicle body between the front and rear fenders and beneath the
doors. A sill
rocker shaft:
A British term for cross shaft (i.e., the outgoing shaft of the steering gearbox, to
which the pitman arm is connected)
rocket:
See crotch rocket
rocking:
See piston rocking
Rockwell hardness:
A measurement of the degree of hardness of a given substance.
rod:
[1] A modified car. Also see street rod.
[2] To drive a vehicle hard.
[3] A connecting rod.
See
connecting rod
boxed rod
throwing a rod
[4] To clean out a radiator by passing a rod through the lines. See rodding the
radiator.
[5] A thin bar.
See
boxed rod
brake rod
connecting rod
con rod
filler rod
forked con rod
hood rod
hot rod
intermediate rod
master con rod
metering rod
panhard rod
piston rod
push rod
push rod engine
radius rod
relay rod
selector rod
side rod
slave con rod
steering rod
street rod
strut rod
threaded rod
throwing a rod
tie rod
torque rods
track rod
transverse rod
TV rod
welding rod
rod arm:
See tie rod arm
rod bearing:
See
big-end bearing
connecting rod bearing
con rod bearing
rodding the radiator:

The top and sometimes, the bottom tank of the radiator is removed. The core is then
cleaned by passing a cleaning rod down through the tubes. This is done when
radiators are quite clogged with rust, scale, and various mineral deposits.
rod end:
See tie rod end
rod engine:
See push rod engine
rod mounting box:

See panhard rod mounting box
rod puller:
See tie rod puller
rod separator:
See tie rod separator
rod shank:
See connecting rod shank
Rohr:
roll:
The motion of a vehicle in which the springs on one side of the vehicle compress
while the springs on the other side extend. If the roll is extensive, the vehicle will
fall on its side. Also less accurately called "sway" or "lean," it occurs in corners
because the car's center of gravity is almost always higher than the axis about which
it rotates.
See
anti-roll bar
body roll
integrated roll cage
period of roll
rollbar
roll cage
roll center
roll steer
roll stiffness
slip roll
roll angle:
The angular displacement of a vehicle about its longitudinal axis, i.e., tendency of a
vehicle to tip over when cornering or in high cross winds
roll axis:
The axis through the front and rear roll centers
rollbar:
A heavy steel bar or tubular steel that goes from one side of the frame, up and
around in back of the driver in a hoop, and back down to the other side of the frame.
It is used to protect the driver in the event his vehicle rolls over. Also see anti-roll
bar
roll cage:
A protective structure which surrounds the driver in the event of a rollover or crash.
It includes a rollbar and other bars welded to the rollbar. The roll cage also adds
chassis strength and stiffness which makes for better handling characteristics. Also
see integrated roll cage
roll center:
A term which is used to describe the point around which the body of the vehicle
rolls when it corners. If the movement of the vehicle is controlled only by linkages,
the roll center can be discovered by the geometry of the suspension.
roll coating:
An application method for organic or chemical conversion coatings using rolls
rolled bead:
See beaded edge
rolled thread:
Rolled threads are cold formed by squeezing the blank between reciprocating or
revolving serrated dies, similar to rolling a pencil between your two hands. This acts
to increase the major diameter of the thread over and above the diameter of the
unthreaded shank, if any. Rolled threads are both stronger and smoother than cut
threads and more economical in so far as the process is faster with no waste of
material. Virtually all cold headed fasteners within the Aerospace Industry today
have rolled threads.
roller:
[1] A device for replacing sliding friction with rolling friction.
[2] While ball bearings use a series of balls in a cage, roller bearings use a series of
small cylinders.
See
cam roller
double roller chain
sheet metal roller
tread roller
worm and roller
[3] A colloquial term for a Rolls-Royce.
roller bearing:
A bearing using a series of straight, cupped, or tapered rollers engaging an inner and
outer ring or race.
See
tapered roller bearing
timken roller bearing
roller cage:
A metal or plastic enclosure which keeps the rollers in place in a roller bearing
rollercam brake:
See rollercam brakes.
rollercam brakes:
Mountain bike brakes that are attached to the frame posts and use a cam and pulley
system to modify pressure on the rims.
roller cell pump:

See roller-vane pump
roller chain:
A power-transmitting chain in which each link consists of two free-moving rollers
located by pins connected to sideplates. Compare double roller chain, duplex chain,
simplex chain, single roller chain, and triplex chain
roller clutch:
A clutch, using a series of rollers placed in ramps, that will provide drive power in
one direction but will slip or freewheel in the other direction. Also see stator roller
clutch
roller dynamometer:
A dynamometer attached to a number of rollers so that the vehicle's driving wheels
are placed on them to simulate road conditions. In this way a vehicle's actual power
to the wheels can be determined. Also see rolling road
roller foot lever:

See roller tappet
roller levelling:
A process in which steel strips pass rollers which remove excess zinc after the
actual immersion process of galvanizing has begun.
roller lifter:
See roller tappets.
roller lifters:
See roller tappets.
rollers:
A stationary training device that consists of a boxlike frame and three rotating
cylinders (one for a bike's front wheel and two for its rear wheel) on which the
bicycle is balanced and ridden.
roller tappet:
See roller tappets.
roller tappets:
valve lifters that have a roller placed on the end contacting the camshaft. This is
done to reduce friction between the lobe and lifter. They are generally used when
special camshafts and high tension valve springs have been installed. Also called
"roller lifters."
roller-vane pump:
A rotary vane pump with rollers as pumping elements which slide against the pump
body when the rotor rotates. Also see vane pump
rolling:
See
free rolling wheel
temper rolling
rolling bearing:
See antifriction bearing
rolling circumference:
The circumference of a fully inflated tire under load
rolling friction:
A rolling bearing's frictional resistance to rotation
rolling radius:
The distance from the center of the tire's ground contact patch to the center of the
wheel rim.
rolling resistance:
As the wheels begin to turn, there are forces which resist its motion such as low tire
pressure, rough road surface, increased tire temperature, tire composition, increased
vehicle weight, and even air resistance.
rolling road:
Rollers set in the floor of a service center and designed to simulate road conditions;
the rollers can be driven by the driving wheels of a car and connected to a
dynamometer for testing the power output of an engine or may be independently
powered, e.g., to test the brakes
rolling start:
A form of race start that begins with the cars already in formation, while also in
motion.
rolling wheel:
See free rolling wheel
roll-off:
See tire roll-off.
roll oversteer:
Oversteer caused by roll when cornering. The opposite is roll understeer
roll pin:
A split, tube-like pin made of spring steel for retaining disc pads, gears to shafts in
gearboxes, etc.. See spiral wrapped pin.
roll resistance:
See roll stiffness.
rolls:
[1] Aconym for rolls Royce. Also see mixing rolls
Rolls-Royce:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models are classic Click for books on
cars. All the 1947-67 models are milestone cars. Rolls-Royce
Rolls Royce mascot:

See Emily
roll steer:
A characteristic of handling which gives a slight improvement to steering as the
suspension moves in body roll. Sometimes a bad roll steer occurs when the
suspension is poorly designed. A steering effect induced by load transference from
side to side. The axles may move out of their normal parallel relationship due to
spring deflection.
roll steer effect:

See roll steer
roll stiffness:
The turning moment or torque that the suspension makes when the body rolls and
the suspension tries to pull the body back to its normal upright position. It is usually
measured in lb-ft/degree of roll. When the springs are stiffer or when the
perpendicular distance from the springs to the roll center is greater then the roll
stiffness increases. As a result, the vehicle corners flatter. Also called roll resistance.
roll test:
An examination of the drive train functions; may include separate tests for front and
rear axle, left-hand and right-hand sides, noise test
roll understeer:
Understeer caused by roll when cornering. The opposite is roll oversteer
ROM:
Acronym for read Only Memory -- memory that contains the computer's operating
instructions (programs). It also stores general information that tells the computer
how various components should perform under specific operating condition
Romeo:
See Alfa Romeo.
RON:
Acronym for "Research Octane Number" see octane number.
roo bar:
An Australian term for nerf bar
roof:
See
pagoda-style roof
pagoda roof
pent-roof
T bar roof
roof box:
An enclosed, multi-purpose roof carrier
roof brace:
A transverse rail that supports the roof panel; there are usually several roof braces
roof panel:
The horizontal outer layer of the sheet metal roof panels that is spot-welded along
its edges to the top of the root door and screen pillars
roof pillars:
The steel pillars that surround the front and rear windshields and front and rear
doors in a sedan. Pillars between the windshield and the front door are referred to as
A-pillars. Pillars between the front and rear doors are referred to as B-pillars. Pillars
between the rear doors and the rear windshield are called C-pillars. They provide
greater rigidity to the car and making a hardtop possible.
roof rack:
A luggage rack on the roof of a vehicle
roof rail:
A longitudinal side member above the doors to which the roof panel is attached.
Also called "cantrail"
roof spoiler:
A spoiler attached to the roof of a truck cab, or vehicle towing a trailer or motor
home, to reduce drag and increase stability
room temperature vulcanizing sealer:

(RTV) semi-liquid, silicone rubber sealant which is proof against oil and water but
not gasoline
root:
The lowest point of a screw thread. The opposite is crest.
See
thread root
veeder root
Roots compressor:
A typical lobe-type positive displacement compressor; uses two two-lobed or three-
lobed internal rotors phased to prevent clashing of the lobes by gears; normally
driven from the crankshaft by toothed or V-belts, can achieve speeds up to 10,000
rpm; provides low-end torque and boost without lag but is less fuel-efficient than a
turbocharger
Roots supercharger:
A typical lobe-type positive displacement compressor; uses two two-lobed or three-
lobed internal rotors phased to prevent clashing of the lobes by gears; normally
driven from the crankshaft by toothed or V-belts, can achieve speeds up to 10,000
rpm; provides low-end torque and boost without lag but is less fuel-efficient than a
turbocharger
rope:
See hoisting rope
RO/RO ship:
A cargo or ferry ship on which trucks and other vehicles can be driven on and off on
ramps through large openings at the bow, stern or side
rosette weld:
See plug weld
rotary compressor:
A compressor which has rotating rotors, or vanes, that compress and pump
refrigerant
rotary disc valve:

A valve employed as an intake control in modern two-stroke engines, consisting of
a thin steel disc attached to one end of the crankshaft. The intake port passes trough
to the disc valve assembly, and thus is normally closed off by the disc. To permit
induction at the correct part of the engine cycle, part of the disc is cut away, opening
the intake port for the required duration, independent of the piston position
rotary engine:
An internal combustion engine which is not of a reciprocating (piston) engine
design. There is no true crankshaft, although the power-take-off shaft is sometimes
called the crankshaft. It is stationary or fixed in that it simply spins in place. The
central rotor turns in one direction only and yet produces the required intake,
compression, firing and exhaust strokes. Because it uses rotary motion instead of
reciprocating motion, the rotary engine has better balance and less vibration than
piston engines. Two common rotary engines are the gas turbine and the Wankel.
rotary flow:
The movement of the oil as it is carried around by the pump and turbine in a torque
converter. The rotary motion is not caused by the oil passing through the pump, to
turbine, to stator, etc., as is the case with vortex flow. Rotary flow is at right angles
to the center line of the converter whereas vortex flow is parallel (more or less
depending on the ratio between the speeds of the pump and turbine).
rotary hammer:
A power hammer
rotary pump:
A pump with rotating members. See rotary-type pump
rotary valve:
An engine or pump component forming part of a rotating assembly; may be
designed as a cylindrical or a disc valve
rotary vane pump:

See vane pump
rotate tires:
See tire rotation.
rotating seal ring:

A rotating element of a mechanical seal
rotation:
The motion of a body about an axis within the body.
See
direction of rotation
tire rotation
wheel rotation
rotational atomization unit:

A painting unit equipped with rapidly rotating spray bells
rotator:
See valve rotator.
Rotax:
A trademark name of an Austrian manufacturer of two-stroke engines used in Ski-
Doo snowmobiles and Sea-Doo watercraft.
rotbox:
A colloquial term for a vehicle in very poor shape. See rust bucket
roto cap:
A device fitted to some engines which turns a valve slightly every time it opens or
closes, to prevent the valve sticking or burning. Also called valve rotator
Rotoflex coupling:
One design of a flexible coupling in the shape of a hexagonal rubber ring. See
doughnut coupling
rotor:
[1] Any component which rotates.
[2] A small rotating cap-like unit at the end of the distributor shaft. It is located on
the breaker cam inside the cap. It connects between the center electrode and the
various outer spark plug terminals as it turns, thus distributing the high voltage from
the ignition coil secondary winding to the proper spark plug.
[3] A rotating armature inside a stator. As the rotor turns within the stator,
electricity is produced to power the electrical components.
[4] A trichoidal device in a rotary engine.
[5] A rotating displacement element of a rotary pump, such as a gear, screw, piston,
etc.
[6] A moving part of a pulse generator. The opposite is stator.
[7] A rotating element of a Roots supercharger.
See
brake rotor
disc brake rotor
distributor rotor
eccentric rotor pump
pump rotor
timing rotor
rotor arm:
See rotor(def. 2)
rotor pump:
An engine oil pump in which an internal rotor, e.g., with four external lobes, is used
to drive an eccentric external gear, e.g., with five internal lobe-spaces; operates in a
similar way to gear pumps, but has higher pump capacity, and is quieter and more
expensive. Compare eccentric rotor pump, gear pump, and internal gear pump
rotor-type pump:
An engine oil pump in which an internal rotor, e.g., with four external lobes, is used
to drive an eccentric external gear, e.g., with five internal lobe-spaces; operates in a
similar way to gear pumps, but has higher pump capacity, and is quieter and more
expensive. Compare gear pump and internal gear pump
rotovalve:
See Thompson rotovalve.
rotowelding:
See friction welding
rotten-egg smell:
In cars equipped with catalytic converters, this smell is the result of an excessively
rich air/fuel mixture
rough:
The sound or condition of an engine which is running unevenly
roughening:
A mechanical or chemical treatment of a surface to produce minute irregularities
roughing stone:
A coarse stone used for quick removal of material during honing.
round:
See
outboard round hump
out of round
roundabout:
A British term for a traffic circle
roundel:
See BMW roundel
round file:
A file in the shape of a round bar, rather than a blade
round head bolt:

A general term including carriage bolts, cup head bolts, and mushroom head bolts
round hump:
A safety contour on both rim bead seats preventing the tire from sliding into the rim
well. Also see outboard round hump
route:
[1] The direction or path that wiring or a cable takes.
[2] To feed wiring or cable into a certain direction or path.
[3] The roadway that a vehicle takes from one point to another.
routine:
See check routine
Rover:
A model of automobile manufactured in the UK Also see Land Click for books on
Rover and Range Rover Rover
Royal Automobile Club:

(RAC) A motoring organization in the UK
Royce:
See
rolls-royce
rolls Royce mascot
Royce mascot:
See rolls Royce mascot
RPK:
Acronym for "revolutions per kilometer" in measuring the number of times a tire
turns in one kilometer of travel.
RPM:
[1] Acronym for "revolutions per minute." A tachometer measures engine
revolutions in terms of rpm.
See
engine speed
red line
[2] Acronym for "revolutions per mile" in measuring the number of times a tire
turns in one mile of travel.
rpm sensor:
See engine speed sensor
RRIM:
Acronym for reinforced reaction injection molding
RS:
[1] Acronym for "Rally Sport"; a term used to identify some Chevrolet Camaro
models.
[2] Acronym for "rumble seat."
r/seat:
Abbreviation for "rear seat"
RTV:
Acronym for "Room Temperature Vulcanizing" sealant.
rubber:
[1] All the rubber seals, mats, and pads that cushion and protect vehicle windows,
trim, handles, bumper sections, carpets, etc.
[2] The tires. See also peel rubber.
[3] An elastic substance used in tires.
See
blade rubber
bonnet bump rubber
bump rubber
butyl
hard rubber
hood bump rubber
natural rubber
peel rubber
precured tread rubber
raw rubber
synthetic rubber
rubber bush:
A British term for rubber bushing
rubber bushing:
A tubular rubber sleeve for mounting a shaft or rod
rubber coupling:
A flexible coupling using pressurized rubber blocks
rubber doughnut coupling:

A typical flexible coupling, made of vulcanized rubber, shaped like a doughnut
rubber-isolated crossmember:
A laterally aligned structural member that is attached to the body or the frame via
vibration-absorbing rubber isolators. By bolting suspension or driveline components
to such crossmembers, automotive engineers can reduce the transmission of noise
and/or ride harshness to the body.
rubberize:
To coat or impregnate with rubber
rubber mallet:
A hammer with a rubber head
rubber plug:
A molded rubber stopper used to close cutouts or holes in body panels that have to
be opened only infrequently, e.g., access holes for rustproofing of box sections
rubber ring:
See doughnut coupling
rubber spring:
An element of a rubber suspension system such as hydrolastic suspension
rubber squeegee:
A special spreader used for filling hollow, concave or rounded body areas; the
rubber material adapts better to these surfaces than plastic spreaders and helps to
prevent flat spots
rubber valve:
See sponge rubber valve
rubbing block:
A little block located on the movable point that contacts the distributor cam wheel
and causes the points to open. A spring causes the points to close.
rubbing compound:
A polish that contains abrasives harsh enough to remove layers of "dead" paint.
Useful in radical restoration procedures, rubbing compounds should not be used on
new cars or those with delicate finishes.
rubbing strip:
A strip of plastic at the widest point of the body, along doors and fenders down each
side of the car to protect the bodywork from minor nicks, (as from the open door of
a neighbouring car)
rudder stock:
A vertical rudder shaft that connects to the steering gear
rudder stop:
A stout bracket to limit the swing of the rudder to the maximum 37 degree starboard
or port
Rudge nut:
A quick-release nut for central-locking wheels
rule:
See two second rule
rumble:
[1] A noise found in high-compression engines and associated with bending
vibration of the crankshaft. It is caused by abnormally high rates of pressure rise
near top dead center.
[2] A vibration caused by loose components. Also see rumble seat.
rumble seat:
(RS) An open-air seat at the back of some older automobiles. Called a "dickey" in
Britain.
rumble strip:
A series of small ridges placed across the driving lanes to warn the driver that a stop
sign is ahead.
run:
[1] The trail of a paint drip; a dribble of paint
[2] To form a paint run which is usually caused by moving the spray gun too slowly
or spraying too close to the panel surface thus causing an excessive build-up of
paint.
[3] To start an engine and keep it going.
See
chain run
runabout run channel
runabout:
[1] An open sporting-type vehicle, lightweight, with two seats and with simple
bodywork, i.e., a roadster.
[2] A small car used strictly for driving in town
run channel:
A U-section rubber used to hold glass parts and other body features in place or to
protect panel edges. Also see runabout run channel
run flat:
Damage sustained by a tire due to driving with insufficient air pressure or while flat.
Some types of tires will allow you to run the tire with no air pressure for a short
period of time.
run-flat properties:
The capability of a deflated tire to operate effectively, i.e., to permit further driving.
To achieve this, the following must be fulfilled: the tire beads must be retained
against the rim flanges and on the rim bead seats when the tire deflates; the tire must
be able to support all possible stresses imposed by deflation: the tire must remain
undamaged by internal friction and heat generated when running flat; the tire should
be able to self-seal any punctures, so that the remaining air will be trapped and heat
will be generated to reinflate the tire within limits
run-flat tire:
A tire which can run for a certain length of time without air in it. In the inflated
state, conventional tubeless tires perform the task of containing air and rolling. Once
deflation occurs, the tire bead becomes dislodged from the rim bead seat and slides
into the rim well. As a result of friction, the tire will become distorted and the rim
may plough into the road, leading to loss of control and potentially resulting in an
accident. Run-flat tires are designed to operate effectively with or without air,
providing acceptable handling qualities when deflated, and good handling qualities
when inflated
run in:
A British term for break-in.
run-in:
See break-in.
runner:
See seat runner
running:
See
daytime running lights
slow-running
running board:
A long flat footboard on either side of a vehicle which acts as a step for passengers.
They were particular common on vehicles before 1940.
running fit:
See running-fit.
running-fit:
A fit in which sufficient clearance has been provided to enable the parts to turn
freely and to receive lubrication. Where sufficient clearance has been allowed
between shaft and journal to allow free running without overheating
running gear:
[1] The system of the engine, transmission, drive shaft, differential, and wheels.
[2] The parts of the vehicle which cause the wheels to roll, i.e., suspension, steering
components, springs, shock absorbers
running-in:
Driving a vehicle or running an engine or other mechanical unit at reduced speed
and load when new, to prevent pick-up and seizure of the bearing surfaces, and to
ensure even initial wear
running lights:
See daytime running lights
running-on:
A condition of a spark ignition engine in which fuel continues to burn after the
ignition switch has been turned off, causing the engine to keep on running. Also
called dieseling
running-on control valve:

See idle stop valve
running on rails:
Used to describe a car that is handling perfectly, as though it were actually attached
to railroad tracks.
run on:
Condition when the engine continues to run, even when the key is turned off. See
dieseling.
run-on tire:
A tire with a limited ability to run without air in it; sufficient to pull over safely.
Compare run-flat tire
runout:
The amount a gear or wheel moves in and out away from its true center as it is
rotated. If runout is excessive the gear or wheel can be seen to wobble as it rotates.
See
vacuum runout point
lateral runout
radial runout
runout point:
See vacuum runout point
rupture:
To break, burst, or split
rush-hour traffic:
A road or area that is full of vehicles during peak time such as in the morning when
commuters are going to work, at noon when people are going for lunch or coming
back to work, and after work when people are going home.
rust:
[1] Oxidized iron or steel, the product of corrosion.
[2] To form rust.
See
anti-rust treatment
scale rust
white rust
rust bucket:
A colloquial term for a badly corroded car
rust converter:
A chemical substance containing phosphoric acid etc. which transforms rust into a
stable, firmly adhering iron compound by means of a chemical reaction
rust eater:
See rust killer
rusting:
A chemical or electrochemical destruction of iron and ferrous metals
rust inhibitor:
A substance which reduces or prevents the formation of rust on iron and ferrous
metals
rust inspection:
A vehicle inspection conducted to detect rust and corrosion damage, usually by
means of an endoscope
rust killer:
A substance which convert rust into a dry mass which can be removed with water
rust neutralizer:
See rust converter
rust pinhole:
The early stage of rust penetration of a panel; rust pinholes will often reveal larger
rust damage once the surface rust bubbles have been ground away
rustproof:
[1] Resistant to rust.
[2] To make resistant to rust
rustproofing:
A process in which metal (such as iron and steel) is sealed from moisture and
oxygen so that it will not corrode. Also see aftermarket rustproofing
rustproofing agent:
An anti-corrosion, wax-based sealant
rust protection:
Reducing the possibility of rust forming on iron and steel by coating with protective
materials or by rendering them passive
rust remover:
Any chemical substance which removes rust
rust sealer:
A rust converter that provides a coat on metal surfaces to protect them against air
exposure and thus to prevent continued corrosion
rust treatment:
See anti-rust treatment
Ruxton:
RV:
Acronym for recreational vehicle
RVSV:
Rollover/vapor separator valve
RWD:
Acronym for rear-wheel drive
RWL:
Acronym for "raised white letter," as in rwl tires.
Rzeppa-type joint:
A constant velocity joint incorporating balls as a means of torque transmission.
Named after Alfred Rzeppa, a Ford engineer
Rzeppa-type universal joint:

A constant velocity joint incorporating balls as a means of torque transmission.
Named after Alfred Rzeppa, a Ford engineer

[N][O][P][Q][R][S][T][U][V][W][X][Y][Z]
[Sa] [Sc] [Se] [Sh] [Si] [Sk] [Sl] [Sm] [Sn] [So] [Sp] [Sq] [Ss] [St] [Su] [Sw] [Sy]
S:
to 180 kph (110 mph), as in P220SR15. The next higher rating is T.
[2] Abbreviation for "Special" or "Sport," indicating better performance than a
standard car model.
SA:
API classification for straight mineral oil used in early gasoline engines.
Saab:
A model of automobile manufactured in Sweden Click for books on Saab
Sacco panels:
See side bumper panels
sacrificial anode:
An electropositive metal coating, such as aluminum or zinc, that protects the steel of
a car body by corroding first when attacked by electrolytic action
sacrificial protection:
See cathodic protection
saddle:
[1] Seat on a bicycle.
[2] Metal piece on a centerpull brake. See yoke.
[3] Upper main bearing seat
saddlebag:
A large bag or one of a pair which hangs down from the saddle or straddles the rear
wheel of a bicycle or motorcycle.
saddle tank:
[1] A fuel tank mounted above the rear axle.
[2] A fuel tank that fits over the top tube of the frame of a motorcycle
SAE:
Acronym for "Society of Automotive Engineers". It publishes automotive research
papers and defines various automotive standards of measurement.
SAE gross bhp:

An older unit of engine power. In the SAE gross bhp test, a "bare" engine is used,
i.e., an engine equipped with only those accessories that are necessary for its
operation, such as the oil pump and fuel pump; water pump, alternator, exhaust
system, etc. are not used; this results in a higher power rating than achievable by the
same engine under real operating conditions
SAE horsepower:
A simple formula of long standing is used to determine horsepower. The formula is:
(bore diameter) squared times (number of cylinders) divided by 2.5. This formula is
used primarily for licensing purposes and is not very accurate for determining actual
brake horsepower. Also called rated horsepower. Compare SAE gross horsepower
and SAE net horsepower. Also see horsepower.
SAE gross horsepower:

A production engine's actual power available at the flywheel or output shaft (usually
crankshaft) as tested with an absorption dynamometer. It differs from SAE net
horsepower in that many of the accessories (such as alternator, water pump, etc.) are
not attached. Engines before 1973 were primarily measured with these "gross"
numbers. Since 1973, "net" figures were published. This confusion caused many
people to suppose that their engine had been seriously de-tuned when they saw that
the same engine in 1972 had 400 hp but in 1973 had only 235 hp. (This example is
from the Cadillac 500 cubic inch engine). Compare SAE net horsepower.
See
brake horsepower
horsepower
SAE net bhp:

A newer unit of engine power. A fully-equipped engine (as when installed in a
vehicle) is used to determine SAE net bhp figures; as a rough guideline, SAE net is
about 70-85 percent of SAE gross
SAE net horsepower:
The brake power (power available at the flywheel or output shaft -- usually the
crankshaft) of a fully equipped engine fitted with all the accessories necessary to
perform its intended functions unaided. In 1973, automobile manufacturers began
publishing their engine specifications in "net" horsepower and "net" torque instead
of "gross" figures. In many cases the published numbers were significantly lower in
1973 than in 1972. Some of the decrease was attributed to the addition of pollution
equipment, the lowering of compression, and the use of regular unleaded gasoline
instead of premium leaded fuel. However most of the decrease in number was a
switch to "net" figures. Compare SAE gross horsepower.
See
brake horsepower
horsepower
SAE steels:
A numerical index used to identify composition of SAE steel
safe stop wheel:

A run-on tire
safety:
See
active safety
child safety
driveshaft safety strap
experimental Safety Vehicle
infant safety seat
motor Vehicle Safety Act
park safety switch
passive safety features
passive safety
propeller shaft safety strap
safety factor
safety hub
safety pressure cap
safety rim
safety valve
Safety Act:
See motor Vehicle Safety Act
safety, active:
See active safety.
safety bead seat:

A general term for a safety contour on the rim bead seat preventing the tire bead
from sliding into the rim well especially during cornering maneuvres
safety belt:
See
seat belt
safety catch:
A secondary latch usually located under the front edge of the hood, near the center,
which prevents accidental release of the hood if the main cable-operated hood lock
is activated by mistake
safety chains:
Two, crossed chains linking the trailer and vehicle frame as a safeguard if the
towing hitch fails
Safety Compliance Certification Label:

(SCC) An American label which must be attached to the lower half of the left-hand
front door lock facing; specifies the VIN and other relevant information
safety factor:
[1] Providing strength beyond that needed, as an extra margin of insurance against
part failure.
[2] Degree of strength above normal requirements which serves as insurance against
failure
safety features:
See passive safety features
safety glass:
See laminated glass
safety goggles:
A close-fining glasses or mask to protect the eyes (e.g., during welding)
safety harness:
See harness
safety hub:
A device that is installed on the rear axle to prevent the wheels leaving the vehicle
in the event of a broken axle.
safety hubs:
See safety hub.
safety ledge:
A raised area (hump) around the circumference of the bead seat area of passenger
wheels. Its function is to prevent the tire beads from becoming unseated during hard
cornering or while running with low air pressure. A must with tubeless passenger
tires. Also called special ledge
safety pressure cap:

See pressure cap.
safety reflector:
See triangular safety reflector
safety relief valve:

A spring-loaded valve designed to open and relieve excessive pressure in a device
when it exceeds a predetermined safe point
safety rim:
A rim having two safety ridges, one on each lip, to prevent the tire beads from
entering the drop center area in the event of a blowout. This feature keeps the tire on
the rim.
safety seat:
See
child safety seat
infant safety seat
safety steering column:

See collapsible steering column
safety strap:
See
safety switch:
See
neutral safety switch
park safety switch
safety valve:
A valve designed to open and relieve the pressure within a container when container
pressure exceeds a predetermined level.
Safety Vehicle:
See experimental Safety Vehicle
safety wheel:
A general term referring to either a wheel with a safety bead seat or a wheel with
run flat properties
SA-FV:
Acronym for separator assembly-fuel Vacuum
sag:
[1] To bend or droop under weight or pressure. As a result of a front or rear end
collision, the frame may develop a sag in the middle, much like a hammock.
[2] To fail to meet projected sales.
[3] A paint problem. See sags
sagging:
[1] An aggravated condition of paint where a band of paint runs down the side of a
vertical area of the body. It may be caused by excessive build-up of paint, thinners
which are too slow-acting, or excessively slow movement of the spray gun.
[2] The straining of a ship that tends to make the middle portion lower than the bow
and stern
sagging door:
A door that sits too low in the door opening which is often indicated by an uneven
door gap that widens towards the rear bottom and front top of the door but narrows
down at the rear top and front bottom. This condition may be caused by faulty
setting of the door hinges and lock/striker assembly. On convertibles, it often
pinpoints structural damage, because the chassis may be bending in the middle
sags:
An aggravated condition of paint where a band of paint runs down the side of a
vertical area of the body. It may be caused by excessive build-up of paint, thinners
which are too slow-acting, or excessively slow movement of the spray gun
sag wagon:
A support vehicle for touring bicycles or motorcycles to provide food, repairs, or a
ride home.
SAI:
Acronym for steering axis inclination
sailing:
See plane sailing
Sainte Claire:
See wills Sainte Claire
SALA suspension:
Acronym for short arm/long arm suspension
sales:
total automotive product sales (vehicles, automotive parts, including OE and
aftermarket).
See
fleet sales
net sales value
sales value:
See net sales value
saloon:
A British term for sedan
salt fog testing:

See salt spray testing
salt spray chamber:

A test chamber for salt spray testing
salt spray testing:

Spray tests with sodium chloride solutions
salt water splash:

An open-air corrosion test facility
salvaged:
A vehicle totalled in an accident and then repaired. There is no guarantee of street
worthiness for a salvaged vehicle. It may look good, but be hazardous to drive.
sampling:
See constant-volume sampling.
sand:
[1] to smooth or clean a surface by rubbing with sandpaper. Sanding usually refers
to hand tools such as sandpaper, while grinding always refers to power tools such as
angle grinders.
[2] A term popularly applied to loose, unconsolidated accumulations of detrital
sediment, consisting essentially of rounded grains of quartz. In the mechanical
analysis of soil, sand, according to international classification, has a size between
.06 and 2.0 mm. Also see silica sand
sand blast:
Cleaning by the use of sand propelled at high speeds in an air blast.
sandblasting:
The cleaning of a surface with a jet of sand (or grit) under air or steam pressure
sand casting:
The formation of shapes by pouring molten metal into a cavity shaped in sand in a
molding flask
sander:
A power-driven tool with a rotating abrasive disc for smoothing and cleaning
surfaces.
See
belt sander
disc sander
orbital sander
sanding:
See
block sanding
wet sanding
sanding block:
A block of rubber or plastic to which the sandpaper is fastened, offering the
operator a good grip. The block should be used for most sanding jobs because it
distributes the pressure evenly and gives a more uniform surface.
sandpaper:
An abrasive paper coated with sand for smoothing and cleaning. Compare
glasspaper
sand scratch:
See sand scratches.
sand scratches:
The marks left in metal or in the old finish by abrasives. They may also show in the
finish coat due to lack of filling or sealing.
sand scratching:
A paint fault characterized by the paint film appearing low in gloss and showing
primer and metal imperfections in the top coat; may be caused by excessively
coarse sanding and too thin a paint coat
sand scratch swelling:

Solvents present in surface scratches that cause the old finish to swell.
sandwich construction:
A composite construction of alloys, plastics, and other materials consisting of a
foam or honeycomb layer and glued between two hard outer sheets. Also called
sandwich laminate
sandwich laminate:
See sandwich construction
SAP:
See AIA-SAP
SAS:
Acronym for "Scandinavian Automotive Suppliers"
SASE:
Acronym for "self-addressed stamped envelope." Often used in advertisements
where the seller will provide information if potential buyers will send a SASE
enclosed in their query letter. Also see SSAE.
satellite:
A block of controls near the steering wheel rim. Also see global Positioning
Satellite
saturation period:
The length of time the breaker points are closed and current is flowing through the
primary windings of the coil.
Saturn:
A model of automobile manufactured by General Motors Click for books on Saturn
saver spare:
See space saver spare
saver wheel:
See space saver wheel
saving tire:
See space saving tire
saybolt viscometer:
An instrument used to determine the fluidity or viscosity (resistance to flow) of an
oil.
SB:
Oil with some additive protection, for early gasoline engines only.
SBS:
Acronym for seat-integrated belt system
SC:
Oil for 1964 and previous model years.
scab corrosion:
A scab-like corrosion occurring along a scratch in a coating
scale:
[1] The accumulation of rust and minerals within the cooling system.
[2] A weigh scale
scale rust:
Loose, flaking rust
scan:
A feature of modern radios which plays a few moments of each station before
proceeding to the next one. Also see frequency scan button
scan button:
A radio button which, when pressed, causes the tuner to scan the frequencies of
stations with sufficient signal strength and plays that station for about 5 seconds
before going to the next one. When the driver or passenger wants to listen to the
currently played selection, he can press the same button (or a different one) to select
that station. Often called a "scan button." Also see frequency scan button
scanimet:
A nickel-silicon-carbide coating for particularly wear-resistant cylinder walls.
Compare Nicasil
scanner:
See system scanner
scan tool:
A device that interfaces with and communicates information on a data link
scatter shield:
A steel or nylon guard placed around the bell or clutch housing to protect driver and
spectator from flying parts in the event of part failure at high rpm. Such a shield is
often placed around transmissions and differential units. See clutch explosion.
scavenge:
A feature in a two-stroke engine to clear away, particularly to expel exhaust gas
from a cylinder and to fill the cylinder with a fresh charge. These processes take
place simultaneously in a two-stroke engine
scavenging:
The removal of the exhaust gases from the cylinder by using the momentum of the
exhaust gases in a long exhaust pipe or by taking advantage of the pressure waves
set up in the exhaust pipe by the discharge of the gases.
See
backflow scavenging
crankcase scavenging
cross scavenging
loop scavenging
perfect scavenging
reverse-flow scavenging
reverse scavenging
schnürle scavenging
tangential-flow scavenging
transverse flow scavenging
unidirectional flow scavenging
uniflow scavenging
scavenging jet:
The jet of fresh charge supplied into the cylinder, the shape and direction of which
determine the effectiveness of the scavenging process
scavenging losses:
If the exhaust gases remain in the cylinder, they prevent a full charge of fresh
mixture from entering; the power output is thus reduced
scavenging passage:
The passage inside a two-stroke engine that serves to scavenge the exhaust gas from
the engine; in most cases it refers to the transfer passage, as the gas column supplied
across the transfer port initiates the scavenging process
scavenging picture:
In experimental two-stroke engine development, a map of the scavenging air
velocity distribution and the scavenging jet orientation inside a cylinder
scavenging port:
See third scavenging port
scavenging pump:
An oil pump in a dry sump system which returns oil from the crankcase to the main
oil reservoir
scavenging system:
A method used to accomplish the charge-changing process in a two-stroke engine
scavenging valve:
In evaporative emission control systems, a valve in the purge line between the
activated charcoal canister and inlet manifold which controls the purge air flow that
regenerates the charcoal filter
SCC:
[1] Acronym for spark control computer.
[2] Acronym for safety compliance certification
schematic:
A drawing system for portraying the components and wires in a vehicle electrical
system using standardized symbols
scheme:
See color scheme
Schneider:
See rochet-schneider
Schnürle scavenging:
See loop scavenging
Schrader valve:
A bicycle tire valve similar to the type found on automobile tires. Also see Presta
valve.
Scientific Research and Experimental Development Program:

(SR&ED) This program provides generous incentives for industrial research and
development in Canada. The program allows individuals and companies to deduct
100 percent of qualified current SR and ED expenditures and capital SR and ED
expenditures.
scissors jack:
A device for lifting a corner of the vehicle. As it is applied, the arms are in the shape
of the letter "X" or a diamond.
scoop:
See
airscoop
side scoop
scooter:
[1] A two-wheel motorcycle usually with a small engine and a step-through frame.
Also see motor scooter.
[2] A small three or four wheeled vehicle designed for a handicapped person and is
usually powered by two 12-volt batteries (producing 24 volts).
scope:
A colloquial term for oscilloscope
score:
[1] A scratch or groove on a finished surface. It is usually caused by dirt or some
other object which mars the finish. Cylinder walls, for instance, can be scored by
broken rings or a piston pin clip which has come loose.
[2] (SCORE) An acronym for "Supplier Cost Reduction Effort."
scored:
A brake disc that is scratched, grooved, or lined with small cuts
SCR:
Acronym for "Silicon Controlled Rectifier."
scrap:
waste metal
scrap dealer:
A person or company which collects and recycles metal, especially from unusable
vehicles.
scraper:
See
gasket scraper
ice scraper
scraper ring:
An oil scraper ring
scrap metal:
Metal from unusable vehicles
scrap pile:
Discarded tire casings having service life exhausted through wear or damage.
scrappage:
a vehicle registered in the previous year but not re-registered in the current year.
scrap yard:
The premises of a dealer in scrap metal
scratch:
See sand scratch
scratches:
See sand scratches
scratching:
See sand scratching
scratch swelling:
See sand scratch swelling
screamer:
Slang for a high-performance car, possibly due to the reaction of passengers with an
over-enthusiastic driver.
screen:
To shield from electrical interference.
See
filter screen
oil screen
pick-up screen
split screen
screen bulkhead:
Light nonwatertight transverse bulkhead fitted in some Great Lakes ore carriers
screw:
[1] A spiral path along a cylinder.
[2] A fastening device. A screw is like an inclined plane wrapped up. It can take a
rotating force and change it into a much larger straight-line force.
See
adjusting screw
aiming screw
air bleed screw
air screw
allen screw
bendix screw
bleeder screw
bleed screw
bypass air screw
capstan screw
countersunk screw
cross-head screw
edison screw
fast idle screw
fillister screw
grub screw
horsepower screw
idle mixture screw
idle speed screw
machine screw
metallic drive screw
mixture screw
phillips head screw
phillips screw
piston extension screw
robertson screw
self-tapping screw
speed screw
tappet adjusting screw
thread-cutting screw
valve adjusting screw
volume control screw
screwdriver:
A device used to remove or install screws.
See
angle screwdriver
ball end hexagon screwdriver
chubby screwdriver
cross-head screwdriver
cross-point screwdriver
cross-head screwdriver
electrical screwdriver
electric screwdriver
flat-bladed screwdriver
flat-tip screwdriver
impact screwdriver
magnetic screwdriver
offset screwdriver
phillips screwdriver
pozidriv screwdriver
ratchet screwdriver
screw-holding screwdriver
stubby screwdriver
torque screwdriver
screwdriver bit:
A hex shank with a screwdriver tip at one or both ends to loosen and tighten
recessed screws; designed for use with magnetic or power-driven screwdrivers
screw extractor:
A device used to remove broken bolts, screws, etc., from holes.
screw-holding screwdriver:
A tool used to hold screws for easy placement in extremely tight places; also
appropriate for loosening and tightening
screw pitch gauge:

A measuring tool used to identify thread sizes, featuring a selection of blades with
different thread profiles to determine screw pitch
screw starter:
A tool used to hold screws for easy placement in extremely tight places; also
appropriate for loosening and tightening
scribe:
To cut or scratch with a pointed instrument, e.g., (in) a painted surface, for testing
purposes or to mark the position of a part
scriber:
A pointed steel hand tool for marking metal
scrubber:
See
chain scrubber
exhaust scrubber
scrubbing:
A heavy wear on a tire caused by sliding sideways across the road surface, as when
skidding
scrub radius:
The distance from the point where the steering axis intersects the ground to the
longitudinal line that runs through the center of the tire's contact patch. Also called
"steering offset." See negative offset steering.
scuff:
See tire scuff
scuff plate:
[1] Any protective plate.
[2] The finishing trim on a door sill
scuff rib:
The raised rib on the sidewall of a tire to protect it from impact with the curb
sculpture line:
See swage line
scuppers:
Drains from decks to carry off accumulations of rainwater, condensation, or
seawater
scuttle:
[1] A small circular or oval opening fitted in decks to provide access.
[2] A British term for cowl
scuttle panel:
A British term for cowl
scuttle section:
A subassembly of the body shell that includes the bulkhead, scuttle, and windscreen
pillars; it is preassembled in the factory and spot-welded with the other
subassemblies to form the body shell
scuttle shake:
A typical shake exhibited by open cars on rough roads due to lack of torsional
stiffness
scuttle side panel:

A vertical panel at either end of the scuttle
SD:
Improved oil for 1968 and previous model years.
SDC:
Acronym for semi-drop center rim.
SDV:
Acronym for spark delay valve
SE:
[1] Further improved oil for 1972 and previous model years.
[2] Acronym for "special edition."
seabee:
A self-propelled sea barge larger than the lash but using rollers to move aboard the
ship
sea chest:
An opening for supplying seawater to condensers, pumps, etc. located in the hull
below the waterline and having means for the attachment of the associated piping
seal:
[1] A flexible ring, disc or washer that prevents the passage of liquid, air, gas or dirt.
See
apex seal
cup seal
door seal
dynamic seal
flange seal
glass seal
grease seal
mechanical face seal
mechanical seal
oil seal
piston seal
primary seal
radial shaft seal
rotating seal ring
secondary seal
shaft seal
sillment seal
static seal
stem seal
valve guide seal
valve oil seal
valve stem seal
[2] To prevent the passage of liquid, air, gas, etc. by means of a seal or sealant (e.g.,
on seams, joints, flanges).
[3] to coat a surface (e.g., when undersealing a car) by closing the pores of the
anodic oxide layer in order to increase the resistance to staining and its effectiveness
against corrosion
sealant:
An organic compounds (such as wax, oil, grease) used to protect seams or surfaces.
Also called cavity sealant, mastic seam sealant, sealer, silicone-rubber sealant, or
sealing compound
sealed beam:
See sealed beam headlight.
sealed beam headlight:

A headlight lamp in which the lens, reflector, and filament are fused together to
form a single unit. They are relatively inexpensive, but when one component
breaks, the whole unit is replaced. Newer vehicles use the more expensive
composite type with separate bulb and lens which can be replaced individually in
the event of failure. Only a few types of bulbs are used in the composite headlight,
but the lens differs because it is shaped to the contour of the vehicle.
sealed beam unit:

See sealed beam headlight.
sealed bearing:
A bearing that has been lubricated at the factory and then sealed, it cannot be
lubricated during service. It is sealed to keep out contaminants.
sealer:
[1] A substance you can add to the liquid in the cooling system to seal leaks. Also
called "stop leak."
[2] Other kinds of sealing compounds are used to coat surfaces before installing
hoses or gaskets. These are effective in preventing leakage but usually make the
hose or gasket hard to remove.
[3] An intercoat between the top coat and the primer or old finish, giving better
adhesion.
See
body sealer
room temperature vulcanizing sealer
rust sealer
sealing:
See pvc seam sealing
sealing apparatus:
See
vacuum sealing apparatus
seam sealing
sealing bath:
A hot water bath for the sealing treatment after anodizing
sealing cell:
See seam sealing cell
sealing compound:
See
sealer
underbody sealing compound
sealing smut:
smut which forms after the anodized aluminum pieces are immersed in hot water
sealing strip:
gas seal to the epitrochoidal surface in a rotary piston engine, with the same
function as the piston ring on a conventional piston engine
seal installer:
See valve stem seal installer
seal pliers:
See valve stem seal pliers
seal ring:
See rotating seal ring
seal with garter spring:

See lip seal with garter spring
seam:
See
inflation control seam
mastic seam sealant
pvc seam sealing
tear seam
seamed tubing:
Tubing made from steel strip stock that is curved until its edges meet, then welded
together. Contrast seamless tubing.
seamless tubing:
Tubing made from solid blocks of steel that are pierced and drawn into tube shape.
Contrast seamed tubing.
seam sealant:
See mastic seam sealant
seam sealing:
The sealing of seams, usually using organic compounds, to prevent the penetration
of corrosive agents. Also see pvc seam sealing
seam sealing cell:

A flexible manufacturing cell in which seam sealers are applied
seat:
[1] A surface upon which another part rests or seats. Example: valve seat is matched
surface upon which valve face rests.
[2] Minor wearing of the piston ring surface during initial use. Rings then fit or seat
properly against the cylinder wall.
[3] The cushions on which the driver and passengers rest.
See
automatic seat belt baby seat
bead seat
bench seat
bucket seat
child safety seat
child seat
conical seat
flat seat
front seat
infant safety seat
innerspring seat
integral molded seat
integrated child seat
power seat
radius seat
rear seat belt
rim bead seat
rim bead seat taper
rumble seat
saddle
safety bead seat
solo seat
split bench seat
spring seat
taper seat
valve seat
valve spring seat
[4] A metering control that is regulated by a needle.
See
needle and seat
seat adjuster:
A device which operates manually or electronically to move the position of the seat
cushion forward or backward. It may tilt the front or back of the seat cushion up or
down and may also move the seat back forward or back -- even to a reclining
position. In some cases the adjuster will allow complete removal of the seat
assembly.
seat belt:
A passive restraint system which encircles the hips to prevent the occupant
from being ejected from the vehicle. Often the seat belt is part of the shoulder
harness. The use of seat belts is mandatory in every province and state in
North America and in most every country.
See
automatic seat belt
inertial reel seat belt
rear seat belt
three-point seat belt
seat belt anchorage:

The point where the end of a seat belt is attached to the body of a vehicle
seat belt system:

See seat-integrated seat belt system
seat belt tensioner:

A device that pulls the seatbelt tight in the event of a collision, taking up extra slack
and reducing the force with which the occupant's body hits the belt. It is sometimes
referred to as a "pretensioner," though this implies that it deploys when a crash is
imminent, which is misleading. Tensioners are generally tied into the same sensors
that trigger the airbags and deploy at the moment of collision.
seat belt warning light:

A light on the dash which illuminates or flashes if the seat belts are not fastened.
seat cluster:
On a bicycle, the conjunction of top tube, seat tube, and seatstays near the top of the
seat.
seat cushion:
The part of the seat upon which one sits or leans against.
seat cutter:
See valve seat cutter
seat diameter:
See bead seat diameter
seat face:
See valve seat face
seat grinding:
See valve seat grinding
seating capacity:
The number of people for which a car is designed
seat insert:
See valve seat insert
seat-integrated belt system:

A seat belt with all belt elements and deflection points integrated in the seat; this
improves occupant restraint in every seating position, but particularly sturdy seats
and floorpans are required
seat-integrated seat belt system:

See seat-integrated belt system
seat mat:
See bead seat mat
seat pan:
See seat well
seat panel:
See under seat panel
seatpost:
On a bicycle, the part to which the saddle clamps and which runs down inside the
seat tube.
seat rail:
Tracks on which the front seat frame is mounted to provide fore and alt seat
adjustment
seat rail console:

A mounting panel for the seat rails, spot-welded to the floorpan; the front consoles
are usually somewhat higher than the rear ones to produce the desired angle of the
seating surface
seat ring:
See valve seat ring
sea trials:
A series of trials done at sea to determine whether the ship has met the
specifications of design, modification, or repair
seat runner:
Tracks on which the front seat frame is mounted to provide fore and alt seat
adjustment
seats:
See contre pente on both bead seats, folding rear seats, front seats, split folding rear
seats, and split rear seats
seat skin:
The covering (usually leather or vinyl) of the saddle on a motorcycle or bicycle.
seatstay:
On a bicycle, one of the two parallel tubes that run from the top of the seat tube
back to the rear axle.
seatstays:
On a bicycle, the two parallel tubes that run from the top of the seat tube back to the
rear axle.
seat taper:
See
bead seat taper
rim bead seat taper
seat tube:
On a bicycle, the tube that runs from just below the saddle down to the bottom
bracket.
seat well:
A sheet metal panel to cover up the area below the car seats, especially below the
rear seat bench
sea worthiness:
The condition of a vessel with regards to materials, construction, equipment, crew
and outfit which is considered safe for the trade in which it is employed
seaworthiness certificate:
A certificate issued by a classification society surveyor allowing a vessel with a
mishap affecting its seaworthiness to proceed to another port where permanent
repairs can be carried out.
second:
See second gear
secondary air:
In some exhaust emission control systems, e.g., thermal reactor or two-bed
converter, secondary (outside) air is added to the exhaust to ensure sufficient supply
of oxygen to promote oxidation of HC and CO, thus converting these pollutants into
harmless water vapor and carbon dioxide
secondary battery:
See storage battery
secondary brake shoe:

See
primary brake shoe
trailing brake shoe
secondary braking system:

(HGV) A spring brake system which exerts force when air pressure is released
secondary cell:
See storage cell
secondary circuit:
[1] The high voltage part of the ignition system.
[2] The circuit which comprises the secondary winding of the ignition coil, the
distributor, and the spark plugs
secondary compression:
A term that is used in two-stroke engines. Primary compression takes place in the
crankcase and is then pushed up into the combustion chamber where secondary
compression takes place as the piston squeezes the mixture. If the crankcase seals
are poor, primary compression will be reduced resulting in reduced secondary
compression so that it may be difficult to start the engine.
secondary damage:
See indirect damage
secondary failure:
The failure which occurs as a result of a primary failure (e.g., the primary failure is
a nail hole; but as the tire is run flat, the secondary failure may be a tire roll-off.
secondary key:
A key which operates only the locks needed for valet parking, i.e., door locks,
ignition switch and steering column lock; does not allow access to trunk, glove box,
etc.
secondary pattern:
An oscilloscope pattern of the secondary circuit
secondary piston:
In a tandem master cylinder, a floating piston which isolates the two braking circuits
from each other and actuates the secondary circuit
secondary pump:
An oil pump driven via the gearbox output shaft. Compare primary pump
secondary, reverse shoe:

The brake shoe that is installed facing the rear of the vehicle. See trailing brake
shoe.
secondary seal:
A secondary piston seal in a tandem master cylinder
secondary shoe:
See trailing shoe
secondary visor:
In a dual visor system, the main visor is moved to the side and the secondary visor
is flipped down, thus shielding the driver from the sun from both the front and side
secondary winding:
An inner winding of the ignition coil; typically 20,000 to 30,000 turns of very fine
wire. The opposite is primary winding
secondary wire:
See secondary wires.
secondary wires:
The high voltage wire from the coil to the distributor tower and from the tower to
the spark plugs.
second gear:
A middle gear which has a faster ratio than low gear, but slower than high gear. It is
used for climbing or descending steep hills
second rule:
See two second rule
section:
See
box section
castle section
channel section
chassis section
cowl section
cross section
dogleg section
front nose section
midship section
phosphate section
repair section
scuttle section
U section
section damage:
See center section damage
section height:
The vertical measurement from the bead seat of a tire to the top of the crown when
it is mounted, inflated and not under load. (Overall diameter less nominal rim
diameter, divided by two.)
section repair:
[1] Reinforcement made to the casing when an injury has extended through the
tread or sidewall of a tire. The damaged cord is removed and a new cord is replaced
in the form of a repair unit or patch.
[2] A major repair in the sidewall or tread of a tire. This repair unit must have cord
material for reinforcement, made specifically for the type tire-bias-ply or radial.
[3] An effective and economical repair method where extensive damage is confined
to a specific section of the body shell and an undamaged section is taken from a
vehicle which has been written off
section width:
The measurement across the tire width at the widest point when mounted and
inflated (not under load), excluding any decorative moldings.
sector:
See worm and sector.
sector shaft:
See rocker shaft
security system:
See anti-theft system
sedan:
The term sedan originally described a conveyance seen only in movies today: a
wheelless vehicle for one person, borne on poles by two men, one ahead and one
behind. Automakers borrowed the word and applied it to cars with an enclosed four-
door body type, permanent back panels, and top with full-width cross seats front
and rear, and passenger capacity from five to seven depending on wheelbase.
Longer-wheelbase models accept extra passengers in fold-down auxiliary seats.
Sedans usually have quarter windows in the rear quarter in addition to windows in
all four doors. Trunk racks often were standard offerings. Called saloon in U.K.
According to Car and Driver, the term "sedan" refers to a fixed-roof car with at
least four doors or any fixed-roof two-door car with at least 33 cubic feet (934
liters) of rear interior volume, according to measurements based on SAE standard
J1100.
See
close-coupled sedan
convertible sedan
four-door sedan
imperial sedan
Landaulet sedan
six-light sedan
two-door sedan
sediment:
An accumulation of matter which settles to the bottom of a liquid.
seed:
A paint fault where a uniform distribution of small particles of regular size and
pattern exist in a paint film. It is caused by contamination of the paint and poor
filtration of the air lines. It is not to be confused with dirt contamination which is
caused by dust settling on the painted surface before it has dried
seek:
A feature of a car stereo where the radio will find a requested station.
SEFI:
Acronym for sequential electronic fuel injection
seize:
[1] The condition when two items bond together so that they cannot be removed
easily.
[2] The condition when a piston bonds itself to the sides of the cylinder wall
because of the lack of lubricant or overheating. See freezing.
seizure:
See piston seizure
selective corrosion:
The corrosion of alloys where the components react in proportions differing from
their proportions in the alloys
selective transmission:
The conventional manual transmission of today in which any gear may be selected
at will as opposed to the very early progressive transmission in which the gears had
to be selected in order.
select-low principle:
The method by which the rear brake application of an ABS brake system is
monitored and controlled, based on the rear wheel with the least amount of traction
selector:
See
gear selector indicator
gear selector
selector fork:
A part of the selector mechanism of a manual gearbox, shaped like a two-pronged
fork, which fits into the groove round a coupling sleeve and moves a sliding pinion
forward or back along a selector rod
selector indicator:
See gear selector indicator
selector lever:
an automatic transmission lever which permits the driver to adapt the gearchanging
processes to particular road or driving conditions (slippery road surface, hilly
terrain, towing) by choosing one of the drive ranges. Reverse, neutral, and parking
lock are also selected by means of the selector lever
selector lever lock:

A lock the selector lever in "Neutral" or "Park" unless the driver depresses the brake
pedal
selector rod:
A rod running the length of the transmission, along which the selector fork travels
select valve:
See air select valve
self-adjusting:
A mechanism that adjusts itself to compensate for wear or to maintain a certain
distance or heat level
self-aligning torque:
A torque which is created by the tire when the vehicle corners. The force created at
the tire patch acts toward the rear of the actual center of the wheel. This action is
called "pneumatic trail." It has the same effect as positive caster and can be
increased by increasing the positive caster. Thus the trail distance (distance from the
point at which the cornering force acts to the center of the wheel or steering axis) is
a moment arm that results in a torque that tends to decrease the existing slip angle
and force the wheel back to the straight-ahead position. This self-aligning torque is
transmitted through the steering mechanism to the steering wheel and can be felt as
steering effort or road feel.
self-cancelling indicator:
All modern signal light switches (direction indicators) switch off automatically
when the steering wheel is returned to the straight-ahead position
self-centering:
The forces in a steering system that set the front wheels straight when the driver's
grip on the steering wheel is released after cornering
self-centering effect:
The forces in a steering system that set the front wheels straight when the driver's
grip on the steering wheel is released after cornering
self-cleaning:
The ability of a spark plug to burn off the deposits of carbon and oil which build up
due to tracking across the tip
self-cleaning limit:
The lower limit of the self-cleaning temperature, generally about 500°C
self-cleaning tread:
A tread pattern with tapered grooves and ribs, bars, etc., arranged in a manner that
resists packing loose materials, (mud, etc.) in the grooves.
self-diagnosis:
A test function in electronic engine management systems with a test program
monitoring input and output signals, detecting errors and storing them permanently
in a fault memory
self-diagnostic code:
The ECM can detect malfunctions in the CCC systems. If a malfunction occurs, the
ECM turns on the "check engine" light. A diagnostic code can be obtained from the
ECM through the "check engine" light. This code will indicate the area of the
malfunction
self-energizing:
See
servo brake
self-energizing brake:
See single-anchor self-energizing brake
self-energizing brake shoe:

A brake shoe (sometimes both shoes) that when applied develops a wedging action
that actually assists or boosts the braking force applied by the wheel cylinder. Also
see primary brake shoe.
self-grip:
See long-nose self-grip pliers
self-grip pliers:
See long-nose self-grip pliers
self-ignition:
The ignition of the air/fuel mixture in a diesel engine caused by high pressure and
temperature. Different from a spark ignition
self-induction:
This occurs when the current in an inductive circuit changes and the magnetic field
cuts the conductors; this induced electromotive force opposes the change in current,
restricting it if the current is increasing and enhancing it if the current is decreasing
self-induction back-voltage:
Back-voltage produced by self-induction. This induced electromotive force opposes
the change in current, restricting it if the current is increasing and enhancing it if the
current is decreasing.
self-levelling shock absorber:

See air shock absorber
self-levelling strut:
A suspension strut incorporating a shock absorber with a rubber boot filled with
compressed air, serving as an auxiliary pneumatic spring
self-levelling suspension:
See automatic levelling.
self-locking nut:
A nut with a nylon insert that binds on the thread and resists vibration
self-operating clutch:
See centrifugal clutch
self-parking:
The ability of a car to park automatically, without any input from the driver;
introduced by the VW Futura in 1991
self-parking wiper:
A windshield wiper that automatically returns to the (horizontal) park position when
switched off
self-priming pump:
A pump which is able to evacuate and prime the suction pipe
self-regulating sheathed-type glow plug:

Originally a sheathed-type glow plugs with a self-regulating heating coil, now with
a heating and regulating coil
self-starter:
See starter motor
self-sustaining ship:
A containership fitted with her own crane for loading and discharging containers
self-tapping screw:
A screw which cuts its own threads as it is inserted into the hole
self test:
A part of functional diagnostic test procedure that verifies operation of sensors and
actuators, detects hard faults, and stores information for later retrieval
self-trimming ship:
A ship whose cargo holds are shaped so that the cargo levels by itself.
self-unloader:
A bulk carrier which is equipped with cargo unloading gear
self-vulcanization:
Vulcanization at room temperature or above, activated by chemical agents without
the application of heat from an outside source.
selling:
See
fixed price selling
one price selling
sem:
A preassembled fastener, consisting of any type of screw or bolt, furnished with a
toothed washer
SEMA:
Acronym for "Specialty Equipment Market Association," the aftermarket and
reproduction vehicle parts organization.
semaphore indicator:
A signal light indicator used before flashers were introduced (such as the Austin and
Flying Standard), consisting of a lighted arrow that popped out from the side of the
car (usually the B-post) when the turn signal switch was actuated. Also called
trafficator
semi:
See
tractor
semitrailer
semi-active suspension:
A suspension whose characteristics can be tuned to driving conditions, such as by
hydraulic adjustment of spring supports plus electronic correction of the damping
rate
semi-automatic transmission:
A transmission in which the clutch is disengaged and re-engaged automatically
when the driver actuates the gear lever
semi-centrifugal release finger:

semi-centrifugal release fingers:

semiconductor:
A solid material such as silicon that has a resistivity midway between that of a
conductor and a resistor, with properties of both a conductor and an insulator; used
as substrates for semiconductor devices such as diodes, transistors, and integrated
circuits
semiconductor ignition system:
An ignition system that uses semiconductors for the switching operations
semi-diesel:
A semi-diesel engine operates on comparatively high compression and utilizes solid
injection of fuel, however, it does use an electrical ignition system rather than
depend solely upon heat generated by compression to furnish ignition
semi-drop center rim:

(SDC) A rim having a demountable flange, for use on light commercial application.
A slight depression in the center of the rim facilitates tire mounting and removal.
semi-drop center rim taper:

A rim where both bead seats are tapered 5°.
semi-elliptic leaf spring:

See semi-elliptic springs.
semi-elliptic spring:
See semi-elliptic springs.
semi-elliptic springs:
A type of leaf spring that takes its name from the shape which is part of an ellipse.
semi-floating axle:
Type of axle commonly used in modern car. The outer end of the axle shaft does
two things: (1) it supports the weight of the vehicle and (2) it is the means of
propulsion. The inner end of the axle shaft which is splined, "floats" in the
differential gear. In this design a single bearing is placed between the axle shaft and
the axle bearing; to remove the axle the wheel must first be removed.
semi-independent suspension:
A rear axle design with a torsionally flexible crossmember, the wheels being located
on trailing links
semi-race cam:
opening and closing, length of time valve is held open, etc. Also called full cam,
three-quarter cam, or race cam, depending upon design
semi-tractor:
See tractor.
semi-trailer:
A type of trailer that has wheels only at the rear, the front is supported by the towing
vehicle. See trailer.
semi-trailing arm:
A type of independent rear suspension where the pivot axes are usually at about 25
degrees to a line running straight across the car. This arrangement gives rear-wheel
camber somewhere between that of a pure trailing arm (which has no camber
change relative to the body) and a swing axle (which has large camber change).
semi-trailing arm suspension:

See semi-trailing arm.
semi-trailing link:
An arm of a coil spring, independent rear suspension system which pivots at an
angle to the centerline of the vehicle, thus imparting negative camber with increase
in load. Also called semi-trailing arm
send:
See guided send test
sender:
A sensor unit conveying information about an engine to a gauge, warning light, or
other component. Also see fuel tank sender
sending unit:
A device used for transmitting a signal to a gauge.
send test:
See guided send test
Sendzimir process:
A continuous strip galvanizing process, named after its inventor. The strip is wound
from a coil while the oil or grease adhering to it is removed by oxidation. It is then
annealed, and the oxides are reduced by ammonia, after which it is cooled to 500°C
and immersed in a zinc bath, which is kept molten at about 45O°C by the heat from
the steel strip. On leaving the bath, the strip is cut and coiled
Senna, Ayrton:
Ayrton Senna (full name Ayrton Senna Da Silva) of Brazil was, without question,
the greatest race car driver in history. He was the embodiment of the professional
race car driver. From his first appearance in a Grand Prix event in 1984, the racing
world was on notice. The man was on a single-minded mission to win a World
Championship title. No driver ever pursued this goal with such determination.
Senna won his first title in 1988 and then again, two more times, in 1990 and 1992.
He sat on the pole for more than 55% of all races he entered. Ayrton Senna was
killed during the opening laps of the 1994 Grand Prix of San Marino at the Circuit
Dino Ferrari near the town of Imola in Italy. His death was mourned the world over.
Both Brazil and Japan took national holidays to mourn his passing. At the time of
his death, Ayrton Senna was so significant to Brazil as a hero and source of income,
he was responsible for nearly 20% of that country's gross national product. His body
lay in state in the National Assembly before being buried with full state rights. At
the time of this writing, rather pointless charges of manslaughter have been brought
against the team Senna drove for at the time of his death. Frank Williams (the team
owner), Adrian Newey (team Chief Designer) and Patrick Head (team Technical
Manager) all face charges.
sensing:
See electronic sensing device
sensing device:
See electronic sensing device
sensitive limited slip differential:

See torque sensitive limited slip differential
sensor:
An electronic detection device that receives and reacts to a signal, such as a change
in voltage, temperature or pressure.
See
absolute pressure sensor
airflow sensor
air sensor
barometric pressure sensor
boost sensor
clearance sensor
coolant temperature sensor
crankcase position sensor
crash sensor
detonation sensor
engine speed sensor
engine temperature sensor
ground clearance sensor
hall-effect sensor
hall sensor
hego sensor
impact sensor
knock sensor
lambda sensor
low oil sensor
magnet sensor
oil level sensor
oil pressure sensor
oxygen sensor
oxygen sensor system thermo-switch
reference mark sensor
rpm sensor
throttle position sensor
transistorized coil ignition with Hall sensor
vacuum sensor
wheel speed sensor
sensor flap:
A part of an airflow sensor which serves as a measure for the induced air volume; a
potentiometer converts sensor flap movement into changes in electrical voltage, a
form in which these signals can be evaluated by the fuel injection control unit
sensor plate:
A plate in the mixture control unit of a CIS, attached to a lever that operates the
control plunger in the fuel distributor; the sensor plate position is governed by the
amount of air admitted to the engine via the throttle valve and auxiliary air regulator
sensor system:
See oxygen sensor system thermo-switch
sensor system thermo-switch:

sensing device:
See electronic sensing device.
sentinel:
See twilight sentinel
Sentra:
A model of automobile manufactured by Nissan in Japan Click for books on Sentra
separate-application adhesive:
An adhesive consisting of two parts; one part being applied to one face and the
other part to the other face and the two faces brought together to form a joint
separate chassis:
The traditional body and frame design before the introduction of unitary
construction; the body was lowered onto the chassis and bolted to it
separate lubrication:
An engine lubrication principle where the oil is no longer mixed with the fuel, but is
fed by a metering pump from a separate oil tank to the engine components to be
lubricated
separation:
[1] The parting of retread rubber from the buffed casing or the parting or debonding
of any adjacent parts of the tire (ply to ply, ply to rubber, etc.), usually due to
excessive heat.
[2] After long storage, liquid ingredients of paints and fillers may separate in the
can on top of the material; in most cases, this can be overcome by stirring the
contents of the can thoroughly before use.
See
bead separation
ply separation
tread separation
separation solid tire:

Rubber pulling away from steel bands.
separator:
See
ball joint separator
bearing separator
envelope separator
oil separator
separators
tie rod separator
vapor separator
water separator
separator assembly-fuel vacuum:

(SA-FV) fuel vacuum separator FVS
separator plate:
separators:
[1] Generally, anything that physically separates one part from another.
[2] The wood, rubber, or plastic sheets or plates inserted between the positive and
negative plates in a battery to prevent contact.
[3] A filter or trap.
See
bearing separator
oil separator
vapor separator
water separator
sequence:
The order in which events take place.
See
cylinder sequence
engine sequence test
welding sequence
sequence test:
See engine sequence test
sequential electronic fuel injection:

(SEFI) a computer controlled fuel system that distributes fuel through an injector
located in each intake port of the engine. Each injector is fired separately and has
individual circuits. Also called sequential fuel injection (SFI)
sequential fuel injection:

(SFI) A computer controlled fuel injection system in which bursts of gasoline are
sprayed into the intake ports by injectors at timed intervals. Each injector is fired
separately and has individual circuits. Also called timed fuel injection or sequential
electronic fuel injection (SEFI)
sequential spark:
See follow-up spark
serial number:
The individual, consecutive numbering of a product during production. It may be a
combination of letters and numbers. Also see batch number.
series:
[1] A particular type of an automobile make and model. For instance, in 1952
Cadillac fielded three series: a 62 (with a 126 inch wheelbase); a 60 (with a 130
inch wheelbase); and a 75 (with a 147 inch wheelbase).
[2] The alignment of electrical components. See series circuit.
[3] A numerical representation of a tire's aspect ratio. A 50-series tire has an aspect
ratio of 0.50. Also see spec series
series circuit:
A circuit with two or more resistance units so wired that the current must pass
through one unit before reaching the other. In contrast with parallel circuit.
series parallel circuit:

See series-parallel circuit.
series-parallel circuit:
A circuit of three or more resistance units in which a series and a parallel circuit are
combined.
serpentine belt:
A poly-v-belt which wraps around several pulleys and idlers
serrated shaft:
A shaft with V-shaped grooves
serration:
A series of teeth on an edge (as on a saw)
service:
[1] periodic maintenance usually carried out by a garage; includes changing the oil
and oil filter, checking the brakes, tires, ignition (usually changing the spark plugs),
electrical, fuel and cooling systems, and taking the vehicle on a test run to check the
steering, suspension, and transmission systems as well as the performance of the
engine and brakes.
[2] To carry out a service on a vehicle.
See
breakdown service
full service history
service brake:
A foot-operated brake used for retarding, stopping, and controlling the vehicle
during normal driving conditions
service codes:
A series of two digit numbers that represent results of a self test
service history:
See full service history
service hose:
Specially manufactured hose designed to withstand the operating pressures of air
conditioner system and equipped with threaded fittings that can be attached to
service valves, manifold gauge sets, vacuum pumps, refrigerant containers, etc.
service interval:
The time or mileage between services (e.g., 12 months or 10,000 miles, whichever
should come first)
service life:
The length of time a component or system will remain reliable and safe
service manual:
A handbook published by a vehicle manufacturer or a specialized publishing
company that contains instructions and specifications for the maintenance and repair
of specific cars. They also include wiring diagrams and troubleshooting guides.
Most service manuals deal with only one make, model, or year, and nearly all are
intended for professionals or the very experienced amateur.
service port:
A fitting, on stem-type service valves and some control devices, to which manifold
gauge set service hoses can be connected
services:
See special services
service station:
outlets which sell gasoline and are operated by the major oil companies.
service valve:
See
high-side service valve
low-side service valve
service writer:
At many dealerships, the person responsible for writing repair orders (work orders)
is the service writer. He communicates to the mechanic and service manager the
problems in your vehicle that you have outlined. He also estimates the nature and
cost of repairs and gives you an idea when the work will be finished.
servicing:
To carry out a service
servo:
[1] An oil operated device used to push or pull another part, such as tightening the
transmission brake bands.
[2] Any system used to assist a mechanism to operate with greater force than that
initially applied to it.
[3] Abbreviation for servomechanism
See
brake servo unit
brake servo
master vac servo unit
vacuum servo
servo action brake:

See servo action brakes.
servo action brakes:

Brakes so constructed as to have one end of the primary shoe bearing against the
end of the secondary shoe. When the brakes are applied, the primary shoe attempts
to move in the direction of the rotating drum and in so doing applies force to the
secondary shoe. This action, called "servo action," makes less brake pedal pressure
necessary and is widely used in brake construction.
servo-assisted:
See power-assisted
servo brake:
A drum brake in which the shoes are arranged so that one shoe helps to apply the
other, to create a self-energizing effect in both shoes
servomechanism :
A device that provides power assistance to operate a control (e.g., a brake or clutch)
servo motor:
A small electric motor that supplies power to a servomechanism
servos:
Servos apply certain mechanical functions. For instance, if first gear is actuated by
the application of a band, the servo is what applies that band. The servo is nothing
more than a piston that is connected to a mechanical linkage, moved by hydraulic
pressure. When the need for a certain application arises, oil pressure moves the
servo and the servo makes the application.
servo unit:
See
brake servo unit
set:
[1] To adjust (e.g., a screw) to a standard.
[2] To allow to harden (e.g., body filler, glue, etc.).
See
aligning set
bracket set
contact set
planetary gear set
straightening set
setscrew:
A fully threaded bolt with a parallel shaft. It is used to secure metal parts together
(such as a hub or wheel to a shaft); can have a variety of heads, the most common
being hexagonal, round or countersunk
setter hammer:
See tile setter hammer
setting:
[1] adjustment.
[2] hardening.
See
beam setting
headlight beam setting
settle:
To sink to the bottom (of a liquid). The weight of the pigments in a paint varies
greatly depending on their color. Heavy pigments give color, opacity, and specific
properties to the paint. Some pigments weigh seven or eight times as much as the
liquid part of the paint and because of this, they tend to settle to the bottom of the
container
settling:
The pigment in the paint collecting at the bottom of the spray gun container.
set-up:
[1] Premature vulcanization of a rubber compound during processing or storage.
[2] The action of a gel-like substance which goes from a liquid to a rubbery solid or
when a paste turns solid.
seven:
See group of seven
Seville:
A model of automobile manufactured by General Click for books on Cadillac
Motors Cadillac division Seville
sew up tire:
See sew-up tire.
sew-up tire:
A bicycle tire with an inner tube stitched inside the casing; also known as a tubular.
SF:
Further improved oil for 1980-1988 model years and previous years.
SFC:
Acronym for specific fuel consumption
SFI:
Acronym for sequential fuel injection
SG:
Improved oil for 1989 model years and previous years.
shackle:
A swinging support which is used to attach the ends of a leaf spring to the frame of
the vehicle. The shackle is needed to take care of the changes in length of the spring
as it moves up and down.
See
spring shackle
swinging shackle
shade:
See off shade
shadeband:
A sunvisor. Also see windshield shadeband
shaft:
A long smooth-surfaced bar of metal with a circular (round) cross section.
See
armature shaft
arm shaft
auxilliar drive shaft
axle shaft
balance shaft
bevel drive shaft
cardan shaft
clutch shaft
composite propeller shaft
cross-shaft
cross shaft
distributor shaft
divided propeller shaft
drive shaft
eccentric shaft
gearbox input shaft
halfshaft
input shaft
intermediate shaft
main shaft
output shaft
pilot shaft
pinion shaft
pitman shaft
primary shaft
propeller shaft
prop shaft
pump shaft
quill shaft
radial shaft seal
rocker arm shaft
rocker shaft
sector shaft
serrated shaft
side shaft
silencer shaft
splined shaft
steering gear shaft
steering shaft
third motion shaft
throttle shaft
timing shaft
transmission input shaft
transmission output shaft
universally jointed shaft
shaft distributor:
A distributor whose drive shaft projects into the engine; the shaft is driven via a
gearing system or a coupling
shaft drive:
A description of a motorcycle which uses a drive shaft between the transmission
and the rear wheel instead of a chain.
shaft safety:
See propeller shaft safety strap
shaft safety strap:

See propeller shaft safety strap
shaft seal:
A seal used to do two things: to prevent fluid from leaking out between a stationary
part and a rotating shaft and to prevent foreign matter from getting in. Also see
radial shaft seal
shaft sleeve:
A sleeve which protects a shaft from erosion, corrosion, and wear at shaft seals
shaft-to-cage coupling:
A viscous coupling design in which the outer disc carrier is connected to the
differential cage, while the inner disc carrier is connected to an axle shaft
shaft-to-shaft coupling:
A viscous coupling design in which the outer disc carrier is connected to the left-
hand axle shaft and the inner disc carrier to the right-hand axle shaft
shake:
See
cowl shake
scuttle shake
side shake
shallow angle:
An angle that positions the bicycle frame tubes relatively farther from vertical and
closer to horizontal than do steep angles.
shallow angles:
Angles that position bicycle frame tubes relatively farther from vertical and closer
to horizontal than do steep angles.
shallow pits:
Corrosion in the form of pits whose diameter is substantially larger than their depth
shammy leather:
See chamois.
shank:
[1] The part of a bolt between the head and the thread.
[2] The part of a bit which is held in the drill.
See
connecting rod shank
increased shank
reduced shank
relieved shank
shank length:
The distance from the last full form thread of a bolt to the bearing face
shape:
See free shape
shaper:
See pulse shaper
shape template:
A guide or a pattern used in manufacturing items
shaping:
The preliminary sanding or forming of the filled surface with coarse grit paper or a
body file to establish the approximate body contours; this step is followed by final
sanding
share:
See market share
shared component:
A part or component which is identical in various models of a car family, such as
those used on a sedan and its convertible derivative; typical shared components are
body panels, suspension components, brakes, wheels
sharing:
See component sharing
shark:
See radiator hose shark tooth pliers
shark tooth:
shark tooth pliers:

shave:
[1] Removal of some chrome or decorative part.
[2] Removal of metal from the contact surface of the cylinder head or the block.
shaving:
A modification of the body of a car to remove all chrome parts at the front or rear
end to achieve smooth contours highlighted only by the paint and the body
modifications; in most cases, only a side chrome strip is retained. Also called
"nosing" or "decking"
shear:
[1] To distort or fracture as a result of excess torsion or transverse load.
[2] To cut between two blades.
See
modulus in shear
shears
shear bolt:
A bolt whose head may intentionally be sheared off to make extraction difficult
shear pin:
A cylinder shaped item that is made of a substance which will break when subject to
great pressure. In this way the main component which is more expensive will not be
damaged. The pin can usually be easily replace. Also see spiral wrapped pin.
shears:
A scissors-like tool for heavy-duty cutting. Also called snips.
See
metal shears
tinmen's shears
sheathed glow plug:

See SR sheathed glow plug
sheathed-type glow plug:

A single-pole glow plug having a tubular heating element with a heating coil or a
heating and regulator coil enclosed in a thermally conductive insulator ceramic.
Also see self-regulating sheathed-type glow plug
sheath flame:
the outer area of an oxyacetylene flame surrounding the inner cone and the flame
feather
shedder drip molding:

A metal strip spot-welded below the roof drip rail to deflect rain water away from
the door seal
sheer:
The longitudinal curve of a vessel's decks in a vertical plane. Due to sheer, a vessel's
deck height above the baseline is higher at the stem and stern than at amidships
sheer strake:
The course of shell plating at strength deck level
sheet:
See dust sheet, heavy sheet metal, and light sheet metal
sheet metal:
Steel metal in the form of a thin layer or sheet which can be pressed to form panels
of the car body.
See
heavy sheet metal
light sheet metal
sheet metal blank:

A flat sheet metal panel before it has been cut and bent to be applied to a panel of a
car to repair a damaged section
sheet metal clamp:

A lock-grip pliers with wide, flat jaws used to secure sheet metal parts for welding
or to bend small sheet metal parts along the edges of the jaws. When used for
bending sheet metal, they may also be referred to as bending pliers
sheet metal cutter:

Any tool used to cut sheet metal.
See
nibbler
shears
snips
sheet metal folder:

A machine used to bend sheet metal along a predetermined line using mechanical
force
sheet metal remains:

A strip of metal left on the edges alter the bulk of a panel has been cut out; this strip
is then removed carefully to ensure that the flanges required on adjacent panels for
welding in the new part are not damaged and to avoid cutting out excessive material
sheet metal roller:

A large machine to curve or roll metal in a single plane. The machine is hand-
operated and consists of a frame, three rollers and a hand crank. The rollers are
arranged with one top and two bottom rollers, and the degree of curvature is
controlled by how closely the bottom rollers are set in relation to the top roller. The
pressure of the bottom rollers against the top roller causes the metal to curve
sheet molding compound:

(SMC) Formerly called prepreg, SMC is supplied as a lightweight, pliable sheet
which consists of a mixture of chopped strand mat pre-impregnated with resin,
fillers, catalyst, and pigment. A sheet is placed between the halves of a heated mold
and under the application of pressure it conforms to the contours of the mold
sheet wheel:
A vehicle wheel (before the tire is installed) made from aluminium sheet material.
Compare alloy wheel. The manufacturing process of the sheet wheel is comparable
to that of the steel wheel but the advantage of the sheet wheel is its reduction in
weight (up to 40% compared to a steel wheel)
Shelby:
A vehicle brand of which the 1965-67 350GT and 500GT are Click for books on
milestone cars. See also AC Shelby Cobra Shelby
Shelby Cobra:
See AC Shelby Cobra
shelf:
See
rear shelf
squab shelf
shelf life:
A time limitation for the storage of uncured retread materials (usually 6 months),
beyond which certain properties are lost. Storage of materials in a cool, dark, dry
environment insures quality.
shelf panel:
A deep-drawn steel panel fitted horizontally behind the rear seat backrest of a
notchback sedan to support the plastic or foam molding that makes up the rear shelf,
visible from the outside
shell:
The structural case or housing, usually for mounting instruments.
See
bare shell
bearing shell
body shell
converter shell
spark plug shell
shell bearing:
A type of bearing used for main bearings and big-end bearings, consisting of a
circular housing which can be divided into two halves, and which encloses a pair of
bearing shells
shell expansion:
A plan showing the seams and butts, thickness, and associated welding or riveting
of all plates comprising the shell plating, framing, etc.
shell plating:
The plates forming the outer side and bottom skin of the hull
shelter deck:
A superstructure deck fitted continuous from stem to stern and fitted with at least
one tonnage opening
sherardizing:
The coating of iron objects with zinc powder by tumbling them in powdered zinc at
about 250-375°C
shield:
[1] An eye and face protector held in the hand when welding. It enables a person to
look directly at the electric arc through a special lens without being harmed.
[2] A relatively broad protective device which keeps away unwanted liquid or
vapor.
See
air shield
dust shield
grass heat shield
hand shield
heat shield
laminated windshield
scatter shield
splash shield
static shield
stone shield
sunroof deflector shield
windshield
wing shield
shielded arc:
A form of electric welding in which a heavy flux-coated electrode is used.
shielding:
Any form of screening. See shield
shift:
To change gears.
See
floor shift
rail, shift
side shift
stick shift
shift cables:
A term for the cables used to operates gears in some transmissions. In most vehicles
rods and joints are used because cables tend to stretch
shift down:
The action of selecting a lower gear. The British expression is "change down."
shifter:
A device for changing the gearing on a transmission.
See
column shifter
dash shifter
floor shifter
friction shifter
hurst six-speed shifter
index shifter
index shifters
J gate transmission shifter, an
T-handle shifter
shifter fork:
See selector fork
shifter knob:
The knob at the end of a lever. The British term is "gear knob"
shifter linkage:
A system of rods and joints used to operate the transmission
shifter mechanism:
A system of rods and joints used to operate the transmission
shifters:
See
friction shifters
index shifters
shift fork:
See
shift forks
selector fork
shift forks:
The devices that straddle slots cut in sliding gears. The fork is used to move the gear
back and forth on the shaft.
shift gate:
The mechanism in a transmission linkage that controls the motion of the gearshift
lever. The shift gate is usually an internal mechanism; however, in some
transmissions -- including Ferrari five-speeds and Mercedes-Benz automatics -- the
shift gate is an exposed guide around the shift lever.
shift gear:
The action of selecting a different gear. The expression in Britain is "change gear."
shift indicator light:

(SIL) a system that provides a visual indication to the driver when to shift to the
next higher gear to obtain optimum fuel economy
shifting:
[1] Moving the ship to suit the location of shore cargo loading gear.
[2] Changing gears in a transmission. Also see cargo shifting
shifting board:
Portable bulkhead members, generally constructed of wood planking and fitted fore
and aft in cargo holds when carrying grain or other cargo to prevent shifting when
the ship is rolling
shift interlock:
A device which prevents different shift forks in the transmission from being moved
at the same time, by locking into the inoperative shift fork as the other is being
moved; a gearchange cannot be made unless the inoperative shift fork is in its
neutral position
shift into:
The act of shifting into another gear, such as "shift into second" (shift into second
gear) or "shift into high" (shift into high gear). In Britain, the expression is "change
into."
shift lever:
[1] A device which is attached to the side of a steering column or to the center
console which will allow the operator to change the gears of the transmission. Also
called "gear lever." Also see left hand gear lever.
[2] A lever inside an automatic transmission which connects the selector lever cable
to the manual valve of the control valve body.
[3] A component used in pre-engaged starter motors to force the pinion against the
flywheel ring gear
shift linkage:
The rods, levers, etc. used to transmit motion of the shift lever into movement of the
gears in a gearbox.
shift lock:
See selector lever lock
shift on the fly:

The ability of a four-wheel-drive vehicle to be shifted between two-wheel drive and
four-wheel drive while the vehicle is in motion.
shift point:
This refers to the point, either in engine rpm or road speed, at which the
transmission should be shifted to the next gear.
shift rail:
See shift rails.
shift rails:
Sliding rods upon which the shift forks are attached. Used for shifting the manual
transmission.
shift up:
A term meaning to shift to a higher gear
shift valve:
A valve in an automatic transmission which raises the oil pressure as the vehicle
speed increases. In Britain it is called the change valve.
shim:
A thin spacer installed between two parts to increase the distance between them.
See
adjusting shim
anti-squeal shim
valve shim
shimmy:
The front wheels shaking or vibration from side to side because the front end is out
of alignment or the tires are out of balance or the suspension has worn components.
See
caster wobble
wheel shimmy
shim pliers:
See valve shim pliers
shim-type head gaskets:

A hard thin, high-performance steel head gasket that raises the compression ratio
shim under bucket:

A valve adjusting system where the valve clearance is adjusted by placing an
appropriate thickness of shim under the tappet instead of using an adjusting screw.
shingler's hammer:
A hammer with a blunt side on one end of the head and an axe-like blade on the
other side of the head.
ship:
See
aboard ship
container ship
dry cargo ship
dual purpose ship
flush deck ship
great Lakes ship
lighter aboard ship
multipurpose ship
OBO ship
passenger ship
RO/RO ship
self-sustaining ship
self-trimming ship
shipment:
See value of shipment
shipments, value of:

summation of value of shipments produced by establishment, receipts of custom
and repair revenue.
ships:
See sister ships
shock:
See
adjustable shock
direct-acting shock absorber
flexural shock
gas shock
gas shock absorber
shocks
shock absorber:
Properly called a damper, this is an oil filled device used to control spring
oscillation in the suspension system. At least one shock absorber is found at each
wheel.
See
adjustable shocks
air shock absorber
direct-acting shock absorber
gas shock absorber
self-levelling shock absorber
shock absorbers:
See shock absorber
shock absorber tower:

A sheet metal panel of hollowed or box-section design that is spot-welded to the
body and serves as an anchoring point for the top shock absorber mount
shocks:
An abbreviation for "shock absorbers." See adjustable shocks.
shoe:
See
brake shoe
forward brake shoe
leading brake shoe
leading shoe
pole shoe
pole shoes
primary brake shoe
primary shoe
reverse brake shoe
secondary brake shoe
secondary shoe
trailing brake shoe
trailing shoe
yellow shoe
shoe grinder:
See brake shoe grinder
shoe heel:
See brake shoe heel
shoe return spring:

See brake shoe return spring
shoes:
see shoe
shoe toe:
See brake shoe toe
shooter:
The accelerator pump discharge nozzle; squirts extra fuel into the throttle bore when
the accelerator pump circuit is pressurized by the pump piston
shooters:
Small pump-discharge restrictions in the cluster assembly. These small cavities
prevent accelerator pump pullover feeding from the pump system at high airflows
shooting brake:
An old term for station wagon. It refers mainly to larger British station wagons with
wooden rear and side panels that were popular during the early post-war such as
coachbuilt models by Daimler, Armstrong-Siddeley, Allard, etc.
shop:
See
body shop
chop shop
paint shop
production retread shop
specialty repair shop
shopping:
shopping car:
A vehicle similar to a city car, but may be even smaller
shop primer:
A coating which temporarily protects a work from corrosion, e.g., during shipment
shore:
A brace or prop used for support while building a ship
shore hardness:
A test method for the determination of indentation hardness of nonrigid plastics
short:
See
short circuit
long and short arm suspension
short arc:
A gas metal- arc process which uses a low arc voltage, where the arc is continuously
interrupted as the molten electrode metal bridges the arc gap.
short arm:
See long and short arm suspension
short arm/long arm suspension:

(SLA) See unequal-length wishbone suspension
short arm suspension:

See long and short arm suspension
short block:
The lower portion of an engine below the cylinder head. It includes the crankshaft
and piston assemblies but not the external parts such as head, sump, oil pump, or
fuel pump. The opposite is the long block
short block engine:

An engine with a relatively short crankshaft. Compare long block engine. Normally
a short block engine refers to a 4-cylinder in-line engine or a V-8 engine where
either engine has a shorter block than a 6 cylinder in-line engine
short circuit:
An electrical problem in which the "hot" or positive wire touches ground. It takes a
"short" path to ground instead of going through the prescribed component. Usually
a short circuit (also called a short) will burn out a fuse or a component.
short circuit between the plates:

An undesirable electrically conductive connection between the positive and
negative plates within a battery cell, making the battery inoperative
short circuiting:
A condition which occurs during the scavenging process of a two-stroke engine
when some of the fresh mixture entering the cylinder may flow across the cylinder
and escape via the exhaust ports without producing any scavenging effect
short cycling:
A term referring to the condition in which the compressor in a cycling clutch system
cycles too frequently
short engine:
A fully reconditioned engine but without external parts such as head, oil pan, oil
pump, or fuel pump, etc.
short stroke engine:

An engine where the length of the stroke is shorter than the diameter of the cylinder
bore. Theoretically a relatively short stroke improves high end revving ability but is
poorer at low-end torque.
short ton:
2,000 pounds.
short track:
Any oval-shaped or circle-shaped course less than one mile long.
shorty:
A general term for a short manifold or exhaust pipe
short-type distributor:
A distributor without a drive shaft; the drive coupling is located directly at the base
of the ignition distributor housing. The opposite is shaft distributor
shot bag:
A leather bag filled with very fine lead shot or sand over which metal is shaped
shot blasting:
A blasting process in which rounded particles are impacted onto a surface
shoulder:
[1] The outer edges of the tread of a tire.
[2] The outer edges of a road.
[3] The raised portion of a specialized bolt just under the head. It looks like a collar,
but it is not removable
shoulder belt:
A restraint belt pulled diagonally across the chest or the shoulder belt portion of a
combined lap-shoulder belt.
See
3-point seat belt
lap belt
show through:
Sand scratches in the undercoat visible through the paint
shredded wire:
Short pieces of fine steel wire mixed into a tread or undertread compound.
shrink:
To reduce in size. See heat shrink tube
shrinkage:
The size or coverage reduction of automotive paint as it dries. All automotive paints
shrink, and if scratches or surface imperfections have not been properly filled, they
will show up as the paint shrinks into them. Also see mold shrinkage
shrink fit:
A fit between two parts which is very tight. The outer or encircling piece is
expanded by heating so it will fit over inner piece. Sometimes the inner piece is
contracted by chilling. As the two pieces reach operating temperature or room
temperature, the outer piece shrinks and the inner piece (if it was chilled) expands.
As a result, the two pieces fit tightly.
shrinking:
A body repair technique used to repair locally stretched areas by using heat or
special body hammers.
See
heat shrinking
resistance shrinking
shrinking dolly:
A special dolly with a large crowned grid surface, used to facilitate panel shrinking
shrinking hammer:
A special hammer with faces shaped to allow for correction of locally stretched
sheet metal. When shrinking metal, the panel is beaten into the recesses of the grid,
which help stretching
shrink tube:
A thin plastic tube which shrinks in diameter when heated. It is used primarily in
covering exposed wire splices. Also see heat shrink tube
shrink wrap:
A clear plastic film, often a foot or more wide used to protect something from dust
and moisture.
shroud:
A metal enclosure around the fan, engine, etc., to guide and facilitate the flow of air.
Also see heat shroud
shudder:
See
clutch shudder
wheel shudder
shunt:
[1] To bypass or turn aside.
[2] An alternate or bypass portion of an electrical circuit.
[3] A colloquial term for to crash.
[3] A crash, especially one caused by running into the back of the vehicle in front of
you
shunt firing:
A short circuit at the firing end of a spark plug, caused by electrically conductive
deposits. Also called "shunting."
shunting:
A short circuit at the firing end of a spark plug, caused by electrically conductive
deposits. Also called "shunt firing"
shunt winding:
A wire coil forming an alternate or bypass circuit through which the current may
flow.
shut:
See
cut-and-shut
door shut
shut line:
The line between a closed door and the bodywork
shutlines:
Lines in the body where two body parts abut each other, such as where a door meets
a fender. Can also be a seam where two immovable parts meet i.e., plastic bumper
cover meets quarter panel.
shut-off:
See
overrun cut-off/shut-off
shut-off switch:
shutter:
A curved metal vane or blade of a Hall generator
shuttle valve:
A valve in which the actuating member shuttles back and forth diverting pressure
from one channel to another
SI:
Acronym for spark ignition
siamesed:
Arrangement of ports when intake or exhaust valves are in pairs which allows two-
into-one passages to be cast into the cylinder head. For example, with the usual
valve arrangement in a four-cylinder engine the head can be designed so only two
ports connect to the intake manifold and only three to the exhaust manifold. Also,
when the engine cylinders are connected solidly together (as in the Vega block)
instead of being totally surrounded by water jackets, the cylinders are said to be
siamesed.
SIC:
Acronym for "Standard Industrial Classification" on
"http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/SSGF/am00655f.html". Industry class that represents a
level of organization of production by type of specialization. Currently the 1980
Standard Industrial Classification is in effect identifying each industry at the 4 digit
level.
SID:
Acronym for side impact dummy
Siddeley:
See Armstrong-Siddeley.
side:
See
differential side gear
discharge side
exhaust side
federal side impact standard
heavy side pattern
high side
low side
outlet side
rear side window
ring side clearance
suction side
side aperture panel:

See aperture panel
side bumper panels:

Large plastic body side moldings attached to the lower body sides which protect the
body against road debris, road salt corrosion, and mechanical impact. Sometimes
called Sacco panels because they were introduced by Bruno Sacco, the chief
designer at Mercedes-Benz
sidecar:
An addition to a motorcycle which is added to its side. It has an outboard wheel and
is designed to carry a passenger or luggage.
side clearance:
See
ring side clearance
side curtain:
The early name for side windows which were made of celluloid in a rigid frame
supported by the sides of the body and the doors; some had a hinged flap through
which the driver could extend his hand for signalling purposes. On classic roadsters,
the entire assembly of sliding windows and flaps; wedge-type side curtains permit
the side curtain brackets to be wedged into the door plates without bolts; regular
spring-type side curtains are mounted to the doors by means of wing nuts or bolts.
The curtains can be stored behind the rear seat squab or in a pocket at the back of
the front seats
side cutters:
A tool like a pair of pliers except the end opposite the handles have sharp edges
used to cut wire, etc. The British term is end cutters or end cutting pliers
sidedraft carburetor:
A carburetor in which the air passes through the carburetor into the intake manifold
in a horizontal plane. Contrasts with a downdraft carburetor.
sidedraught carburetor:
British spelling for sidedraft carburetor
side electrode:
The ground electrode at the side of the threaded part of a spark plug shell
side flasher:
A small amber or red signal light located in the side of the front or rear fenders
side gear:
See differential side gear
side-hung float:
Float design has a pivot axis that is perpendicular to the vehicle axles. It has slightly
better float control and fuel handling during acceleration and braking than its center-
pivoted counterpart
side impact:
side impact air bag:

Fabric bags installed in the doors of some cars that inflate rapidly during a side
impact collision. Inflation occurs at speeds of 12 miles per hour or higher,
preventing passengers from hitting their heads against the windows or pillars of the
car.
side impact bar:

A longitudinal reinforcing beam in a car door, designed to withstand side impact.
Also called side impact intrusion beam
side impact dummy:

(SID) A dummy developed to investigate the effects of side impact crashes
side impact intrusion beam:

A metal beam in the door or along the side of the passenger compartment that adds
additional protection in the case of an accident. It reinforces the side of the car.
side impact standard:

sidelamp:
See sidelight
side-lift jack:
See tower jack
sidelight:
A low-intensity white lamp usually located on the side of front fender ahead of the
front wheel. It is usually illumined in a steady glow when the signal lights are
activated.
sidelight pod:
A design feature of older cars that had their side or parking lights incorporated into
a separate sheet metal molding on top or at the side of the front fenders
side marker lamp:

A low-intensity lamp mounted on the side of a vehicle to indicate its presence when
seen from the side
side marker light:

A low-intensity lamp mounted on the side of a vehicle to indicate its presence when
seen from the side
side member:
A box-section member inboard of the outer sill that often runs from the front to the
rear of the car and provides reinforcement of both sides of the floorpan
side molding:
See body side molding
side panel:
[1] A quarter panel between the B-pillar and the rear.
[2] An aperture panel.
[3] A vertical panel on the inside of a body shell, e.g., the panel joining the lock
pillar to the rear wheel housing.
See
cowl side panel
scuttle side panel
side pattern:
See heavy side pattern
side pipe:
An exhaust pipe running along the side of the car. Compare lakers or lakes pipes
side radiator guard:

A molded cover panel fitted to the sides of the radiator to protect it from water
splashes
side rail:
See side member
side ring:
A demountable metal flange to hold the tire on the rim base. It can be self
contained, locking into the gutter, or may be held in place by a lock ring, depending
on the type.
side rod:
See tie rod
side scoop:
An air intake for the engine and/or for cooling on mid-engine or rear-engine cars;
typically found on sports cars such as the Ferrari range
side shaft:
See axle shaft
side shake:
See end play
side shift:
damage to the frame when the vehicle has been hit from the side
side skirt:
An extra body panel fitted over the sills (for cosmetic reasons only)
side step:
A step plate below the doors to facilitate entry into the relatively high cabin of a
commercial vehicle
side styling:
See straight-through side styling
sideswipe:
[1] Body damage caused by a car hitting an obstacle at an acute angle, causing the
panels to be dented over a relatively large area.
[2] To scrape along the side of a car.
side valve:
Valves positioned at the side of cylinder
side-valve engine:
(SV) An engine with the valves to the side of the cylinders
sidewall:
That portion of a tire between the tread and bead. See tire sidewall.
[2] The vertical part of the box section of a side member
side window:
See
rear side window
sliding side window
SI engine:
A spark ignition engine or gasoline engine: internal combustion engine of the
reciprocating type in which an air/fuel mixture is compressed and then ignited by an
electric spark. It is unlike a diesel engine
sight glass:
A viewing glass or window set in the refrigerant pipe of a car's air-conditioning
system, usually in the top of the receiver-drier, which allows a visual check of the
refrigerant passing from the receiver to the evaporator. The fluid should be clear and
free from foam
sighting point gauge:

A device incorporating a sighting pin, used to measure car bodies for misalignment
sigma welding:
See gas metal- arc welding
signal:
[1] To indicate a change in direction (turning, stopping, etc.).
[2] An indicator.
See
reversing warning signal
signal amplifier:
Any device, such as the booster venturi, that amplifies a vacuum signal
signal indicator:
See turn signal indicator
signal light:
The small lights which blink on either side of the front of the vehicle and either side
of the rear of the vehicle. Some early cars (like the Austin and Flying Standard) had
small illuminated arms that flipped out from the B-post instead. The purpose of
signal lights is to warn other drivers of a change in direction when turning a corner
or changing lanes. Also called "direction indicator." In Japan they are called
"winkers."
signal light warning light:

A light on the instrument panel which flashes when the signal lights are operating.
Usually this light is in the shape of a green arrow. On some cars, like Cadillac, a
secondary light is mounted in a pod on the upper edge of each front fender and in a
pod inside the cab above the backlight (i.e., back window). Also called "direction
indicator warning light."
SIL:
Acronym for shift indicator light
silencer:
[1] A muffler.
[2] A device in an air-conditioning system designed to minimize pumping sounds
from the compressor.
See
air silencer
front silencer
straight-through silencer
silencer shaft:
See balance shaft
silencer-tailpipe tool:
[1] A chisel-type tool with several cutting edges to cut muffler sleeves without
damaging tailpipes.
[2] An L-shaped tool whose short end is driven between the silencer and tailpipe to
break the bond
silent chain:
A quiet timing chain with V-shaped teeth
silica:
A common mineral (silicon dioxide) found as sand, quartz, etc., used in the
manufacture of glass, ceramics and abrasives
silica gel:
A form of silica capable of absorbing large quantities of water, used to keep
electronic apparatus, etc., dry
silica sand:
A form of silica used for sherardizing or mechanical plating
silicon:
A non-metallic chemical element occurring in several forms (principally sand and
rock), used in the manufacture of glass and steel (as well as transistors etc.)
silicon carbide:
A material of excellent abrasion and corrosion resistance used in bearings and
mechanical seals
silicone:
A silicon compound with a high resistance to heat, water, and chemicals, and with
good insulating and lubricating properties; used in oils, polishes, sealants, etc.
silicone brake fluid:

A brake fluid which does not absorb water
silicone-rubber sealant:
A semi-liquid sealant which keeps out oil and water but not gasoline. Also called
RTV sealant
silicon glove:
See barrier cream
silicon steel:
An alloy of silicon and chromium with steel, often used for exhaust valves
sill:
[1] A longitudinal box-section member of the body shell at floor level, located
below the doors.
[2] A box-section crossmember just below the lower edge of the trunklid (when
closed).
See
door sill
inner sill
outer sill
sill cover:
A non-structural part covering the sill on its entire length; used on certain designs
with separate chassis but also on unitary designs
sill end piece:

A small panel at the front and rear end of the sill that closes off the hollow sill
section towards the front and rear wheel arches. Compare closing panel
sill membrane:
A horizontal stiffening panel between the outer sill and the side member box
section; it is ribbed or drilled for extra rigidity
Sillment seal:
A gas-tight seal between center electrode of a spark plug and insulator and between
insulator and shell
sill panel:
See under sill panel
sill stiffener:
See sill membrane
sill structure:
The overall design of the sills including outer sills, side member, or inner sill and
sill membrane
silver-plating:
The electrolytic deposition of silver
silver solder:
Similar to brazing except that a special silver solder metal is used. It is used
primarily on bicycle tubing.
SIMA:
Acronym for "Special Import Measures Act."
simple circuit:
The simplest circuit includes an electrical power source, a load, and some wire to
connect them
simple tappet:
See flat tappet
simplex chain:
A chain with only one row of rollers.
See
duplex chain
triplex chain
Simpson gear set:

It consists of two simple planetary gear sets with a common sun gear and internal
gears of different diameter; the planet carrier of one set is fixed to the internal gear
of the other set
Simpson planetary gear set:

It consists of two simple planetary gear sets with a common sun gear and internal
gears of different diameter; the planet carrier of one set is fixed to the internal gear
of the other set
single:
[1] A small, lightweight motorcycles. What the bike lacks in overall power, it gains
in its lightweight, small size that makes it easy to ride even if it has a large engine
displacement.
[2] Any single cylinder engine vehicle (especially, a motorcycle)
single-acting:
Having a piston or pistons of a reciprocating engine or pump that are pressurized on
only one side
single-anchor self-energizing brake:

A type of servo brake where both shoes pivot about one fixed point
single barrel:
See single-barrel carburetor.
single-barrel:
single barrel carburetor:

single-barrel carburetor:
A carburetor with one throttle opening or barrel from the carburetor to the intake
manifold.
See
carburetor
and four-barrel carburetor
single bead:
A tire built with only one wire bundle in the bead.
single-bed 3-way catalytic converter:

A converter for the control of HC, CO, and NOx emissions, consisting of one three-
way catalyst; in combination with an oxygen sensor, this type of converter yields
the lowest emission values
single-bed oxidizing converter:

A converter with one catalyst bed for HC and CO control
single-circuit braking system:

An old form of hydraulic braking system in which a single circuit serves all four
brakes. Not to be confused with single-line braking system
single coat:
A coat of paint, with each stroke overlapping the previous stroke by 50%. Also see
double coat
single-coil twin ignition:

In the early days of straight eight engines, a distributor with two sets of contact
points, firing alternately
single-connector system:
An electrical circuit, where only one wire comes from the voltage source to the
load. To complete the circuit, the electricity uses the metal body of the vehicle
single-cut file:
A file with teeth in only one direction and used for filing soft material
single-cylinder engine:
An engine with just one cylinder such as used on some motorcycles and utility
engines (e.g., lawn mower engine, water pump, portable generator, etc.)
single-decker bus:
A bus with one storey or deck. See double-decker bus
single-grade oil:
oil suitable for use within a narrow temperature range; outside this range, its flow
characteristics will not allow adequate lubrication. Also called "straight-weight oil."
Compare multigrade oil
single leading brake shoe:

The use of a single hydraulic plunger and a common pivot point which expands two
shoes against the drum with equal pressure whether braking from forward or reverse
direction. The leading brake shoe is usually called the "Primary Shoe" and trailing
shoe is called the "Secondary Shoe." Also see double leading brake shoe.
single-leaf spring:
A suspension spring which has just one flexible beam
single-line braking system:

A braking system in which a single line is used to connect towing vehicle and
trailer. It is not to be confused with single-circuit braking system
single overhead cam:

(SOHC) The camshaft is located between the valves and is driven by a chain or belt
from the crankshaft; the valves are normally opened by short rocker arms. See
overhead cam.
single-overhead cam:
(SOHC) An engine with a single overhead camshaft to operate both intake and
exhaust valves. See overhead cam.
single overhead camshaft:

(SOHC) The camshaft is located between the valves and is driven by a chain or belt
from the crankshaft; the valves are normally opened by short rocker arms. See
overhead cam.
single-overhead camshaft:
(SOHC) An engine with a single overhead camshaft to operate both intake and
exhaust valves. See overhead cam.
single-piece rim:
A one-piece rim
single-piece wheel:
A one-piece wheel
single-pivot steering:
A steering system in which a beam axle is pivoted at its mid-point; rare except on
horse-drawn vehicles and trailers. Also see double-pivot steering
single-plate clutch:
A normal type of clutch, with one driven plate; usually dry (i.e., without oil). Also
see multi-plate clutch
single point injection:

(SPI) A gasoline fuel-injection system which sprays fuel under pressure into the
intake air at one place, usually the throttle body on the inlet manifold. It is less
complicated than a multi-point injection system but achieves better carburation than
a carburetor. Also see multi-point injection
single rate spring:

A spring with a constant spring rate. For example, if a 100-pound force deflects the
spring by one inch, an additional 100 pounds will deflect it one more inch, and so
on until the spring either bottoms or fails. The opposite of progressive rate spring.
single roller chain:

See simplex chain
single-spark ignition coil:

In a distributorless ignition system with an odd number of cylinders, each cylinder
requires its own ignition coil; distributor logic on the low-voltage side performs the
voltage distribution to each coil. Also see multi-spark ignition coil
single-tube shock absorber:

A common type of shock absorber with the working cylinder and reservoir
contained in one tube.
See
gas shock absorber
single-wheel suspension:
See independent suspension
single wire circuit:

An electrical system in which the hot line is in a wire, but the ground line uses the
frame.
single wire system:

Lighting circuit which uses car frame for return ground line
sink:
See heat sink
sink in:
A tendency of a hardened filler to settle excessively, making the feather edges of the
filled area stand out on the painted surface
sinter:
[1] To manufacture parts from powdered metals by heating or pressure or both.
[2] The fine powdered metal itself
sintered bronze:
Tiny particles of bronze pressed tightly together so that they form a solid piece. The
piece is highly porous and is often used for filtering purposes.
sintered metal brake pad:
A type of brake pad made of sinter and is designed to reduce noise and increase
performance and life.
sipe:
Fine lines or grooves cut into the tread of tires. They allow the tire to flex and give
better traction on wet surfaces. They may also reduce tire noise.
SIR:
supplementary inflatable restraint
sissy bar:
A chrome rail which projects up from the back of a motorcycle saddle.
sister ships:
Ships built on the same design.
site:
See nucleation site
sitting position:
See upright sitting position
six:
See
flat six
straight six
V-six
six banger:
Six cylinder engine.
six-cylinder engine:
An engine with six cylinders; may be in-line (a straight six) or in a V-layout (a V-6)
six-light sedan:
An old designation of a four-door body style that features another small quarter
window behind the rear side doors, resulting in three side windows per side or six
windows overall
six-pack:
Refers to a special triple two-barrel induction system used on some Chrysler V8
engine in the late 1960s and early 1970s. However, other special heavy-duty parts
were used in engine that came from the factory equipped with this induction system,
so "six-pack" is frequently used as an adjective to describe other engine components
used on these engines. E.g., six-pack connecting rods
six-speed:
See hurst six-speed shifter
six-speed shifter:
See hurst six-speed shifter
six-speed transmission:
A manual transmission with six forward gears. See Hurst six-speed shifter.
sixteen:
See V-sixteen
sixteen valve engine:

(16V) A four-cylinder engine with four valves to each cylinder. This system permits
more air-fuel into the cylinder and exhaust out of the cylinder.
size:
See
die size
engine size
metric size
rim size
size designation:
See tire size designation
size marking:
The first part of a tire marking molded on the sidewall, giving the tire's width in
millimeters
size markings:
See tire size markings
skeg:
A deep, vertical, fin-like projection on the bottom of a vessel near the stern
skeleton construction:
A modern construction layout of the unitary type, using a skeleton-like assembly as
the main structural member, thus relieving stress from the body sheet metal.
See
coachbuilt construction
skewer:
A pin with a loop at one end for insertion and removal. See quick-release skewer.
skid:
[1] A sideways slip or slide of a wheel through failure to grip the ground. Also see
anti-skid.
[2] To slide sideways (often out of control).
[3] To slide in a straight line (as after sudden braking with, maybe, locked brakes).
Also see turn into the skid
skid braking system:

See anti-lock brakes
skid depth:
See tread depth.
skid lid:
A helmet.
skid mark:
The mark left on the road surface by the tires, as a result of emergency braking
skid pad:
See skidpad
skidpad:
A large area of smooth, flat pavement used for various handling tests. Roadholding
is measured by defining a large-diameter circle (Car and Driver magazine uses 300
feet) on the skidpad and measuring the fastest speed at which the car can negotiate
the circle without sliding off.
skidpan:
[1] British term for skidpad.
skid plate:
A steel, aluminum, or plastic shield attached to the underside of the chassis to
protect vulnerable components (oil pan, transmission, differentials, and transfer
cases) from off-road obstacles. Also called sump guard
ski flap:
A flap in the rear bulkhead (behind the rear seat), for long, thin loads (like skis)
skin:
The outer surface or body panel.
See
door skin
natural oxide skin
seat skin
skins
skinning:
The formation of a film on a thick paint layer before the solvents in the layer under
it have evaporated
skins:
[1] Colloquial term for tires.
[2] A covering (usually plastic) for skis on a snowmobile.
skirt:
[1] A cover for the rear fender cutout.
See
fender skirt
side skirt
[2] The portion of the piston below the rings and bosses. It absorbs the thrust caused
by the crankshaft as it makes contact with the cylinder wall.
See
bumper skirt
fender skirt
piston skirt expanding
piston skirt
rear bumper skirt
rear wheel skirt
side skirt
split skirt
skirt expander:
See piston skirt expander.
skirt expanding:
See piston skirt expanding
skirt piston:
See split skirt piston
skive:
The action of cutting into something or cutting away rubber from an injury in
preparation for a section repair.
Skylark:
A model of automobile manufactured by Buick Click for books on Buick Skylark
skylight:
A glass covered framework fitted over a dock opening for admitting light and air
into the compartment below. A pop-up window in the roof of a trailer
SL:
Acronym for special ledge
slack:
The amount of free play in a chain or belt: too much slack could cause the chain/belt
to slip and jump the sprockets; too little slack (the chain seems tight) causes
excessive wear on the final drive system. Also see belt slack
slag inclusions:
Non-fused, non-metallic substances in the weld metal.
slant engine:
This is an in-line engine in which the cylinder block has been tilted from a vertical
plane. Also called inclined engine
slap:
See piston slap.
slapper:
A colloquial term for a bumping blade
SLA suspension:
Acronym for short arm/long arm suspension
slatted grille:
An aerodynamic radiator grille developed by Ford in 1976. The horizontal aerofoil
grille elements are shaped like aircraft wings to allow the cooling air to flow
towards the radiator at low speeds, whereas excess airflow is directed upwards
across the front of the car at higher speeds to produce an effect similar to that of a
spoiler
slave con rod:

A connecting rod of two-stroke dual piston engines which is articulated on the
master con rod, not directly on the crankpin. Also see master con rod
slave cylinder:
A small cylinder containing a piston which, under hydraulic pressure from a master
cylinder, operates the brake shoes or pads in hydraulic brakes or the working part in
any other hydraulically operated system (such as a clutch slave cylinder). Also see
master cylinder
sled:
A snowmobile. Also see lead sled
sledge hammer:
A large, heavy hammer usually with a long handle. The head is double sided so that
either end can be used to strike an object
sleeve:
[1] A tube fitted externally over two cylindrical parts in order to join them.
[2] A cylindrical insert.
See
adjusting sleeve
coupling sleeve
cylinder sleeve
dry sleeve
liner
re-sleeve
shaft sleeve
wet sleeve
sleeve bearing:
Any bearing of tubular or sleeve-like construction
sleeve nut:
See inner cap nut.
sleeve valve:
Consists of metal sleeves located between the piston and cylinder wall. When
moved up and down, holes in the sleeves coincide with inlet and exhaust parts to
provide passage for the gases at the right time.
slewed axles:
Axles that are not parallel.
slick:
A very wide tire, without a tread pattern, designed to provide a maximum amount of
traction. It is used for racing on dry surfaces.
slide:
See pocket slide caliper
slide caliper:
See pocket slide caliper
slide carburetor:
A type of carburetor often used in motorcycle engines, in which a slide valve
modifies the venturi of the carburetor
slide hammer:
A tool with a long round shaft on which a hammer weight slides; the force produced
by quickly moving the weight towards the end of the shaft is used for loosening or
pulling off tight parts; often used in combination with pullers. Also see panel puller
slider:
(CVT) A device which senses the position of the half of a primary pulley that slides.
Also see pin slider caliper disc brake
slider caliper:
See pin slider caliper disc brake
slider caliper disc:

slider caliper disc brake:

slide valve:
A valve that slides across an aperture to expose the port or opening
sliding-caliper disc brake:

A disc brake design with a sliding caliper. In one type, the caliper floats on the
caliper frame grooves. The major components are: caliper (a casting with one
cylinder and piston), caliper frame (casting) which is bolted to the suspension. In
another type, the caliper floats on caliper locating pins. See pin slider caliper disc
brake. A third type, is the floating-frame disc brake. Sometimes subtle design
differences are used to differentiate between "sliding caliper disc brakes" and
"floating caliper disc brakes," but usually these terms are treated synonymously.
sliding contacts:
An ignition assembly developed by Lucas, that causes the moving contact to slide
vertically across the face of the fixed contact when the spark is advanced
sliding fit:
Parts that are assembled so that there is clearance between them so that one part can
slide in or on the other. Also called "clearance fit"
sliding-fit:
See running-fit.
sliding friction:
A frictional resistance to relative movement of surfaces on loaded contact. Also see
rolling friction
sliding gear:
A transmission gear that is splined to the shaft. It may be moved back and forth for
shifting purposes.
sliding joint:
See slip joint
sliding-mesh gearbox:
An obsolete type of transmission or gearbox in which the gears on the layshaft are
fixed to the shaft rigidly, whereas the gears on the main shaft can slide on it by
means of splines but are otherwise in permanent rotational mesh with the shaft.
Also see constant-mesh gearbox
sliding-pillar suspension:
A once popular front suspension layout (e.g., in Lancia and Morgan cars), in which
a carrier-mounted stub axle slides up and down a vertical pillar with enclosed coil
springs providing the suspension; less sophisticated versions were used in several
pre-war cycle cars
sliding side window:

A window style of classic roadsters, consisting of aluminum frames with tracks for
two sliding window panels made of clear Plexiglas, and with draught seals; on some
cars, also furnished with flaps. Also see side curtain
sliding T-bar:
A drive handle with square drive sliding on round bar for T-handle turning
operation
sliding-vane pump:
A positive displacement pump in which an eccentric rotor revolves in an eccentric
or circular case. Also see external-vane pump. The pumping element consists of
multiple blades which slide in slots in the rotor and divide the crescent-shaped fluid
space into variable volumes. Some sources state that in the sliding-vane type, vanes
do come into contact with the casing, whereas in "vane-type pumps" a clearance of
about 0.004 inches is maintained between vanes and casing.
sliding weight:
A functional part of a sliding hammer that provides the inertia required for the
pulling force
slinger:
A ring on a shaft that throws oil from the shaft before it gets to the oil seal. See oil
slinger.
slingshot:
[1] A form of dragster using a rather long thin frame with a very light front axle and
wheel assembly.
[2] A maneuver in which the driver of the trailing vehicle in a draft line breaks the
draft by turning (usually to the left if on an oval track), propelling the car around the
leader.
slip:
The relative motion between driving and driven parts.
See
belt slip
clutch slip
wheelslip
slip angle:
The difference in the actual path taken by a vehicle making a turn and the path it
would have taken if it had followed exactly as the wheels were pointed. The slip
angle is the result of the tire carcass's flexibility and is the angular difference
between the direction the wheel is travelling and the direction of the tread. If the slip
angles of the rear tires are greater than the slip angles of the front tires, the vehicle is
said to be oversteering.
See
oversteer
tire slip angle
slip-control differential:
See automatic slip-control differential
slip differential:
See
slip friction:
See sliding friction
slip-in bearing:
A liner, made to extremely accurate measurements which can be used for
replacement purposes without additional fitting
slip joint:
[1] A joint that will transfer driving torque from one shaft to another while allowing
longitudinal movement between the two shafts. A variable length connection that
permits the driveshaft or axle shaft to change its length as the shaft moves up and
down. The British term is "sliding joint."
[2] A connection in an exhaust pipe where one pipe slips into another. Also see slip
joint: half-moon slip joint pliers
slip joint pliers:

See half-moon slip joint pliers
slip-on:
Any device which slides on to the main component, e.g., a slip on muffler slides
onto the existing exhaust pipe
slipper piston:
a piston with the lower edge cut away so that the piston skirt is short on the two
sides not used as thrust surfaces. Such a design lightens the piston making it easier
to accelerate and decelerate, wastes less power, and is easier on the bearings.
Cutting away the skirt also allows the connecting rod to be made shorter but leaves
enough room between the counterweights and the pistons so the overall height of
the engine can be reduced.
slip ring:
One of several conductive metal rings attached to the rotor shaft in an alternator that
periodically changes the direction of current flow.
slip-ring end bracket:

A cover housing the bearing at the slip-ring end of an alternator. At the other end is
the drive end bracket
slip roll:
See sheet metal roller
slip stream:
[1] A stream of air behind a moving vehicle.
[2] A racing technique in which one vehicle tucks in closely behind another (catches
a tow). The total aerodynamic drag acting on the two vehicles is actually less than
the drag that acts on each vehicle when they are separated by greater lengths; this
allows both vehicles to gain straightaway speed. The lead vehicle cuts into the air
acting as a wind break for the following vehicle, and the closeness of the second
vehicle reduces the turbulence normally generated at the rear of the first vehicle.
Also called drafting.
slip the clutch:

To operate the clutch so that it partially disengages, as when keeping up the revs
when driving off; causes wear on the clutch. Also see clutch slip
slop tank:
A container in a tanker into which the residue of tank washing are pumped.
sloper:
A colloquial term for an inclined engine
sloping headlight:
An old headlight type used on the VW Beetle prior to 1967
slot:
A narrow channel or aperture, especially the groove in the head of a screw which
receives the tip of the blade of a screwdriver.
See
T-slot
valve slot
ventilation slot
vent slot
slotted piston:
See split skirt piston
slow charging:
The charging of a battery by using a charging current which corresponds to 10% of
the battery capacity. Also see fast charger
slow down indicator:

An indicator light on the instrument panel that warns the driver to slow down in the
event of excessive catalytic converter temperature. A protective warning circuit
causes the indicator to flash if the catalytic converter becomes overheated. If the
temperature increases beyond a certain second level, the lamp will glow
continuously
slow leak:
A tire which loses its air pressure over a period of time. It is usually caused by a
small puncture, a leaking tire valve, or a tire that is not properly seated on the rim.
slow-running:
See idling
sludge:
A thick, black, mushy, greasy deposit found throughout the interior of the engine.
Caused from a mixture of dust, oil, gasoline, water, and blowby being whipped
together by the moving parts. Some engines oils have detergent to break down
sludge. A composition of oxidized petroleum products along with an emulsion of oil
and water, forming a pasty substance that clogs oil lines and passages and interferes
with engine lubrication. Sludge is formed in engines with neglected oil changes.
Also see oil sludge
sluggish:
Unresponsive; functioning at below normal rate or level
sluggish acceleration:
To increase speed slowly. See acceleration.
slush:
Soft melting snow. Also see powder slush molding
slush box:
A derogatory colloquial term for an automatic transmission used by those who
prefer a manual transmission.
slushbox:
A derogatory colloquial term for an automatic transmission used by those who
prefer a manual transmission.
slush molding:
A thermoplastic casting in which a liquid resin is poured into a hot, hollow mold
where a viscous skin forms; excess slush is drained off, the mold is cooled, and the
molded product is stripped out. Also see powder slush molding
small-block engine:
During the '60s and '70s, GM, Ford, and Chrysler made two types of V8 engines of
the same displacement: e.g., 350 cu. in. small-block and 350 cu. in. big-block. The
small-block engine was an enlarged smaller displacement engine (e.g., GM enlarged
the 283 to 327 then to 350 by boring the cylinders). The big-block engine was a
completely different basic engine size even though it displaced the same as the
enlarged small-block engine. Thus, as vehicles grew smaller and more equipment
was stuffed into the engine bay, the small-block engine was favored over its larger
brother.
small end:
The top of a connecting rod, attached to the piston pin
small end bearing:

The smaller bearing of the two on a connecting rod and through which the piston is
attached; usually fitted with a plain bearing or a needle-roller assembly
SMC:
Acronym for sheet molding compound
smell:
See
rotten-egg smell
stink-bomb smell
SMMT:
Acronym for "Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders"
smog:
Fog made darker and heavier by chemical fumes and smoke. A fog-like layer, often
brown in color, that hangs over many areas under certain atmospheric conditions.
Smog, a contraction of the words smoke and fog, is compounded from smoke,
moisture and numerous chemicals produced by combustion (from power plants,
automotive engines, etc.) and from natural and industrial processes. Formation of
smog is aided by the presence of sunlight which reacts with many chemicals and
combustion products such as hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen to form other
more noxious compounds.
smoke:
the visible product of combustion; a common problem with diesel cars when
starting or pulling hard, caused by too much fuel (black smoke) or oil (blue smoke).
smoke meter:
An instrument which measures the density of exhaust smoke, especially in diesel
engines
SMPI:
Acronym for "sequential multi-point electronic fuel injection."
smut:
See sealing smut
Sn:
The symbol for tin
snail-cam chain adjuster:

Axle-mounted helical cams that allow accurate chain adjustment
snake:
A condition when pulling a trailer where it swings from side to side when being
towed too fast
snap fastener:
A securing device with a projecting knob on one part that is pressed in securely into
a corresponding hole on another part, used on some roadsters to attach the
convertible top or tonneau cover to the rear deck and/or windshield header.
snap ring:
A split ring or clip that is snapped into a groove in a shaft or in a groove in a hole. It
is used to hold bearings, thrust washers, gears, etc., in place. An internal snap ring is
used in a groove in a housing; an external snap ring fits in a groove cut on the
outside of a cylindrical piece such as a shaft. Also called a circlip
snap-splice connector:
Solderless connector used to tap an additional wire into an existing wire without
cutting the original. Often used in installing trailer wiring to a tow vehicle
snatch:
To take up the drive suddenly when the clutch pedal is released
snicking:
A positive click and feel, as when the gears click into place.
snipe:
A long extension applied to the handle of a wrench in order to increase the leverage
in removing a stubborn bolt or nut.
snipe-nose pliers:
See
long-nose pliers
needle-nose pliers
snips:
A tool used to cut straight, circular, and irregular patterns in sheet metal material;
available in various designs for straight, left-or right-hand cut.
See
hole cutting snips
straight pattern snips
tinners snips
tin snips
snow:
See mud and snow tire
snowbird:
Recreational vehicle owners who travel to Florida or Arizona during the winter and
fly back when the weather warms up at home.
snow chains:
chains which are wrapped around tires to provide extra traction in snow or ice
snow chain switch:

signals the ASR system that snow chains are fitted to the drive wheels
snow tire:
See
winter tire
mud and snow tire
snubber:
See bump stop
soak:
See heat soak
soaking time:
The time required before a dry-charged battery is ready for use after being filled
with acid
soapstone:
Lubricant used to prevent sticking between tire and tube.
society:
See
car society
classification society
Milestone Car Society
society of Automotive Engineers:

(SAE) See SAE.
Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders:

(SMMT) An official organization of the British motor industry
sock:
The fuel pick up strainer in the fuel tank. The sock is made of saran, so water won't
enter until the sock is entirely engulfed in water
socket:
[1] A hollow part or piece adapted or contrived to receive and hold something.
[2] As a tool, it is usually barrel-shaped with one open end to fit over a nut or bolt
and the other open end with a female square drive to accept a drive tool (i.e., usually
a ratchet).
See
ball and socket
ball joint
ball socket
bayonet socket
bihexagon socket
cigar lighter
diagnostic socket
double hexagon socket
impact socket
insert socket
lamp socket
socket wrench
spark plug socket
T-handle socket
universal joint socket
universal spark plug socket
socket bit:
A bit for use with socket drive tools
socket driver:
A screwdriver-type handle for use with sockets
socket joint:
See ball and socket joint
socket spanner:
British term for socket wrench
socket wrench:
A tool with socket end or a drive tool combined with a socket
sock filter:
A foam device which shaped like a cylinder with one end closed and the other open.
The open end is secured to a carburetor so that the sock acts like a filter. It is used
especially on snowmobiles to keep out the snow.
socket wrench:
A socket wrench is made up of a ratchet and a variety of sockets. The ratchet end
fits into the sockets. The end is usually one of three common sizes: 0.25" (6.35
mm), 0.375" (9.5 mm), and 0.5" (13 mm). The socket (a cylinder) completely
covers all the corners of the head of a bolt or nut. Some sockets have six faces while
others have twelve.
sodium-cooled exhaust valve:

The exhaust valves of some high-performance engines are filled with sodium to
improve the heat dissipation from the valve stem to the valve guide, since the
exhaust valve is subject to higher thermal loads than the intake valve
sodium cooled valve:

See sodium-cooled valve.
sodium-cooled valve:
An exhaust valve with a hollow stem that is partially filled with metallic sodium.
When the valve gets hot enough (138°C), the sodium melts and moves up and down
in the valve stem. The sodium absorbs heat from the hot valve head and carries it
away to the outer part of the stem and then into the valve guide in the cylinder head
and next to the cylinder head itself. This circulation cools the valve head and thus
the valve is allowed to run at a lower temperature.
sodium-sulphur battery:
A new type of battery, with higher energy density than conventional batteries such
as the lead-acid battery; developed for use in electric powered vehicles
softening agent:
See plasticizer
softening temperature:
See vicat softening temperature
soft face hammer:

A hammer with a head that is made of a material which will not damage the object
being hit. It usually has replaceable screw-on faces made of plastic, nylon, or rubber
soft paint:
A paint fault apparent when the paint surface can be marked easily even after full
drying has been allowed; caused by excessive film thickness or, in the case of two-
pack paints, an insufficient quantity of catalyst
soft-sided trailer:
A trailer with canvas or other fabric walls, which folds compactly to the size and
shape of a small trailer whose light weight and low profile result in low wind
resistance and fuel consumption Also see hard-sided trailer
soft top:
A convertible with a roof made of fabric rather than metal
soft-top trailer:
A camping trailer that has a solid box mounted on a chassis. The top portion is
made of canvas and unfolds to create one or two wings
soft trim:
A vehicle's interior decoration, including the upholstery, roof, and door linings.
Also called just "trim."
SOHC:
Acronym for "single overhead camshaft" where one cam operates both intake and
exhaust valves.
See
overhead camshaft
engine type
solar car:
A lightweight electric vehicle powered by solar generators
solar collector:
A heat exchanger that transforms solar radiant energy into heat; typical solar
collectors are flat-plate collectors and concentrating collectors
solar generator:
A panel-shaped array of photovoltaic cells designed to transform solar radiant
energy directly into electric energy; installed on car roofs, they can be used to
recharge the batteries of electric-powered cars
solder:
[1] A compound of two or more metals which have a relatively low melting point.
Soft solder is an alloy of lead and tin while hard solder is an alloy of copper and
zinc. With the application of heat, it is used to join wires or two pieces of metal
together.
See
braze
flux
silver solder
sweating
tinning
[2] To join together using solder
soldering:
Joining two pieces of metal together with a lead-tin mixture. Both pieces of metal
must be heated to insure proper adhesion of the melted solder. Also see silver
solder.
soldering iron:
A tool with a handle attached to a copper or iron tip which is heated, electrically or
in a flame, and used to melt solder to make joints
solder joint:
See cold solder joint
solder paddle:
A tool made of maple or beech, designed for spreading body solder over the surface
of a panel
solder paint:
A paste used to prepare the area to be leaded so the body lead will stick to the metal
surface; consists of a flux in which powdered lead is held in suspension
solenoid:
An electrically operated magnetic device used to operate some unit. A movable iron
core is placed inside a coil of wire which moves because of magnetic attraction
when electric current is fed to the coil. When current flows through the coil, the
core will attempt to center itself in the coil. In so doing, the core will exert
considerable force on anything it is connected to.
See
clutch solenoid
fast idle solenoid
idle stop solenoid
starter solenoid
stop solenoid
throttle solenoid
vacuum solenoid
solenoid starter switch:

A solenoid-operated starter motor switch
solenoid valve:
A valve actuated electrically by means of an electromagnet, or solenoid
solenoid vent valve:

(SVV) energized by ignition switch to control fuel vapor flow to the canister. When
the ignition is off, the valve is open
sole proprietorship:
Business owned entirely by one person
solid:
[1] Anything which does not have a tendency to flow (such as vapor or fluid). See
solids.
[2] Unventilated brake discs. Also see industrial solid
solid brake disc:

A brake disc that is solid metal between its friction surfaces
solid disc wheel:

See plain disc wheel
solid height:
The height of a coil spring when it is totally compressed to the pont at which each
coil touches the adjacent coil.
solidity:
to become solid, compact, or hard
solid injection:
System used in full diesel and semi-diesel where fuel in fluid state is injected into
cylinder rather than a mixture of air and fuel drawn from a carburetor
solid injection:
See direct injection
solid paint:
Paint of one uniform color, not metallic.
solid phase pressure forming:

A special type of thermoforming of polypropylene sheeting
solid propellant:
A propellant in pellet form, used to inflate air bags
solids:
[1] The ingredients ( pigments and binders) of the paint that remain on the surface
after the solvents evaporate.
[2] Industrial tires made without an air chamber.
solid state:
Electronic device or assembly that does not have moving parts
solid state controller:

An electronic controller which uses transistors, diodes, and other semiconductor
devices.
solid-state ignition:
See distributorless ignition system
solid state ignition system:

(SSI) a system used by Ford
solid tire:
A solid rubber tire that is not inflated by air. The opposite is pneumatic tire. Solid
tires are used on slow-moving wheels (i.e., wheelchairs, buggies, children's wagons,
etc.). Also see separation solid tire
solo seat:
A motorcycle saddle designed for just the operator.
soluble anode:
positive electrode of a galvanic cell at which metal ions pass into solution
solution:
A single, homogeneous liquid, solid, or gas phase that is a mixture in which the
components (liquid, gas, solid, or combination thereof) are distributed uniformly.
See
aqueous solution
phosphating solution
solution pressure:
A measure of the tendency of hydrogen, metals, and certain non-metals to pass into
solution as ions
solvent:
A fluid that dilutes, liquefies, or dilutes another liquid or solid. Solvents include
thinners, reducers and cleaners. Examples: Alcohol thins shellac; gasoline dissolves
grease.
solvent pop:
Small bumps in a paint film which, under close inspection, can be seen to have
small holes in the top; caused by excessive film depth being applied in one coat,
preventing the thinners from escaping properly
solvent popping:
Blister that form on the paint film, caused by trapped solvents
sone:
A measurement of the noise level of a fan. The lower the sone rating, the lower the
noise level.
sonic idling:
A system developed by Ford, for a fixed jet carburetor which uses air at the speed of
sound to atomize fuel supplied by the idling circuit; makes idling smoother and
reduces exhaust pollution. Also called "sonic throttling"
sonic throttling:
A system developed by Ford, for a fixed jet carburetor which uses air at the speed of
sound to atomize fuel supplied by the idling circuit; makes idling smoother and
reduces exhaust pollution. Also called "sonic idling"
sonoscope:
A diagnostic tool used to listen for noises in engines and identify trouble spots such
as faulty valves, worn gears and water pump, bearing knock, damaged gaskets, or
piston slap. Also called a mechanic's stethoscope
sooted plug:
A carbon-fouled spark plug
sooty plug:
A carbon-fouled spark plug
sounding pipe:
A pipe leading to the bottom of an oil or water tank, for guiding a sounding tape or
jointed rod when measuring the depth of liquid in the tank
sound absorption:
The weight and space restrictions of modern cars call for sound absorption using
thin-walled materials, whose thickness is small in relation to the wave length of the
sound to be absorbed
sound metal:
An intact metal panel not substantially weakened by rust that provides a basis, for
example, for welding on repair panels
soundproofing material:
Any material used to deaden the sound from surfaces which transmit or generate
noise; (e.g., felt lining on the underside of a hood). Also see anti-drum compound
souped up:
A vehicle is souped up when it is tuned to produce the maximum amount of power.
souping:
Hopping up or increasing engine performance through various modifications.
source:
See linear source lamp
source lamp:
See linear source lamp
south pole:
The magnetic pole in a magnet toward which the lines of force emanate; travel is
from North to South pole.
space:
See
combustion space
dead space
parking space
unmanned machinery spaces
space frame:
A type of frame construction which has high rigidity for its low weight. It is used
with some racing and low production cars. It is made up of several lengths of tubing
welded into a strong, light web-like structure to which the engine, suspension, and
other components are attached.
spacer:
[1] A component which moves two items further apart. Sometimes it is just a
washer and at others it is a metal or plastic cylinder or a block of rubber or plastic.
[2] A band on demountable rims which fits between two rims in dual mounting to
provide clearance between the duals.
[3] A circular metal plate having a bolt hole circle and center bore and fitting
between the faces of disc wheels to provide additional dual clearance.
See
between wheel spacer
expander spacer
expander spacer
wheel spacer
spacer entry EGR system:

Exhaust gases are routed directly from the exhaust manifold through a stainless steel
tube to the carburetor base
spacer plate:
See body separator plate
spacer ring:
See expander spacer
spacer washer:
A sheet of metal or other material placed between two surfaces to reduce clearance
or to provide a better surface for a fastener
space saver spare:

A spare wheel and tire which is much smaller than the regular tires and can be used
to replace a flat tire. However, the spare is limited in speed as well as performance.
The British call it a "tempa spare wheel." Also called collapsible spare tire. Also see
full-size spare
space-saving spare wheel:

space saver wheel:

space saving tire:

A spare tire which is smaller than normal and has limited use only when a flat tire
occurs.
space wagon:
A vehicle category introduced in the USA in 1983 with the Chrysler Voyager, and
in Europe at the end of the 1980s with the Renault Espace; a multi-purpose vehicle
for everyday and recreational use that combines the handling and luxury of a sedan
with the space and headroom of a van; usually with three rows of seats for at least
six people and with a sliding door on the side
spacing:
See dual spacing
spade terminal:
A terminal used to connect a wire to a screw or stud terminal. The spade the has two
forked ends, either straight or with upturned tips. They are more convenient to
install than ring term, but slight less secure for rugged applications. Comes in
soldered and unsoldered versions
spalling:
A flaking of the surface of a bearing
spangles:
Crystal structure on hot-dip galvanized metals
spanner:
Although a British term for a wrench, it is also used for many bicycle tools in the
U.S.A. and Canada.
See
adjustable spanner
box spanner
brake adjusting spanner
C-spanner
chainring nut spanner
combination spanner
double-ended spanner
drain plug spanner
electrical spanner
flare nut spanner
girder spanner
line spanner
pin spanner
ring spanner
socket spanner
spark plug spanner
tap spanner
spare:
See
full-size spare
instant spare
mini spare wheel
space saver spare
spare part
spare wheel
tempa spare
spare part:
A replacement part, either available from a dealer or carried with the vehicle (like
bulbs, fuses, plugs, etc.)
spares car:
See donor car
spare tire:
An extra wheel and tire assembly which is stored in the vehicle in the event of a flat
tire.
See
space saving tire
collapsible spare tire
spare tire carrier:

The horizontal rack near the rear axles, below the loading area of light commercial
vehicles where the spare wheel is usually mounted
spare wheel:
See
conventional spare wheel
mini spare wheel
space-saving spare wheel
spare tire
tempa spare wheel
temporary spare wheel
spare wheel well:

An indentation in a flat trunk floor that houses the spare wheel in a horizontal
position
spark:
The bridging or jumping of a gap between two electrodes by a current of electricity.
One of the essential factors in a combustion engine (Fuel, Air, Proper proportion of
mixture, compression, timing, Spark).
See
electronic spark control
electronic spark timing
follow-up spark
hot spark plug
jump spark
microprocessor spark timing system
negative spark
platinum spark plug
projected spark position
recessed spark position
resistor spark plug
RFI suppressed spark plugs
sequential spark
transmission controlled spark
spark advance:
Causing the spark plug to fire earlier by altering the position of the distributor
breaker points in relation to the distributor shaft.
See
advance
ignition advance
spark air gap:

The gap between the electrodes of a spark plug. Also see surface gap
spark angle:
See ignition angle
spark-angle map:
See ignition map
spark arrester:
A device which hinders flames from exiting the exhaust pipe.
spark breakaway:
The end of spark duration
spark control:
See electronic spark control
spark control computer:

(SCC) electronic control unit with electronic spark timing
spark current:
Current that flows across the electrodes of a spark gap at a particular point in time
spark delay valve:

(SDV) a valve in the vacuum advance hose that delays the vacuum to the vacuum
advance unit during rapid acceleration from idle or from speeds below 15 mph, and
cuts off spark advance immediately on deceleration. Has an internal sintered orifice
to slow air in one direction, a check valve for free air flow in the opposite direction
and a filter
spark discharge voltage:

See ignition voltage
spark duration:
The burning time of the arc following the initial flashover between the spark plug
electrodes until the residual energy decays
spark gap:
The space between the center and side electrode tips on a spark plug. Also see gap.
spark gap coil tester:

A tester providing a spark gap or neon tube to provide a comparison for the coil
being tested. The coil to be tested is connected to the spark gap of the tester, and the
length of the spark it produces is measured; a good coil is used as a standard of
performance
spark head:
displayed as a firing spike on an oscilloscope pattern
spark ignition:
An ignition initiated by an electric spark in a spark ignition engine.
See
self-ignition
twin spark ignition
spark ignition angle:

See ignition angle
spark ignition engine:

(SI engine) In contrast with a diesel engine (which does not use a spark plug), a
spark ignition engine uses a spark plug to ignite the fuel/air mixture.
spark knock:
See
preignition
engine knock
spark map:
See ignition map
spark method:
See waste spark method
spark plug:
A device containing two electrodes across which electricity jumps to produce a
spark to fire the fuel charge. The center electrode is insulated from the spark plug
shell by means of a molded insulator resembling porcelain. The side electrode
protrudes from the bottom edge of the spark plug shell and is so positioned that
there is a gap between it and the center electrode.
See
cold spark plug
hot spark plug
platinum spark plug
resistor spark plug
RFI suppressed spark plugs
split electrode spark plug
surface gap spark plug
TC spark plug
temperature-measuring spark plug
thermocouple spark plug
sparkplug:
See spark plug.
spark plug body:

See spark plug shell
spark plug boot:

A molded rubber or plastic insulator which fits over a spark plug terminal
spark plug boot puller:

A special automotive tool for the safe removal and installation of spark plug boots
spark plug brush:

A hard, compact brush for removing carbon from spark plug electrodes
spark plug cable:

British term for spark plug wire
spark plug cable cover strip:

The connecting system that integrates the spark plug connectors, spark plug leads,
distributor cap, distributor connector, high-voltage cable, and ignition coil connector
spark plug cable loom:

Typically, a T-shaped and sometimes chrome-plated steel holder with cable guide
holes and plastic inserts; keeps cables neatly in place and eliminates ignition
leakage
spark plug cable separator:

Typically, a T-shaped and sometimes chrome-plated steel holder with cable guide
holes and plastic inserts; keeps cables neatly in place and eliminates ignition
leakage
spark plug cable marker:

A numbered snap-on C-clip which identifies the firing order
spark plug cap:

The device on the end of the high tension wire coming from the coil and mounted
on the spark plug. Also called plug cap
spark plug condition:

A visual appearance of the spark plug electrodes and insulator
spark plug electrode:

The two electrodes in a spark plug are the center electrode and the side (or ground)
electrode
spark plug gap:

The space between the center and side electrodes of a spark plug across which the
spark must jump to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.
spark plug gauge:

A tool used for checking spark plug gaps; usually with metal feeler blades or
calibrated wire feelers (the wire-type is preferred over the blade type). It often
includes an electrode adjusting tool for altering the gap between the electrodes
spark plug insert tap:

A tool used to enlarge and tap new threads in damaged spark plug holes in order to
accept spark plug inserts
spark plug insulator:

A highly stressed part of the spark plug, usually made of alumina ceramic, which
serves to insulate the center electrode and the terminal stud from the shell; its
material must have high dielectric, mechanical and thermal strength as well as good
thermal conductivity
spark plug lead:

See spark plug wire
spark plug pliers:

A pliers-like tool with specially shaped jaws to securely grip spark plug boots for
removal and installation, and insulated handles for a shock-proof grip
spark plug shell:
The metal body of the spark plug which encloses the lower part of the insulator
spark plug socket:

A tool used to remove or install spark plugs. Also see universal spark plug socket
spark plug spanner:

See spark plug wrench
spark plug tester:

[1] A screwdriver with a bulb inside the handle, which lights up if a spark is present
when the blade is touched against the outside insulation of the spark plug wire.
[2] A large instrument into which a spark plug is screwed and a high tension wire is
secured to the top of the plug to duplicate an ignition system. By looking into the
sight glass, you can see how well the spark plug is firing.
spark plug whiskering:

See gap bridging
spark plug wire:

A high-voltage wire (either copper core or carbon core) with thick insulation. It
comes from the distributor to the spark plug. Also called ignition cable
spark plug wire cover strip:

The connecting system that integrates the spark plug connectors, spark plug leads,
distributor cap, distributor connector, high-voltage wire, and ignition coil connector
spark plug wire loom:

Typically, a T-shaped and sometimes chrome-plated steel holder with wire guide
holes and plastic inserts; keeps wires neatly in place and eliminates ignition leakage
spark plug wire separator:

Typically, a T-shaped and sometimes chrome-plated steel holder with wire guide
holes and plastic inserts; keeps wires neatly in place and eliminates ignition leakage
spark plug wire marker:

A numbered snap-on C-clip which identifies the firing order
spark plug wrench:

A tool for removing and installing spark plugs. It comes in a variety of shapes, e.g.,
with swivel or T-handle, and many have rubber inserts to prevent damage to the
fragile insulating porcelain
spark position:
The position of the spark gap in the combustion chamber. Also see projected spark
position and recessed spark position
spark rate:
The spark rate per minute in a spark ignition engine is the number of cylinders
multiplied by half the engine speed
spark retard:
The action of changing the ignition timing so that the spark occurs after what is
specified by the manufacturer.
See
retard
ignition retard
spark timing:
See
ignition timing
spark timing system:

spark voltage:
[1] The voltage required to maintain the spark after reduction of the firing voltage.
[2] The voltage measured at the electrodes of a spark gap at a particular point in
time.
[3] See ignition voltage
sparring:
See cargo battens
spat:
See rear wheel spat
spatter:
Sparks produced during the welding process; more pronounced if the welding
parameters are not correctly set or if impurities are present on the welded area
spd:
Abbreviation for "speed," as in 4-spd. transmission.
speaker:
A sound device which contains a magnet and a relatively large vibrating diaphragm
which translates electrical impulses into sound vibrations.
See
door speaker
flush mounted speaker
surface-mounted speaker
speaker grill:
A covering over the speaker which protects the sensitive diaphragm and yet permits
the maximum output of sound.
speaker enclosure:
The housing for the speaker (i.e., its box) which may enhance the output of sound.
spec:
Abbreviation for "special," as in spec. paint colors or for specification
special body:
A body not supplied by the car manufacturer or by an approved body supplier in the
case of manufacturers that do not build their own bodies, but rather by an
independent coachbuilder who produces a body different from the standard body. A
"one-off body" refers specifically to a body of which only one example is made,
whereas in general, "special" or "coachbuilt bodies" may be produced in small-scale
series
Speciale:
See Alfa Romeo.
special Import Measures Act:

(SIMA) Helps to protect Canadian producers from harm or injury caused by the
dumping of goods into Canada by foreign exporters or the subsidizing of goods by
foreign governments.
special ledge:
(SL) A safety bead seat contour mainly used on American passenger cars
special mileage tire:

A tire manufactured with an extra layer of rubber between the cord body and the
original tread design. This extra layer is designed for the purpose of recutting and
regrooving, and is specifically labelled as a special mileage commercial tire. Also
called "regrooveable tire."
special services:
a category that describes plants which add value to automotive parts manufactured
by others by using process such as painting, plating, heat treatment, etc.
specialty repair shop:

retail outlet which offers specialized vehicle products and service.
specific activity:
The conversion rate of a given catalytic converter per unit volume; it is desirable to
have a high specific activity, i.e., a small but efficient converter
specification:
See specifications.
specifications:
A list of the measurements of each component of a vehicle and the requirements for
proper installation. The size, description, or part numbers for various items needed
to maintain or repair a vehicle.
specific fuel consumption:

(SFC) The amount of fuel consumed by an engine for each unit of energy produced;
measured in kilograms-per-megajoule or kilograms-per-kilowatt-hour or pounds-
per-bhp-hour
specific gravity:
The relative weight of liquid (battery electrolyte) as compared to the weight of an
equal volume of water.
specific heat capacity:

(SHC) The quantity of heat which unit of mass of a substance requires to raise its
temperature by one degree.
specific speed:
An index which provides information on the general profile or shape of the impeller
of a pump. The specific speed is the speed in revolutions per minute at which an
impeller would run if reduced in size to deliver one gallon per minute against a total
head of one foot; impellers for high heads usually have low specific speeds and
impellers for low heads usually have high specific speeds
specs:
Abbreviation for "specifications."
spec series:
A general describing several of the racing series where the rules for the series
specify a certain chassis, or engine that the racers are required to use. Thus, the
reference to "spec." Examples of a spec series is the Formula Atlantic series, where
all the cars must use the Toyota engine.
spectacle frame:
A large casting extending outboard from the main hull for supporting for the ends of
the propeller shafts in a multi-screw ship
specular finish:
A mirror-like finish of high reflectivity
specular gloss:
A mirror-like finish of high reflectivity
speech synthesizer:
An electronic device which simulates speech to warn the driver of something wrong
(such as an unclosed door). Also see voice alert system
speed:
[1] The average rate at which an object is travelling. Measured as a relationship of
distance per time -- e.g., meters per second (m/s), kilometers per hour (kph or
km/h), feet per second (ft/sec.), miles per hour (mph), or revolutions per minute
(rpm).
[2] The number of gears in a transmission.
See
average speed
cornering speed
cranking speed
critical speed
cruising speed
cut-in speed
engine speed limiter
engine speed sensor
engine speed
five-speed transmission
five speed transmission
four-speed
four-speed transmission
four speed
idle speed
idle speed adjustment
idle speed screw
idle speed stabilizer
idling speed
low speed circuit
low speed traction control
output speed
piston speed
road speed
specific speed
stall speed
straight-line speed
three-speed
three-speed transmission
three speed
top end speed
top speed
two-speed
speed adjustment:
See idle speed adjustment
speed brace:
A drive handle in the shape of a crank; appropriate for fast operation but not having
sufficient leverage for large nuts and bolts
speed category:
See speed rating
speed circuit:
See low speed circuit
speed control:
Another name for cruise control. Also see automatic speed control
speed control vacuum advance:

A system which cuts off vacuum ignition advance when a car is cruising at low
speeds, typically under 35 mph; for this purpose, a solenoid-operated valve is
hooked into the distributor advance vacuum line, which is governed by a speed-
dependent signal from a switch mounted on the transmission
speed direct:
See high speed direct injection
speed direct injection:

See high speed direct injection
speeder:
A drive handle in the shape of a crank; appropriate for fast operation but not having
sufficient leverage for large nuts and bolts
speed limit:
The maximum speed that the law allows on a particular road. A speed limit is set for
various factors: school and playground zones; safety in negotiating curves and off
ramps; national limits; fuel conservation; divided highways vs two-way traffic;
construction zones; and city ordinances.
speed limiter:
See engine speed limiter
speed nut:
A self-locking device used especially to secure sheet metal screws; consists of a
small steel plate with a hole and two arched prongs that engage with the screw
thread; used extensively to attach plastic parts to a steel car body
speedo:
Abbreviation for "speedometer."
speedo cable:
See speedometer cable.
speedometer:
Instrument usually found on the dashboard which is used to determine forward
speed of a vehicle in kilometers per hour or miles per hour.
See
analog speedometer
digital speedometer
HUD
speedometer cable:
A long specially constructed wire inside a housing. The one end of the speedometer
cable is inserted into the back of the speedometer head and the other end is usually
attached to the transmission. When the speedometer needle moves erratically or the
cable makes noise, the cable needs to be lubricated with specially formulated
compound. Oil will cause it to stick.
speedometer drive cable:

See speedometer cable
speedometer head:
The instrument cluster which displays the road speed.
speed rating:
The maximum driving speed for which a tire is designed, indicated by a letter in the
tire designation on the sidewall. The speed rating evolved gradually and is thus not
directly proportional to the alphabetical order.
P = up to 150 kph (95 mph)
Q = up to 160 kph (100 mph)
R = up to 170 kph (105 mph)
S = up to 180 kph (113 mph)
T = up to 190 kph (118 mph)
U = up to 200 kph (125 mph)
H = up to 210 kph (130 mph) also called "high speed" thus the "H"
V = over 210 kph (over 130 mph) also called "very high speed" thus the "V"
speed ratio:
The ratio of the speed of the driving member of a mechanical drive to the speed of
the driven member
speed screw:
See idle speed screw.
speed-sensitive steering:
A type of power-assisted steering which is light at low speeds and increasingly
heavier at higher speeds, giving the driver more feel
speed-sensitive wiper system:

A system which increases blade pressure on the windshield as the car increases
speed
speed sensor:
See
engine speed sensor
wheel speed sensor
speed stabilizer:
See idle speed stabilizer
speedster:
A fast, sporty car model
speed symbol:
See speed rating
speed traction:
See low speed traction control
speed traction control:

See low speed traction control
speed transmission:
See five speed transmission
speedway:
Specialized sport run on short, oval dirt tracks with four riders from two teams in
each race.
spent gas:
The gases burnt during the previous firing cycle that remain in the combustion
chamber of a two-stroke engine after the charge changing process has been
completed and the ports have been closed by the piston. An excessive proportion of
spent gas in the cylinder weakens the mixture available for combustion
sphere:
See
glass sphere
suspension sphere
spherical combustion chamber:

The combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine equipped with
reciprocating pistons is ideally very compact in design, i.e., without gaps, grooves,
edges, etc.; the most favourable design would thus be a sphere but the valves of a
four-stroke engine make this impossible. The combustion chamber in diesel
engines, however, is located in the piston crown, where it is in fact spherical
SPI:
See single point injection
spicer:
A gearbox splitter which provides a second range of gears
spider:
[1] On a bicycle, the multi-armed piece to which the chainwheels are bolted,
usually welded to or part of the right crankarm.
[2] A four arm piece on a constant velocity joint.
[3] A central crosspiece linking the two yokes of a universal joint.
[4] A cross-shaped wheel wrench with a different-sized box socket head on
each of the four legs.
[5] A wheel spider
[6] A type of sport vehicle. In the early 1900s it meant a light two-seater car.
In the 1950s the word was revived by some Italian manufacturers for an open
two seater sports car. Also spelled "spyder."
See
Alfa Romeo
planet spider
wheel spider
spider gear:
A small gear (usually in a set of two to four gears) mounted on a shaft pinned to the
differential case. They mesh with the bevel gear on the ends of the axles and drive
them. Also see pinion gear.
spigot:
A short, cylindrical projection on one part designed to fit into a hole in another part,
for location or retaining purposes (as for road wheels)
spigot bearing:
A British term for pilot bearing. A small bearing in the center of the flywheel end of
the crankshaft, which carries the forward end of the clutch shaft
spigot mounting:
Unlike stud-mounted wheels, spigot-mounted wheels incorporate a center hole in
the wheel disc which is machined to provide a close-tolerance fit on the hub spigot
for location
spillover point:
The location of the main circuit discharge in the venturi, which is always higher
than the fuel level in the bowl so fuel won't run into the venturi when it shouldn't.
When the spillover begins is determined by the size of the venturi and by the
displacement of the engine pulling air through the carburetor. Also called pullover
point
spin:
See wheel spin
spindle:
[1] The machined shaft upon which the inside races of the front wheel bearings rest.
The spindle is an integral part of the steering knuckle. Also see steering spindle.
[2] Another term for an axle, such as a pedal axle or a bottom bracket axle. Also see
throttle spindle
spindle cap:
A small metal cap on the front wheel bearing
spine-back:
See backbone chassis
spine frame:
A frame with a single main structural member from which the engine is suspended
spin galvanizing:
A hot dip galvanizing process for small objects. The objects are immersed into the
molten zinc in a perforated basket which, once the coating forms, is centrifuged at
high speed so that the spinning action throws off the surplus zinc and ensures a
clean profile
spin imbalance:
See radial run-out
spinner:
A knock-off/on nut for central-locking wheels. Originally developed by the British
company Rudge-Whitworth to enable racing car wheels to be changed quickly by
knocking the nut on and off with a soft-headed hammer; the wheel is positioned by
matching tapered faces within the wheel center and on its hub, the splines enabling
driving or braking forces to be transmitted from hub to wheel; the spinner is a self-
tightening nut with a left-hand thread for LH-side wheels and a right-hand thread
for RH-side wheels; modern cars use large hexagon nuts
See
amputee spinner
nut spinner
palm spinner
spinner handle:
A screwdriver-type handle for use with sockets, used to quickly tighten and loosen
fasteners
spinner knob:
steer a vehicle by the use of the knob.
spinout:
A race car that spins around due to being tapped, racing too close to another car, or
clipping another while attempting a pass.
spin reculation:
See anti-spin regulation
spiral bevel gear:

A ring and pinion setup widely used in automobile differentials. The teeth of both
the ring and the pinion are tapered and are cut on a spiral so that they are at an angle
to the center line of the pinion shaft. See bevel gear.
spiral casing:
See volute casing
spiral-type glow plug:

A glow plug having an exposed coil with a high number of turns
spiral wrapped pin:

A tube-like pin that is made by rolling a sheet of metal tightly together. Used as a
shear pin.
spirit level:
A tool for testing if a surface is level (or vertical) using a glass tube containing an
air bubble
spirits:
See methylated spirits
spkrs:
Abbreviation for "speakers," as in dual rear spkrs.
splash:
See
oil-splash system
salt water splash
splash shield.
splash and pressure:

See oil-combination splash and pressure system
splash and pressure system:

See oil-combination splash and pressure system
splash apron:
See fender splash apron
splashed graphics:
A custom paintwork resembling paint drops and splashes on the body which look as
if a can of paint had been spilled over the car; also available as stickers
splash guard:
See
splash shield mud flap
splash lubrication:
Oil from the crankshaft journals, under pressure from the oil pump, is splashed onto
the cylinder bores and piston pins to provide lubrication
splash panel:
A vertical closing panel mounted inside the wheel arch ahead of the rear edge of the
front fender and/or hinge area to protect these areas from splash water and road dirt
splash shield:
A removable device found on disc brakes to keep water and dirt from fouling the
brakes.
splash system:
See oil splash system
splash zone:
The sections of a car body subject to extreme corrosion loads due to water splash
splayed crankpins:
The slight spreading apart of a crankpin in a V-type engine so that each rod has its
own crankpin; this reduces vibration in some V-6 engines that have a 90° angle
between the banks
splayed spring:
A design in which the leaf springs are placed at other than an 90° to the axle
spline:
In order to secure one object on a shaft, longitudinal grooves or splines are cut all
around the shaft with matching grooves in the object. In this way the object slides
on the shaft for installation so that both the object and the shaft rotate together.
splined hub:
The hub of a driven plate in a clutch which is splined so that it can move along the
gearbox input shaft
splined joint:
A joint between two parts in which each part has a series of splines cut along the
contact area. The splines on each part slide into the grooves between the splines on
the other part.
splined shaft:
A shaft having multiple grooves, or keyseats, cut around its circumference.
spline joint:
Two mating parts that have a series of splines around their circumferences, one
inner and one outer, to provide a longitudinally movable joint without any
circumferential motion
split:
See
axle housing split
constant power split
diagonally split system
equal power split
front-axle/rear-axle split
front-axle and rear-axle split
torque split
split bearing:
See shell bearing
split bearing attachment:

See bearing separator
split bench seat:

A front seat arrangement in which the left side is independent from the right side.
While a bucket seat is shaped for an individual, split bench seats can still hold three
people. Most are split 60/40 where the smaller portion is for the driver. It avoids the
disadvantage of the bench seat in that the driver can position his seat differently
from the passenger.
split braking:
See diagonal split braking system
split braking system:

See diagonal split braking system
split collar:
See collet
split electrode spark plug:

A spark plug with a V-shaped side electrode
split folding rear seats:

Rear seats which may be folded down in two sections, thus combining some extra
luggage space with the possibility of a passenger sitting in the back of the car
split-friction road surfaces:

differing road surfaces (such as ice and tarmac) offering differing tire adhesion
split hydraulic brake system:

Service brake system with two separate hydraulic circuits to provide braking action
in one circuit if other one fails
split-lit-type rear main seal bearing:

A two-piece neoprene seal; easier to install and has less friction than a rope-type
main seal
split loom:
Flexible, corrugated conduit used to bundle wires into a harness
split manifold:
An exhaust manifold that has a longitudinal baffle placed near its center. An exhaust
pipe leads out of each half.
split pin:
A metal pin for securing a nut or rod, whose ends are bent backwards after
insertion. See cotter pin
split propshaft:
see divided propshaft
split rear seats:

Rear seats which may be folded down in two sections, thus combining some extra
luggage space with the possibility of a passenger sitting in the back of the car
split rim:
A rim which is made of two or three pieces and uses a demountable flange.
split screen:
A divided windshield on the original Morris Minor
split single:
A two-stroke engine with two pistons that share a single combustion chamber
split skirt:
The piston skirt is manufactured to be either partially or completely split.
When the piston warms and begins to expand, the split closes instead of
binding in the cylinder.
split skirt piston:

A precursor of the modern solid piston skirt, with a narrow slot in one side of the
piston to allow for expansion
split spray:
An incorrect setup of a spray gun, giving a spray pattern that is heavy at the top and
bottom but narrow in the middle
split system:
See
triangle split system
split-system master cylinder:

See tandem master cylinder
splitter:
See nut splitter
splitting:
See joint splitting tool
splitting chisel:
An extremely flat chisel used for body work and panel beating
splitting lanes:
The action of straddling the center line between two lanes of traffic so that
following vehicles cannot pass on either side. This is a discourteous procedure
unless it is the action of a police officer to slow down traffic because of an accident
some distance ahead.
splitting tool:
See joint splitting tool
split type:
See
axle housing split type
split washer:
See spring lock washer
split-window Beetle:
The original VW Beetle with a two-part rear window split vertically; produced up to
1953
spoiler:
An aerodynamic wing-shaped device attached to a vehicle (usually under the front
bumper or on the decklid) to either reduce drag or induce downforce on the vehicle.
So called because it spoils the normal flow of air over or under the vehicle.
See
boot spoiler
ear
front spoiler
rear spoiler
roof spoiler
trunk spoiler
whale tail
spoke:
One of several wires used to hold the hub in the center of a wheel rim and to
transfer the load from the perimeter of the wheel to the hub and on to the frame.
Also see wire spoke
spoke assembly:
See cast spoke assembly
spokes:
See spoke.
spoke steel type:

See motor wheel type.
spoke type:
See cast spoke type
spoke wheel:
A styled, cast or forged alloy wheel with a wheel spider which incorporates a spoke
design. Spoke wheels can be distinguished according to the respective number of
spokes; many alloy spoke-type wheels, however, have a wheel spider with 28, 30,
32, or 34 spokes which are arranged in different angles and in a criss-cross pattern:
these are referred to as cross-spoke wheels.
See
cross-spoke wheel
wire spoke wheel
spoke wrench:
A tool for securing or removing spokes by turning the nipple.
sponge:
See car sponge
sponge rubber valve:

A sponge-rubber-lined valve plate attached to a bimetallic strip, which controls the
air intake temperature to the carburetor in some BL cars. The bimetallic strip moves
the plate up or down according to temperature, in its extreme positions, the sponge
rubber seals either the cold air intake or the hot air intake
spongy brake pedal:

Air in hydraulic lines, distortion or stretching of connecting parts, or swelling of
hydraulic hose may allow pedal to be spongy or springy instead of solid. See
spongy pedal
spongy lead:
Pure lead which serves as the active material in the charged negative plates of a
battery. Also see lead peroxide
spongy pedal:
When there is air in the brake lines, or shoes that are not properly centered in the
brake drums, the brake pedal will have a springy or spongy feeling when the brakes
are applied. The pedal should normally feel hard when applied.
spool:
See valve spool
spool balance valve:

A hydraulic valve in automatic transmissions that balances incoming oil pressure
against spring control pressure to produce a steady pressure to some control unit.
spool valve:
A hydraulic control value shaped somewhat like a spool upon which thread is
wound.
spoon:
[1] A tire-iron tool used to remove a tire (especially a bicycle or motorcycle tire)
from its rim. Usually two or three spoons are necessary to do the job. Using a flat
blade screwdriver instead of a spoon may puncture the tube.
[2]
See
body spoon
bumping spoon
high crown spoon
inside pry spoon
metalworking spoon
spring beating spoon
surface spoon
S-port:
A special carburetor port for ported vacuum
sport and Imperial phaeton:

Similar to the phaeton, but with extra equipment or refinements, such as wire
wheels, trunk rack, and ultra-modish paint treatments and finish. The Imperial type
indicates a tonneau or second windshield in front of the rear seat passengers.
sportbike:
A motorcycle type which originally began as a cafe racer. The rider is bent forward
for better flow of the air (as opposed to the upright position of a touring bike). Also
called a "crotch rocket" because of the strain it places on the rider's crotch and
because of its very fast speed.
sport coupe:
In other respects similar to the coupe, it has a rumble seat in the rear deck and a
small compartment for storage of golf clubs.
sport roadster:
In addition to being a roadster, it has provision for a rumble seat in the rear deck,
along with a golf locker for storage.
sports car:
Term commonly used to describe a relative small, low slung car with a high
performance engine and excellent handling. Originally, sports cars were faster than
sedans; today, many sedans can easily outperform sports cars in terms of top speed
as well as acceleration
sports racer:
A two-seat race car with enclosed wheels.
sportster:
See sports car
sports tourer:
A bicycle whose structure, geometry, and components are designed to make it a
compromise between one suitable for racing and one suitable for loaded touring --
good for general pleasure riding.
sport utility vehicle:

A vehicle built on a truck chassis but is configured much like a station wagon.
Some examples are: Blazer, Jimmy, Bronco, Explorer, Ram, and Cherokee
sporty driving style:

A manner of handling a vehicle in which the driver turns corners fast, brakes and
accelerates hard, uses high revs in every gear, and shifts down before corners.
spot:
See
blind spot
flat spot
high spot
hot spot
low spot
spot faced:
On a connecting rod, a bolt head seating surface that is machined so it describes a
radius on the inboard-side of the bolt head as viewed from the top of the bolt head
spot glazing:
Filling minor imperfections (sand scratches).
spot lamp:
See spot light
spotlight:
An auxiliary light used to shine a narrow beam of light.
spotting:
See water spotting.
spotting in:
The paint respraying of very small areas
spot weld:
Fastening parts together by fusing, at various spots. Heavy surge of electricity is
passed through the parts held in firm contact by electrodes.
spot welding:
A type of resistance welding in which two pieces of metal are joined at a series of
points (spots) by means of heat (usually electrically generated) and pressure; the
most important welding method in auto body construction
spot-weld drill:
See spot-weld remover
spot-welded flange:
A sheet metal strip forming a flange at the edge of panels joined by spot welding
spot-weld remover:
[1] A special drill bit used to drill out weld spots on sheet metal material without
damaging the panels.
[2] A tool for use with a hand drill; features reversible cutting blade to cut out weld
spots without damaging the sheet metal material; the cut depth can be varied, e.g., to
release the upper panel only
spout:
See tailpipe
sprag brake:
A sprag is a stick (of wood or metal) which is inserted into gears or even into the
dirt to stop the motion of something.
sprag clutch:
A clutch that will allow rotation in one direction but that will lock up and prevent
any movement in the other direction.
spray:
See
dry spray
plasma spray process
split spray
spray arc:
Gas metal arc process which has an arc voltage high enough to continuously
transfer the electrode metal across the arc in small globules.
spray bell:
A dome-shaped, rotating paint spray element
spray booth:
A closed section in a painting line in which paint is sprayed on workpieces or body
shells
spray chamber:
See salt spray chamber
spray coating:
An application method for chemical conversion coatings
spray flap:
See mud flap
spray gun:
An apparatus shaped like a pistol which delivers an atomized mist of liquid.
See
airless spray gun
compressed-air spray gun
suction-feed spray gun
spray gun nozzle cleaning unit:
A special cleaning unit for paint shops which holds several spray guns in such a
position that the nozzle is soaked in thinners
spraying:
See
airless spraying
cold spraying
electrostatic spraying
hot spraying
metal spraying
robot spraying
zinc spraying
spraying booth:
A closed section in a painting line in which paint is sprayed on workpieces or body
shells
spraying viscosity:
The viscosity required to make paint suitable for spraying, i.e., neither too thick nor
too thin
spray mist:
A fogging caused in the course of spray painting; part of this settles as overspray on
adjacent panels and nearby objects.
See
overspray
mask
spray pattern:
The shape of the jet of spray leaving a spray gun
spray process:
See plasma spray process
spray testing:
See salt spray testing
spread:
See
bearing spread
overall gear ratio
spread axle:
Trailer axle, usually 6 to 9 feet ahead of another axle and located near the center of
the trailer.
spreader:
[1] A hand-held tool used to apply body filler to a damaged area prepared for filling.
[2] A hydraulic jack with ends designed to reach behind dented double panels and to
press them back into shape by the hydraulic action of the wedge-shaped ends.
See
tire spreader
anti-rattle spring
spreader spring:
A cross-shaped part made of spring steel sheet which applies radial pressure to the
brake pads to prevent rattling. See anti-rattle spring
spring:
A device on the suspension system to cushion and absorb shocks and bumps
and to keep the vehicle level on turns. After the stress or pressure exerted by
the flexing of the spring has been removed, the spring returns to its original
state. The spring does this by first absorbing and then releasing a certain
amount of energy. The form of spring may be leaf springs, coil springs,
torsion bars, or a combination of these.
See
air bellows
air spring
anti-rattle spring
ball and spring
brake shoe return spring
brush spring
cantilever spring
carbon brush spring
cart spring
clutch spring
coil spring
compression spring
contact spring
damper springs detent ball and spring
diaphragm spring
door hold-open spring
extension spring
flat spring
garter spring
gas spring
hairpin valve spring
helper spring
leaf spring
locating spring
meshing spring
multileaf spring
overload spring
parabolic spring
piston spring
progressive spring
progressive valve spring
progressively wound valve spring
retainer spring tool
rubber spring
semi-elliptic leaf spring
semi-elliptic spring
single-leaf spring
single rate spring
spreader spring
tapered leaf spring
taper leaf spring
tensioning spring
throttle return spring
torsion spring
transverse leaf spring
valve spring
variable rate springs variable spring
spring and damper settings:

Suspension settings for springs and or struts. Stiffer settings provide better handling
with a bumpier ride. Softer settings give a smoother ride but compromise
performance.
spring balance:
An instrument for measuring weight or force which does so by the elasticity of a
spiral spring.
spring bar:
In a 5-bar convertible roof mechanism, it is an additional bar between the main bar
and the rear window; spring loaded, it assists the main bar in shaping the roof; a
similar effect can be achieved by spring-steel leaves embedded in the canvas
spring beating:
A metalworking process for removing pressure ridges in body panels in which a
spring beating spoon is laid on the ridge area and is gradually moved across the
ridge while the spoon surface is hammered with a body hammer
spring beating spoon:

A light pressed-steel blade designed specially for beating on ridges; the spoon is
placed directly on the ridge and sharp blows with a hammer are delivered to the
back of the spoon, spreading the force over a large area
spring-biased:
See spring-loaded
spring booster:
A device used to "beef up" sagging springs or to increase the load capacity of
standard springs.
spring bow:
In a 5-bar convertible roof mechanism, it is an additional bar between the main bar
and the rear window; spring loaded, it assists the main bar in shaping the roof; a
similar effect can be achieved by spring-steel leaves embedded in the canvas
spring bracket:
See spring hanger
spring brake:
Emergency or auxiliary brake system utilizing a spring load as a force for braking.
May be automatically actuated by low air pressure or mechanically controlled for
use as a parking brake.
spring caliper:
See
spring cap:
See valve spring cap
spring choke:
See thermostatic spring choke
spring clip:
[1] A fastening device made of an incomplete circle of spring steel, e.g., for covers.
[2] A rebound clip which holds the spring leaves of a leaf spring together and to
keep them in alignment.
[3] A fastener used to provide a screw hole for a sheet metal screw; certain variants
of this fastener may be moved slightly at their mounting to provide a certain degree
of adjustment. Also see speed nut
spring clutch:
See
coil spring clutch
spring collar:
See valve spring collar
spring compressor:
A tool used to restrain coil springs for safe removal and installation. They are
available in a variety of shapes, as manual or hydraulic designs; the most common
type consists of two steel jaws running on a threaded screw which securely hook
into the coil spring; turning a nut reduces the distance between the jaws and
compresses the spring. This type of spring compressor is always used in pairs, e.g.,
to remove MacPherson strut springs.
See
coil spring compressor
valve spring compressor
spring depressor:
See valve spring depressor
spring divider:
A divider with a spring for accurate setting
spring eye:
A cylindrical hole formed by bending the end of a leaf spring around, for
attachment to the vehicle
spring hanger:
A rubber-bushing bracket on a vehicle chassis on which a leaf spring eye is
mounted. Also see shackle
springing:
A term for suspension.
See
air springing
air suspension
spring lifter:
See valve spring lifter
spring loaded:
A device held in place, or under pressure from a spring or springs.
spring lock:
See helical spring lock washer
spring lock washer:

A toothed, spring steel washer used as a locking device. Also see helical spring lock
washer
spring mounting:
See spring hanger
spring rate:
Rate of deflection versus amount of load applied. In other words, how much force is
needed to bend a spring a given distance. Also see rising rate suspension
spring retainer:
See valve spring retainer
springs:
See spring.
spring seat:
Support on which the spring is anchored. Also see valve spring seat
spring shackle:
See shackle
spring steel:
A heat treated steel having the ability to stand a great amount of deflection and yet
return to its original shape or position.
spring tool:
See retainer spring tool
spring washer:
A warped-looking washer, typically used to prevent rattling by spring-loading
certain movable threaded connections
spring windup:
The curved shape assumed by the rear leaf springs during hard acceleration or
braking.
sprint:
See Alfa Romeo.
sprocket:
A disc with teeth on its circumference for driving a chain, a general term that
applies both to chainrings and to freewheel cogs.
See
camshaft sprocket
crankshaft sprocket
driven sprocket
drive sprocket
sprocket wheel:
See sprocket
sprung mass:
See sprung weight
sprung weight:
This refers to the weight of all the parts of the vehicle that are supported by the
suspension system. Unsprung weight includes wheels and tires, brake assemblies,
the rear axle assembly and other structural members not supported by the springs.
Unsprung weight can be reduced with independent rear suspension because the
differential, and in some cases the brakes, can be attached to the body. Also called
"sprung mass." Also see unsprung weight
spur differential:
A differential in front-wheel drive vehicle which uses spur gears rather than bevel
gears, since input and output shafts are not at right angles. Also see bevel
differential
spur gear:
A gear on which the teeth are cut parallel to the shaft. They are not used very often
in modern gearboxes because they are noisier than helical gears. Also called
straight-cut gear.
spurt hole:
A small hole in the connecting rod big end that indexes (aligns) with the oil hole in
the crank journal. When the holes index, oil spurts out to lubricate the cylinder
walls. Also called "squirt hole"
Spyder:
In the early 1900s, a light two-seater car. In the 1950s the word was revived by
some Italian manufacturers for an open two seater sports car. Also spelled "spider."
SQ:
Acronym for "Sound Quality."
sq. ft.:
Abbreviation for "square foot."
sq. in.:
Abbreviation for "square inch."
squab:
A seat's backrest
squab panel:
A panel supporting the rear seat squabs, separating the passenger compartment from
the luggage space
squab shelf:
The rear parcel shelf
square:
See over square engine
square engine:
An engine in which the bore diameter and the length of the stroke are the same.
See
over square engine
under square engine
square-four engine:
A four cylinder engine in which each cylinder axis forms one corner of a square.
This represents a way of doubling parallel twin cylinders to make a four cylinder
unit, with two separate parallel crankshafts connected by gears or chain. This
arrangement allows the engine width to be kept to that of a twin cylinder unit with
only a small increase in length, thus providing the advantages of an in-line four
without the problem of width. Applied in four-stroke and two-stroke motorcycles;
in two-strokes mainly to permit rotary valve induction
square jetting:
Same size jetting in all four holes or same size in primary barrels with a difference
same size in the secondaries
square key:
A small bar of any length but its height and width are the same.
squat:
The action of the rear end of the vehicle to point downward during hard
acceleration. Squat is caused by a load transfer from the front to the rear suspension.
Also see anti-squat system.
squeak:
An expression used particularly with two-stroke engines where the pistons have run
without sufficient lubrication. It is caused by a poor injection system or a pre-mix
that is too lean (not enough oil in the gasoline).
squeal:
See tire squeal
squeal shim:
See anti-squeal shim
squeegee:
See rubber squeegee
squib:
A device for detonating the airbag
Squire:
squirm:
See tread squirm
squirt box:
A colloquial term for carburetor
squirt hole:
See spurt hole.
squish:
An area in the combustion chamber of some engines where the piston squishes or
squeezes part of the fuel-air mixture at the end of the compression stroke. As the
piston approaches top dead center, the mixture is pushed out of the squish area and
this promotes turbulence, further mixing of the fuel-air mixture and more efficient
combustion.
squish band:
A narrow section of a combustion chamber in which the fuel charge is more
compressed by the piston than in the rest of the chamber; designed to help direct the
flow of the fresh charge and to improve scavenging
squish zone:
A narrow section of a combustion chamber in which the fuel charge is more
compressed by the piston than in the rest of the chamber; designed to help direct the
flow of the fresh charge and to improve scavenging
sr:
sunroof
SR&ED:
Acronym for " Scientific Research and Experimental Development Program."
SRS:
Acronym for "Supplemental Restraint System," or "Supplemental Restraint
inflatable air-bag System." The letters appear on the steering wheel and/or
instrument panel. In fact, dual airbags are standard in all of the 1998 cars, except for
some sub-compacts and very small models.
SR sheathed glow plug:

A self-regulating sheathed-type glow plug
SRS warning light:

An air bag warning light
SS:
[1] A vehicle brand of which the SS and SS Jaguar models for 1932-1940 except the
4-cyl. are classic cars.
[2] Abbreviation for stainless steel.
[3] Abbreviation for steamship
SSAE:
Acronym for "Stamped, self-addressed envelope."
SSC:
Acronym for stress corrosion cracking
SSI:
Acronym for solid state ignition system
ST:
Acronym for short ton which is 2,000 lbs.
stab braking:
See cadence braking
stability:
[1] The quality or state of a vehicle to remain controllable. See directional stability.
[2] The ability of a ship to return to her normal upright position when listed by the
action of waves, wind, etc.
See
directional stability
lateral stability
straight-line stability
stabilize:
To make or keep stable
stabilizer:
A variety of devices used to keep the passenger compartment of a vehicle from
swaying and lurching on sharp curves and turns.
See
idle speed stabilizer
stabilizer bar
UV stabilizer
stabilizer bar:
A transverse mounted spring steel bar that controls and minimizes body lean or
tipping on corners. Also see anti-roll bar.
stabilizer belt:
A radial tire belt consisting of cords (usually fine steel wire) embedded in rubber
directly beneath the tread and above the radial cord body plies
stabilizer link:
A suspension link which connects the anti-roll bar to the lower wishbone
stabilizing plies:
Two or more plies, of steel, fiberglass, etc., forming a belt around the circumference
of a tire, between carcass and tread rubber. It reduces tread distortion of radial and
bias belted tires.
stack:
See velocity stack
stage:
See green stage
staged carburetors:
Carburetors equipped with a secondary system. Staged carburetors are activated
either mechanically or by a vacuum diaphragm. Think of staged four-barrels as two
two-barrels in parallel
stagger:
[1] To place items (like carburetors, pistons) so that every second item is offset
from the previous one.
[2] The difference in the circumference of the tires on the right and left sides of the
car. Since oval track racing is always done turning left, teams put larger tires on the
right to help the car naturally turn left. Also see cross-jetting
stainless steel:
(SS) A type of steel containing nickel and chromium, which is resistant to corrosion
stainless-steel exhaust system:

A more hard-wearing and therefore more expensive system than one made of mild
steel
stainless-steel mesh:
See wire mesh
stake:
[1] A panel-beating tool formed like a dolly, but with a shaft attached allowing it to
be clamped in a vice.
[2] The wooden bars which fit into the sides of the bed of a truck.
staked nut:
A nut secured to a bolt with a metal tab (e.g., a wheel bearing adjusting nut)
stalk:
See
control stalk
stall:
An engine which stops unintentionally. The usual causes of stalling are: sudden
increase in load without an accompanying increase in fuel flow (often occurring
when a driver engages the clutch to drive away without increasing the engine speed)
and braking to a very low speed without disengaging the clutch
stall speed:
The test characteristic of a fluid converter; result of the stall test
stall test:
A short-time (5 seconds) full throttle operation with the vehicle brakes fully applied
and the selector lever of an automatic transmission in "D" position; the test results
in an engine speed (stall speed) that indicates the performance of the fluid converter
stall torque ratio:

The torque conversion in fluid converters on taking up drive, i.e., when the turbine
is still stationary; stage of maximum torque multiplication
stamping:
A sheet metal part formed or shaped by pressing rolled sheet metal between metal
dies (hardened metal blocks).
stance:
See aerodynamic stance
stand:
See
axle stand
hardtop stand
jack stand
taxi stand
standard:
standard equipment:
Those parts and systems of a vehicle supplied by the manufacturer at no extra cost,
i.e., they are included in the basic price for a given model
standard Industrial Classification:

(SIC) industry class that represents a level of organization of production by type of
specialization. Currently the 1980 Standard Industrial Classification is in effect
identifying each industry at the 4 digit level.
standard rim:
A rim that has been calibrated and found to meet the precise measurements
specified by Tire and Rim Association, Inc. or, where applicable, by European Tire
& Rim Association.
standards:
See
emission standards
international Standards Organization
low Emission Vehicle Standards
Standards Organization:
See international Standards Organization
standard transmission:
A transmission that must be shifted manually to effect a change in gearing. Also
called "conventional transmission" or "manual transmission."
standard wheel:
The original wheel on a vehicle supplied by the car manufacturer
Standard Whitworth:
See British Standard Whitworth
standard work week:

average number of hours worked normally scheduled in a work week.
standing start:
A race which begins with none of the vehicles in motion.
Stanyl:
A proprietary polyamide with unusual temperature stability, mechanical strength,
and resistance to oil and grease
Stanza:
Japan Stanza
star:
See diamond star
starboard:
The right-hand side of a ship when facing forward
Starlet:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota Starlet
start:
To use the starter motor to crank the engine until it fires and runs on its own.
See
bump start
cold start
hot start
jump start
kick start
push start
racing start
rolling start
standing start
starting system
start boosting:
Bypassing the ballast resistor of an ignition system when starting the engine
start bypass:
bypass of the ballast resistor
start enrichment:
See
after-start enrichment
cold start enrichment
starter:
[1] A small electrical motor that causes the engine crankshaft to begin to turn,
which starts the engine running and so starts the vehicle. Invented in 1911 by
Cadillac engineers, the manual crank-starter was replaced by an electric motor and
thus made it easier and safer for people to start and drive cars. Also called the
"cranking motor."
[2] A person who indicates that a race is to begin.
See
bendix starter
Bendix type starter drive
clutch starter
inboard starter
nut starter
pre-engaged starter
remote starter switch
screw starter
self-starter
starter drive:
See
bendix type starter drive
clutch starter drive
starter inhibitor switch:

A switch which prevents starting of the engine unless certain system conditions are
fulfilled; e.g., on cars with automatic transmission, the selector lever must be in
Neutral or Park
starter interlock:
Neutral or Park. Also see clutch starter interlock
starter lockout:
Neutral or Park
starter motor:
See starter.
starter punch:
A tool used to start the removal of pins, shafts, or rivets by breaking them loose;
longer and thinner than a drift punch
starter ring gear:

A gear fitted around the flywheel that is engaged by teeth on the starter drive to
crank the engine
starter solenoid:
A device that uses electrical current to start and engage the starter. Also see
solenoid. Also called a "starter relay"
starter switch:
See
solenoid starter switch
starter switch control cable:

A mechanical cable to the starter switch on vehicles without a starter solenoid (e.g.,
Fiat 500)
start from rest:

to drive off from a standing start
starting:
See
cold starting
hot starting
starting carburetor:
A simple slide carburetor which works in parallel with the main carburetor and acts
as a starting aid
starting handle:
A cranked handle for turning an engine over manually
starting interlock:
See starter inhibitor switch
starting switch:
On certain classic cars, separate switches are used to turn the ignition on and to
operate the starter; on such cars, the starting switch was a push button, often located
in the center of the dashboard; on modern cars, the starting switch is integrated in
the ignition and starter switch
starting system:
The portion of the electrical system that starts the vehicle. Consists of the ignition
switch which closes the circuit and allows current to flow from the battery to the
starter by way of the starter solenoid. Also called the "cranking circuit."
start injector:
See cold start injector
starvation:
See fuel starvation
star wheel:
An adjusting nut on a drum brake or clutch. The portion of a brake action that turns
the adjustment screw
state:
See
49 state car
state car:
See
49 state car
state controller:
See solid state controller
state indicator:
See
battery charge indicator
battery state indicator
state of charge:
See battery charge
stated residual value:

The stated residual value is usually the same as the end-of-lease purchase price. The
higher the stated residual value of the car, the lower your monthly payments. Stated
residual values are often higher or lower than the expected residual value for a car,
the lessor can raise or lower the monthly payments and the net interest rate for the
lease. Stated residual value also determines whether you should buy the vehicle at
the end of the lease. If at the end of a lease, the vehicle's market value is less than
the stated residual value, the lessee would be prudent not to purchase the car. On the
other hand, if the actual market value were greater than the predetermined residual,
then the lessee could buy the car, sell it, and pocket the difference.
static balance:
When a tire, flywheel, crankshaft, etc., has an absolutely even distribution of the
weight mass around the axis of rotation, it will be in static balance. For example, if
a front wheel is jacked up and the tire, regardless of where it is placed, always
slowly turns and stops with the same spot down, it would not be in static balance. If,
however, the wheel remains in any position in which it is placed, it would be in
static balance, (bearings must be free, no brake drag, etc.). Also called "kinetic
balance." Also see dynamic balance.
static belt:
A seat belt with no automatic belt retractor and whose length is manually adjusted.
Also see inertia reel seat belt
static electricity:
Electricity generated by friction between two objects. It will remain in one object
until discharged.
static friction:
See stiction
static high-voltage distribution:

high-voltage distribution achieved without a rotary distributor, using multi-spark
ignition coils or one coil per spark plug
static ignition timing:

An obsolete timing procedure carried out by rotating the engine until the timing
marks are aligned and then connecting a test lamp or a voltmeter between the
negative coil terminal and ground; when the points open, the test lamp lights up or
the voltmeter registers battery voltage. The opposite is dynamic or stroboscopic
ignition timing
static loaded radius:

See loaded radius.
static pressure:
A certain amount of pressure that always exists in the brake lines even with the
brake pedal released. Static pressure is maintained by a check valve.
static seal:
An oil seal between two stationary parts. Opposite to dynamic seal
static shield:
A device found on some distributors that reduces radio interference caused by the
working of the vehicle's ignition system.
static timing:
An obsolete timing procedure carried out by rotating the engine until the timing
marks are aligned and then connecting a test lamp or a voltmeter between the
negative coil terminal and ground; when the points open, the test lamp lights up or
the voltmeter registers battery voltage. The opposite is dynamic or stroboscopic
ignition timing
station:
See
battery charging station
filling station
gas station
last station memory
petrol station
preset station button
service station
station button:
See preset station button
station memory:
See last station memory
station wagon:
(SW) Originally this was a car with an enclosed wooden body of paneled design
with several rows of folding or removable seats behind the driver. It became a
different and popular vehicle after 1945. There is usually a tailgate but no separate
luggage compartment. Early station wagons and compact station wagons had only
two doors while the larger ones had four doors. The British term is "estate car."
See
four-door station wagon
two-door station wagon
stator:
[1] A small hub, upon which a series of vanes are affixed in a radial position, that is
so placed that oil leaving the torque converterturbine strikes the stator vanes and is
redirected into the pump at an angle conducive to high efficiency. The stator makes
torque multiplication possible. Torque multiplication is highest at stall when the
engine speed is at its highest and the turbine is standing still.
[2] The stationary windings in an alternator in which electric current is generated;
located between drive end and slip-ring end fittings, consisting of a stator frame
with windings in three circuits to generate three-phase current which is then
rectified by diodes. Also see rotor.
[3] A self-contained unit of the magnetic pick-up, consisting of a permanent
magnet, an inductive winding, and the pick-up core; the stator can be a disc-shaped
pole piece with stator tooth or a simple pole piece
[4] The wheel with curved blades (sometimes adjustable) mounted on a one-way
clutch in a fluid converter or automatic transmission. It serves as a reaction member,
i.e., it multiplies the torque output of the turbine by increasing the momentum of the
fluid flow acting on the latter.
[5] The fixed electrical windings on a magneto, alternator, or generator. It turns
within the rotor.
See
impeller
thermal reactor
turbine wheel
variable pitch stator
stator roller clutch:

A device which holds the stator stationary in a fluid converter as long as its blades
are struck by the fluid flow against the rotational direction of pump and turbine; if
the fluid flows in the direction of rotation, the stator starts running
stay:
An arm or brace use to support another component.
See
bonnet stay
chainstay
door stay
hood support stay
seatstay
std:
Abbreviation for "standard," as in std. transmission. See standard transmission.
steady:
See corner steady
stealer:
A single wide plate that is butt-connected to two narrow plates, usually near the
ends of a ship.
Stealth Bra:
A nose covering composed of composite materials that absorb microwaves emitted
by radar devices and significantly diminish the return signal, making a car less
detectable to police radar; ineffective against speed cameras or light-operated speed
guns. Also see nose protector)
steam clean:
To clean the engine with a high-pressure jet of steam
steam engine:
An external combustion engine where water is converted to steam in a boiler
outside the cylinder. The steam is then admitted to the cylinder where it expands
against a piston. As the steam expands it cools and begins to condense. This mixture
of water droplets and steam is forced out of the cylinder on the return stroke and
into the condenser where the remaining steam is condensed into water. This water is
forced into the boiler by a pump and the cycle is repeated. Steam engines have some
notable drawbacks: slow warm up, freezing of the water system in cold weather,
and contamination of the water by scale, oil, and sludge which can wreak havoc
with the boiler, pumps, and condenser. But they also offer certain advantages: the
potential for high fuel economy with low emissions, the ability to start from rest
against a load so a clutch is not needed, and the torque developed is greatest at low
rpm so in some applications a multiple-ratio gearbox is not necessary.
steam injection system:

Based on the same principle as water injection systems, the steam injection system
uses engine exhaust heat and a boiler to pre-heat and boil the water before it is
injected into the inlet manifold as steam
Stearns-Knight:
steel:
An alloy of iron containing a small (up to 2%) percentage of carbon.
See
alloy steel
carbon steel
chrome steel
chromium steel
high carbon steel
low-carbon steel
low carbon steel
mild steel
spring steel
stainless steel
steel backing:
The supporting part of a plain bearing insert
steel belted radial tire:

A radial tire with belts of steel to provide both protection and longevity.
steel body:
See all-steel body
steel casting:
Cast iron to which varying amounts of scrap steel have been added
steel pack muffler:

A straight through (no baffles) muffler using metal shavings surrounding a
perforated pipe. Quiets exhaust sound.
steel strip:
A sheet of steel less than 600 mm wide
steel strut:
Steel braces or rings which are cast into aluminum pistons. Because steel
expands slower than aluminum, the steel struts tend to control or minimize the
expansion of the piston.
steel thrust belt:

A large number of steel plates with slots in each side to receive the two composite
steel bands which hold them together; transmits torque between two pulleys
steel type:
See spoke steel type
steel wheel:
A wheel consists of a steel disc and steel rim which are welded together to provide
better impact-resistance, lower price, and higher weight than alloy wheels.
See
alloy wheels
sheet wheel
steep angle:
See steep angles.
steep angles:
Angles that position frame tubes relatively closer to vertical than do shallow angles.
steer:
See
bump steer
neutral steer
ride steer
roll steer
roll steer effect
toe steer
torque steer
steer effect:
See roll steer effect
steerer tube:
The tube that forms the top of the fork and rotates inside the head tube of a bicycle.
steering:
A mechanism for controlling the direction of a vehicle.
See
absorbing steering
ackermann steering
adjustable steering
all-wheel steering
assisted steering
axle and steering
ball-and-nut steering
ball steering
cam-and-lever steering
cam-and-peg steering
cam-and-roller steering
cam-and-lever steering
center point steering
double-pivot steering
four-wheel steering
four wheel steering
gemmer steering
heavy steering
hydrostatic steering
integral-type power assisted steering
jeantaud axle and steering
light steering
manual steering
marles steering
negative offset steering
offset steering
parallelogram steering system
parallelogram steering
power-assisted steering
power steering pump
power steering
rack-and-pinion steering
rack and pinion steering
recirculating-ball-and-nut steering recirculating ball steering
single-pivot steering
speed-sensitive steering
variable assist power steering
variable assist steering
variable ratio steering
worm-and-lever steering
worm-and-nut steering
worm-and-peg steering
worm-and-roller steering
worm-and-sector steering
zero-offset steering
steering, Ackermann:
See Ackermann steering.
steering angle:
A horizontal angle between the plane of a steered wheel when cornering, and the
plane when adjusted straight ahead steering angle sensor
steering arm:
Arms, either bolted to, or forged as an integral part of the steering knuckles. They
transmit the steering force from tie rod to the knuckles, thus causing the wheels to
pivot. Also called tie rod arm.
steering axis:
The line through the center of the ball joints in a front suspension system. The line
that intersects the upper and lower steering pivots on a steered wheel. Also see
kingpin axis
steering axis inclination:

(SAI) See kingpin inclination.
steering axle:
An axle that directs control of the vehicle. It can be powered or non-powered and
more than one steering axle can be present.
steering box:
The part of the steering system that is located at the lower end of the steering shaft;
changes the rotary movement of the steering wheel into the linear motion of the
front wheels for steering
steering column:
A shaft connecting the steering wheel to the steering gear assembly. Also called the
steering shaft.
See
absorbing steering column
adjustable steering column
collapsible steering column
safety steering column
telescopic steering column
steering column controls:

consist mainly of control stalks for some or all of the following: lights, windshield
wipers and washers, direction indicators, and horn
steering column gearchange:

See column shifter
steering damper:
A shock absorber-like bump stop which absorbs vibrations in the steering system
steering feel:
Steering feel is the general relationship between forces at the steering wheel and
handling. Ideally, the steering effort should increase smoothly as the wheel is
rotated away from center. In addition, the steering effort should build as the
cornering forces at the steered wheels increase. Finally, the friction built into the
steering mechanism should be small in comparison with the handling-related
steering forces.
steering gain:
The relationship between yaw and the steering wheel's position and effort. All three
should be proportional and should build up smoothly.
steering gear:
The gears, mounted on the lower end of the steering column, that are used to
multiply driver turning force. It converts the rotary motion of the steering wheel into
straight-line motion. This straight-line motion then moves the linkage connected to
the steering arms and attached to the steering knuckles and this causes the front
wheels to move to the right or the left in response to the steering wheel direction.
steering gear arm:

See pitman arm
steering gearbox:
See steering box
steering gear shaft:

The rotating, torque-transmitting part of the steering column
steering geometry:
A term sometimes used to describe the various angles assumed by the components
making up the front wheel turning arrangement, camber, caster, toe-in, etc. Also
used to describe the related angles assumed by the front wheels when the vehicle is
negotiating a curve.
steering head:
That portion of a motorcycle frame where the front fork and wheel assembly attach
to the frame.
steering input:
See step steering input
steering kickback:
The sharp and rapid movements of the steering wheel as the front wheels encounter
obstruction in the road; the shocks of these encounters "kick back" to the steering
wheel
steering knuckle:
The inner portion of the spindle that is affixed to and pivots on either a kingpin or
on upper and lower ball joints.
See
grease fittings
steering knuckle angle:

The angle formed between the steering axis and the center line of the spindle. This
angle is sometimes referred to as the included angle.
steering knuckle arm:

See steering arm
steering linkage:
The system that connects the steering wheel to the front wheels and allows the
wheels to change direction in response to commands from the driver. Contains
grease fitting to cushion against wear and friction.
See
alignment
idler arm
steering lock:
[1] The number of degrees that the front wheels can be turned from straight ahead
before they are physically restrained from turning any further. Generally, the more
lock designed into the front geometry, the smaller the turning circle but the more the
tires scrub as the wheels approach the extreme lock positions. Turns lock-to-lock
refers to the number of rotations of the steering wheel required to go from one
extreme lock position to the other.
[2] The locking mechanism usually contained in the steering column that locks the
steering wheel when the ignition switch is turned off or the key is removed from the
switch.
[3] A lock on a motorcycle which prevents the front wheel from being turned left or
right.
steering overall ratio:

The ratio of the degrees you must turn the steering wheel to turn the road wheels
one degree from their straight ahead position.
steering pump:
See power steering pump
steering rack:
The device by which the movement of the steering wheel is transferred to the front
wheels of an automobile.
steering ratio:
The ratio of the gearing within a steering system such as the rack to the pinion or
the worm gear to the recirculating nut.
steering response:
A subjective term that combines steering feel and steering gain.
steering rod:
One of two metal rods on each end of the steering rack that connect it to the front
wheels via ball joints (tie rod ends).
steering shaft:
See steering column.
steering spindle:
A shaft-like projection from the steering knuckle to which the wheel is mounted.
See spindle.
steering support:
The mounting locations and reinforcements for attaching the steering box to the
bulkhead or side member
steering support structure:

The mounting locations and reinforcements for ataching the steering box to the
bulkhead or side member
steering swivel:
See steering knuckle
steering-swivel axis:
See swivel axis
steering-swivel inclination:
See kingpin inclination
steering system:
The mechanism that allows the driver to guide the vehicle down the road and turn
the wheels as he desires. The system includes the steering wheel, steering column,
steering gear, linkages, and the front wheel supports. Also see parallelogram
steering system
steering wheel:
The device that the operator uses to control the direction of the front wheels. Most
are circular with spokes that attach to the steering column.
See
drag wheel
telescoping steering wheel
tilt steering wheel
steering wheel and brake lock:

An anti-theft device in the form of an extendable steel rod that engages in a spoke of
the steering wheel and the brake or clutch pedal; when locked, neither wheel nor
pedal can be operated
steering wheel balance:
measures the steering wheel angle in an automatic steering wheel centring system
steering wheel centering:

adjusts the steering wheel and steering system so that the wheel is in its center
position when the front wheels are pointing straight ahead
steering wheel damper:

See steering damper
steering wheel puller:

A special puller for removing steering wheels
Stellite:
A proprietary range of very hard, wear-resistant alloys containing cobalt, chromium,
carbon, tungsten, and molybdenum. It has a high melting point, good corrosion
resistance, and unusual hardness when hot. It is used for tools, castings, valve seat
inserts, coating exhaust valves, etc.
stem:
[1] The upright bow frame forming the apex of the intersection of the forward sides
of a ship.
[2] See valve stem.
stem seal:
A valve stem seal between the valve and cylinder head. Also see valve stem seal
stem seal installer:

See valve stem seal installer
stem seal pliers:

See valve stem seal pliers
step:
A ledge formed by an edge setter in a sheet metal panel to provide a level mounting
and welding surface with the adjacent panel.
See
door step
half step gearing
side step
step feeler gauge:

A feeler gauge with metal feeler blades; the thickness of the blade increases from
one end of the blade to the other
step gearing:
See
half step gearing
wide step gearing
stepless transmission:
A continuously variable transmission
step on it:
To increase the speed of a vehicle.
step on the accelerator:

accelerator."
step on the gas pedal:

enter the engine thus making the vehicle go faster. Opposite to "ease up on the gas
pedal."
step on the throttle pedal:

The action of pressing down on the throttle pedal (accelerator) to cause more fuel to
throttle pedal."
stepped compression ring:

See L-section ring
stepped piston:
An obsolete design of two-stroke pistons; the diameter of the lower part of the
piston was larger than the top diameter; it ran in a similarly stepped bore and was
said to give better compression of the incoming mixture
stepped planet gear:

A planet gear with different diameters
stepper motor:
On some carburetor cars, stepper motors are used to adjust the air/fuel mixture; they
are controlled by the ECM
step plate:
[1] A small step for climbing into a vehicle (e.g., on an ATV or
[2] See scuff plate
step steering input:

A rapid change in steering angle, for example when a steered wheel hits an obstacle
step-through:
A motorcycle/scooter frame layout with a low structure between the seat and the
steering head. On early machines it was commonly called an open frame
steradian:
(sr) A unit of solid angular measure. It is defined as the solid angle subtended at the
center of a sphere by an area on its surface numerically equal to the square of the
radius.
stereo:
An abbreviation for "stereophonic." It indicates sounds which appear to have their
source distributed in space even when they are emitted by the vehicle's speakers.
Also see car stereo
Sterling:
A model of automobile manufactured in the UK Click for books on Sterling
stern:
See
clearwater stern
cruiser stern
transom stern
stern, clearwater:
See clearwater stern. A stern with a "shoeless" stern frame
stern cruiser:
See cruiser stern
stern frame:
A large casting attached to the after end of the keel, incorporating the rudder
gudgeons and propeller post in single-screw ships
sternpost:
The vertical part of the stern frame to which the rudder is attached
stern transom:
See transom stern
stern tube:
The watertight tube enclosing and supporting the propeller shaft on bearings
sternway:
The reverse movement of a vessel. See astern
stethoscope:
A device (such as used by doctors) to detect and locate abnormal engine noises. A
very handy tool for the trouble-shooter. Also see mechanic's stethoscope
Stevens Duryea:
Steyr:
classic cars.
stick:
See hood stick
sticker:
See
decal
monroney sticker
toll sticker
sticker price:
A manufacturer's suggested retail price (as displayed on an affixed sticker), usually
subject to a negotiable discount
sticking:
A fusing of the electrode to the surface of the piece being worked on, mainly at the
beginning of the welding cycle
stick shift:
This refers to a transmission that is shifted manually through the use of various
forms of linkage. Often refers to the upright gearshift stick that protrudes through
the floor. Also see four on the floor.
sticky clutch:
See clutch drag
stiction:
A shortened form of static friction; the frictional force which must be overcome to
set one object in motion when it is in contact with another
stiff:
[1] Not easily bent or turned. As opposed to a rigid object, a stiff object does not
break when subjected to bending stress, and implies a certain degree of flexibility; a
bridge, for example, is stiff, not rigid, and steel panels are inherently stiff; however,
a particularly high degree of stiffness, e.g., when steel panels are shaped to a load-
carrying structure, is sometimes referred to as rigid.
[2] A stiff ship is one which have a short period of roll and therefore will roll
uncomfortably
stiffener:
An angle, T-bar channel, built-up section etc, used to stiffen plating of a bulkhead,
etc. Also see sill stiffener
stiffness:
A stiff ship is one which have a short period of roll and therefore will roll
uncomfortably.
See
lateral stiffness
roll stiffness
torsional stiffness
stiffness under flexure:

A measure of the resistance offered by a test specimen to its tendency to bend under
the action of forces (own weight)
stiff nut:
See self-locking nut
still-air pocket:
An area of relatively turbulence-free air immediately behind the windshield of
convertibles with the top down
Stillson wrench:
A very large heavy-duty adjustable wrench
stink-bomb smell:
See rotten-egg smell
Stirling engine:
An external combustion engine that uses air or an inert gas as the working fluid
operating on a highly efficient thermodynamic cycle. The heat released from the
burning fuel is transferred to the confined gas (such as hydrogen) which activates
the pistons; named after the Scottish engineer, Robert Stirling (1790-1878)
stirring paddle:
A component of the agitator of a paint power mixer
stirrup bolt:
A U-bolt
stirrup cable:
On bicycle centerpull brakes, a short cable, each end of which attaches to a brake
arm and which is pulled up at the center to activate the brakes.
stirling engine:
An external combustion engine in which heat is applied through the wall of a
chamber within which a gas is successively heated and cooled, alternately
expanding and contracting to power a piston inside the chamber. Its advantages
include: exceptional silence, lack of vibration, long life, high efficiency, extremely
low emissions and adaptability to many different kinds of fuel. Its main drawbacks
are the need for extremely effective seals, inflexible control systems, and cost.
stitching:
A hard rolling method used to both remove trapped air and improve rubber contact
for better adhesion, during repair, and retreading.
stock:
See
die stock
gum stock
rudder stock
stripping stock
super stock
wing stock
stock car:
A car as built by the factory (i.e., production car). Usually one that is raced without
any modifications beyond factory installed equipment. Also see super stock.
stocker:
The stock, or original equipment.
stoichiometric:
Having the exact proportions for a particular chemical reaction
stoichiometric ratio:
In a spark-ignition engine, the ideal air/fuel mixture ratio of 14.7:1, which must be
maintained on engines with dual-bed and three-way catalytic converters. Also see
air ratio
stone:
See
finishing stone
honing stone
roughing stone
stone chip damage:

A paintwork defect caused by gravel or stones
stone deflector:
A separate panel fitted below the front bumper or on the leading edge of the rear
fender to provide protection from rocks, dirt, etc.
stone guard:
stone shield:
stop:
[1] A component which limits the motion, travel, or stroke of a moving part. A
colloquial term for an abutment.
See
air stop
bump stop
check stop
clutch brake
clutch stop
hard stop
idle stop solenoid
idle stop valve
piston ring stop
pit stop
reed stop
rest stop
rudder stop
sealer
stop-and-go penalty:
Punishment for a rule infraction during a race (usually speeding down pit road). The
driver must come down pit road, stop in his pit stall, usually for 15 seconds, then
proceeds back to the track.
stop leak:
See sealer.
stop-leak:
See sealer.
stop light:
[1] A red light on a traffic signal indicating that vehicles should stop.
[2] A brake light
stopper:
A filler or putty used for filling holes, dents, etc.
See
chain stopper
knifing stopper
stopper plate:
See reed stop
stopping distance:
The total amount of time (translated into distance) a vehicle and driver need in
which to come to a halt; the shortest stopping distance is the reaction (or thinking)
distance (of the driver) added to the braking distance (of the vehicle)
stop solenoid:
See idle stop solenoid.
stop valve:
See idle stop valve
stop wheel:
See safe stop wheel
storage:
See broken storage
storage battery:
A rechargeable single cell or connected group of two or more storage cells such as
the type used in vehicles. The opposite of primary battery. See battery.
storage cell:
An electrolytic cell for generating electric energy; rechargeable by sending a current
through it in the opposite direction to the discharging current
store:
A general term for provisions, materials and supplies used aboard ship.
See
auto parts store
tire store
stormer:
A hot car that really moves out (i.e., accelerates rapidly).
stove:
[1] To dry a coat of paint in heat.
[2] See choke stove.
stovebolt:
Generally refers to Chevrolet (GMC) 6-cylinder, in-line, valve-in-head (push rod
operated) engine.
stoving:
A process of drying or curing a paint coating by the application of heat;
immediately after stoving, the paint film is still soft, taking some time to harden
stowage:
The placing of goods in a ship in such a way as to ensure the safety and stability of
the ship
stp:
Acronym for "standard temperature and pressure"
straddle cable:
See stirrup cable.
straight cut gears:

See straight-cut gear.
straight-cut gear:
A gear that has teeth cut in the edge of the circumference of the gear. Unlike helical
gears, the teeth are cut in line with the shaft on which it fits.
See
spur gear
helical gear.
straightedge:
A rule-type tool without graduation for checking, e.g., warp of cylinder block and
head
straight eight:
An eight-cylinder in-line engine
straightened panel:
A panel brought into its original shape with hammer and dolly or straightening
equipment
straight engine:
See in-line engine.
straightening bench:
A workbench or fixture equipped to hold single panels such as doors or hoods for
straightening and metalworking jobs
straightening kit:
Powerjacks used to straighten localized body damage, essentially comprising
special ram cylinders, pumps, attachments, and extensions
straightening set:
Powerjacks used to straighten localized body damage, essentially comprising
special ram cylinders, pumps, attachments, and extensions
straight-line speed:
The highest speed obtainable by a vehicle driving in a straight line.
straight-line stability:
See directional stability
straight-line tracking:
The ability of a car to resist road irregularities and run in a straight line without
steering corrections.
straight pattern snips:

snips with cutting blades designed for straight cuts on sheet metal material
straight polarity:
(Electrode negative-cathode) connecting DC to cause electrons to flow from the
electrode to the base metal.
straight six:
A six-cylinder in-line engine
straight-through side styling:

An all-enveloping body
straight-through silencer:
A type of absorption silencer with a single perforated tube surrounded by sound-
absorbing fiber which creates less back pressure and consequent loss of power than
other types
straight time:
The actual time that a mechanic takes to complete a repair job. In contrast with flat
rate.
straight weight:
Term designating motor oil as suitable for use within a narrow range of
temperatures. Outside the narrow temperature range its flow characteristics will not
adequately lubricate.
straight weight engine oil:

See single-grade engine oil
straight-weight oil:
oil suitable for use within a narrow temperature range; outside this range, its flow
characteristics will not allow adequate lubrication. Also called "single-grade oil."
Also see multigrade oil.
strain:
Reaction of an object to a stress.
strainer:
A wire mesh filter, as used in an oil pump strainer in the sump. Also see oil pump
strainer
strain in the drive train:

Strains resulting from the different track arcs travelled by the four wheels of a
vehicle when cornering with center or axle differentials locked up
strake:
See
bilge strake
garboard strake
sheer strake
strand:
One of a number of wires twisted together to form an electrical conductor or cable
stranding:
The running of a ship on shore on a beach.
strangler:
An old colloquial term for choke
strap:
[1] A long flexible strip (usually of leather or rubber) used to connect two items.
[2] A lead section to which battery plates of a group are joined.
See
battery strap
butt strap
check strap
door check strap
earth strap
ground strap
plate strap
safety strap
strap drive:
A drive transmitted from the clutch cover to the clutch pressure plate in diaphragm
spring and coil spring clutches, using flexible spring-steel straps attached to the
clutch cover
strap wrench:
A tool for loosening and tightening round or irregularly shaped objects such as oil
filters, featuring a strap which is wrapped around the object, and a lever or key by
means of which the object is turned
stratified charge:
In a SI engine, an air/fuel charge which consists mainly of a lean mixture and a
small layer or pocket of rich mixture; the rich mixture is ignited first, then ignition
spreads to the leaner mixture filling the rest of the combustion chamber
stratified charge engine:

An internal combustion engine in which a small portion of extremely rich fuel and
air is ignited and in turn ignites a much leaner fuel-air mixture. The lean mixture
might not fire by itself unless it is ignited by the flame of the burning rich mixture.
Its advantage is lower peak c‘bustion temperatures, greater fuel economy, and a
decrease in pollutant emissions. The Honda CVCC engine which initiates
combustion in a small auxiliary prechamber is one type of stratified charge engine
(to be precise, the CVCC should actually be called a dual-combustion engine).
Another type is Texaco's which uses turbulence in the incoming mixture to induce
stratification.
straw:
A convenient DIY tool for blowing debris from the spark plug recess before plug
removal
streak:
A long thin trace of dirt a damaged wiper blade will leave streaks and smears on the
windshield
stream:
See slip stream.
streamline:
To design the shape of a car body or truck cab so that it reduces air resistance to a
minimum
street bike:
A motorcycle which is permitted to be ridden on public roads and must be licensed.
In contrast with an off-road bike.
street car:
An electrically driven public transportation vehicle which runs on rails (tracks) inset
into the surface of the road and powered by overhead cables. The British term is
"tram" or "tram car"
street rod:
A slightly modified rod (car) that will give good day-to-day performance on the
streets.
street version:
A detuned version of a vehicle, usually of a racing car
strength:
The stress at which material ruptures or fails.
See
bending strength
fatigue strength
film strength
impact strength
tensile strength
yield strength
strength deck:
The deck that is designed as the uppermost part of the main hull longitudinal
strength girder
strengthening buttress:
See fender strengthening buttress
stress:
[1] Load imposed on an object.
[2] A force causing deformation or strain.
See
impact stress
mechanical stress
stress concentration:
A condition in which a stress distribution has high localized stresses; usually
induced by an abrupt change in the shape of a member (often in the vicinity of
notches etc.)
stress corrosion cracking:

(SSC) Cracking due to stress corrosion, a process involving joint corrosion and
straining of a metal due to residual or applied stresses
stress cracking:
Damage of parts, especially body panels, subject to constant overload caused by
improper mounting; this introduces strain into the panels, causing them eventually
to crack
stressed body:
A vehicle body designed so that the outer body panels share a proportion of the total
load or stresses in the whole structure instead of the frame taking all the loads. The
Jaguar E-Type is one example.
stressed member:
A component that is an integral part of the whole structure
stress fracturing:
Damage of parts, especially body panels, subject to constant overload caused by
improper mounting; this introduces strain into the panels, causing them eventually
to crack
stress line:
See stress lines.
stress lines:
Low areas in a damaged panel, usually starting at the point of impact and travelling
outward.
stress relieving:
Even heating of a structure to a temperature below the critical temperature followed
by a slow, even cooling.
stretch limo:
A colloquial term for a limousine that has been lengthened to provide extra seating
and more legroom
striker:
The mating part of door lock or hood latch mechanism which is secured to the body;
the striker itself has no mechanism and provides only the anchor for the door or
hood latch; typical strikers are stud or U-shaped. Also see lock striker
striker plate:
An anchor plate to which the striker is attached
striking blow:
A dent removal technique in which the hammer does not hit the panel straight on
but is drawn to one side on hitting the surface, thus spreading the impact over a
larger area
string:
A thin length of twisted fiber.
stringer:
A fore-and-aft girder running along the side of a ship at the shell and also to the
outboard strake of plating on any deck. Also see deck stringer
stringer bar:
The angle connecting the deck plating to the shell plating or to the inside of the
frames. The strength deck stringer bar is usually called the gunwale bar
strip:
[1] Area used for drag racing.
[2] Removing tires and wheels, battery, hubcaps and other items of value as done by
thieves. See gut.
[3] To remove the insulation from a wire.
[4] To tear off or break the thread from a screw, bolt, etc., or the teeth from a gear.
See
chafer strip
feeler strip
filler strip
flipper strip
glazing strip
kick strip
rear tack strip
rim strip
rubbing strip
rumble strip
sealing strip steel strip
stripe:
See body stripe
striper:
See pinstriping tool
striping tool:
A tool used to apply paint in long narrow lines.
stripped down:
See base model
stripper:
See
automatic wire stripper
base model
paint stripper
wire strippers
stripper/crimper tool:
See wire stripper/crimper tool
strippers:
See wire strippers
stripping stock:
Rubber stock used to extend the wing of tread rubber when retreading a tire.
strobe lamp:
A colloquial term for a stroboscope
strobe light:
A colloquial term for a stroboscope
stroboscope:
See timing light.
stroboscopic ignition timing:

See dynamic ignition timing
stroke:
The distance the piston moves when travelling from bottom dead center (BDC) to
top dead center (TDC) or vice versa.
[2] To modify the stroke of an engine by using a different crankshaft to increase or
(rarely) reduce the displacement.
See
ascending stroke
charging stroke
compression stroke
effective stroke
exhaust stroke
expansion stroke
firing stroke
four stroke power cycle
induction stroke
intake stroke
long stroke engine
power stroke
rebound stroke
two stroke
up-stroke
stroke cycle:
See
two stroke cycle
stroke cycle engine:

See
stroke engine:
See
long stroke engine
short stroke engine
stroked:
The action of lengthening the stroke on an engine. Sometimes an engine
manufacturer will produce an identical engine as he did in the previous year, but
this time the stroke is longer. Thus it has been stroked. If the bore is also increased,
it is bored and stroked.
stroked crankshaft:
A crankshaft, either a special new one or a stock crank reworked, that has the
connecting rod throws offset so that the length of the stroke is increased.
stroke intake:
See intake stroke intake tract
stroke intake tract:

See intake stroke intake tract
stroke power:
See four stroke power cycle
stroke power cycle:

See four stroke power cycle
stroker:
An engine using a crankshaft that has been stroked.
stroking:
A method for increasing the displacement of an engine by lengthening the
crankshaft throws so that the piston stroke is increased. The crankshaft throws were
remachined "off center" to alter the stroke. Also see four-stroking
Stromberg carburetor:
A type of variable venturi carburetor
structural part:
Any part of a vehicle that plays a role in ensuring the rigidity and integrity of the
vehicle as a whole and that, if it collapses, could make the vehicle unsafe
structure:
See
frame structure
primary structure component
sill structure
steering support structure
underbody structure
structure component:
See primary structure component
strut:
[1] A single, self contained pivoting suspension unit that integrates a coil spring
with a shock absorber. Struts are used on front wheel drive automobiles.
[2] A structural member, especially as part of a framework, used to stiffen, give
strength or carry weight.
[3] A bar that connects the lower control arm to the car frame; used when the lower
control arm is attached to the frame at only one point.
[4] A air strut, Chapman strut, damper strut, gas prop.
See
macpherson strut tower
MacPherson strut
modular air strut
self-levelling strut
steel strut
suspension strut
strut bar:
Another name for "sway bar" or anti-roll bar.
strut rod:
See push bar
strut tower:
See MacPherson strut tower
stub axle:
A short axle that carries one of the front wheels and has limited angular movement
about a kingpin
stubby screwdriver:
A screwdriver with a short handle and blade for reaching into confined spaces. In
Britain it is called a "chubby screwdriver."
stud:
[1] A metal rod or shaft with threads on both ends. Similar to grub screw which has
uniform thread throughout, while the stud has an unthreaded part in the "middle."
[2] Metal spikes installed in snow tires to increase traction on ice and hard-packed
snow. Studded tires have been banned in many areas because of the damage they
inflict upon road surfaces.
[3] A bolt projecting from a plate, like a wheel stud. Also see wheel stud
Studebaker:
A vehicle brand of which the 1929-33 President models are classic
cars. The 1963-64 Avanti models are milestone cars. The 1962-64
Gran Turismo Hawk models are milestone cars. The 1947-49 Click for
Starlight Coupe models are milestone cars. The 1953-54 Starliner books on
Hardtop (Six and V-8) models are milestone cars. The 1955 Studebaker
President Speedster is a milestone car.
stud end:
The opposite end of a stud to the nut end
stud extractor:
A tool like a socket wrench for the removal (and installation) of studs
stud hole:
A hole in a wheel through which the wheel studs pass
stud puller:
A tool used to install or remove studs.
stud remover:
A tool like a socket wrench for the removal (and installation) of studs
stuffing box:
See packed gland
stuffing-box packing:
A sealing element of a stuffing box consisting of rings of tissue (e.g., cotton) or
metal rings
stumble:
A driveability-related problem similar to but more severe than hesitation. See bog.
Stutz:
A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 models are classic Click for books on
cars. Stutz
STV:
See suction throttling valve
style:
See
driving style
gap style
sporty driving style
styling:
See straight-through side styling
styling kit:
See body styling kit
Subaru:
A model of automobile manufactured in Japan Click for books on Subaru
subassembly:
An assembled unit designed to be fitted to a larger unit of which it is a component;
e.g., the steering gear and front suspension or the final drive and rear suspension
sub-compact:
sub frame:
A partial frame that is sometimes bolted to the chassis of unit-body cars. It can be
used to support the engine, transmission and suspension instead of having these
components directly connected to the main body structure. This more expensive
design generally results in better road isolation and less harshness.
See
engine subframe
suspension subframe
subframe:
Any auxiliary framework attached to the main body of a vehicle. On a motorcycle
this often refers to the rear section of the frame, which supports the seat
See
sub frame
engine subframe
suspension subframe
submarining:
A sliding under the lap belt in a frontal collision
subplate:
See distributor baseplate
subsidiary:
a subsidiary is an organization operating in a particular country that is owned or
controlled by a foreign company which may or may not manufacture in that
country.
subsidiary petal:
A secondary petal of a dual-stage reed valve. Opposite of main petal
subsidized lease:
A subvented lease is a lease offered by manufacturers with special incentives to
make it more attractive. Special incentives often take the form of a lower base
interest rate, higher residual values, and manufacturer discounts. In many cases, a
subvented lease will have a lower net interest rate than other leases. Subvented
leases are usually only available for a limited time and the terms are not negotiable.
Any negotiated change in the terms will result in a different net interest rate.
substrate:
The surface that is to be finished (painted). It can be anything from an old finish or
primer to an unpainted surface. Also see catalyst substrate
substation:
[1] A switching, transforming, or converting station which is found between the
generating station and the low-tension distribkution network.
[2] The apex of a subsidiary triangle in a survey skeleton
substructure:
An underbody structure
subvented lease:
A subvented lease is a lease offered by manufacturers with special incentives to
make it more attractive. Special incentives often take the form of a lower base
interest rate, higher residual values, and manufacturer discounts. In many cases, a
subvented lease will have a lower net interest rate than other leases. Subvented
leases are usually only available for a limited time and the terms are not negotiable.
Any negotiated change in the terms will result in a different net interest rate.
SU carburetor:
A widely used type of variable venturi carburetor in Britain. It was named after
Skinners' Union, a long-established manufacturer of variable venturi carburetors:
the first SU carburetor was patented in 1905 by George Herbert Skinner who went
on to found a company with his two brothers to manufacture SU carburetors
suction:
See
negative suction head
POA suction throttling valve
vacuum
suction chamber:
The space above the piston in the piston chamber of a variable venturi carburetor
suction cup:
See vacuum suction cup
suction cup dent puller:

See vacuum suction cup
suction-feed spray gun:

A type of spray gun with a paint pot mounted underneath
suction head:
See negative suction head
suction lift:
The vertical distance, in feet, from the liquid supply level to the pump centerline,
the pump being above the liquid level. The suction lift should not exceed the
recommended maximum limit and when viscous fluids are being pumped, they
should be avoided altogether
suction line:
A pipe on the suction side of a pumping system leading from the suction tank to the
pump.
suction pipe:
A pipe on the suction side of a pumping system leading from the suction tank to the
pump.
suction side:
The side of a pumping system or pump at which the liquid to be pumped enters the
suction line or pump casing
suction throttling:
See poa suction throttling valve
suction throttling valve:

(STV) A backpressure-regualted valve on some Ford and GM systems placed
between the air conditioning evaporator and compressor which controls evaporator
pressure to provide maximum cooling without icing evaporator core.
See
pilot operated absolute valve
suction valve grinder:

See valve grinding tool
suggested:
suggested retail:
suggested retail price:

suicide door:
See suicide doors.
suicide doors:
Doors that have the hinge toward the back of the vehicle. It's name came from the
greater possibility of falling out of the vehicle with a door positioned this way.
Suiza:
See hispano Suiza
sulphate:
See lead sulphate
sump:
That part of the oil pan that contains the oil.
See
dry sump
oil sump
sump drain plug:

sump gasket:
See oil pan gasket
sump guard:
See oil pan guard
sump lubrication:
See
wet sump lubrication
sump plug:
sun:
See
main sun visor
mean distance to the sun
sun and planet gears:

sun-and-planet gears:
Sunbeam:
A vehicle brand of which only the 8-cyl. and 3-litre twin-cam
models for 1925-1948 are classic cars. The 1965-67 Tiger Click for books
Convertible models are milestone cars. on Sunbeam
Sunbird:
division of General Motors Sunbird
sun car:
A colloquial term for a solar car
sun gear:
The center gear around which the planet gears revolve. Also called "sun wheel."
Also see planetary gear.
sunroof:
(sr) A panel (often translucent) in the roof of a car which may be tilted or slid open,
either manually or electrically to provide extra light and/or ventilation. Also see
tilt/slide sunroof
sunroof aperture panel:

A panel which accommodates the sunroof guide rails and draining channels and fits
below the roof panel
sunroof deflector shield:

A shield or visor that can be attached to the front of the sunroof to deflect the wind
sunroof top:
A folding canvas sunroof
sunshield:
A tinted strip of transparent vinyl attached to the top of the windshield to cut glare
from the sun. Also called a "windshield shadeband" or "tinted windshield."
sun visor:
[1] A hinged flap above the windshield that can be pulled down to shield the driver's
or front seat passenger's eyes from sunlight; often contains a vanity mirror on the
inside.
[2] A body accessory mounted on the outside of the windshield on pick-up trucks,
RVs, and in the 1950s a short-lived fad on cars - not at all aerodynamic. Also see
main sun visor
sun wheel:
See sun gear
super:
Premium gasoline with a high octane rating, typically 98
superbike:
A large engined-sport bike
super car:
A car with a high horsepower engine that will provide fast acceleration and high
speed.
supercharge:
[1] To increase the intake pressure of an internal combustion engine with a
supercharger.
[2] to tune the exhaust pressure in such a manner that the pressure wave propagating
back to the exhaust port of a two-stroke engine arrives there as soon as the transfer
ports close, thus pushing the final amount of fresh charge that has already escaped
into the exhaust back into the cylinder
supercharged Engine:
An engine that is similar to a turbocharged engine which uses a series of belts or
chains from the crankshaft to turn the turbines that forces the air/fuel mixture into
the cylinder heads under pressure creating a bigger explosion which generates more
power. A turbocharger use the exhaust gases to turn the turbines to create the same
effect.
supercharger:
An air compressor designed to force air, under pressure, into the cylinder. Can be
mounted between the carburetor and cylinders or between the carburetor and the
atmosphere. It boosts the power of the engine.
See
blower
comprex supercharger
lobe-type supercharger
lysholm supercharger
roots supercharger
turbo-supercharger
turbocharger
supercharging:
A method of increasing engine power by forcing larger amounts of air into the
cylinders. Also see dynamic supercharging
superheat:
A gas or vapor that is not in contact the generating liquid (steam not in contact with
water e.g.,) that has been heated to such a degree that its temperature may be
lowered or it pressure increased without the conversion of any of the gas into liquid.
Also called superheated vapor
superheat switch:
A device that is connected in series with a thermal limiter (fuse) mounted on the
rear of the compressor of GM system equipped with low refrigerant protection
superheated vapor:
A gas or vapor that is not in contact the generating liquid (e.g., steam not in contact
with water) that has been heated to such a degree that its temperature may be
lowered or it pressure increased without the conversion of any of the gas into liquid.
Also called superheat
super randonneur:
A special medal awarded to those randonneurs who successfully complete a
challenging series of brevets (200, 300, 400, and 600-kilometers) in a year. Only
super randonneurs are allowed to ride a 1200-kilometer event.
superspeedway:
Any oval-shaped or circle-shaped track more than one mile long.
super stock:
Factory car (stock) with engine, suspension, running gear, etc., modified to increase
horsepower and overall performance.
supplemental restraint inflatable air-bag system:

See SRS.
supplemental restraint system:

See SRS.
supplementary inflatable restraint:

See sir
Supplier:
See
tier 1 Supplier
tier 2 Supplier
tier 3 Supplier
supplier cost reduction effort:

(SCORE) A United States program that urges suppliers to develop processes to cut
costs. Suppliers are allowed to keep half the savings and pass on the other half to
the automakers.
supply:
See
days' supply
fuel supply
supply pump:
A pump that transfers fuel from the tank and delivers it to the injection pump
supply voltage:
The voltage obtained from the power supply to operate a circuit
support:
See
bearing support
bonnet support
catalyst substrate
catalyst support
lumbar support
main bearing support
metal support
plate support
steering support
support bracket:
See fender support bracket
support panel:
See
windshield support panel
support stay:
See hood support stay
support structure:
See steering support structure
supports:
See main bearing supports
suppressed:
See rfi suppressed spark plugs
suppressed spark:
See RFI suppressed spark plugs
suppressed spark plugs:

See RFI suppressed spark plugs
suppressor:
An electrical device used in car circuits to damp out and filter out radio or TV
interference caused mainly by the ignition system and battery circuit
surface:
See
bearing surface
machined surface
mating surface
mechanical surface treatment
surface discharge plug:

See surface gap spark plug
surface dry:
A condition in which the outer layer (surface) of the finish dries while the
underneath remain soft and not thoroughly dried.
surface gap:
The spark gap of a surface gap spark plug in which the sparks glide over the
insulator-filled gap
surface gap spark plug:

A type of spark plug in which the spark is fired across the insulator surface between
the center electrode and the shell; there is no side electrode
surface ignition:
Ignition initiated by hot spots in the engine cylinder rather than by a timed spark
surface-mounted speaker:
A speaker mounted on top of the bearing surface. Opposite to a flush-mounted
speaker
surfacer:
See primer surfacer
surface resistance:
The electrical resistance of the surface of an insulator
surfaces:
See split-friction road surfaces
surface spoon:
A special body spoon with a relatively long, smooth working surface set at a steep
angle to the handle
surface tack:
A condition occurring after filler is applied to a panel surface, characterized by the
fact that the filler will not cure in certain places. This may be caused by improper
mixing of the filler paste with the hardener, insufficient curing time or insufficient
hardener being used
surface treatment:
See mechanical surface treatment
surface-type filter:
A filter design in which particles accumulate on the surface, e.g., of a folded paper
element; typical design of air and cartridge-type oil filters
surge:
[1] A drive problem where the vehicle on its own seems to gain power for a brief
moment and then back down to the previous speed. The reason the engine will not
run at a steady speed and surges is probably due to very lean air-fuel mixture
(improper carburetor setting, clogged air filter, plugged main jet, etc.) or retarded
timing.
[2] An ignition fault due to misfiring
surge line:
Line on compressor map which represents the minimum stable flow at each pressure
ratio, below which the compressor output is unsteady
surround:
See
door surround
radiator grille surround
rear light surround
tail light surround
windshield surround
suspension:
[1] The assembly of springs, shock absorbers, torsion bars, joints, arms, etc., that
cushions the shock of bumps on the road and serves to keep the wheels in constant
contact with the road, thereby improving control and traction.
[2] A mixture of fine, non-settling particles of any solid within a liquid or gas. The
particles are the dispersed phase, while the suspending medium is the continuous
phase; used engine oil, for example, is a suspension with suspended combustion
residues which produce a blackish appearance.
See
active suspension
air suspension
arm suspension
double wishbone suspension
dubonnet suspension
flex arm suspension
front suspension
hotchkiss suspension
hydragas suspension
hydroactive suspension
hydrolastic suspension
I-beam suspension
macpherson suspension
moulton Hydragas suspension
moulton Hydrolastic suspension
multilink suspension
oleopneumatic suspension
parallelogram suspension
parallel trailing link suspension
pneumatic suspension
progressive suspension
reactive suspension
rear suspension
rising-rate suspension
sala suspension
self-levelling suspension
semi-active suspension
semi-independent suspension
semi-trailing arm suspension
short arm/long arm suspension
single-wheel suspension
sla suspension
sliding-pillar suspension
swing arm suspension
three-link suspension
torsion bar suspension
twin A-arm suspension
twin I-beam suspension
unequal-length wishbone suspension
suspension aids:
Items designed to reinforce the rear suspension when carrying heavy loads or
towing trailers; they include: extra, single-leaf springs, coil springs, and heavy duty
spring dampers
suspension link:
Any arm which links the chassis to the axle.
See
leading arm
semi-trailing link
trailing arm
transverse link
wishbone
suspension mounting:
Sheet metal parts, bores, etc. on the underbody designed to locate the axles and
springs on the body
suspension raft:
A patented part of a Lotus suspension system to provide precise suspension location
and a comfortable ride, through the use of directional bushings.
suspension sphere:
A pressurized, nitrogen-filled ball used in hydropneumatic suspension systems
suspension strut:
A unitary construction of spring and damper elements; depending on whether the
hub carrier is mounted to the spring or the damper element, the suspension strut is
referred to either as a damper strut or as a MacPherson strut
suspension subframe:
A suspension layout absorbing noise and vibration, in which all suspension
elements are mounted on an insulated, detachable suspension subframe
suspension system:
A system that cushions the passenger compartment of the vehicle from the bumps
and shocks caused by the wheels moving over irregular road surfaces. Includes
springs, shock absorbers, steering linkage, upper and lower control arms, torsion
bars, stabilizers, etc. Sometimes called "springing."
See
air suspension
rising-rate suspension
torsion bar suspension
suspension turret web:

A reinforcement supporting the MacPherson strut at the lower side of the strut tower
panel; this allows the strut to rest against the top strut mounting from below
SUV:
An acronym for "sport utility vehicle" which includes the Ford Bronco, GMC
Jimmy, Chevrolet Blazer, Jeep Cherokee, Toyota Forerunner, and Nissan
Pathfinder.
Suzuki:
A model of automobile manufactured in Japan Click for books on Suzuki
S.V.:
Acronym for "side valve"
SV engine:
See side-valve engine
SVV:
Acronym for solenoid vent valve
SW:
[1] Acronym for "station wagon."
[2] An abbreviation for "switch" which is found on the coil terminal connected to
the ignition switch
swage line:
A narrow profiled line in outer body panels, e.g., above the upper edge of the wheel
cutouts, that helps to enhance the flowing lines of the bodywork
Swansea:
The location for the British Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. Sometimes
"Swansea" is a substitute for this agency.
swarf:
Loose chips of metal produced when grinding
swash bulkhead:
Longitudinal or transverse nonwatertight bulkheads fitted in a tank to decrease the
swashing action of the liquid contents as a ship rolls and pitches at sea
swash plate:
[1] A plate serving the purpose of a swash bulkhead, but not extending to the
bottom of the tank.
[2] A rotating disc or face plate on a shaft that is inclined at an oblique angle to the
axis of rotation and either imparts reciprocating motion to push rods or plungers
parallel to the shaft axis, as in a swash plate pump or, conversely, converts
reciprocating motion to rotation (replacing the crankshaft), as in a swash plate
motor
sway bar:
A round bar which connects the left wheel suspension assembly with the right side.
It may be found at the front and/or rear. Its main function is to keep both wheels
rolling at the same rate when meeting bumps; but it also affects handling. A front
anti-roll bar increases understeer and a rear bar increases oversteer. See anti-roll bar.
sweat:
To join metal pieces by clamping them together with solder in between, the
applying heat
sweating:
Joining two pieces of metal together by placing solder between them and then
clamping them tightly together while heat, sufficient to melt the solder, is applied.
sweep:
See return sweep
sweeper:
A type of seal used along moving surfaces, e.g., door windows, that is often
provided with a lip to ensure sealing. Also see window weatherstrip
swelling:
[1] A paint fault condition that occurs when an excessively rapid thinner is used in a
paint and the soft paint sinks into cuts.
[2] An increase of volume conditioned by the absorption of liquids, vapors or gases
in the coating film of plastics. See sand scratch swelling.
swept volume:
that part of the cylinder capacity that is swept by the pistons on their up and down
strokes (i.e., the volume through which a piston moves in one stroke) formed by the
bore diameter and the piston stroke. Also called "displacement volume." See
displacement.
swing:
See low pivot swing axle
swingarm:
A motorcycle suspension member pivoted at one end and supporting the wheel at
the other. In most cases the swingarm is more accurately described as a pivoted
fork, as the wheel is supported on both sides. It works in conjunction with the shock
absorbers to absorb the impact of bumps in the road. Attaches the rear wheel to the
frame of the bike with a single pivot point. It connects to the frame near the rear of
the engine.
swing arm suspension:

An independent suspension system in which each axle pivots near the center of the
vehicle and the movement of the axle changes the angle of camber. Also called
swing axle
swing axle:
An independent rear suspension system in which each driving wheel can move up
or down independently of the other. The differential unit is bolted to the frame and
various forms of linkage are used upon which to mount the wheels. Drive axles,
using one or more universal joints, connect the differential to the drive wheels.
When cornering hard, cars with swing axles are prone to wheel jacking which can
lead to large positive camber at the outside rear wheel and can induce sudden
oversteer. Also see low pivot swing axle.
swinging caliper:
A type of floating caliper with wedge-shaped disc pads (only one of which is
activated by hydraulic pressure from the piston, the other being fixed), which can
pivot on its hinge pin to equalize the pressure on both pads
swinging shackle:
See shackle
swirl:
A rotary or swirling motion given to the charge mixture as it enters a cylinder by
offsetting the inlet tract
swirl chamber:
A small chamber or cavity in the cylinder head to promote swirl in the indirect
injection combustion system of a diesel engine
swirl combustion chamber:

See twin swirl combustion chamber
swirl marks:
A circular pattern produced by an orbital sander on a paint surface; it must be hand-
sanded with a sandpaper of finer grit, otherwise it will remain visible through the
respray coat
switch:
A device that opens and closes an electric circuit.
See
actuating switch
ambient temperature switch
authority Limit Switch
battery master switch
dimmer switch
dipper switch
door pillar switch
fuel cut-off switch
fuel pump switch
hall-effect switch
hall vane switch
hamlin switch
hazard flasher switch
hazard warning switch
horn switch
ignition switch
interior light switch
jamb switch
kickdown switch
kill switch
mercury switch
neutral safety switch
oil pressure switch
park safety switch
pressure differential switch
snow chain switch
solenoid starter switch
starter inhibitor switch
starting switch
tether kill switch
thermal vacuum switch
thermo-time switch
throttle valve switch
toggle switch
vacuum control switch
valet switch
vane switch
wash/wipe switch
switch control cable:

See starter switch control cable
switching:
See
air switching
electric air switching valve
switching sensors:
Sensors that turn on and off in response to specific conditions
switching valve:
See
air switching valve
swivel:
[1] to turn or swing about a point
[2]
See
steering knuckle
steering swivel
swivel angle:
swivel axis:
See kingpin axis
swivel axis inclination:

swivel ball:
swivel ball universal:

swivel ball universal joint:

swivel pin:
See kingpin
symbol:
See
speed symbol
type symbol
symmetrical:
Symmetrical tread is the most common tread design. Both halves of the tread face
are the same design. It does not matter which side faces out.
See
asymmetrical Tread
directional tire.
symmetric rim:
A rim type in which the rim well is located symmetrically on the wheel centerline.
Opposite to asymmetric rim
synchromesh:
A device in a manual transmission that allows two gears to mesh more smoothly.
When a synchronizer gear matches the speed of the transmission main shaft to the
speed of the gear being selected, they mesh smoothly and prevent grinding and
clashing of gears. It was first introduced by Cadillac in 1928.
See
locking synchromesh
porsche-type synchromesh
proportional load synchromesh
synchromesh transmission:
A transmission using a device (synchromesh) that synchronizes the speeds of gears
that are being shifted together. This prevents "gear grinding." Some transmissions
use a synchromesh on all shifts while others synchronize second and high
gearshifts.
synchronize:
To bring about a timing that will cause two or more events to occur simultaneously;
plug firing when the piston is in the correct position, the speed of two shafts being
the same, a valve opening when the piston is in the correct position, etc. Also see
synchronizer.
synchronizer:
A cone or sleeve that slides to and fro on the transmission main shaft and makes the
gears rotate at the same speed to prevent clash when the gears are about to mesh.
Whenever a vehicle is rolling, the transmission main shaft is turning and the clutch
gear is spinning. Even though the clutch is disengaged, the clutch gear continues to
spin until friction slows it down or stops it. Thus when the driver shifts into another
gear he is trying to mesh gears that may be moving at different speeds. By using
synchronizers, the possibility of broken or damaged teeth is reduced and shifting
effort is lowered. A transmission using synchronizers is called a synchromesh
transmission.
synchronous motor:
An alternating-current motor that runs at a speed that is equal to or is a multiple of
the frequency of the supply (e.g., the drive motor of electric powered vehicles)
synergetic effect:
A protective effect occurring as a result of the combination of a metallic and an
additional organic coating
synergistic effect:
A protective effect occurring as a result of the combination of a metallic and an
additional organic coating
synthesizer:
A device which generates quartz-controlled frequency steps in a PLL circuit. Also
see speech synthesizer
synthetic engine oil:

A non-petroleum based oil; more expensive than mineral oil but more resistant to
breakdown at high temperatures and less viscous at low temperatures
synthetic oil:
A non-petroleum based oil.
synthetic rubber:
A man-made elastomer. The raw materials are generally derived from oil by-
products. Produced by the polymerization or copolymerization of petroleum-derived
olefins or other unsaturated compounds. Also see natural rubber.
system:
An orderly, interconnected, complex arrangement of parts.
See
accumulator system
air filtration system
air injection reaction system
air system
alarm system
anti-dive system
anti-noise system
anti-squat system
anti-theft system
bleeding a system
brake system
braking system
bumper system
C-4 system
charging system
clear system
closed loop system
closing system
controlled combustion system
coolant recovery system
cooling system
electrical system
engine-control system
exhaust system
fuel system
ignition system
induction system
linear wiper system
lubrication system
oil-splash system
open loop system
PCV system
performance handling system
pulse air system
starting system
steering system
supplemental restraint inflatable air-bag system
suspension system
triangle-split system
vapor recovery system
voice alert system
system pressure regulator:

A pressure relief valve located on the fuel distributor. In a continuous injection
system, it holds system fuel pressure constant. See K-jetronic
system scanner:
See message center
system thermo-switch:
system with electronic:

system with electronic spark:

system with electronic spark timing:


[N][O][P][Q][R][S][T][U][V][W][X][Y][Z]
[Ta][Tb][Te][Tf][Th][Ti] [To] [Tr][Tu][Tv][Tw] [Ty]
T:
A letter rating for tires to indicate that they are theoretically rated for speeds up to
190 kph (118 mph), as in P220TR15.The next higher rating is H and the one lower
rating is S
tab:
[1] A small projecting part as on a tab washer, or on a gasket where it engages with
another seal.
[2] Not a continuous flange as provided at the top mounting of a fender, but a short
flange section to provide localized fitting of one panel to another
TAB:
Acronym for thermactor Air bypass solenoid
table:
See
load and inflation table
tray table
tab washer:
A washer with a projection that may be hammered against a flat side of a nut, or
into a hole in the surface, or over an edge, in order to secure the nut to the surface
on which it bears
TAC:
Acronym for thermostatic air cleaner
tach:
Abbreviation for tachometer.
tacho:
Colloquial term for tachograph
tachograph:
Instrument to record, on a graph, vehicle trip information such as mph, rpm, "stop"
and "go" periods. It is used on transport trucks.
tachometer:
(tach) A device used to indicate the speed of the engine in rpm. The tachometer is
mounted on or near the dashboard (some even appear on the hood and others in a
heads-up display on the windshield). It helps the driver to know the optimum rpm
for changing gears on manual transmissions. A tachometer is also a diagnostic
device which a mechanic uses to determine idle speed and other carburetor and
running settings. Also called a "rev counter"
tack:
A term used to describe the sticky quality of a rubber compound.
See
rear tack strip
surface tack
tack cloth:
A special cloth used to wipe sanded panels prior to spraying in order to remove
even minute dust particles and other foreign substances from the panel surface
tack coat:
The first coat of enamel that is allowed to dry until "tacky" usually about 10-30
minutes, depending on the amount of thinner used. The surface is "tacky" when it
will not stick to the finger when light pressure is applied.
tack hammer:
A special hammer with a magnetic head for inserting small nails or tacks
tacking:
Attaching a panel provisionally by placing a few spots of weld along its outline;
final spot or seam welding is carried out only afterwards
tack rag:
A cloth impregnated with a non-drying varnish that is used to pick up dust and dirt
particles.
tack strip:
See rear tack strip
tack weld:
Small weld used to temporarily hold together components of an assembly.
tack welding:
Attaching a panel provisionally by placing a few spots of weld along its outline;
final spot or seam welding is carried out only afterwards
TAC system:
A contact breaker ignition system developed by Lucas, controlled by two
transistors, one serving as a power output transistor
TAD:
Acronym for thermactor air diverter solenoid
tail:
The rear of a vehicle.
See
kamm tail
whale tail
tailboard:
A board at the rear of a pick-up that can be removed or let down on a hinge.
Compare tailgate
tail fin:
A vertical fin on the back of the rear fenders. Copied from a lockheed P38 fighter
plane, Cadillac introduced tail fins on a coupe in 1948; they were a fashion until the
1960s
tailgate:
[1] On a truck it is the fold down access door to the truck bed. On some station
wagon and SUVs, it is the rear opening which usually requires the window to be
lowered before the tailgate folds out. It differs from a liftgate in that the back
opening is raised to allow entry.
[2] As a verb, to follow closely behind another vehicle.
tailgating:
Driving so close to the vehicle in front as to be affected by its slipstream; a very
dangerous practice as available reaction time is reduced to a minimum. The correct
distance is 2 or 3 seconds behind the vehicle in front.
tail heavy:
The description of the towing vehicle if the vehicle being towed is too heavy
tail lamp:
The red rear light that illuminates as soon as the lights are switched on, to show
your vehicle to those behind you
tail lift:
See brake dive
tail light:
The red rear light that illuminates as soon as the lights are switched on, to show
your vehicle to those behind you
tail light box:

A deep-drawn panel spot-welded into the tail light aperture to accept the complete
tail light cluster. The tail light box provides better corrosion protection for the
electrical connections of the tail light than would be possible by installing the tail
light with a rubber seal into the open light aperture
tail light panel:

See rear panel
tail light surround:

See rear light surround
tail pipe:
The exhaust pipe which runs from the muffler to the rear of the vehicle. and is open
to the atmosphere, through which the exhaust gases are routed into the atmosphere.
tailpipe expander:
A special automotive tool used for reshaping and expanding tailpipes evenly, to
assure a tight fit and prevent exhaust leaks
tailshaft:
A ship's propeller shaft. See gearbox output shaft
take:
See power take off
take foot off the accelerator:

The action of easing up on the accelerator completely so that there is only a minimal
amount of fuel entering the engine thus the engine will slow down
take foot off the gas pedal:

The action of easing up on the gas pedal completely so that there is only a minimal
amount of fuel entering the engine thus the engine will slow down
take foot off the throttle pedal:

The action of easing up on the throttle pedal completely so that there is only a
minimal amount of fuel entering the engine thus the engine will slow down
take off:
See power take off
take up:
To begin to transmit the drive when the clutch is engaged
take-up:
The act of taking up.
See
lifting platform take-up point
quick take-up valve
take-up point:
See lifting platform take-up point
take-up valve:
See quick take-up valve
Talbot Lago:
A vehicle brand of which all 150C models are classic cars.
Talbot:
A vehicle brand of which all 105C and 110C models are classic cars. The 1946-54
Lago 4.5 models are milestone cars.
talc:
Powder lubricant to prevent sticking between tube and tire. A soft mineral; a basic
magnesium silicate usually occurring in foliated, granular, or fibrous masses, used
in the manufacture of electrical insulators
talking warning system:

Using the car radio speakers, this microprocessor-based system tells the driver the
source of the problem in a clear, pleasant (female) voice. If the radio is on at the
time of the alert, the computer automatically turns down the volume so the warning
can be heard
tampering:
See glass tampering detector
tampering detector:
See glass tampering detector
tamperproof carburetor:
A carburetor with factory-adjusted idle speed, sealed idle speed adjustment screw,
and provisions to ensure that exhaust emission levels remain within specified limits
over an extended period of time
tandem:
[1] A bicycle that provides seats, bars, and pedals for two or more riders, one behind
the other.
[2] A tractor-trailer truck.
tandem axle:
See tandem axles.
tandem axles:
A combination of two axles having a common suspension.
tandem drive:
Two powered axles in combination.
tandem master cylinder:

A master cylinder with two pistons; when the brake pedal is pressed, the pushrod
activates the primary piston which in turn moves the secondary piston; necessary for
dual-circuit braking systems
tang:
A device mounted on a rotating shaft or component that engages in a recess of a
component to be driven
tangential-flow scavenging:
See loop scavenging
tank:
A container into which any liquid or gas can be held. Also it may even be empty
such as a vacuum tank.
See
acetylene tank
air tank
anodizing tank
ballast tank
bottom tank
cylinder
deep tank
electropaint tank
expansion tank
fuel tank
fuel tank sender
gas tank
header tank
radiator tank
saddle tank
slop tank, and vacuum tank
tank bag:
A bag that sits on the gas tank of the motorcycle, secured by a magnet or by straps.
Tank bags are good for holding lightweight items such as gloves, maps, and wallets
tank-barge:
A river barge for the carrying of liquid bulk cargo
tank bib:
A leather or vinyl covering over the gas tank of a motorcycle to protect the finish
from scratches
tank chap:
A leather or vinyl covering over the sides of a gas tank of a motorcycle to protect
the finish from scratches
tanker:
[1] A truck designed to carry liquid in bulk.
[2] A ship designed for transporting liquid cargo, usually petroleum products.
See
oil tanker
petrol tanker
tanker truck:
A truck designed to carry liquid in bulk. British term is petrol tanker
tank sender:
See fuel tank sender
tanktop :
A covering usually of wood, placed over the tank top for its protection
tap:
[1] To cut threads in a hole or tube.
[2] The fluted tool used to cut the threads. Also see drain tap
tap and die set:

A set of taps and dies for internal and external threading, usually covers a range of
the most popular sizes.
tape:
See
adhesive tape
bonnet tape
hood tape
insulating tape
masking tape
pvc tape
rim tape
taper:
A gradual narrowing in size of a long round object toward one end.
See
advanced rim taper
base rim taper
bead seat taper
center rim taper
flat base rim taper
rim bead seat taper
rim taper
worm and taper pin
taper-breaking tool:
taper cutter:
A tool used to ream, deburr, align, and enlarge holes, e.g., on car bodies. Also called
tapered reamer
tapered compression ring:

The upper compression ring which, due to its tapered cross-section, requires a
reduced running-in period thus ensuring a tight seal quickly
tapered leaf spring:
See parabolic spring
tapered punch:
See drift punch
tapered roller bearing:

An antifriction bearing using a series of tapered, cone-shaped hardened steel rollers
operating between an outer and inner hardened steel race. It can accept axial thrust
as well as providing shaft location
taper leaf spring:

See parabolic spring
taper pin:
See worm and taper pin
taper seat:
[1] A conical seat that provides positive centering of a wheel bolt head in the wheel.
The opposite of radius seat.
[2] A seal without a gasket achieved by mating the conical surface of the spark plug
shell and the cylinder head
tape weight:
See adhesive weight.
tap holder:
A tool used to hold and drive taps, reamers, and screw extractors with two long
handles to provide high leverage for turning operation
tappet:
[1] The screw used to adjust the clearance between the valve stem and the lifter or
the rocker arm.
[2] The valve lifter itself.
See
barrel tappet
bucket tappet
cam follower
flat tappet
hydraulic tappet
mushroom tappet
roller tappet
simple tappet
valve tappet
tappet adjusting screw:

See valve adjusting screw
tappet gasket:
See rocker cover gasket
tappet noise:
Noise caused by the lash or clearance between the valve stem and rocker arm or
between the valve stem and valve lifter.
tappet wrench:
A wrench designed for adjusting valve clearances on OHV-engines with bucket
tappet assembly that use an adjusting screw instead of valve shims for adjustment
tapping:
See hinge tapping plate
tapping plate:
See hinge tapping plate
tap ratchet:
A tool with ratchet mechanism used to hold and operate bits such as taps, drills,
reamers, or screw extractors
tap spanner:
See tap holder
tap wrench:
See tap holder
tar:
A black, sticky substance made from petroleum. It is useful for patching cracks in
the road. However, when driving over it, the wheels kick up particles of it on a
vehicle's painted surface. See bug and tar remover.
tare weight:
The weight of a truck, exclusive of its contents, but including gas, oil, etc., ready to
roil. Also called "curb weight."
targa:
A removable-roof body style popularized by Porsche that is similar to a convertible
except that it incorporates a fixed, roll-bar-like structure running from side to side
behind the front seats.
targa bar:
A type of roll bar made of a relatively wide band of sheet steel rather than of tubing;
made popular by the Porsche 911 Targa
targa top:
A rigid, removable roof section between the windshield and targa bar
tariff:
A duty or tax imposed on imports.
See
Generalized Preferential Tariff
agreement on Tariffs
general Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Tariffs and Trade:

See
agreement on Tariffs and Trade
tarnish:
To discolor due to the formation of a thin film of oxide, sulphide, or some other
corrosion product
tar remover:
See bug and tar remover.
Tatra:
classic cars.
Taurus:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Taurus
tax:
See
car tax
displacement taxes
road tax
vehicle tax
tax disc:
A road fund licence disc displayed on the windshield to show that a British road tax
has been paid
taxi:
A car in which passengers are carried for hire which is usually recorded by a meter
taxicab:
A car in which passengers are carried for hire which is usually recorded by a meter
taxi rank:
A British term for a taxi stand
taxi stand:
A place where taxis wait to be hired
tb:
Abbreviation for towbar
T-bar:
A rod which is inserted into the holes of a box spanner. The British term is tommy
bar. Also see sliding T-bar
T bar roof:
A roof with a T-shaped bar connecting the windshield and the rear section of the
roof
TBI:
Acronym for throttle body injection
t Bone:
[1] Model-T Ford car.
[2] To hit another vehicle against its side.
t-Bone:
Model-T Ford car.
t-boned:
Hitting another vehicle on its side.
TC:
Acronym for torque converter and twin carburetors
TCI:
Acronym for transistorized coil ignition
TCI-H:
Acronym for transistorized coil ignition with hall sensor
TCM:
Acronym for transmission control module
t-connector:
Any connector in the shape of the letter "T" -- often referring to a hollow unit. For
example, the line coming from the windshield washer pump is connected to the
bottom part of a "T" and the crossbar at the top sends the fluid to the two nozzles
(one on each side of the windshield). It differs from a Y-connector in that the
crossbar is straight across while the Y-connector has a V-shape crossbar.
TCS:
Acronym for transmission controlled spark
TC spark plug:
Acronym for thermocouple spark plug
T-cut:
A proprietary rubbing compound used to give a finish to dull paintwork
TDC:
Acronym for "top dead center."
TDI:
Acronym for turbo diesel engine with direct injection
TD rim:
A wheel rim which incorporates two grooves running around the circumference of
the bead seats; the tires have special extended bead toes which fit into these grooves
TD wheel:
A safety wheel incorporating a td rim with run-flat properties, which in case of a
puncture allow further driving of up to 20 miles at a maximum speed of 40 mph. In
the event of deflation, the reinforced bead toes are held firmly in place by the
grooves, thereby preventing the tire from sliding into the rim well. The width and
diameter of both tire and rim are given in millimeters, to prevent the fitting of a
normal tire to a TD rim or conversely of a TD tire to a conventional wheel. Rim
marking 150 TD 365 stands for a rim measuring 150 mm in width and 365 mm in
diameter and having a TD contour
tear:
See wear and tear
tear it down:
See pull it down.
tear seam:
See inflation control seam
TEC:
Acronym for thermactor exhaust control system
technique:
See
ionic-current measuring technique
lost-core technique
technology:
See
hybrid technology
low zinc technology
multiplex technology
normal zinc technology
teeth:
See helical teeth
teflon:
A plastic with excellent self-lubricating (slippery) bearing properties. Also see
polytetrafluoroethylene
TEL:
Acronym for tetraethyl lead
tele:
Abbreviation for "telescoping steering wheel."
telephone:
See cellular telephone
telescopic forks:
Front motorcycle suspension system with two fork legs, each with sliding and fixed
tubular members that telescope together to allow suspension movement
telescopic shock absorber:

A tubular spring damper operated by rod and piston; the most common type of
shock absorber
telescopic steering column:

A steering column that collapses in on itself on impact
telescoping steering wheel:

(tele) A steering column which can be shortened or lengthened to provide the most
comfortable driving position.
tempa spare:
A spare wheel type with considerably reduced overall dimensions (rim width: 3.5-
4.0 in), designed to operate at a higher inflation pressure than the standard tire and
wheel unit
tempa spare wheel:

A spare wheel type with considerably reduced overall dimensions (rim width: 3.5-
4.0 in), designed to operate at a higher inflation pressure than the standard tire and
wheel unit
temper:
[1] To effect a change in the physical structure of a piece of steel through the use of
heat and cold.
[2] A thermal treatment of finished products (metals, alloys, plastics) to remove
internal stresses
temperature:
See
air charge temperature
ambient temperature
baking temperature
charge temperature
ignition temperature
light-off temperature
low temperature phosphating
low temperature activity
low temperature fouling
oil temperature gauge
outdoor temperature gauge
reference temperature
room temperature vulcanizing sealer
test current for low temperatures
vicat softening temperature
temperature activity:
See low temperature activity
temperature compensator:
In some SU carburetors, a wax-type‘bermostat contained in a housing at the base of
the jet head; with increasing temperature, the wax expands and pushes the jet
upwards, thereby reducing the effective area of the jet and restoring the correct fuel
flow. As underhood temperature increases, fuel viscosity is reduced, resulting in
increased fuel flow through the carburetor jet and an air/fuel mixture which is too
rich; as this causes excessive emissions, particularly during idling, some SU
carburetors feature a capstat temperature compensated jet
temperature control:
See automatic temperature control.
temperature control element:

A temperature-controlled valve spring bias regulator in an oil filter bypass valve
which controls the bypass valve as a function of oil temperature
temperature gage:
See temperature gauge.
temperature fouling:
See low temperature fouling
temperature gauge:
An instrument for measure the temperature of the coolant in engine block.
See
oil temperature gauge
outdoor temperature gauge
outside temperature gauge
water temperature gauge
temperature-measuring spark plug:

See thermocouple spark plug
temperature of deflection under load:

The ability of a test specimen to preserve its shape up to a given temperature under
a given dead load; characterized by the temperature at which the specimen
supported at both ends and heated continually and uniformly in a liquid heat-
transfer medium is deformed by a given amount when the load is applied midway
between the supports
temperature phosphating:
See low temperature phosphating
temperature sensor:
See
coolant temperature sensor
temperature switch:
See ambient temperature switch
temperature vacuum switch:

(TVS) controls vacuum to the EGR valve and/or canister purge valve based on
coolant or intake air temperature. Canister purge and EGR do not typically operate
when the engine is cold
temperature valve:
See thermovalve
temperature vulcanizing:
See room temperature vulcanizing sealer
temperature vulcanizing sealer:

tempered glass:
temper rolling:
Rolling for the purpose of removing spangles on hot-dip galvanized steel sheet
template:
A pre-cut pattern, usually metal, used to determine the contour of a buffed tire.
See
buffing template
shape template
Tempo:
A model of automobile manufactured by Ford Click for books on Ford Tempo
temporary spare wheel:

See space-saving spare wheel
ten:
See
procon-ten
v-ten
tender:
A tender ship is one which have a long period of roll but may list excessively in a
strong wind and may be dangerous if a hold is flooded following a collision
tensile force:
The stretching force that acts on the windshield header to keep the convertible top
tight
tensile strength:
[1] Regarding a tire, it is a measurement of the greatest longitudinal stress a tire
cord can bear without breaking.
[2] Maximum pull stress in psi a specimen is capable of developing.
tension:
[1] A pulling or stretching stress applied to an object.
[2] Voltage.
See
high-tension
high tension lead
low tension lead
low tension
tensioner:
A device designed to maintain the tension of a belt or chain.
See
belt tensioner
chain tensioner
seat belt tensioner
timing belt tensioner
tensioning spring:
A spring designed to maintain tension in a drum brake
tension lead:
See
high tension lead
low tension lead
Tercel:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota Tercel
term:
See lease term
terminal:
[1] A connecting point in an electric circuit.
[2] When referring to the battery, it would indicate the two battery posts.
See
battery terminal
center terminal
field terminal
Ford-type terminal
negative terminal
outer terminal
positive terminal
primary terminal
terminal block:
A plastic or resin assembly containing two rows of terminals screws. Used to join
the circuits in several wiring harnesses
terminal post:
See battery post
terminal reamer:
A tapered reamer-type tool used to remove corrosion from the inside of battery
cable clamps
terminal tower:
The terminals at the top of the distributor cap into which the spark plug wires fit.
Also called "distributor tower"
terminal voltage:
The sum of the individual battery cell voltages
termination:
See early termination
term interest rate:

See buy at end-of term interest rate
terrain:
See all terrain
terrain bike:
See all terrain bike
terrain tire:
See all terrain tire
terrain vehicle:
See all terrain vehicle
test:
See
acceptance test
bench test
bend test
board test
brake test
breathalyzer test
breath test
car test
charpy test
crash test
ece test cycle
endurance test
engine sequence test
fatigue test
federal Test Procedure
free bend test
ftp test cycle
guided send test
helium leak test
hydrostatic test
impact resistance test
izod test
load test
mot test
needle-flame test
oblique crash test
pendulum impact test
road test
roll test
stall test
Testarosa:
A model of automobile manufactured by Click for books on Ferrari
Ferrari Testarosa
test bar:
A test specimen with the shape of a bar as used in the impact resistance test
test-bed:
An area equipped with instruments, used for testing machinery, engines, etc., under
working conditions
test current for low temperatures:

The specification for assessing battery starting behavior at low temperatures and
under given conditions; indicated in amps on the battery case
test cycle:
See ece test cycle
ftp test cycle
urban test cycle
test drive:
A trial drive of a car after it has been repaired, or of a new car to decide if one likes
it enough to buy it
test-drive:
to take a car for a test drive before purchasing it
test dummy:
See crash test dummy
test equipment:
See automatic test equipment
tester:
See
battery tester
circuit tester
compression tester
cylinder head tester
engine performance tester
leak down tester
spark gap coil tester
spark plug tester
voltage tester
test head:
The head or height of a column of water which will give a prescribed pressure on
the vertical or horizontal sides of a compartment or tank in order to test its tightness,
or strength
testing:
See
diagnostic testing
field testing
non-destructive testing
product testing
salt fog testing
test lamp:
An automotive tool used to test powered circuits on 6-24 volt systems such as
headlights, horns, signal, or tail lights. It consists of a handle with a bulb and sharp
probe and a lead with a crocodile clip, The sharp probe is used to pierce the
insulation on the wire leading to the defective part; if the bulb glows, the circuit is
complete. Simpler designs do not feature a probe, but come in a standard
screwdriver shape
test light:
An automotive tool used to test powered circuits on 6-24 volt systems such as
headlights, horns, signal, or tail lights. It consists of a handle with a bulb and sharp
probe and a lead with a crocodile clip, The sharp probe is used to pierce the
insulation on the wire leading to the defective part; if the bulb glows, the circuit is
complete. Simpler designs do not feature a probe, but come in a standard
screwdriver shape
test method:
See vicat test method
test pilot:
A person who responds to advertisements, takes the vehicle for a ride, but really has
no intention of purchasing the vehicle. He is related to a "tire kicker." The
difference is that a tire kicker wastes the seller's time examining the vehicle while a
test pilot wants to experience the ride.
test port:
The Schrader valve fitting located on the fuel rail of a port injection system used for
relieving fuel pressure and for hooking up a fuel pressure gauge
Test Procedure:
See federal Test Procedure
tether kill switch:

A safety device used on snowmobiles and personal watercraft. One end is attached
to the operator's wrist and the other end is plugged into a special switch. When the
operator falls off his vehicle, the tether pulls out of the switch causing the engine to
die.
tetrachloride:
See carbon tetrachloride.
tetraethyl lead:
(TEL) a lead compound used as an additive to increase the octane rating and reduce
the knock or detonation tendencies of gasoline. Also see lead free.
tetramethyl lead:
(TML) An anti-knock fuel additive
T.E.U.:
Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit for containers. See containers
TFI:
Acronym for thick film integrated
t Ford:
Model-T Ford car.
t-Ford:
Model-T Ford car.
TFT:
Acronym for "Thin Film Technology."
t/glass:
See tinted glass
T-handle shifter:
A shift lever (usually found on automatic transmissions) mounted on the console
and shaped like the letter "T"
t-handle socket:
A tool in which a socket has been welded to a long rod (about 8 to 10 inches). At
the other end of the rod, a crossbar has been welded. Thus it is formed in the shape
of the letter "T". In some instances it speeds up the removal and installation of bolts.
THC:
Acronym for total hydrocarbons
T head:
See
T-head engine
engine type.
T-head:
[1] A type of cylinder head in a side valve engine where the valves are either
adjacent and parallel or installed on opposite sides of the piston in a configuration
resembling a "T".
[2] A type of screw or bolt head shaped like a "T".
See
T-head engine
engine type
and crossflow head
T head engine:
See T-head engine.
T-head engine:
An engine in which the arrangement of the valves on either side of the combustion
chamber creates a "T" configuration. Usually the intake valves are on one side and
the exhaust on the other. The modern crossflow cylinder heads are variations on this
old concept. But the original design is not in current use.
theft:
See car theft
theft protection:
See anti-theft security system
theft system:
See anti-theft system
Thermac:
GM's thermostatically controlled air cleaner system
thermactor:
An air injector type of exhaust emission control system used on Ford vehicles. See
thermal reactor
thermactor II:
Also called Ford's Pulse air system
thermactor air bypass solenoid:

(TAB) an electrical solenoid that switch engine manifold vacuum to bypass the
atmosphere
thermactor air control valve:

Combines a bypass (dump) valve with a diverter (up/down stream) valve; controls
the flow of the thermactor air in respond to vacuum signals to its diaphragms
thermactor air control solenoid vacuum valve assembly:

Used on thermactor air control systems; consists of two normally open solenoid
valves with vents
thermactor air diverter solenoid:
(TAD) and electrical solenoid that switches engine manifold vacuum; when
energized, switches Thermactor air from downstream (past the oxygen sensor) to
upstream (before the oxygen sensor)
thermactor exhaust control system:

(TEC) an air injector type of exhaust emission control system used by Ford
thermal:
See
British Thermal Unit
thermal efficiency
and thermal reactor
thermal conduction:
Heat transfer within a substance or to another substance by direct contact
thermal convection:
Heat transfer by the combined mechanisms of fluid mixing and thermal conduction
thermal deterioration:
Loss of strength of carcass cords due to heat generated in a tire.
thermal efficiency:
The percentage of the heat developed in the burning fuel charge that is actually used
to develop power determines thermal efficiency. When fuel is combusted in an
engine not all the fuel is converted into power. Some is lost in overcoming friction
and some escapes down the tail pipe in the hot exhaust gases so this percentage is
always less than 100%. Efficiency will vary according to engine design, use, etc. If
an engine uses a great deal of the heat to produce power, its thermal efficiency
would be high. Also see adiabatic engine.
thermal equilibrium:
The point at which the rate of cooling becomes equal to the rate of heat generation
in a tire. Also called "heat balance."
thermal head:
The initial temperature of exhaust gas upstream of a catalytic converter
thermal ignition control:

(TIC) device used by Chrysler that shifts the vacuum advance vacuum source from
ported vacuum to manifold vacuum when coolant temperature exceeds 225° F
thermal inertia:
The reciprocal of thermal response
thermal limiter:
Fuse-like device that protects the low refrigerant protection system circuit on GM
vehicles. Stops compressor operation when low pressure is sensed
thermal radiation:
Heat transfer from one substance to another by means of electromagnetic waves
thermal reactor:
(TR)
[1] A high-volume thermally isolated chamber replacing the exhaust manifold and
providing a place for high-temperature afterburning of exhaust pollutants. Found on
all Mazda rotary engines and some piston engines (BMW for example) as well.
[2] A device installed in the exhaust manifold of some air injection systems to
promote HC and CO oxidation by providing long exhaust gas residence times in a
localized area.
[3] an emission control device that accepts raw exhaust gases from the engine and
subjects them to extremely hi temperature to oxidize noxious emissions. Uses a
specially designed exhaust manifold that uses heat and air to burn the unburned
hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases to reduce pollution
thermal relay:
A relay actuated by the heating effect of the current flowing through it
thermal response:
The rate of temperature rise in a reactor if no heat is withdrawn by cooling. Its
reciprocal is thermal inertia
thermal switch:
A bimetal switch that controls glow plug operation
thermal time valve:

A valve which senses temperature, typically the temperature under the hood, and
gives full vacuum advance when the temperature is below 10° above this
temperature, the thermal time valve allows the distributor vacuum to be controlled
by the thermal vacuum switch; includes a delay of typically 20 seconds to allow full
spark advance for better hot starting
thermal unit:
See british thermal unit
thermal vacuum switch:

(TVS)
[1] measures either air/fuel temperature, underhood temperature, or coolant
temperature, or a combination of any two to regulate the EGR valve accordingly.
[2] A temperature sensitive switch that shifts the source of the advance from ported
to manifold vacuum when coolant temperature reaches approx 225 deg F
thermal vacuum valve:

(TVV) A valve with the same function as a thermal vacuum switch. TVS units,
which serve to interrupt exhaust gas recirculation when the temperature is too low,
are located in the vacuum line between the ECR valve and inlet manifold or
carburetor
thermal vent valve:

(TVV) a temp-sensitive valve assembly located in the canister vent line. The TVV
closes when the engine is cold and opens when it is hot to prevent fuel tank vapors
from being vented through the carburetor fuel bowl when the fuel tank heats up
before the engine compartment
thermistor:
Resistor that changes its resistance inversely with temperature
thermocouple:
An electrical temperature sensor. As opposed to a resistance thermometer, the
thermocouple operates without an external voltage; it consists basically of two
conductors of dissimilar metals, typically copper/constantan, iron/ constantan,
nickel-chromium/nickel, which are connected at their ends; one joint, the hot
junction, is exposed to the temperature to be measured, the other joint, the cold or
reference junction, is held at a fixed, known temperature; a thermoelectrical voltage
is developed between the two junctions which is proportional to the temperature
difference between the junctions
thermocouple spark plug:

A spark plug with a thermocouple in the center electrode, used to measure the
temperatures in the individual cylinders as a function of engine speed and load in
order to select the correct heat range
thermoforming:
The shaping of a polymer sheet while heating
thermometer:
See resistance thermometer
thermoplastic:
A plastic material with long chain-like molecules that can repeatedly be softened by
heating and hardened by cooling; most plastic parts used on vehicles are made of
thermoplastics
thermoplastic elastomers:
Materials which are rubbery at room temperature but which on heating melt to
viscous liquids that can be molded and otherwise processed; the change is
reversible; on cooling, the melted material reverts to a solid material having rubbery
properties
thermosetting:
A polymer which sets at the same time as it is being molded
thermostat:
A temperature sensitive device used in the cooling system of an engine to control
the flow of coolant between the cylinder block radiator. It is set into the engine
block and shuts off the circulation of water until the temperature of the water
reaches the point at which the thermostat is set to open. Because automotive internal
combustion engines operate more efficiently when their temperature is maintained
within narrow limits, the thermostat closes off the flow of coolant from the engine
to the radiator until the engine has reached the desired operating temperature. Other
thermostats are used in the electrical circuit of the vehicle heating system to control
the amount of heat supplied to the passengers, in the manifold heat control system
that preheats the air-fuel mixture going to the cylinders
and in the automatic choke.
See
aneroid-type thermostat
wax-type thermostat
thermostatic air cleaner:

(TAC) An air cleaner which also controls the temperature of the air entering the
engine. A temperature control is necessary to optimize the air/fuel ratio with regard
to minimum exhaust emissions; typically, the TAC regulates air intake temperature
at about 27-46°C by means of a control damper that mixes pre-heated air from an
inlet at the exhaust manifold with air from a cold air inlet; designs for actuating the
damper range from simple thermostatic action to vacuum-motor and stepper-motor
control
thermostatic coil choke:

A sensing device mounted on the carburetor that automatically controls the choke
butterfly valve by sensing the heat of the exhaust manifold. Also see choke.
thermostatic expansion valve:

Metering device that removes pressure from liquid refrigerant, permitting it to
expand and vaporize in evaporator
thermostatic interruptor:
A bimetallic circuit breaker in a lighting circuits which switches to an alternative
circuit in the event of a fault or short circuit
thermostatic spring choke:

A sensing device that automatically controls the choke butterfly valve by sensing
the heat of the exhaust manifold. Also see choke.
thermostatic vacuum switch:

A temperature sensitive switch which allows spark advance when engine idles for
long periods
thermo-switch:
thermo-syphon:
A method of cooling an engine using difference in specific gravity and cold water.
No pump is used, but the coolant passages are larger than in a pump-type system
thermosyphon cooling:
A natural cooling, using the fact that two columns of liquid at different temperatures
possess natural circulation because the hotter column weighs less on account of its
lower density; thus the hot engine must be located at a lower level than the cool
radiator
thermo-time switch:
A switch in a continuous injection system that interrupts current from the starter
solenoid to the coldstart valve solenoid when the engine is hot or after the starter
has been operated for more than a few seconds, in order to prevent flooding
thermovalve:
A valve which opens and closes as a function of temperature
thermowell:
[1] A space which accommodates a temperature sensor.
[2] The temperature sensing point or sensor rather than to the well itself
thick film integrated:

(TFI) Ford electronic ignition system
thickness:
See layer thickness
thief:
See car thief
thin:
To add thinners to paint in order to adjust the viscosity
thin needle-nose pliers:

A needle-nose pliers with an extra long reach jaws without a wire cutter
thinner:
The solvent used to thin lacquers and acrylic products to the proper consistency for
application and differs from a reducer which are used for synthetic enamel products.
Thinners and reducers are not normally interchangeable, i.e., the corresponding type
of thinner/reducer must be used for each type of paint; however, some general-
purpose thinners are available. Also see general purpose lacquer thinner
thinning out:
The tendency of liquid paint to form much thicker coatings near the edge of a steel
sheet, thereby causing the paint film thickness on the side opposite this edge to
decrease
thin-wall casting:
A weight-saving measure on oil filter housings
third:
An intermediate gear used for increasing speed, climbing hills and sometimes for
passing; but on a three speed transmission, it is the top gear.
third brush:
A generator in which a third, movable brush is used to control current output.
third gear:
An intermediate gear used for increasing speed, climbing hills and sometimes for
passing; but on a three speed transmission, it is the top gear.
third hand:
A tool used on bicycles to squeeze the brakes together against the rim so that
adjustments can be made to the cable.
third motion shaft:

See gearbox output shaft
third port induction:

A design feature of a two-stroke engine that relies on the piston position to control
induction of the fresh charge. A feature of this design is the use of the third port,
i.e., the transfer port, to complement the intake and exhaust ports, e.g., as opposed
to two-stroke diesels that have valve-controlled intakes and do not need transfer
ports
third scavenging port:
An additional transfer port located opposite the exhaust port of a two-stroke engine
cylinder and connecting through the piston skirt to the region above the gudgeon pin
and below the piston crown
thixotropic:
Having the property of certain resins and paints that prevents them from running off
vertical surfaces
Thompson rotovalve:
A type of valve which rotates as it opens and closes.
thou:
An abbreviation for "thousandth" or one divided by a thousand; a small
measurement representing 1/1000th of an inch as in Ten thou (0.01) is equal to 0.25
mm."
thrash:
A colloquial term for pushing an engine to its limits
thread:
[1] The spiral grooves on a screw, bolt, or nut.
See
left-hand thread
right-hand thread
.
[2] helical groove in a cylindrical hole, nut, etc., formed a tap or lathe tool (female
or internal thread).
See
B thread
buttressed thread
class A thread
class B thread
coarse thread
cut thread
depth of thread
external thread
female thread
incomplete thread
internal thread
left-hand thread
left hand thread
male thread
mating thread
metric thread
national coarse thread
national fine thread
nominal thread diameter
nut thread
right-hand thread
right hand thread
rolled thread
unc thread
unf thread
V-thread
thread angle:
The angle between the adjacent flanks of a thread
thread crest:
The highest point of a screw thread, opposite the root
thread-cutting screw:
A British term for a self-tapping screw. A self-drilling fastener that drills its own
hole, taps a mating thread, and then fastens, all in a single operation
thread diameter:
The diameter measured from the crest of a thread to the corresponding crest on the
opposite side of the bolt or screw. Also see nominal thread diameter
threaded:
See cross-threaded
threaded insert:
A threaded coil that's used to restore an original thread size hole that has damaged
threads; the hole is drilled oversize and tapped, and the insert is threaded into the
tapped hole
threaded rod:
A shaft (usually fairly long) with threads from one end to the other. It is usually cut
to the length required.
thread file:
A tool for restoring internal or external threads by filing
thread gauge:
See screw pitch gauge
thread height:
The distance from root to thread crest, measured perpendicular to the axis of the
thread
thread insert:
A screw-thread system that allows the use of high-strength cap screws and studs in
light soft metals, such as aluminum and magnesium, through the use of a phosphor
bronze or stainless steel coil which is screwed into a threaded hole; the thread insert
can also be used to repair damaged threads
thread pitch:
See pitch
thread pitch gauge:

See screw pitch gauge
thread root:
The lowest point of a screw thread, where the thread joins the body. It is opposite of
crest
three:
See
big three
cross three
three-chamber system:
A test installation consisting of a salt spray chamber, a cold chamber, and a climatic
chamber
three-door:
A subcompact hatchback with two side doors and one liftgate
three-door hatchback coupe:

three-link suspension:
A variation on the four-link suspension. An upper link is typically removed. This
arrangement was used on lower powered cars to reduce cost.
three-piece alloy wheel:

A type of forged alloy wheel with a wheel spider or wheel disc and a divided rim
consisting of an outer and an inner rim well; the rim is bolted to the spider or the
disc
three-point seat belt:

A combined lap-shoulder belt fastened at three points, usually with an automatic
retractor
three-port engine:
The traditional two-stroke engine design incorporating the intake port connecting
the crankcase to the atmosphere, the transfer port connecting the crankcase to the
combustion chamber, and the exhaust port to evacuate the spent gas from the
combustion chamber. The term is used even if the three-port types are used in pairs
three-quarter cam:
opening and closing, length of time valve is held open, etc. Also called full cam race
cam or semi-race cam depending upon design
three-quarter floating axle:
A rear axle assembly in which the weight of the vehicle is borne by the outer
bearings of the axle shafts, mounted between the hubs and axle housing
three-quarter race camshaft:

A description of the custom camshaft indicating the type of lobe grinding which, in
turn, dictates the type of use. Other grinds are one-quarter race, full-race, street-
grind, etc.
3-spd:
Abbreviation for "three-speed," either manual transmission or automatic
transmission.
three speed:
A transmission which has three forward gears.
three-speed:
three-speed transmission:
three-valve engine:
An engine with two intake valves and one exhaust valve per cylinder. A four-
cylinder three-valve engine is also called a "12-valve engine"
three-way catalyst:
(TWC) A catalyst for the simultaneous conversion of the three exhaust pollutants
HC, CO, and NOx
three way catalytic converter:

See three-way catalytic converter.
three-way catalytic converter:

A pollution control device which reduces all three noxious substances: HC, CO, and
NOx.
3-way catalytic converter:
See single-bed 3-way catalytic converter
three-wheeler:
[1] A light car with three wheels; formerly made popular by some British vehicles
like the Morgan, the BSA, the Coventry Victor, and the Reliant Robin.
[2] A modified motorcycle which has one wheel in the front for steering and two at
the back driven by a Volkswagen engine.
throat:
See
actual throat
carburetor throat
and venturi
throat depth:
An indicator of the reach of welding clamps such as C-clamps
throat of a fillet weld:

Distance from the weld root to the weld face.
throaty:
A rough-sounding exhaust noise which is pleasant to some and irritating to others.
throttle:
The device that controls the vacuum created in the venturi of the carburetor. The
greater the vacuum, the richer the fuel-air mixture. The throttle enables the engine
to run on a richer mixture and produce more power for high-speed driving. It
consists of a throttle arm located on the outside of the carburetor and connected to
the gas pedal (or throttle twist grip on a motorcycle), which in turn activates a
throttle butterfly valve at the base of the carburetor barrel where it joins the intake
manifold.
See
cranking On The Throttle
ease up on the throttle
engaging the throttle
full throttle enrichment
full throttle
wide open throttle
throttle arm:
The lever that actuates the throttle.
throttle body:
A housing containing a valve to regulate the airflow through the intake manifold.
The throttle-body is usually located between the air cleaner and the intake plenum.
throttle body fuel injection:

A form of fuel injection in which the injectors are located at the engine's throttle
body thereby feeding fuel to more than one cylinder. Such an arrangement saves
money by using fewer injectors; but because it routes both fuel and air through the
intake manifold it eliminates some of the tuning possibilities offered by port fuel
injection. Also called single point injection
throttle body injection:

See throttle body fuel injection
throttle butterfly:
A valve in the throat of the carburetor which regulates the amount of the flow of
gasoline. See throttle valve.
throttle enrichment:
See full throttle enrichment
throttle gauge:
A tool with straight calibrated measuring pins for determining throttle and choke
valve gaps
throttle pedal:
The gas pedal which operates the throttle butterfly through a series of linkages.
See
ease up on the throttle pedal
step on the throttle pedal
take foot off the throttle pedal
throttle position sensor:

(TPS) A potentiometric fuel injection switch with two contacts for the two end
positions of the throttle valve, which sends a signal to the electronic control unit
when the throttle valve is closed (idle) or wide open (full load). The sensor wiper
position is proportional to throttle position. The computer uses this information to
control fuel flow
throttle return spring:

A spring which forces the throttle valve closed when pressure is taken off the
accelerator pedal
throttle shaft:
A shaft on which the throttle valve disc pivots in a carburetor barrel or inlet tract
throttle solenoid:
A solenoid which operates mechanically on the throttle lever; when energized, the
solenoid stem extends and opens the throttle to establish the preset idle speed. Since
the early 1970s, most manufacturers have used a throttle solenoid to prevent "run-
on" or dieseling
throttle spindle:
A shaft on which the throttle valve disc pivots in a carburetor barrel or inlet tract
throttle stop solenoid:

A device that maintains engine at speed over curb idle
throttle valve:
[1] A valve in the carburetor. It is used to control the amount of air-fuel mixture that
reaches the cylinders. Usually consists of a flat round disc mounted on a shaft so
that it can be tilted at various angles in the carburetor throttle valve body. It is
connected by suitable linkage to the accelerator pedal.
[2] A modulator valve in an automatic transmission which is actuated either by the
accelerator pedal, by the vacuum in the engine intake manifold, or by the carburetor
throttle; it converts line pressure into an engine-load dependent pressure, which is
directed to various valves
throttle valve switch:
See throttle position sensor
throttling:
Reducing the power output of an engine by closing the throttle, thus restricting
airflow through the carburetor or intake tract.
See
poa suction throttling valve
sonic throttling
throttling valve:
See
suction throttling valve
through:
See flow through ventilation
through bolt:
[1] Any bolt which is inserted through the parts of an assembly and secured on the
other side by a nut.
[2] One of the two long bolts that holds the starter or alternator assembly together
through ventilation:
See flow through ventilation
throw:
[1] The offset portion of the crankshaft designed to accept the connecting rod. Also
see crankpin.
[2] The distance from the center of the crankshaft main bearing to the center of the
connecting rod journal. The piston stroke is twice the throw distance. Also see crank
throw
throwing:
Elongating certain sections of a panel by hammering. Opposite to tucking. When
making a section rounded along the inner and outer edges that is to be folded along
the outer edge, the length of the outer edge must be increased. This is achieved by
regular hammering, which causes the edge of the panel to stretch, reducing its
thickness by spreading the metal
throwing a rod:
The action of breaking a connecting rod. Often the rod will force its way out of the
side of the engine resulting in major damage which is expensive to repair. In most
cases the rod breaks because of the lack of enough oil to cool the rod.
throwout:
See
throwout bearing
clutch throwout fork.
throw-out:
See
throwout bearing
clutch throwout fork.
throw-out bearing:
See throwout bearing.
throwout bearing:
A part of the clutch activated by the clutch pedal that allows the clutch to disengage.
If you allow the vehicle to idle in gear with the clutch pedal depressed, instead of
shifting to neutral gear, you can wear out the throwout bearing. The British term is
"clutch release bearing."
See
free pedal play
clutch throwout bearing
throw-out fork:
See clutch throwout fork.
throwout fork:
See clutch throwout fork.
throwout lever:
See clutch throwout fork
thrust:
To surge powerfully upward or press outward.
See
camber thrust
piston thrust
thrust bearing
thrust washer
thrust bearing:
A bearing with flanges on its two sides that prevents a shaft such as the crankshaft
from moving endwise. In the engine crankshaft assembly these flanges are a close
fit to the two sides of the crankpin. If the crankshaft tends to shift one way or the
other the crankpin sides come up against the flanges preventing excessive endwise
movement.
See
clutch thrust bearing
thrust belt:
See steel thrust belt
thrusters:
See bow thrusters
thrust plate:
See driven plate
thrust washer:
[1] A bronze or a hardened steel washer placed between two moving parts. The
washer prevents longitudinal movement and provides a bearing surface for the
thrust surfaces of the parts.
[2] An axially loaded washer, e.g., of a shaft bearing
thumb nut:
A nut or screw with projections enabling it to be turned by thumb and forefinger; a
wing nut/screw
thumbscrew:
A nut or screw with projections enabling it to be turned by thumb and forefinger; a
wing nut/screw
thumbwheel:
A small wheel for adjusting, which can be turned by using the thumb and forefinger
Thunderbird:
A vehicle brand of which the 1955-57 and 1958-60 Click for books on
models are milestone cars. Thunderbird
thyristor:
A silicon-controlled rectifier which converts alternating current to a unidirectional
current
thyristor ignition:
A capacitor discharge ignition
TI:
Acronym for transistorized ignition
TI-B:
Acronym for breaker-triggered transistorized ignition
TIC:
Acronym for thermal ignition control
ticket:
See parking ticket
tickler:
A carburetor starting aid. When starting at low temperatures, the float may be
pushed below the fuel level in the float chamber by depressing the tickler, so that
more fuel is supplied than is required for normal operation
tick over:
[1] To run at low speed with the throttle control closed and the transmission
disengaged.
[2] To idle
tick-over:
The speed of an engine when it is turning over
tie-down:
A device for securing a load usually made of straps and hooks.
tie-down system:
Equipment which secures someone who uses a wheelchair to the floor of the van or
bus. There are many kinds of devices used including brackets, straps, wheel locks,
and belts.
tie rod:
[1] Any connecting red or bar, usually under tension.
[2] A rod, or rods, connecting the steering arms together. It links the pitman arm and
the idler arm to the steering knuckle arms. When the tie rod is moved, the wheels
pivot.
tie rod arm:

See steering arm.
tie rod end:

See tie rod ends.
tie rod ends:

A type of ball joint which transfers the movements of the steering wheel to the
wheels. Grease fittings or ball joints located on the ends of the steering linkage.
tie rod puller:

A special automotive tool for forcing out joints on tie rod ends by screw action
tie rod separator:

A special automotive tool for forcing out joints on tie rod ends by screw action
tier 1 Supplier:
manufacturer to the vehicle assemblers who are responsible for delivery of the
finished assembly, product development and continued technology renewal.
tier 2 Supplier:
producer of parts providing value-added to minor sub-assembly.
tier 3 Supplier:
supplier of engineered materials and special services, such as rolls of sheet steel,
bars and heat treating, surface treatments.
TIG:
Term used to describe gas tungsten inert arc welding (tungsten inert gas).
tight:
[1] A handling condition in which the car's front end wants to go straight when the
wheel is turned. Also called understeer or push.
[2] A description of a vehicle indicating its ability to easily negotiate curves at high
speed.
See
finger tight
gas-tight
TIG welding:
An inert arc welding method using a tungsten electrode
TI-H:
Acronym for transistorized ignition with hall generator
TI-I:
Acronym for transistorized ignition with inductive pick-up
tile setter hammer:

A hammer used to secure tile
tilt:
Abbreviation for "tilt steering wheel."
tilt column:
A steering column that can be adjusted for height
tilt/slide sunroof:
A sunroof, made of steel or glass, that slides and tilts and is operated either
manually or electrically
tilt steering wheel:

(tilt) A steering wheel which moves up or down or which can be set at a different
angle. In this way, the driver can find the most comfortable position and also allows
easier entry and exit from the vehicle.
time:
See
active braking time
break time
cure time
curing time
elapsed time
flash time
glow time
soaking time
straight time
time delay relay:

A relay which responds to a signal with a certain delay. In some ignition systems, a
time delay relay allows for full vacuum advance 20-30 seconds after start-up, after
which control is again taken up by the TCS; some cars have an additional time
delay relay which delays vacuum advance about 30 seconds after the transmission
has been shifted to high gear
timed fuel injection:

See sequential fuel injection
timed injection:
See sequential fuel injection
timer core:
A magnetic pick-up assembly. See trigger wheel
time valve:
See thermal time valve
timing:
One of the essential factors in a internal combustion engine (Fuel, Air, Proper
proportion of mixture, compression Timing, spark). When the piston is in the
compression stroke both valves must be closed. If one or more is open, the valve
timing is out. Perhaps a timing belt or timing chain has jumped a tooth. If the spark
does not arrive at the correct moment, the engine is out of time. If this ignition
timing is only slightly off, the engine may run with less efficiency.
See
basic ignition timing
basic timing
engine timing
exhaust timing
ignition timing
spark timing
static ignition timing
static timing
stroboscopic ignition timing
valve timing
variable valve timing
timing belt:
A toothed belt driven by the crankshaft and operates the camshaft. It causes the
valves to open and close at the proper time. When an engine is rebuilt, it is
important to line up the crankshaft sprocket camshaft sprocket before applying the
belt. When the belt breaks, often a valve will remain open and be hit by the rising
piston causing the valve to bend and other internal damage.
timing belt pulley:

A spring-loaded jockey pulley or idler pulley designed to take up the slack in the
timing belt
timing belt tensioner:
A spring-loaded jockey pulley or idler pulley designed to take up the slack in the
timing belt
timing chain:
A drive chain driven by the crankshaft and operates the camshaft. It causes the
valves to open and close at the proper time. When an engine is rebuilt, it is
important to line up the crankshaft sprocket camshaft sprocket before applying the
chain. When the chain often a valve will remain open and be hit by the rising piston
causing the valve to bend and other internal damage. In OHC engines, it is called a
camchain chain or cam chain
timing control:
See vacuum timing control
timing diagram:
A diagrammatic representation of the engine timing, i.e., the times during which the
intake and exhaust valves are open and closed
timing gear:
Both the gear attached to the camshaft and the gear on the crankshaft. They provide
a means of driving the camshaft. This system is used where long life and hard
service are expected as in commercial vehicles and race cars. Using gears is
generally a noisier method than using a timing chain or a cog belt to drive the
camshaft.
timing gears:
See timing gear.
timing light:
A stroboscopic unit that is connected to the secondary circuit to produce flashes of
light in unison with the firing of a specific spark plug. By directing these flashes of
light on the whirling timing marks the marks appear to stand still. By adjusting the
distributor the timing marks may be properly aligned, thus setting the timing. Xenon
timing lights have the advantage over neon lights because they are more visible in
daylight.
timing mark:
See timing marks.
timing marks:
[1] Marks or notches, usually located on the vibration damper used to synchronize
the ignition system so that the plugs will fire at the precise time.
[2] One tooth on either the camshaft or crankshaft gear will be marked with an
indentation or some other mark. Another mark will be found on the other gear
between two of the teeth. The two gears must be meshed so that the marked tooth
meshes with the marked spot on the other gear.
timing rotor:
A rotating part of the pick-up assembly, in the form of a drum with ferrite rods
embedded vertically in the outer edge, used instead of a trigger wheel
timing shaft:
See distributor shaft
timing system:
timing valve:
In Bosch CIS, a device that regulates pressure in the lower chamber of the
differential-pressure valve, in response to a signal from the lambda (oxygen) sensor.
Also called Lambda valve (Bosch's term) or a frequency valve
timing window:
window through which it is possible to see the timing marks
Timken bearing:
A type of taper roller bearing
Timken roller bearing:

A type of taper roller bearing
tin immersion treatment:

A formation of a thin tin deposit before electroplating
Tin Lizzie:
An affectionate name for the Model T Ford of which 15,007,033 were built.
tinmen's shears:
See snips
tinner's hammer:
A hammer used to shape tin plates
tinners snips:
See snips
tinning:
Coating a piece of metal with a very thin layer of solder. This is a pretreating
procedure before the application of body lead. To ensure that the body lead
adequately covers and takes to the area to be repaired, a flux and a thin coating of
tin or a special solder paint are applied
tin snips:
See snips
tint:
See
graduated tint
top tints
tinted glass:
A glass that has been specially colored to reduce glare from the sun
tinted windows:
A glass that has been specially colored to reduce glare from the sun
tints:
A colloquial term for glass that has been specially colored to reduce glare from the
sun
tint tone:
A shade produced when a small amount of color is mixed with a large amount of
white; this is required for formulating the ingredients of a certain paint tone
tip:
The end of a spark plug insulator, nearest the electrode.
See
fork tip
insulator tip
tipper:
See anti-tipper
tire:
The rubber part of the wheel which contacts the ground. The construction can be
bias-ply bias-belted or radial. The plies are made of rayon, nylon, and polyester.
Belting can be fiberglass steel, or kevlar. The rest of the tire is hard rubber.
See
A-2 tire
all terrain tire
bald tire
balloon tire
beaded edge tire
bead tire
belted bias tire
belted tire
bias belted tire
bias ply tire
bias tire
car tire
clincher tire
collapsible spare tire
commercial tire
continental tire
conti tire system
conventional spare tire
conventional tire
cross-ply tire
denovo tire
directional tire
dual bead tire
flat tire
green tire
grown tire
industrial tire
knobby tire
low-profile tire
low pressure tire
m+s tire
mileage tire
mud and snow tire
off-road tire
overinflated tire
pneumatic tire
radial tire
regrooveable tire
rotate tires
run-flat tire
run-on tire
separation solid tire
sew-up tire
snow tire
solid tire
space saving tire
spare tire
special mileage tire
steel belted radial tire
tubeless tire
tubular tire
underinflated tire
undersize tire
whitewall tire
winter tire
wired-on tire
wired on tire
x tire
tire aging:
The deterioration of rubber properties by oxidation over a period of time.
tire balance:
Because tires turn at relatively high speeds, they must be carefully weighted so that
they do not bounce or vibrate when they rotate. Two basic kinds of balancing are
static balance dynamic balance.
tire bead:
That portion of the tire that bears against the rim flange. The bead has a number of
turns of steel wire in it to provide great strength.
tire bead lock:

The tire bead and rim of a TD rim are designed so that an enlarged and reinforced
toe on the tire bead engages in a small circumferential groove in the bead seat area
of the rim; the bead thus remains locked in position under both inflated and deflated
conditions
tire body:
See carcass
tire carrier:
See spare tire carrier
tire casing:
The main body of the tire exclusive of the tread tube, etc.
tire chains:
See snow chains
tire clearance:
See
vertical tire clearance
tire contact area:

See contact patch
tire contact zone:

See contact patch
tire deviation angle:

An angle formed by the direction of travel of a vehicle and the steered direction
(that which the wheels are pointing). It is produced by distortions within the tire,
due to external forces. Not to be confused by actual slipping or skidding. Also
called slip angle.
tire dressing:
Paint, black glossy or dull finish, to improve appearance of tire sidewalls.
tire gage:
See tire gauge.
tire gauge:
An instrument for determining the pressure in a tube or tire.
tier growth:
The stretching of textile tire cord materials due to heat and loss of strength, resulting
in the casing increasing in size.
tire iron:
[1] A tool for removing a tire from the rim of a wheel.
See
spoon
tire lever
.
[2] A tool for removing the nuts holding a wheel to the hub since one end is flat and
the other has a socket. See wheelbrace
tire jack:
A device which is used to lift one corner of a vehicle so that a wheel can be
removed and replaced in the event of a flat tire. See jack.
tire kicker:
A person who is just looking at a vehicle for sale but is not intending to buy.
tire lever:
A British term for a tool used to remove and install tires by lever action or to pry off
parts. See tire iron.
tire paint:
A black paint, compatible to tire bodies, used to enhance the appearance of a tire
after retreading.
tire plies:
The layers of nylon, rayon, etc., cloth that are used to form the casing. Most vehicle
tires are two ply with a four ply rating. Two ply indicates two layers of cloth or
plies.
tire ply:
See tire plies.
tire pressure:
The manufacturer's recommended pressure for a tire, dependent on load, speed, etc.,
usually given in bar or pound-force per square inch (psi). (1.8 bar = 26 psi; 2 bar =
29 psi; 2.2 bar = 32 psi; 2.4 bar = 35 psi; 2.7 bar = 39 psi)
tire pressure gauge:

An instrument for measuring air pressure in a tire
tire roll-off:
A condition in which the bead unseats because a tire was run while flat. Also, the
sudden loss of air due to side forces, such as hard cornering, combined with
underinflation. The safety ledge on passenger rims (a necessity for tubeless
mountings) guards against a roll-off.
tire rotation:
Moving the front wheels to the rear and the rear to the front to equalize any wear
irregularities in the tires. Also see wheel rotation
tire scuff:
Removal of some sidewall rubber as the tire drags along the edge of a curb. Also
see tire wear
tire sidewall:
That portion of the tire between the tread and the bead.
tire size designation:

A designation specified on the tire sidewall; e.g., P205160 R 15, where:
P=Passenger car; 205 = tire width in millimetres; 60 = tire section height to width
ratio; R = radial ply; 15 = nominal rim diameter in inches
tire Size Markings:

Those designations that appear on the side of a tire to indicate its basic dimensions;
width, and rim diameter.
tire slip angle:

See slip angle
tire spreader:
Any device, manual or hydraulic, used to spread tire beads for inspection, repair,
service, etc.
tire squeal:
The noise made by the tires when experiencing sudden acceleration or braking or
when cornering too fast
tire store:
retail outlet selling and installing tires and often offering other vehicle repair
services.
tire system:
See conti tire system
tire tread:
That part of the tire that contacts the road.
tire tread gauge:

See tread depth gauge
tire unbalance:
A tire that is not weighted properly can cause vibration. The condition is
exaggerated by centrifugal force which increases as speed is increased and by the
distance the heave spot is from the wheel axis.
tire valve:
A small valve, mounted on the wheel rim of a tubeless tire that allows air to be
added to the tire with an air hose and allows air to be withdrawn from an over-
inflated tire by pressing on the little stem at the end of the valve. Some tire valves
have little caps to protect against leaks and keep dirt from fouling the valve. On tires
with inner tubes the tire valve is mounted on the inner tube. There are two kinds of
valves used: Presta Schrader.
tire wear:
The amount by which, for example, the tread of a tire is worn down, or the sidewall
damaged by impact with the curb
tire width:
The width of a tire measured across the carcass
TISC:
The Industry Safety Council.
T-joint:
Joint formed by placing one metal against another at an angle of 90 degree. The
edge of one metal contacts the surface of the other metals.
TML:
Acronym for tetramethyl lead
TMPH:
Acronym for "Ton Mile Per Hour." A system devised to ascertain the working
capacity of earthmover tires; it is a supplement to the normal load and inflation
tables.
toe:
See
bead toe
brake shoe toe
heel and toe wear
heel and toe
toe-in
toe-out
toe-out on turns
toe control link
tooth toe
toe steer
tooth toe.
toeboard:
The front vertical panel that provides support for the pedals and for the front
passenger's feet, usually inclined towards the front and spot-welded to the
floorboard at its bottom end and to the bulkhead at its upper end
toe control link:

A lateral link in a multilink suspension designed to control a wheel's direction as the
suspension moves up and down.
toe dolly:
A flat slab of metal thinned down at one end and with a curved surface; useful for
getting into awkward and narrow corners
toe in:
See toe-in.
toe-in:
An adjustment of the front wheels where the distance from the center of the left
wheel to the center of the right wheel is less at the front of the wheels than at the
back of the wheels. A slight amount of toe-in is usually specified to keep the front
wheels running parallel on the road by offsetting other forces that tend to spread the
wheels apart. The major force is the backward thrust of the road against the tire
tread while the vehicle is moving forward. Other factors include play in the tie-rod
assembly and allowance for angular changes caused by wheel bounce or variations
in road conditions. Toe-in is measured in fractions of an inch or millimeters
toe-in angle:
The angle formed by each front wheel plane and the longitudinal axis of the car,
usually expressed as the difference in distance between right and left wheel rims at
front and rear, measured at hub level
toe of weld:
Junction of the face of the weld and the base metal.
toe out:
See toe-out.
toe-out:
An adjustment of the wheels where the front of the wheels is further apart than the
back. Generally toe-out is not desirable. Toe-out is measured in fractions of an inch
or millimeters. See toe-in.
toe out on turns:

See toe-out on turns.
toe-out on turns:
When the vehicle negotiates a curve, the inner wheel turns more sharply and while
the wheels remain in this position, a condition of toe-out exists.
toe steer:
The changes in the direction of a wheel that occur without driver steering input. Toe
steer can be caused by ride steer or by deflections in suspension components caused
by the stresses of cornering, accelerating, and/or braking on smooth and bumpy
roads.
toe wear:
See heel and toe wear
toggle switch:
A switch that is actuated by flipping a small lever either up and down or from side
to side.
toilet:
See chemical toilet
tolerance:
The amount of variation permitted from an exact size or measurement. The actual
amount from the smallest acceptable dimension to the largest acceptable dimension.
The difference between the permissible maximum size and the permissible
minimum size of a measured quantity. Also see lead tolerance
toll:
Money charged for the use of a road or bridge -- especially for entering controlled
highways and government parks
toll road:
A road (usually a highway) where access requires the payment of a toll or fee. The
opposite is a freeway
toll sticker:
A label or sticker displayed on the windshield indicating pre-payment of a toll
TomasoPantera:
tommy bar:
[1] A rod that fits in a box spanner.
[2] A short bar used as a lever to provide torque for tightening a box or socket
spanner. Also called a crossbar
ton:
See
gross ton
gross registered tons
long ton
short ton
tone:
See
mass tone
tint tone
tongs:
See lazy tongs
tongue weight:
The amount of trailer weight supported by the hitch. Too much, and the rear of the
tow vehicle will be overloaded; too little, and the trailer will wander and weave as
it's towed. Tongue weight should be between 10 and 15 percent of the total trailer
weight.
ton mile per hour:
(TMPH) A system devised to ascertain the working capacity of earthmover tires; it
is a supplement to the normal load and inflation tables.
tonnage:
A measure of the internal volume of spaces within a vessel in which 100 cu.ft. is 1
ton.
See
international tonnage certificate
net tonnage
tonnage certificate:
See international tonnage certificate
tonnage deadweight:
See deadweight
tonnage gross:
Gross tonnage includes a ship's internal volume, excluding such spaces as the peak,
double bottom, deep tanks used only for water ballast, bridge, forecastle, open-
ended poop, certain light and air spaces, skylights, anchor and steering gear spaces,
toilets, the wheelhouse, and certain passenger spaces
tonnage net:
Net tonnage is the gross tonnage less certain additional spaces such as crew and
officer spaces, chart room, and a percentage of the propelling machinery spaces;
also see deadweight, displacement, light and displacement, loaded
tonnage openings:
Nonwatertight openings in the shelter deck and in the 'tween deck bulkheads
immediately below in order to exclude spaces from tonnage measurement and thus
obtain reduced gross and net tonnage. The openings could be closed by
nonwatertight wood shifting boards or metal covers meeting the tonnage and load
line regulations
tonneau:
See tonneau cover.
tonneau cover:
A cover of leather or other soft pliable material used for protecting the interior of a
convertible when the soft top is down. The cover snaps to the dash sides, and rear of
the vehicle and often has a zipper allowing the driver to operate the vehicle while
the passenger side of the vehicle remains covered.
tool:
[1] As a noun, it is any device which assists in the installation or removal of a
component.
[2] To work material by turning, milling, grinding, polishing, drilling, punching,
boring, shaping, shearing, pressing, or planing.
[3] As a colloquial verb, it is the action of motion as in We were tooling down the
highway when we saw you.
See
adjusting tool
air tool
automotive tool
brake adjusting tool
clutch aligning tool
crimping tool
drive tool
flanging tool
flaring tool
heated tool welding
joint splitting tool
magnetic pick-up tool
pick-up tool
pinstriping tool
pushrod measuring tool
retainer spring tool
silencer-tailpipe tool
striping tool
taper-breaking tool
trim panel release tool
valve grinding tool
tooling:
Set of required standard or special tools needed to produce a particular part. It
includes jigs, fixtures, gauges, and cutting tools; but excludes machined tools. Also
see tool.
toolkit:
See ignition toolkit
tool welding:
See heated tool welding
tooth:
See
gear tooth
hunting tooth
toothed belt:
A positive-action reinforced rubber or plastic belt in which parallel teeth engage
with grooves in a driving and a driven wheel; commonly used for the valve timing
gear as an alternative to a roller chain
toothed signal rotor:

The component of an ABS system that rotates with the hub, driveaxle, axle, or ring
gear, used along with the wheel speed sensors for generating impulses to the rear by
the ABS electronic control unit (ECU). The ECU counts these impulses and
determines if a wheel is decelerating too rapidly or not
tooth heel:
The wider outside end of the tooth in the differential ring gear.
tooth pliers:
tooth toe:
The narrower inside end of the tooth in the differential ring gear.
top:
[1] a car roof, especially that of a convertible.
[2] The highest gear of a transmission.
See
canvas top
convertible top
electric top
fabric top
folding top
hydraulic top
piston top
soft top
sunroof top
targa top
top cap:
When retreading a tire, new tread rubber is added to the buffed casing covering only
the crown area. Also see full cap.
top carriers:
A cage of chrome bars which attaches to the gutter rails on the roof of a car or van.
It is used to secure loads on a vehicle roof, such as bulky containers, skis, or
bicycles
top case:
A top case sits behind the passenger seat of a motorcycle and may be large enough
to hold two full-face helmets. Like the tank bag, a top case is meant to hold
lightweight items. Overloading a top case puts more weight on the rear of the
motorcycle, thus lightening the front wheel. Traction and steering suffer when the
top case is overloaded.
top chop:
A modification of the roof of custom cars. The roof pillars are cut off and shortened:
when the roof is welded back on, the roof line is far lower than before and the
screen and side window height may have been reduced to a minimum. Due to
problems of rigidity and finding suitable glass panes, this modification is extremely
difficult
top coat:
A final paint coat
top coat drier:

An oven for drying or stoving the final paint coat
top coat oven:

An oven for drying or stoving the final paint coat
top dead center:

(TDC) Highest point of piston and connecting-rod travel in a cylinder; the ends of
the compression exhaust strokes in a four-cycle engine.
See
top electrode:
The ground electrode protruding above the center electrode of a spark plug, either
full coverage type or set back slightly from the far edge of the center electrode
top end:
[1] The upper range of engine revolutions.
[2] The upper part of the engine from the base gasket to the valve cover
top end gasket kit:

The gaskets that apply to everything from the base gasket up (e.g., base gasket, head
gasket, manifold gaskets, carburetor mounting gaskets) as well as all the O-rings
and replaceable spacers. Contrasts with the bottom end gasket kit.
top end speed:

The maximum speed which a vehicle can attain. This may differ from the maximum
speed allowed by the law and from the recommended maximum speed of a vehicle.
In some vehicles, governors are installed to limit the speed so that top end speed is
not attained. Others may use warning lights or flashing speedometer readings (i.e.,
on digital displays) or even warning sounds.
See
bury the needle
red line.
top feed gun:

See gravity-feed spray gun
top gear:
The highest available gear
top hat section:

A structural sheet metal member of U-section, but incorporating flanges for welding
or assembling the section to a flat mating panel
top land:
See head land
top off:
Fill a partially filled container to full capacity.
top-of-the-line model:
The most powerful and expensive model in a particular manufacturer's lineup of
vehicles
top-of-the-range model:
See top-of-the-line model. The most powerful and expensive model in a particular
manufacturer's lineup of vehicles
toppers:
See whitewall toppers
top ring groove insert:

A piston ring that has a nickel-iron or comparable metal insert cast into the piston
heads. The top ring groove is cut into this metal. As the top ring grooves in
aluminum pistons pound out of shape, this insert groove will prolong the useful life
of the piston and ring.
top speed:
The maximum speed of a vehicle
top tints:
The tinted stripe at the upper edge of the windshield
top tube:
On a bicycle the horizontal tube that connects the seat tube with the head tube.
top up:
To raise the level of a liquid in a container to the required level
top up the battery:

Determine if the electrolyte is at the correct level and add distilled water to bring it
up if necessary
torch:
[1] The mechanism which the operator holds during gas welding and cutting, at the
end of which the gases are burned to perform the various gas welding and cutting
operations.
[2] A British term for a flashlight.
See
blow torch
cutting torch
Toronado:
A vehicle brand of which the 1966-67 Toronado models are
milestone cars. Sometimes you will see this car incorrectly Click for books
spelled "Tornado" in classified ads. on Toronado
torpedo:
An open sports vehicle generally with an unbroken design line from the hood to the
back of the car.
torpedo body:
An early type of touring car with a streamlined torpedo-like body
torque:
[1] Turning or twisting force such as the force imparted on the drive line by the
engine. Usually measured in lb-ft. It differs from work or power in that torque does
not necessarily produce motion. Basically, the magnitude of a torque acting on a
body is the product of the magnitude of a force and its force arm (perpendicular
distance from the axis of rotation of the body to the line of action of the force). This
product is called the moment of the torque about the axis or the torque.
[2] To tighten a nut or bolt with a torque wrench.
See
bottom end torque
dial torque wrench
midrange torque
self-aligning torque.
torque arm:
A T-shaped extrusion of the rear axle casing to take up forward thrust of the driven
axle
torque converter:
A unit in an automatic transmission
quite similar to the fluid coupling that transfers engine torque to the transmission
input shaft. It also cushions the flow of power. Unlike the fluid coupling the torque
converter can multiply engine torque. This is accomplished by installing one or
more stators between the torus members. In the torque converter the driving torus is
referred to as the "pump" and the driven torus as the "turbine." The engine drives
the impeller which in turn impels fluid against the vanes of a turbine connected
through transmission gears to the driveshaft of the automobile. The stator redirects
oil flow from the turbine to boost impeller action and multiply engine torque.
See
torque converter drive plate:

See drive plate
torque converter housing:

A bell housing
torque converter lock-up clutch:

An automatically engaged clutch in a lock-up torque converter which prevents
slipping losses
torque curve:
A graph which shows the engine torque as a function of engine speed
torque limiter:
A tool used in conjunction with a plug wrench which allows the controlled
tightening of spark plugs by releasing automatically once a preset torque setting is
reached
torque multiplication:
Increasing engine torque in the automatic transmission through the use of a torque
converter.
torque ratio:
See stall torque ratio
torque rods:
See stabilizer.
torque screwdriver:
A screwdriver with a device that measures the amount of torque being applied
torque sensitive limited slip differential:

A differential where the mechanism reacts to differences in torque when one wheel
on an axle starts to slip, and limits the differential action to help maintain traction.
torque split:
Distributing torque between wheels on the same axle or between front and rear
axles in a 4WD vehicle
torque steer:
A tendency for a car to turn in a particular direction when power is applied. Torque
steer is common in front-drive cars because reaction forces created in the half-shafts
can generate uneven steering forces in the front tires.
torque tube:
A hollow forward extrusion of the rear axle casing incorporated in early live rear
axle designs, both enclosing the drive shaft and providing a forward location of the
driven axle, pivoting about a spherical joint either at the rear end of the gearbox or
at the chassis frame
torque tube axle:

A live rear axle layout with a divided drive shaft and a T-shaped axle housing, the
hollow forward extrusion of which carries the rear half of the divided drive shaft
torque tube drive:

The method of connecting the transmission output shaft to the differential pinion
shaft by using an enclosed driveshaft. The driveshaft is enclosed in a torque tube
that is bolted to the rear axle housing on one end and is pivoted through a ball joint
to the rear of the transmission on the other. The driving force of the rear wheels is
transferred to the frame through the torque tube. This method was used on older
cars in an attempt to get rid of the twisting forces of engine torque on the
suspension driveshaft.
torque wrench:
A wrench with a dial in the handle or a gauge with a needle for measuring the
amount of torque applied to a nut or bolt. It is used for threaded fasteners with a
critical tightening torque, such as cylinder head bolts, alloy wheel lugs, suspension
links, etc.
See
click-type torque wrench
dial torque wrench
torquey:
An engine which develops high torque (i.e., it pulls well) at low speeds, relative to
its power
torquing:
See brake torquing
Torsen differential:
A torque-sensing differential system incorporating a worm and roller mechanism
Torsen four-wheel drive:

Based on the principle that a worm gear can drive a roller but not vice versa, the
Torsen differential balances different wheel speeds due to different travel distances,
whereas speed differences due to differing adherence situations are not balanced. A
permanently engaged four-wheel drive incorporating a torsen differential
torsion:
The strain on a part or component produced by torque
torsional rigidity:
The resistance against torsional loads, specified in newton-meter per angular degree
of body twisting.
torsional stiffness:
The resistance against torsional loads, specified in newton-meter (or lbs-ft) per
angular degree of body twisting
torsional vibration:
A twisting and untwisting action developed in a shaft. It is caused either by
intermittent applications of power or load.
torsional vibration damper:

[1] Any device that reduces torsional vibrations.
[2] The small flywheel on the front end of a crankshaft
torsion bar:
A long spring steel rod attached in such a way that one end is anchored while the
other is free to twist. One end is fastened to the frame at one end and to a
suspension part at the other. If an arm is attached, at right angles, to the free end,
any movement of the arm will cause the rod or bar to twist the bar's resistance to
twisting provides a spring action. The torsion bar replaces both coil leaf springs in
some suspension systems. The main advantage of the torsion bar over the coil
spring in the front suspension is the ease of adjusting front suspension height.
torsion bar suspension:

A suspension system that makes use of torsion bars in place of the leaf or coil
spring.
torsion damper:
See torsional vibration damper
torsion spring:
See torsion bar.
torus:
The inner surface of a hollow doughnut-shaped structure, especially found in
automatic transmissions. See fluid coupling.
TORX:
A special star-shaped screw recess or screw head top with six rounded corners to
insert the tool. The TORX configuration on tools allows a very tight fit on the
fastener and the application of high torque. The rounded corners also reduce wear of
both the fastener and the tool
total hydrocarbons:
(THC) A measurement of all the hydrocarbons emitted by the exhaust system
totalled:
A car accident in which a vehicle has sustained severe damage so that the cost to
repair it is more than what the vehicle is worth. In this case, it is written off
total loss:
Ignition or lubrication system in which electricity or oil is used without being
generated or recirculated. The ignition system uses power from a battery eventually
running it flat. The lubrication system uses oil without returning it to a tank. Both
systems were common on early motorcycles. Two-stroke engines use a total loss
lubrication system. Scooters designed for the elderly or disabled use a total loss
battery system because there is no alternator or generator to charge the battery as it
is being driven
total-loss lubrication:
The components of the conventional two-stroke engine with crankcase scavenging
are lubricated by the oil added to the fuel; since the oil is burnt along with the fuel,
fresh oil is constantly fed to the lubrication points inside the engine
Total Out-Of-Pocket Cost:

This is the total of all monthly payments, any lease fees and deposits, and any
capital cost reduction (except tax, license, and registration) from lease inception to
closure.
total quality management:

(TQM) A management technique to improve the quality of goods and services,
reduce operating costs and increase customer satisfaction.
touch-dry:
The condition after respraying a body when the paint coat has dried to an extent that
foreign substances will not stick to the surfaces and light finger pressure will not
leave any marks; the coat has not yet hardened completely, however, i.e., it cannot
yet be sanded or polished
touch up:
To repair minimal blemishes in the paintwork, e.g., those caused by stone chippings
or scratches
toughened glass:
toughened windshield:
A windshield made of toughened glass which, on impact, will not shatter like
ordinary glass but fractures into small pieces and crazes over; laminated glass is
now the preferred material
tour:
See farewell tour
tourer:
British term for touring car
See
loaded tourer
sports tourer
AC Buckland Open Tourer.
Touring:
See
Grand Touring Prototype
Grand Touring
touring bike:
[1] A motorcycle that comes from the manufacturer with saddlebags and a trunk.
[2] A bicycle that has been equipped with saddlebags (often over the front wheels as
well as the rear).
touring car:
A vehicle with a body longer than the phaeton style, but very similar to it. It permits
the use of auxiliary seats in the rear passenger compartment. It was an open car with
seats for four or more passengers. Early models had no side weather protection but
later were fitted with detachable side screens and curtains. Made until about 1930.
Touring-injection:
See grand Touring-injection
Touring Prototype:
See camel Grand Touring Prototype
touring triple:
A triple chainring crankset designed to provide the wide range of gears needed for
loaded bicycle touring.
tourist:
A cyclist who takes short or long excursions by bicycle often carrying several
panniers containing clothing and camping equipment.
touristes-routiers:
An older and slower category randonneur used in the 1901, 1911, and 1921 Paris-
Brest-Paris events. In 1931 the race organizers turned this segment over to touring
clubs.
tow:
[1] To pull a trailer behind a vehicle by means of a towing hitch.
[2] To pull a disabled vehicle behind another vehicle by means of a rope, cable or
rigid bar
towable:
[1] A vehicle after an accident that is able to be towed.
[2] An old vehicle which may be used for parts or to be scrapped that is still able to
be towed
tow away:
To remove unauthorized (e.g., illegally parked) vehicles, thus incurring a hefty fine
for the owners
tow away zone:
An area where unauthorized parking is not permitted. Unauthorized vehicles will be
towed away
towball:
A British term for a hitch ball
towbar:
[1] A crossbar of a towing bracket on which the hitch ball is mounted.
[2] A rigid bar used for towing disabled vehicles short distances.
[3] A drawbar
tower:
See
coil tower
distributor tower
humidifying tower
macpherson strut tower
outer tower
shock absorber tower
terminal tower
tower jack:
A tower with a solid foot and an arm at right angles which fits into a slot in the side
of a car and is wound up the tower to raise the vehicle
towing ball:
A British term for a hitch ball
towing bracket:
A structure attached to the rear of a car to enable a trailer to be towed. It consists of
one or two brackets, a towbar and hitch ball
towing eye:
A steel ring fitted to the chassis of a car to which a tow rope can be attached
towing hitch:
An inverted cup on the drawbar of a trailer which fits over a hitch ball
towing jaws:
A coupling attachment on the rear of a truck cab into which the drawbar eye of a
trailer fits to lock with a coupling bolt
towing lug:
A steel ring fitted to the chassis of a car to which a tow rope can be attached
towing package:
See trailer towing package
town car:
The same as the Imperial sedan without the rear quarter windows or a roof over the
front compartment.
tow rating:
The amount of weight in pounds of an external trailer that a vehicle can pull.
towrope:
A rope, or textile-covered or plastic-covered cable, usually no longer than 5 meters,
used for towing another vehicle
Toyota:
The largest car manufacturer in Japan and the third largest in Click for books on
the world (after GM and Ford) Toyota
Toyota Avalon:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota Avalon
Toyota Camry:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota Camry
Toyota Carina:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota Carina
Toyota Celica:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota Celica
Toyota Corolla:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota Corolla
Toyota Corona:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota Corona
Toyota Cressida:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota Cressida
Toyota Crown:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota Crown
Toyota MR2:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota MR2
Toyota Previa:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota Previa
Toyota Starlet:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota Starlet
Toyota Tercel:
A model of automobile manufactured by Toyota Click for books on Toyota Tercel
TPI:
Acronym for tuned port injection
TPP:
Acronym for tread pattern percentage
TPS:
Acronym for throttle position sensor
TQM:
Acronym for "Total Quality Management."
TR:
Acronym for thermal reactor
TRA:
Tire and Rim Association.
track:
[1] Front track is the distance between the center of the left front wheel and the
center of the right front wheel when the vehicle is set to its normal ride height and
wheel alignment specifications. Rear track is the distance between the center of the
left rear wheel and the center of the right rear wheel. They are not always the same.
[2] A designated course or roadway where vehicles race.
See
axle track
eight-track
one-groove track
oval track
short track
tri-oval track
warning tracks
track arc:
The path travelled by a road wheel during a turn
track bar:
See panhard rod
track control arm:

See transverse link
tracked:
See crab-tracked
tracking:
[1] The alignment of the vehicle with respect to axle centers of a vehicle being in
the same plane, rear tires following front tires and trailer following the tractor, in the
attitude designed. Correct tracking is when the rear wheels of a vehicle follow the
same line as the front wheels. Also see straight-line tracking.
[2] A line of carbon along which electricity leaks. See carbon tracking.
[3] shunt firing of a spark plug.
tracking mark:
A telltale sign on the distributor cover or ignition cables indicating a leakage of
current
track rod:
One of the transverse bars connecting the steering system to the steering arms; the
link between the pitman arm and the steering-knuckle arm.
See
panhard rod
tie rod
tract:
See intake tract
traction:
[1] Pulling force.
[2] The force of adhesive friction exerted by a body on the surface on which it
moves.
See
liquid traction
traction avant:
A French term for front-wheel drive
traction bar:
An articulated bar or link attached to both frame rear axle housing to prevent spring
windup (with resultant wheel hop) during heavy acceleration or braking. Also see
panhard rod.
traction control, low speed:

A system that helps prevent front-wheel spin on slippery or gravel surfaces during
acceleration at speeds up to 40 kph (25 mph).
See
traction control system:

See
anti-spin regulation
anti-spin regulation traction control system
traction differential:
See limited-slip differential.
traction engine:
A steam or diesel engine used for hauling heavy vehicles on roads or over difficult
terrain.
traction limited grade:

Steepest negotiable grade where traction is the limiting factor.
tractive conversion:
See stall torque ratio
tractor:
Truck portion of combination or train. Also called "semi," "semi-tractor," "truck
tractor," or "tractor-trailer."
See
semi-tractor
truck tractor
tractor-trailer:
See tractor.
trade:
See
agreement on Tariffs and Trade
american Free Trade
free Trade Agreement of the Americas
trade agreement:
See
American Free Trade Agreement
Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement
free Trade Agreement of the Americas
Trade Agreement of the Americas:

See Free Trade Agreement of the Americas
trade-in price:
The price of your old car when you are selling it in part exchange for another one
Trade Organization:
See world Trade Organization
traffic:
A road with moving vehicles.
See
heavy traffic
light traffic
rush-hour traffic
trafficator:
See semaphore indicator
traffic circle:
An intersection of several roads where the traffic goes around a central circle and
goes out another road. Although it is a rapid way of negotiating an intersection,
many people are intimidated by it because of its unfamiliarity. The British term is
"roundabout"
traffic island:
A raised area in the middle of a road designed to separate two flows of traffic and to
provide a safe temporary stopping place for pedestrians crossing the road
traffic jam:
A number of vehicles stopped behind one another on a road
traffic light:
A series of red, amber, and green lights placed at the intersection to regulate the
flow of traffic
trail:
[1] A path used by pedestrians and smaller vehicles (e.g., bicycles, quads,
snowmobiles, etc.).
[2] The path that a wheel makes.
See
caster trail
pneumatic trail
trail bike:
A dual purpose motorcycle for use on or off-road
trail braking:
A driving technique in which the driver begins to brake before entering a turn and
then continues to brake as he eases into the corner. As cornering forces build, the
driver gradually feathers off the brakes -- trading braking power for cornering grip.
By increasing the vertical loading -- and thus the traction -- at the front tires, trail-
braking can improve a car's turn-in.
trail distance:
The distance from the point at which the cornering force acts to the center of the
wheel or steering axis.
trailer:
[1] Platform or container on wheels pulled by a truck or tractor.
[2] Distance between fifth wheel pin and center of rear axle (or center between
tandems).
[3] A unit which contains camping equipment and is pulled behind a vehicle.
See
boat trailer
camping trailer
fifth-wheel travel trailer
flatbed trailer
folding camping trailer
full trailer
hard-sided trailer
hard-top trailer
maximum trailer weight
semi-trailer
soft-sided trailer
soft-top trailer
tractor-trailer
travel trailer
trailer towing package:

See trailer-towing package.
trailer-towing package:
An optional equipment which usually includes a heavy-duty suspension a larger
radiator a transmission cooler and a rear bumper with a trailer hitch. This improves
handling and allows a vehicle to haul a heavy trailer.
trailer weight:
See maximum trailer weight
trailing:
trailing arm:
Type of independent rear suspension in which the pivot axis is exactly across the
vehicle, or perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. This means the wheels are always
upright relative to the body and hence leaning with the body in a corner. Widely
used at the rear of front-wheel-drive cars. Also see semi-trailing arm.
trailing axle:
See a dead axle
trailing brake shoe:

The brake shoe that is installed facing the rear of the vehicle. Also called secondary
brake shoe or reverse brake shoe.
trailing edge:
The rear edge (e.g., of a body panel). Compare leading edge
trailing link:
A front suspension linkage that is aligned to resist longitudinal motions in a wheel;
it is mounted to the chassis ahead of the wheel. The links pivot forward of the axle.
Also see parallel trailing link suspension
trailing link suspension:

trailing shoe:
A British term for a secondary shoe -- a shoe of a brake drum system whose
activated end faces away from the approaching drum
trailing throttle:
An oversteer handling situation of rear drive cars. When the throttle is closed the
engine applies compression braking so that the rear suspension alignment changes.
This change causes the rear tires to lose traction which promotes a lateral slide.
train:
See
drivetrain
gear train
gross train weight
powertrain
road train
strain in the drive train
valvetrain
wind trainer.
trainer:
See wind trainer.
train weight:
See gross train weight
tram:
[1] A British term for a streetcar.
[2] A small train used to haul ore at a smelter.
tramcar:
A British term for a streetcar
tram gauge:
An alignment tool -- a long bar that has two or three parallel pointers extending at
right angles and attached so that they can be moved to any position along its length
tramline:
The rails along which a tram runs
tramlining:
The tendency of a vehicle's tires (often when of low profile) to follow a ridge or rut
in the road's surface
tramp:
See
axle tramp
wheel tramp
tramway:
The rails along which a tram runs
tramp:
[1] A hopping or oscillating motion of the front wheels usually caused by incorrect
balance or when a high inflation tire has been run empty.
[2] The action of rapidly depressing the throttle pedal.
See
axle wind up
axle tramp.
tranny:
Colloquial name for "transmission."
trans:
Abbreviation for "transmission."
transaxle:
A drive setup in which the transmission gearbox
clutch final drive, and differential are combined into a single unit connected directly
to the driveshaft. It is used mostly in rear-engine cars like the Corvair, but is also
found in some front-wheel drive cars and some performance cars where a front
engine/rear transaxle gives better overall balance (such as the Alfa Romeo Alfetta).
Also see rear-wheel drive transaxle
transceiver:
A radio device which can transmit a signal and opposite to a receiver
transducer:
A device for transferring power which is generated in one system to another system
in the same or a different form, e.g., electrical to mechanical. Also see negative
transducer EGR valve
transducer EGR:
See negative transducer EGR valve
transducer EGR valve:

See negative transducer EGR valve
transfer:
See
decal
heat transfer
load transfer
weight transfer
transfer box:
See transfer case
transfer case:
An auxiliary device in a 4-wheel-drive vehicle that allows power to be delivered to
both axles. Normally the transfer case incorporates a shifting device so that the front
drive can be disconnected, if desired, for running on pavement. Also see four-wheel
drive.
transference:
See load transference
transfer molding:
The development of compression molding where powder polymer is placed in a
small chamber adjacent to a tool mold and when heated, is forced into the tool
cavity. Also see molding
transfer moulding:
British term for transfer molding
transfer passage:
The passage connecting the crankcase of a two-stroke engine with the combustion
chamber
transfer plate:
An adapter plate in the control valve assembly of an automatic transmission, used to
direct the fluid flow between adjacent valve bodies
transfer port:
A channel in the block of a two-stroke engine where the air-fuel mixture enters the
combustion chamber and exits out another transfer port after it burns.
transfer port cover:

The transfer passages of most two-stroke engines are accessible from the outside to
allow for maintenance, they are covered by the transfer port covers for regular
engine operation
transfer ports:
The holes that deliver fuel from the idle circuit during the transition from curb-idle
to the main metering circuit. Located just above the throttle plates. At curb idle, off-
idle ports function as an extra air bleed for further emulsification of the idle
mixture; but as vacuum moves up the carburetor bore when the throttle plates are
opened, they become fuel discharge ports. Either one or more holes, or a single slot
(slots are usually used because they are cheaper to manufacture). Also called off-
idle discharge ports
transfer pump:
An in-tank pump, used on many Bosch and some other fuel injection system, that
boosts the fuel pressure slightly before the fuel is sucked into the main pump, in
order to prevent cavitation. Also, part of the fuel injection pump for a diesel engine,
boosts fuel pressure from around 20 psi to about 130 psi, depending on the pump
and the engine speed
transformer:
An electrical device with an arrangement of copper coils with an iron center, used to
increase or decrease electrical voltage. A vehicle ignition coil transforms the voltage
from 12 volts to upward of 20,000 volts.
See
air transformer
ignition transformer
voltage transformer
transistor:
See ignition transistor
transistor ignition:
A form of ignition system which uses transistors and a special coil. The
conventional distributor and point setup is used, but the points merely serve to
trigger a transistor which switches the heavy primary current. With the transistor
unit, the voltage remains constant, thus permitting high engine rpm without
resultant engine "miss." Transistors are much more efficient switches at high engine
speeds and in addition they don't burn, pit or change gap spacing. The advantages of
these systems include greatly increased point life, generally better starting because
of improved contact condition and voltage output not greatly affected by breaker
point dwell time which results in better high-rpm performance. Also point life is
greatly extended as the transistor system passes a very small amount of current
through the points.
transistorized coil ignition:

(TCI) See transistor ignition
transistorized coil ignition with Hall sensor:

(TCI-H) See transistorized ignition with hall generator
transistorized ignition:
(TI) An ignition system using a transistor as a power switch; available as breaker-
triggered TI with contact breaker or as breakerless TI with magnetic pick-up or hall
generator. Also see breaker-triggered transistorized ignition
transistorized ignition with inductive pulse generator:

See transistorized ignition with inductive pick-up
transistorized ignition with Hall generator:

(TI-H) There are two types of TI-H: in one version, the dwell angle is determined
by the width of the rotor vanes in the distributor; the other version contains a circuit
for automatic dwell angle control incorporated in the electronic control unit
transistorized ignition with inductive pick-up:

(TI-I) A transistorized ignition system with a magnetic pick-up in the distributor
and an electronic control unit for signal processing, with current and dwell angle
control
transistorized ignition with magnetic pick-up:

(TI-I) A transistorized ignition system with a magnetic pick-up in the distributor
and an electronic control unit for signal processing, with current and dwell angle
control
transit:
See mass transit system
transit system:
See mass transit system
transmission:
A device (full of gears) that uses gearing or torque conversion to effect a change in
the ratio between engine rpm and driving wheel rpm. When engine rpm goes up in
relation to wheel rpm, more torque but less speed is produced. A reduction in engine
rpm in relation to wheel rpm produces a higher road speed but delivers less torque
to the driving wheels.
See
automatic transmission
auxiliary transmission
belt transmission
bevel gear transmission
C-matic transmission
continuously variable transmission
dual-range transmission
electronic transmission control
electronic transmission
five-speed transmission
four-speed transmission
high/low range transmission
hydrostatic transmission
infinitely variable transmission
J gate transmission shifter
manual transmission
overdrive transmission
planetary transmission
powershift transmission
progressive transmission
selective transmission
semi-automatic transmission
six-speed transmission
standard transmission
stepless transmission
synchromesh transmission
three-speed transmission
two-speed transmission
variable belt transmission
variable transmission
variomatic transmission
viscous transmission
transmission adapter:
A unit that allows a different make or year transmission to be bolted up to the
original engine.
transmission, automatic:
See automatic transmission.
transmission control:
See electronic transmission control
transmission controlled spark:
(TCS) A system to reduce the emission of nitrous oxides by which a vacuum
solenoid and a switch in the transmission system prevents the distributor's vacuum
advance mechanism from operating in the lower gears and at low speed
transmission control module:

(TCM) An electronic automatic transmission control unit which computes data on
the actual operating conditions of the vehicle and generates corresponding signal
pulses for the solenoid valves of the hydraulic control system; may also exchange
data with other electronic control units
transmission control system:

A hydraulic or electro-hydraulic system which controls the changes of ratio in
automatic transmissions corresponding to engine load, vehicle speed, positions of
the selector lever, and shift mode button
transmission, conventional:
See standard transmission.
transmission cover:
A removable part of the floorpan usually located at the front end of the center tunnel
in cars with a longitudinally mounted engine; provides better access to the top of the
transmission for maintenance and adjustment purposes
transmission extension housing:

A rear-wheel drive transmission housing enclosing an extended main shaft,
sometimes accommodating the gear lever and associated mechanism
transmission fluid:
(ATF) A superthin oil that fills the automatic transmission system so that it can run
on hydraulic pressure. It can also be used in some power-steering pumps. It is
sometimes used to clean the inside of a carburetor.
transmission governor:
A governor on the output shaft of a hydraulically controlled transmission converts
line pressure into governor pressure. In electro-hydraulically controlled
transmissions, the governor is replaced by a sensor.
transmission housing:
The outer shell which contains the transmission gears.
transmission input shaft:

A shaft which transmits power from the clutch to the gearbox
transmission output shaft:

A shaft which transmits the power out of the transmission
transmission shifter:
transmission, standard:
See standard transmission.
transmission tunnel:
A semicircular or oval bulge along the longitudinal axis of the floorpan to
accommodate the propeller shaft and, at its front end, the transmission, enabling the
shaft and transmission mounting position to be raised to the floorpan level, thus
providing better protection for the drive train against road dirt and obstacles
transmitter:
A radio remote control system device that transmits electrical or radio signals. Also
see emergency transmitter
transom:
See stern transom
transom beam:
The aftermost transverse deck beam
transom frame:
The aftermost transverse side frame
transplants:
An overseas production plant; in most cases, the term refers to automotive vehicles
produced in the USA, Canada, or Europe at Japanese-owned factories (e.g., a
Toyota plant in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada)
transporter:
A large articulated truck for transporting several cars (on two or three decks)
transom stern:
A square-ended stern used to provide additional hull volume and deck space aft and
to decrease resistance in some high speed ships.
transverse arm:
A suspension arm not split into two separate sections as is an A-arm. Often used as
the bottom locating link with MacPherson strut suspension. Also called "lateral
arm." Also see MacPherson strut.
transverse cable:
See stirrup cable.
transverse engine:
An engine that is mounted laterally (i.e., left to right) between the drive wheels
(rather than longitudinally -- front to back), often found on cars with front-wheel
drive. Also called "east-west layout"
transverse flow scavenging:

See cross scavenging
transverse leaf spring:

A leaf spring that is mounted so that it is at right angles to the length of the vehicle.
transverse link:
Any suspension link that provides lateral support for wheels; on front suspensions, a
typical design is the Y-shaped wishbone
transverse mount:
The engine is mounted sideways. The fan belt will be over one of the tires rather
than in the very front of the vehicle. This is common in front-wheel-drive cars. This
enables the car to be more compact because the space under the hood is used more
efficiently and provides better weight distribution. See transverse engine.
transverse rod:
See panhard rod
trap:
[1] The area over which the vehicle is raced for timing purposes.
[2] A pedal on a bicycle into which the foot is locked in place.
See
rattrap
.
[3] A filter or separator.
See
activated charcoal trap
flame trap
oil trap
pm trap
trap oxidizer:
In diesel particulate filters, a means of burning the particulate charge trapped in the
filter element, to prevent the filter from clogging and to restore filtration capacity;
usually a catalyst coating that promotes oxidation of carbon particulates to harmless
carbon dioxide
trapped volume:
A clearance volume
trapping efficiency:
In a two-stroke engine, the mass of fresh charge in a cylinder actually retained,
divided by the mass of fresh charge supplied per cycle
traps:
See trap.
trauma fee:
$6 per $1000 of car value levied annually in Washington State (and others) to
support trauma units in hospitals that care predominantly for car crash victims.
travel:
The distance an object can move.
See
direction of travel
fifth-wheel travel trailer
free travel
pedal free travel
pedal travel
travel trailer:
A unit which is pulled behind a vehicle. It is enclosed and contains all the
conveniences of home: sleeping room, showers, toilets, cooking, dining, and
relaxing. Some have a slide-out feature which enlarges the living, dining, sleeping,
or cooking areas. Also see fifth-wheel travel trailer
tray:
See
battery tray draining tray
tray table:
A table that folds out of the back of the front seat (similar to those found on
airplanes)
TR-Denioc rim:
See TD rim
TR-Denioc wheel:
See TD wheel
tread:
[1] The distance between the two front or two rear wheels.
[2] Portion of the tire which contacts the roadway.
[3] The pattern of the outside circumference surface of a tire.
See
asymmetrical tread
cracking tread
directional tire
directional tread
new tread
non-directional tread
nu-tread
precured tread rubber
self-cleaning tread
symmetrical
tire tread
wide treads.
tread bar:
Raised portions of rubber that make up me tread of the tire, separated by grooves
that are arranged laterally, providing traction in the forward or rearward direction.
tread block:
Raised portions of rubber that make up part of the tread pattern They are often
present in the shoulder area and are more or less rectangular in shape.
tread depth:
The measurement from the bottom cm of the tread groove to the top of the tread
expressed in millimeters or 32nds of an inch. The legal minimum amount of tread is
1.6 mm (2/32") across three-quarters of the tire width
tread depth gauge:

A simple compact device for measuring the depth of tread, consisting of a spring-
loaded plunger calibrated in millimeters or 1/32 of an inch
tread gauge:
See tire tread gauge
tread groove:
One of several channels cut in the tread that disperses road water or provides
traction in mud and snow
tread pattern:
Tread patterns differ according to the manufacturer of the tire but they all have in
common the aim of dispersing water from the road, to enhance grip, to avoid
aquaplaning, to disperse heat, and to reduce noise and wear
tread pattern percentage:

(TPP) The percentage of grooves and sipes to the overall surface of the tread
tread profile:
The shape of the tread as seen in cross section
tread rib:
The continuous raised portions of rubber that run circumferentially (straight or in a
zigzag pattern) making up the tread on the tire. Also called the tread bar
tread roller:
A roller, either manual or power, used to help apply me tread rubber, remove
trapped air and obtain adhesion. Also see stitching.
tread rubber:
See precured tread rubber
tread separation:
Pulling away of the tread from the tire casing.
tread squirm:
The flexibility in the tire tread between the surface of the tread and the tire carcass.
Snow tires, with their small, deep, unsupported tread blocks, have a large amount of
tread squirm. Slick racing tires, which have no tread pattern, have very little squirm.
tread wear indicator:

See tread-wear indicators.
tread-wear indicator:
tread wear indicators:

tread-wear indicators:
Bars of hard rubber that appear across the treads of a tire. They are 1.5 mm (1/16")
above the base of the tread (the legal limit. They become visible when the tread has
been worn down so that only 1.5 mm (a sixteenth of an inch) of tread is left. The
legal limit may be shown on the sidewall by a symbol or by the letters TWI
treatment:
See
anodic treatment
anti-rust treatment
chromate treatment
exhaust treatment
full dip treatment
heat treatment
mechanical surface treatment
most-favoured-nation Treatment
no rinse treatment
phosphate treatment
pvc underbody treatment
tin immersion treatment
zinc immersion treatment
tree:
See
christmas tree
triple tree
wheel tree
trial:
See field trial
trials:
A type of ATB bicycle or off-road motorcycle competition that tests riders not on
speed but on ability to maintain balance while navigating around and over numerous
obstacles such as rocks, trees, and steep, slippery terrain. Points are deducted if the
rider puts his feet on the ground, goes outside the marked course, or fails to clear an
obstacle. Also see sea trials
triangle:
See
front triangle
main triangle
rear triangle
warning triangle
triangle split system:

See dual brakes -- especially the picture.
triangle-split system:
See dual brakes -- especially the picture.
triangular ground electrode:

A ground electrode with three bridges attached to its end points, which form a link
to the threaded shell
triangular safety reflector:

See warning triangle
triangulation:
The arrangement of the stabilizing tread plies whereby their cords form tiny
triangles in the Michelin 'X. radial truck tire.
tricar:
An old name for a three-wheeler
Tricarbonyl:
trichlorethene:
(C2HCl3) A cleaning solvent
trichlorethylene:
(C2HCl3) A cleaning solvent
trick:
[1] A description of a whole motorcycle which is "really cool," "really hot," "really
new" and unobtainable or expensive.
[2] A component of a motorcycle which is unique
trickle charge:
A continuous charging of a storage battery at a low rate to keep it in a fully charged
condition for a period when no current is drawn from it
trickle charger:
A small battery charger which delivers less than five amperes
tricycle:
A three wheeled vehicle (usually pedal-powered) where there is a single front wheel
and two rear wheels. A three-wheeled, early-type open automobile using bicycle
wheels and a steel-tube frame. Also see trike.
tri-drive:
A vehicle having three rear driving axles.
trigger box:
See ignition control unit
triggering device:
An electronic control unit that activates the air bag in a crash. It contains a
deceleration sensor, a Hamlin switch and a check circuit
triggering unit:
An electronic control unit that activates the air bag in a crash. It contains a
deceleration sensor, a Hamlin switch and a check circuit
trigger wheel:
[1] A rotor of a magnetic pick-up integrated into the distributor, with as many teeth
as the engine has cylinders.
[2] A Hall generator rotor with an outer ring interrupted by one or several Hall
windows, depending on its purpose
trike:
A tricycle. A motorcycle that has been converted to a three-wheeled unit.
Sometimes the rear two wheels are powered by a small automobile engine.
trim:
[1] Nonfunctional metal or plastic molding, frames and other decorative additions to
vehicle bodies and interiors. Also called hard trim.
[2] A vehicle's interior decoration, including the upholstery, roof and door linings.
Also called soft trim.
[3] The difference between the draft forward and the draft aft. A ship is trimmed by
adjusting the location of fuel, cargo, ballast, etc.
See
door trim
edge trim
hard trim
head trim
interior trim
soft trim
wheel trim
trimaran:
A triple hulled vessel
trim emblem:
See wheel trim emblem
trim level:
A vehicle designation assigned by vehicle manufacturers that represent specific
equipment packages.
trim panel:
The decorative interior panel
trim panel release tool:

A fork-like tool used to pry out fasteners on interior panels without breaking them
or damaging the car
trim rim:
See wheel trim rim
tri-oval track:
An oval track with an extra rounded corner. Daytona is a tri-oval track.
trip computer:
A computer with a multifunction display; supplies the driver with trip information
such as range, ETA, distance to destination, time, fuel economy, fuel consumption,
average speed, accumulated trip miles, elapsed time since last reset
tri pin:
insert a hand into its bracket in order to steer a vehicle.
triple:
See touring triple
triple clamp:
The devices which secure the handlebar to the triple tree on a motorcycle. Named
because is has three clamping points -- one for each of the two front forks, and one
for the steering tube.
triple tree:
The yoke that supports the handlebar on a motorcycle.
triplex chain:
A chain with three rows of rollers.
See
duplex chain
simplex chain
trip meter:
An instrument which measures the distance a vehicle travels from the last time it
was reset and runs in conjunction with the odometer
trip mileage counter:

An instrument which measures the distance a vehicle travels from the last time it
was reset and runs in conjunction with the odometer
tripod jack:
A device for lifting a vehicle.
tripod joint:
A constant velocity joint with three balls engaged in curved grooves
trip odometer:
An auxiliary odometer that may be reset to zero at the option of the driver. It is used
for keeping track of the mileage on trips up to one thousand miles.
tripping bracket:
Flat bars or plates fitted at various points on deck girders, stiffeners, or beams as
reinforcements to prevent their free flanges from tripping
trip recorder:
Incorporated in the speedometer, the trip recorder indicates the mileage (in miles or
km) covered during a particular journey (trip), either mechanically or electronically;
trip figures can be reset to zero by turning or pushing a reset button. Also called a
trip meter trip mileage counter or trip odometer
Triumph:
A vehicle brand of which the Dolomite 8 and Gloria 6 models
only from 1925-1948 are classic cars. The 1953-63 TR2/TR3 Click for books
models are milestone cars. on Triumph
trk:
See 8 trk
TR number:
Code number of the tube valves and flaps set by Tire and Rim Association.
trolleybus:
An electrically powered public transport bus that takes its power from overhead
wires
trolley jack:
A hydraulic jack with swivel wheels
trouble code:
Engine self diagnosis. Electronic control module questions sensor reading and
stores code for which circuit trouble is located
troubleshooting:
Diagnosing engine, transmission etc., problems by various tests and observations.
trouble-shooting light:
A light with a long lead, used in garages to inspect the underside of cars and under
the hood
trough:
See wiring trough
troy weight:
A system of measurement of weight used for gold, silver, and platinum
troy ounce:
A measurement of weight where one troy ounce equals 31.10 grammes. In writing,
it is often shortened to troy oz. after figures, e.g., 25.2 troy oz. Troy weight is
divided into grains, pennyweights (24 grains = 1 pennyweight), ounces (20
pennyweights = 1 ounce) and pounds (12 troy ounces = 1 pound). Troy weights are
slightly less than their avoirdupois equivalents; the troy pound equals 0.37 kg or
0.82 lb avoirdupois
TR rim:
A safety rim developed by Michelin with a flattened rim flange and run-flat
potential
Truarc retaining ring:

An internal or external circlip of rectangular cross section with holes for easier
installation and removal
truck:
A general term for a vehicle designed to haul something. The British term is lorry.
See
articulated truck
breakdown truck
crew cab dump truck
flatbed truck
fork-lift truck
heavy-duty truck
lift truck
light-duty truck
light truck
medium-duty truck
tanker truck
utility truck
truck camper:
A camping unit which mounts on the bed of a pickup truck. Its advantage is that the
vehicle can be used to drive into remote locations.
truck tractor:
See tractor.
true:
[1] Something that is accurately made or correctly adjusted.
[2] To adjust something so that it is able to fit perfectly. Also see out of true
true up:
To dress
truing:
The act of cutting rubber off the tread of a tire while rotating on a "truing" machine
to make the tire assembly round. A sometimes harmful practice which takes off
tread rubber to allow for an out of round wheel, or for a tire not mounted properly.
trunion:
A British term for kingpin -- a mechanical pivot located at the lower end of the
suspension wheel upright.
trunk:
The storage compartment of a vehicle. In older cars, a large suitcase (or trunk) was
strapped to the back of the vehicle. In rear-engine vehicles, the trunk is located in
the front of the vehicle (e.g., Volkswagen); but generally it is located at the rear of
the vehicle. Also see escape trunk
trunk handle:
A lever or handle for opening the trunk
trunk lid:
The cover of the trunk which is hinged
trunk model:
A vehicle which may come as a hatchback or stationwagon is available in a style
which has a trunk behind and below the backlight (i.e., rear window).
trunk rack:
A luggage rack which is mounted to the surface of the trunk. Some are merely
decorative.
trunk spoiler:
A rear spoiler which is mounted to the lid of the trunk.
t-slot:
A variation of the split skirt piston. The top of the "T" tends to retard the
transfer of heat from the head to the skirt of the piston. The vertical slot allows
the skirt of the piston to close when heated.
TT:
Tourist Trophy races held on the Isle of Man
tub:
See
body tub
wheel tub
tube:
[1] A long, narrow, hollow cylinder for holding or passing liquids or gases.
[2] A rubber doughnut-shaped object which is placed within the carcass of a tire and
inflated.
See
axle tube
bourdon tube
capillary tube
carburetor venturi
choke tube
curing tube
distribution tube
down tube
emulsion tube
fuel filler tube
glow tube
head tube
heat shrink tube
inner tube
japanese lantern-type jacket tube
jet tube
mini tube cutter
neon tube
pitot tube
road-draft tube
seat tube
shrink tube
steerer tube
stern tube
top tube
torque tube drive torque tube
venturi tube
tube axle:
See torque tube axle
tube bender:
A tool for bending tubing without collapsing it
tube cutter:
A tool used to cut tubing by passing a sharp wheel around and around the tube. Also
see mini tube cutter
tubed:
A tire which has an inner tube
tube drive:
See torque tube drive
tube frame:
A car frame made up of rigid tubing welded together. Tube frames are easier to
manufacture in small quantities than unitized frames.
tubeless:
A tire with no inner tube
tubeless tire:
A tire which does not have a tube. Air is sealed in the tire chamber because the bead
of the tire adheres to the tire's rim. First developed by B. F. Goodrich in 1948.
tubeless tires:
See tubeless tire.
tubing:
See
butted tubing
plain gauge tubing
seamed tubing
seamless tubing
tube.
tubing reamer:
A tool used to remove burrs on hard tubes (not inner tubes), e.g., after a tube cutter
is used when servicing the brake line system
tubular:
In the shape of a tube; cylindrical
tubular backbone frame:

A backbone chassis with a tubular central spine
tubular frame:
A frame construction that features members of tubular cross section; often used for
racing cars, as this layout allows for weight-saving design with the use of aluminum
tubular nut driver:

A nut driver with handle and tubular shank for driving hexagon nuts and bolts
tubular tire:
A type of bicycle tire that has a tube sewn up inside the casing, also known as a
sew-up.
Tucker:
A vehicle brand of which the 1948 models are milestone cars.
tucking:
Reducing the length of certain sections of a panel. Opposite of throwing. When
making a panel with rounded edges that has to be folded along the inner edge, the
radius along this edge must be increased and its length reduced; this is done by
thickening the material in certain areas
tudor:
A word coined by Ford for a 2-door sedan.
tug:
A boat equipped with powerful engines for towing or pushing large ships or barges
tumblehome:
[1] The severe inward (concave) curvature used on the sides of some cars.
[2] The inboard slope of a ship's side above the designed waterline
tumbling:
The smoothing of an aluminum surface by tumbling it in rotating barrels with
metallic or ceramic shot but without any form of abrasive
tune:
To adjust the engine controls (carburetor, timing, etc.) for optimum running. See out
of tune
tuned exhaust:
Intake and exhaust systems that harness the pressure pulses and resonances inside
the various passages and chambers of the intake and exhaust manifolds. In this way
they increase the flow of intake charge into and out of the combustion chambers.
Although the exhaust port must be a smooth as possible, the intake port must not
because the fuel must churn and mix with the air.
tuned for economy:

An engine (and often other components) which have been adjusted to use less fuel
tuned header:
See high performance header
tuned port injection:

(TPI) a GM fuel injection system that uses tuned air intake runners for improved
airflow
tuner:
That component/circuit of a radio which tunes to the frequencies of radio stations;
(tuner + amplifier = receiver)
tune up:
See tune-up.
tune-up:
The intent of a tune-up is to obtain the maximum performance and economy of the
engine with the lowest possible exhaust emissions so that the vehicle engine will
meet the manufacturer's specifications. It involves checking the components of the
ignition system and cleaning or replacing them; cleaning and adjusting the
carburation or fuel injection system; adjusting the points and timing cleaning and
gapping the spark plugs. Tune-ups should be performed according to the
recommendation of each manufacturer.
tune up kit:
See tune-up kit.
tune-up kit:
A set of parts containing points, rotor
condenser cam lube, and possibly a feeler gauge. Each vehicle make, model, and
year has its own tune-up kit.
tungsten:
A hard, malleable, greyish-white element used in lamp filaments, electrical contact
points and, alloyed with steel, in high-speed cutting tools
tungsten-arc:
See gas tungsten-arc welding
tungsten-arc welding:
See gas tungsten-arc welding
tungsten-halogen bulb:
A quartz-halogen bulb with a tungsten filament
tuning:
The adjustment of the carburetor, ignition timing, etc. to improve performance.
See
exhaust tuning
performance tuning
quartz tuning system
tuning system:
See quartz tuning system
tuning the exhaust:

See exhaust tuning.
tunnel:
See
center tunnel
transmission tunnel
wind tunnel
tunnel drier:
A heated tunnel through which body shells are passed in painting lines, e.g., to dry
their phosphate coatings
tunnel furnace:
A heated tunnel through which body shells are passed in painting lines, e.g., to dry
their phosphate coatings
tunnelling:
Moving a component deeply into its surrounding sheet metal to give the appearance
of being recessed, e.g., headlights, tall lights, and antennas
turbine:
Turbine: A type of engine in which all the parts that are in regular motion are
rotating, making for very smooth operation. The basic gas turbine operates as
follows: air enters the compressor and is compressed. It is then delivered to the
combustion chamber under pressure and here the fuel is introduced, mixed with the
air and burned, the quantity injected determining speed and power output. The hot,
high-pressure burning gases then proceed to the first turbine, which drives the
compressor and continue to the power turbine, which delivers power to the output
shaft through reduction gears. The gears are necessary because the speed of turbine
rotation is measured in tens of thousands of rpm not thousands as with a typical
piston engine. The turbine's attractions include its utter simplicity and directness in
getting power from burning gas, its smoothness, easy cold starting and its ability to
run on almost any hydrocarbon fuel. On the minus side are high cost, problems with
materials because of the high temperatures and speed of rotation and relatively high
NOx production. Also see gas turbine
turbine casing:
The casing enclosing a turbine
turbine engine:
An engine that uses burning gases to spin a turbine, or series of turbines, as a means
of propelling the vehicle. Also see turbine.
turbine housing:
The casing enclosing a turbine
turbine wheel:
[1] A turbocharger wheel driven by exhaust gases, the turbine wheel spins at speeds
up to 160,000 rpm and drives the compressor which is located at the opposite end of
the turbine shaft; wheel and shaft are usually inseparable.
[2] A driven member of a torque converter which transmits multiplied engine torque
to the transmission input shaft
turbo:
Abbreviation for "turbocharger." In computers the term is erroneously used to mean
an increase in speed. Also see two-staged turbo
turbocharged engine:
An engine fitted with a turbocharger
turbocharger:
An exhaust powered turbine super-charger. Turbochargers always use centrifugal-
flow compressors, which operate efficiently at the high rotational speeds produced
by the exhaust turbine. See blower.
turbo charger:
See turbocharger.
turbocharging:
A method of increasing power and decreasing emissions by rerouting hot exhaust
gases through a turbine which drives a pump that forces more air into the engine
cylinders. Also see exhaust turbocharging
turbo-diesel:
A diesel engine which is turbocharged
turbo gauge:
A boost pressure gauge on turbocharged engines
turbo lag:
Within a turbocharger's operating range, lag is the delay between the instant a car's
accelerator is depressed and the time the turbocharged engine develops a large
fraction of the power available at that point in the engine's power curve.
turbo-supercharger:
See turbocharger
turbulence:
Violent, broken movement or agitation of a fluid or gas. Also see swirl
Turismo:
See gran Turismo
turn:
See
handbrake turn
turn a lap:
To drive one full circle around the race track.
turnbuckle:
A device which allows the linkage to be lengthened or shortened. A threaded hole is
found on each end of the turnbuckle. The linkage which attaches to the turnbuckle
can be screwed in or out on each end to create the necessary length. Usually a lock
nut secures the turnbuckle in place. In some instances, the turnbuckle may have a
threaded hole at one end and a threaded stud at the other.
turner:
See flywheel turner
turn-in:
The moment of transition between driving straight ahead and cornering.
turning circle:
The smallest circle in which a vehicle can turn, i.e., with the wheels on full lock.
See turning radius.
turning over:
See turn over.
turning radius:
The diameter of the circle created by the outer front wheel when making a full turn.
There are two ways of measuring the turning radius: curb to curb and wall to wall.
The latter is always larger because it takes into account front-end overhang. As the
vehicle turns, the inside wheels make a smaller circle than the outside tires. Also see
Ackermann steering.
turn-in rate:
The way a car steers into a bend; the roll-steer effect
turn into the skid:

To turn the steering wheel in the same direction as that in which the rear of the car
is sliding, in order to counteract the skid
turn over:
An engine is said to "turn over" when the starter has caused the crankshaft to begin
to turn, which starts the pistons moving so that combustion can begin to take place
in the cylinders providing power to move the vehicle.
turnpike:
A US toll road, especially one that is an expressway
turns:
See toe-out on turns
turn signal:
turn signal indicator:

A light (usually accompanied by a click or chime) which flashes when the turn
signal lever is engaged and the signal lights flash. Most are located somewhere on
the dash in front of the driver, but Cadillac and others also mounted them on the
upper edge of the front and rear fender or the rear headliner.
turn-under:
The inward sloping of a car's body below the waistline
turnup:
See ply turnup.
turret web:
See suspension turret web
Click for books on TVR
TV rod:
This refers to the throttle valve rod that extends from the foot throttle linkage to the
throttle valve in the automatic transmission.
TVS:
Acronym for thermal vacuum switch or temperature vacuum switch
TVV:
Acronym for thermal vacuum valve or thermal vent valve
TWC:
Acronym for three-way catalyst
tweak:
[1] To adjust a screw or component by making a very slight adjustment.
[2] To bend a component to such an extent that it will need to be replaced.
tween deck:
The space between any two adjacent decks
twelve:
See v-twelve
twelve-cylinder engine:
An engine with twelve cylinders, e.g., a V-12
twelve-valve engine:
A three-cylinder engine with four valves per cylinder (e.g., Daihatsu), or a six-
cylinder engine with two valves per cylinder, or a four-cylinder engine with three
valves per cylinder, i.e., two inlet valves and one exhaust valve
TWI:
Acronym for tread wear indicators
twilight sentinel:
A device found on Cadillac cars which controls the headlights so that they remain
on for a set period of time after the engine is shut off.
twin:
To construct a highway in which there are two lanes on each side of the road often
with a center median dividing each pair of lanes. The British term is "dual."
See
flat twin
offset twin
parallel twin
twin A-arm suspension:

See double wishbone suspension
twin axle:
See tandem axle
twin barrel carburetor:

A carburetor with two identical barrels to feed two banks of cylinders
twincam:
An engine with double overhead camshafts.
See
overhead cam
DOHC.
twin cam engine:

twin camshaft:
twin camshaft engine:

twin carburetors:
(TC) two carburetors on an engine, mechanically coupled and balanced
twin-choke carburetor:
A carburetor with two identical barrels to feed two banks of cylinders. See double-
barrel carburetor
twin diaphragm pump:

A diaphragm pump with two diaphragms; if one fails the other takes over its
function
twin exhaust system:

An exhaust system with two tailpipes; either a complete exhaust system, as on
performance cars and cars with V-engines, or simply two tailpipes emanating from
the rear muffler. Also called dual exhaust system
twin fitment:
See dual mounting.
twin front pipe:

See Y-pipe
twin header:
See Y-pipe
twin headlight:
A headlight arrangement containing two headlights; the outer lights provide the low
beams, the inner lights are for high beam
twin headpipe:
See Y-pipe
twin ignition system:

A distributor with two sets of contact points, each of which operates with its own
coil in a separate primary circuit; the contact points open alternately, each set firing
half of the cylinders
twin I-beam suspension:

Used on most Ford trucks in the last 20 years. This variation does not link the
wheels, but uses two long beams, each pivoting on the opposite side of the vehicle.
Results in a smoother ride, but creates tire-wear problems.
twin ignition:
See single-coil twin ignition
twin overhead camshaft:

See double overhead cam
twin-piston engine:
An obsolete two-stroke engine design featuring two cylinder barrels plus two
pistons per cylinder; the pistons are linked to the crankshaft via a forked con rod or
a master/slave con rod assembly
twin planets:
Two planet gears in mesh; one meshes with the sun gear and the other with the
internal gear
twin-plate clutch:
A clutch with two driven plates separated by an intermediate drive plate; gives
higher torque capacity
twin plug ignition:

twin port:
A cylinder head design in which there are two exhaust ports
twins:
A motorcycle with two cylinders
twin-spar frame:
A motorcycle frame in which the steering head and the swingarm pivot are
connected by two metal (usually alloy) members that wrap around the engine
twin spark ignition:

twin swirl combustion chamber:

A special design of a four-stroke engine, in which the intake valves are arranged in
such a way as to ensure that the gas flow ends in two separate swirls; this design
improves swirl and thus enhances combustion of the fuel/air mixture within the
cylinder
twin-tube damper:
See double-tube shock absorber
twin wheel:
[1] A double-rimmed wheel with two independently inflated tires; has good
aquaplaning and run-flat properties.
[2] Two wheels fitted to one hub
twist-beam rear axle:

See semi-independent suspension
twist drill:
A metal cutting drill with spiral flutes (grooves) to permit the exit of chips while
cutting.
twisted frame:
A type of frame damage often encountered as a result of the car rolling over. The
left-hand and right-hand frame members are then no longer parallel and on a level
when viewed from the side; instead, they are offset as if they had been turned on a
horizontal axis at right angles to the frame members
twisty bits:
The twisting back roads you can find in almost any state. The two lane roads that
bring a sports car to life as you master the turns, curves and switchbacks.
two-coat system:
See base and clear system
two-cycle engine:
See two-stroke engine
two-door:
A vehicle with one door on each side; a body design typical of all two-seater sports
cars (such as roadsters, spiders) and many subcompact cars
two-door club coupe:

See two-door coupe
two-door coupe:
Also called the two-door club coupe, the club coupe designation seems to come
from club car, describing the lounge (or parlor car) in a railroad train. The early
postwar club coupe combined a shorter-than-sedan body structure with the
convenience of a full back seat, unlike the single-seat business coupe. That name
has been used less frequently in the 1976-86 period, as most notchback two-door
models (with trunk rather than hatch) have been referred to as just "coupes."
Moreover, the distinction between two-door coupes and two-door sedans has grown
fuzzy. === car-club.jpg
two-door fastback:
By definition, a fastback is any automobile with a long, moderately curving,
downward slope to the rear of the roof. This body style relates to an interest in
streamlining and aerodynamics and has gone in and out of fashion at various times.
Some (Mustangs for one) have grown quite popular. Others have tended to turn
customers off. Certain fastbacks are, technically, two-door sedans or pillared
coupes. Four-door fastbacks have also been produced. Many of these (such as
Buick's late 1970s four-door Century sedan) lacked sales appeal. Fastbacks may or
may not have a rear-opening hatch. === car-fast.jpg
two-door hatchback coupe:

two-door hardtop:
The term hardtop, as used for postwar cars up to the mid-1970s, describes an
automobile styled to resemble a convertible, but with a rigid metal (or fiberglass)
top. In a production sense, this body style evolved after World War II, first called
"hardtop convertible." Other generic names have included sports coupe, hardtop
coupe, or pillarless coupe. In the face of proposed rollover standards, nearly all
automakers turned away from the pillarless design to a pillared version by 1976-77.
=== car-2hard.jpg
two-door sedan:
The term sedan originally described a conveyance seen only in movies today: a
wheelless vehicle for one person, borne on poles by two men, one ahead and one
behind. Automakers pirated the word and applied it to cars with a permanent top,
seating four to seven (including driver) in a single compartment. The two-door
sedan of recent times has sometimes been called a pillared coupe, or plain coupe,
depending on the manufacturer's whim. On the other hand, some cars commonly
referred to as coupes carry the sedan designation on factory documents. === car-
2sedan.jpg
two-door station wagon:

Originally defined as a car with an enclosed wooden body of paneled design (with
several rows of folding or removable seats behind the driver), the station wagon
became a different and much more popular type of vehicle in the postwar years. A
recent dictionary states that such models have a larger interior than sedans of the
line and seats that can be readily lifted out, or folded down, to facilitate light
trucking. In addition, there's usually a tailgate, but no separate luggage
compartment. The two-door wagon often has sliding or flip-out rear side windows.
=== car-2wagon.jpg
two-pack filler:
All polyester fillers in use today comprise a basic filler paste and a hardener or
catalyst
two-pack paint:
Paint prepared by mixing two constituents, such as pigment and an acrylic resin
two-piece alloy wheel:

A wheel which consists of the rim and the wheel disc or spider bolted together. The
word "forged" is optional, since multi-piece alloy wheels are always forged and not
cast
two-piece forged alloy wheel:

A wheel which consists of the rim and the wheel disc or spider bolted together. The
word "forged" is optional, since multi-piece alloy wheels are always forged and not
cast
2+2:
See two plus two.
two plus two:

See two-plus-two.
two-plus-two:
(2+2) A two-door car with seating for the driver and a front passenger and only two
people in the rear. It differs from a regular two-seater in that generally three people
could sit in the rear seat and possibly three in the front. Usually the rear seats are
very small and suitable only for children, small pets, or extra luggage.
two second rule:

The minimum gap or distance between two vehicles travelling in the same direction.
As the vehicle in front of you passes a particular mark on the road or sign along the
road, count two seconds and your vehicle should pass the same mark or sign. If road
conditions are poor, the gap should be extended to three seconds or more. If you are
following less than two seconds, there is not sufficient time to react to emergency
evasive manoeuvres to avoid the possibility of hitting the vehicle in front.
two-speed:
An electric motor or transmission having two speed settings (e.g., fan, windshield
wiper)
two-speed axle:
Axle having two selective gear ratios.
two-speed gearbox:
See dual-range gearbox
two-speed transmission:
An automatic transmission with just two speeds (Drive and Low) such as the GM
Powerglide popular in the 1960s
two-stage carburetor:
A compound carburetor
two-stage pump:
A centrifugal pump with two impellers and diffusers arranged in series
two-staged turbo:
Since there is often a lag while a turbine comes up to speed, some performance cars
use two (or more) turbo units, large and small, driven by different legs of the
exhaust. The smaller turbos speed up quickly giving rapid response, and the larger
units provide the volume needed for high power at higher rpm's. Also see
turbocharger.
two stroke cycle:

See two-stroke cycle engine.
two stroke cycle engine:

See two-stroke cycle engine.
two-stroke cycle:
The operating principle of an internal combustion engine characterized by the fact
that the intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust phases overlap and require
only two cycles; used mainly by some motorcycle engines. On cars, the two-stroke
engine was never very popular and was never produced in the USA (although Ford
is experimenting with the engine); a new two-stroke engine concept with separate
lubrication system and a valve system similar to four-stroke engines may combine
the benefits of both the 2-stroke and the 4-stroke systems. Two-stroke engines have
the advantage of rapid low-end torque (because it gets its power stroke twice as
often) while 4-strokes are better at sustained high-speed.
two-stroke cycle engine:

An engine requiring one complete revolution of the crankshaft to fire each piston
once. See two stroke.
two stroke:
A reciprocating engine cycle in which the piston takes over some of the valve
functions in order to obtain a power stroke each revolution of the crankshaft. This
involves the use of ports in the cylinders which are covered and uncovered by the
movements of the piston. As the piston moves down, it clears these ports so that the
exhaust gases can exit and a fresh charge of mixture can enter at the same time. In a
typical two-stroke engine the fuel-air mixture enters the crankcase through a reed
valve. When the piston is at the bottom of the cylinder a port is uncovered. As prior
movement of the piston has compressed the mixture in the crankcase it flows into
the cylinder. Further compression in the cylinder starts as soon as the piston
reverses and covers the ports. At the same time compression is occurring in the
cylinder, movement of the piston has created a vacuum in the crankcase which
draws a fresh charge of mixture from the carburetor into the crankcase. The
compressed charge is fired as the piston reaches top dead center. As expansion of
the burning charge forces the piston downward, the reed valve in the crankcase
closes and the mixture in the crankcase is compressed. As the piston uncovers the
ports at the bottom of the stroke, compressed mixture from the crankcase enters the
cylinder again and is deflected by a baffle on the piston head into the outer end of
the cylinder. This incoming fresh mixture then assists in pushing the burned gases
out of the cylinder and the cycle is repeated.
two-stroke:
See two stroke.
two-tone horn:
Two horns whose diaphragms cause a column of air to resonate at two different
frequencies
two-tone paint:
A paint scheme where two different colors or two shades of the same color are used
on a vehicle.
two-valve engine:
An engine with two valves per cylinder
two-valve head:
A cylinder head with two valves per cylinder
two-way:
See mobile two-way radio
two-way catalyst:
See oxidizing catalyst
two-way catalytic converter:

See oxidizing converter
two-way hammer:
A hammer used for dual purposes
two-way radio:
See mobile two-way radio
two-way system:
A turbocharging system in which, as long as the charging pressure is insufficient,
the air is drawn in from a prechamber via a diaphragm valve; with rising charging
pressure, the valve closes and the turbocharger delivers air via the surge tank
connected to a pressure regulator
two-wheel drive:
(2WD) A vehicle's drive system in which two of the four wheels (either front or
rear) are driven. Compare four-wheel drive
two-wheel driven:
A vehicle with two-wheel drive; also written "4x2"
type:
See motor wheel type
type A motorhome:
A large, most luxurious motorized recreational vehicle. It is constructed on a bare,
specially designed motor vehicle chassis. It is the most spacious and includes most
luxuries: basement storage, washer & dryer, satellite dishes, VCRs, back-up
cameras, hydraulic levelling, security systems, and even hot tubs.
type approval certificate:

A British certificate issued by the Department of Transport denoting that a
particular vehicle type meets official requirements
type axle:
See
elliot type axle
reverse-elliot type axle
type B motorhome:
Also called a "van camper," it is a customized cargo van which includes temporary
sleeping, eating, and bathroom facilities. It is the most economical, versatile, and
maneuverable of the motorized recreational vehicles. It is narrower than other RVs
because it uses the space within the existing van body. However, most are equipped
with a raised roof and sometimes a dropped floor to provide full stand-up room.
type C motorhome:
Also called a "mini-motorhome," is built on the frame and front cab section of a
manufacturer's van. A sleeping bunk is mounted above the cab as well as one in the
back. It features full sleeping, kitchen, dining, and bathroom facilities.
type designation:
A spark plug designation indicating seat and thread type, version, heat range code
number, reach, spark position, and electrode material
type symbol:
A spark plug designation indicating seat and thread type, version, heat range code
number, reach, spark position, and electrode material
tyre:
A British term for tire. The British smile when they see a sign saying "Goodyear
tires" which implies lethargy in Goodyear.
TireX:
A trade name for a form of rayon produced exclusively for tire cords.

[N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]
[Ub] [Uj] [Ul] [Um] [Un] [Up] [Ur] [Us]
UAIB:
Acronym for "Union of Automobile Importers in Bulgaria"
u-bolt:
U-shaped bolt for attaching leaf springs to the axle or securing exhaust pipes, ring
bolts, and shackles
u brake:
Heavy-duty centerpull mountain bike brakes that affix to frame posts.
u-brake:
u brakes:
u-brakes:
U-cylinder engine:
See twin-piston engine
UDC:
See upper dead center
UIC:
Acronym for "universal integrated circuit"
UJ:
See universal joint
u joint:
See universal joint.
U-joint:
Abbreviation for "universal joint."
Ukravtoprom:
Acronym for "Association of Ukrainian Motor Vehicle Manufacturers."
ULC:
Acronym for "Underwriter's Laboratories."
ULCC:
Acronym for Ultra Large Crude Carriers. Tankers larger than 300,000 dwt.
ULEV:
Acronym for "Ultra Low Emission Vehicle Standards."
ULP:
Acronym for "Ultra-Low Profile." A tire with a low aspect ratio
ultimate cornering force:

The maximum steady-state cornering or side force generated by the tires when a
vehicle is driven around a skidpad with the speed increased gradually until if it were
increased further the vehicle would slide off course.
ultra Low Emission Vehicle Standards:

(ULEV) State and federal governments set standards for automakers developing
vehicles that will output lower emission levels. Each state determines their own
levels as does the federal government. California and New York have some of the
most stringent laws. Once the requirements are met for a specific vehicle, the
automaker may call that car or truck a Low Emission Vehicle or LEV.
ultra 6:
A freewheel designed to allow six cogs to fit into the space normally taken up by
five.
ultra 7:
A freewheel designed to allow seven cogs to fit into the space normally taken up by
six.
ultrasonic welding:
A high-tech welding procedure used for metals (e.g., in wire bonding of integrated
circuits) and plastics. Pressure is applied to the parts to be joined and ultrasonic
vibrations are transmitted through the materials; frictional heat at the materials
interface causes localized melting and coalescence; ultrasonic welding is fast and
produces precise, strong welds
ultraviolet rays:
Energy waves that emanate from the electrodes and the welding flames of such a
frequency that these rays are in the ultraviolet ray light spectrum.
umbrella:
An oil deflector placed near the valve tip to throw oil from the valve stem area. See
valve umbrella.
unbalance:
A condition of wheels which are not balanced. Also see tire unbalance
unburnt hydrocarbons:
Pollutant (basically petrol vapor) released into the atmosphere as an exhaust gas,
due to incomplete combustion
uncluttered:
An orderly, neat instrument panel that is free of irrelevant detail
UNC thread:
Acronym for Unified National Coarse thread; one of the screw threads used on
British cars. See national coarse thread. Compare UNF thread
underbody:
The underside of a car. Also see PVC underbody treatment
underbody coating:
A coating of the underbody of a vehicle, usually with organic coating materials
(plastic, wax, bitumen-based products), to protect it from mechanical damage and
corrosion
underbody protection:
A coating of the underbody of a vehicle, usually with organic coating materials
(plastic, wax, bitumen-based products), to protect it from mechanical damage and
corrosion
underbody sealing compound:

See underseal
underbody structure:
The structural members and flat panels of the bodywork on the chassis. Also called
substructure
underbody treatment:
See PVC underbody treatment
underbrake:
To run farther into the turns than normal without applying much brake
undercarriage:
See underbody structure
undercoat:
[1] All of the products used to prepare the surface to receive color coats (primers,
surfaces, putties, sealers, etc.).
[2] A rustproof coating with sound-deadening properties applied to the underbody
undercoating:
The material sprayed on the underside of the automobile, under the hood, trunk lid,
etc. which is designed to deaden sound and prevent the formation of rust.
undercoats:
See undercoat.
undercure:
A condition in which the vulcanization or curing has not been adequate.
undercut:
A depression at the toe of the weld which is below the surface of the base metal.
underfilm corrosion:
See creepage
underfloor:
The underside of a car
underfloor mid-engine:
A design, introduced on the Toyota Previa minivan, where the engine is located
below the passenger compartment, between front and rear
underframe:
The underbody backbone of a car, both for unitary or chassis designs
underhead collar:
A washer fitted under the head of a bolt or screw
underhood area:
The engine compartment
underinflated tire:
A tire which has too little air in it, causing increased wear at the tread edge
underinflation:
Insufficient air pressure in a tire for the amount of load carried.
underpowered:
A description of a vehicle with an engine that provides less power than is necessary
for acceptable performance; especially noticeable when accelerating, passing, or
going uphill
underseal:
[1] A rustproof coating with sound-deadening properties applied to the underbody.
[2] To apply underseal.
See
PVC underseal coating
undercoat
underseal coating:
See pvc underseal coating
under seat panel:

See seat well
undershield:
A body accessory panel made from tough, oil-resistant plastic for fitting on cars that
do not have a standard wheel housing panel. It is designed to protect the upper
inside area of the fender and the door hinge area from splashes of water and mud
deposits; it is also used as standard equipment on some modern cars to replace the
traditional steel wheel housing panel
underside:
The lower side of the underbody, i.e., the surfaces that face the road surface
underside panelling:
A smooth cover on the underside of a car for improving aerodynamics below the
vehicle, e.g., on the Porsche 911 and 928
under sill panel:

A separate closing panel or section used on cars where the inner sill or side member
consists of several separate parts; it forms the bottom of the inner sill and connects
the sill area to the floor panel
undersize tire:
The use of a tire having insufficient carrying capacity for the load. Also replacing
original-equipment tire size with a smaller size of sufficient capacity, thus reducing
unladen weight.
underslung:
suspended below a supporting member, e.g., of a chassis suspended below the axles
underslung frame:
A frame design of the pre-war era whose characteristic feature is that the frame
members run below the axles
undersquare engine:
See under square engine
under square engine:

An engine in which the bore diameter is smaller than the length of the stroke. Also
called long stroke engine
under-square engine:
An engine in which the bore diameter is smaller than the length of the stroke.
understeer:
The tendency for a vehicle, when negotiating a corner, to turn less sharply than the
driver intends. The front end wants to run wide in a turn. To correct this problem,
the suspension needs to be stiffer in the front or softer in the rear. A front-engine
vehicle has a natural tendency to plow straight ahead on turns (i.e., understeer)
unless its suspension is adjusted to counteract it. Sometimes called "push." Also see
roll understeer
undertray:
The bottom panel of multi-layer or complex underbody panel assemblies, which
faces the road surface
undertread:
See breaker. A cushioning layer between the belt layers and the tread in radial tires.
unequal-length wishbone suspension:

A double wishbone suspension system in which the upper wishbone is shorter than
the lower one, with both converging slightly at the wheel hub; reduces tire wear due
to variations in track and camber angle when cornering
unequal wishbones:
A colloquial term for unequal-length wishbone suspension
UNF thread:
Unified National Fine thread; one of the screw threads used on British cars. See
national fine thread. Compare UNC thread
unibody construction:
A manufacturing process where sheet metal body parts are combined with stress-
bearing elements to form the body and chassis as a single piece, as opposed to
attaching body parts to a frame.
See
unitized construction
unicycle:
A one-wheel cycle having pedals attached to the axle and a saddle attached to the
upper end of the fork tubes.
unidirectional flow scavenging:

A scavenging process of two-stroke engines. One of the characteristic features is
that the flow of fresh charge does not follow a path opposed to that of the burnt
charge; scavenging and exhaust ports are not located at the same stroke end of the
piston but rather are staggered, i.e., the fresh charge flows along the length of the
cylinder without its direction being reversed. This process is widely used in large
engines, e.g., for ships
uniflow scavenging:
A scavenging process of two-stroke engines. One of the characteristic features is
that the flow of fresh charge does not follow a path opposed to that of the burnt
charge; scavenging and exhaust ports are not located at the same stroke end of the
piston but rather are staggered, i.e., the fresh charge flows along the length of the
cylinder without its direction being reversed. This process is widely used in large
engines, e.g., for ships
Unified National Coarse thread:

See UNC thread
Unified National Fine thread:
See UNF thread
uniform corrosion:
Corrosion occurring over the entire exposed surface. The opposite is localized
corrosion
union nut:
A nut used to secure the connection between pipes or rods
uni-servo brake:
A servo brake with one single-end wheel cylinder and two self-energizing brake
shoes
unit:
See
airbag unit
enrichment unit
inflator unit
lamp unit
light unit
metering unit
unitary construction:
A modern chassis layout with no separate frame, using the sheet metal parts of the
vehicle body or floorpan as structural members which also carry all suspension
parts; introduced by Citroëat&n in 1934 and by GM/Opel Olympia in 1935. Also
called monocoque
unit body:
Unit body: Type of body/frame construction in which the body of the vehicle, its
floor plan and chassis form a single structure. Such a design is generally lighter and
more rigid than a vehicle having a separate body and frame.
unit construction:
Integrated unit consisting of the engine and gearbox within the same casing
united States Council for Automotive Research:

(USCAR) an organization founded by Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors to
strengthen the technology base of the domestic automotive industry through
research and co-operation.
unit engine:
A term used for motorcycles where engine and gearbox are accommodated in one
common housing
unitized construction:
A type of body construction that doesn't require a separate frame to provide
structural strength or support for the car's mechanical components. A unitized body
can employ monocoque construction, or it can utilize strong structural elements as
an integral part of its construction.
universal:
See
ball universal
cardan universal
hooke universal
universal joint:
(UJ) A flexible double-pivoted joint that allows driving power to be carried
through two shafts that are at an angle to each other. It consists of two Y-
shaped yokes and a cross-shaped member called the spider. The four arms of
the spider are assembled into bearings in the ends of the two yokes. With the
normal cross-and-two-yoke universal joint there is some change in speed
when the driveshaft and the driven shaft are at an angle to each other. The
change in speed occurs because the driven yoke and driven shaft speed up and
then slow down twice with every revolution of the drive line. The greater the
angle between the drive and driven shafts, the greater the speed variation. To
eliminate this speed variation, which results in increased wear of the affected
parts, constant velocity joints are used on many cars. In front drive vehicles, it
is called the constant velocity joint. Also called "Hooke joint" or "cardan
joint."
See
ball universal joint
constant velocity universal joint
universal joint socket:

A socket with universal joint to reach into cramped working areas
universally jointed shaft:
See cardan shaft
universal spark plug socket:

A spark plug socket with universal joint for reaching hard-to-get-at spark plugs
unladen weight:
The actual weight of a vehicle or combination with no payload. See tare weight.
unleaded gas:
Gasoline which has no tetraethyl lead. See lead free.
unleaded gasoline:
See unleaded gas.
unloaded radius:
See free radius.
unloader:
See self-unloader
unloader valve:
See delivery valve
unmanned machinery spaces:

Engine room or space fitted with sensors and controls for monitoring and
responding to machinery operating conditions. This makes it unnecessary for
personnel to be present in the space at all times
unseating:
See bead unseating
unsprung mass:
See unsprung weight
unsprung weight:
This refers to all parts of the vehicle that are not supported by the suspension
system, wheels, tires, etc. Also see sprung weight.
updraft carburetor:
A carburetor in which the air passes upward through the carburetor into the intake
manifold.
updraught carburetor:
See updraft carburetor
uph:
Abbreviation for "upholstery."
upholstery:
(Uph) The fabric used to cover the seats and other panels.
See
cloth upholstery
full leather upholstery
upper ball joint:

A mechanical pivot located at the end of the upper suspension links.
upper-cylinder lubrication:
A method of introducing a lubricant into fuel or intake manifold in order to permit
lubrication of upper cylinder, valve guides, etc
upper dead center:

See
top dead center
upright sitting position:

Sitting straight up on a motorcycle with raised handlebars, where your hands are
level with the bend in your elbows. It is the easiest and most comfortable position in
which to ride a bike because no part of your body is faced with undue stress based
on position. On motorcycles where the rider is leaning forward or backward, backs
and hands start to ache.
upset:
[1] A widening of the diameter by pounding or compressing the ends of a pipe or
rod.
[2] Turning a vehicle over because of an accident.
upshift:
Shifting to a higher gear. In Britain it is called "upward change."
upside-down forks:
Telescopic forks on a motorcycle in which the lower section, on which the wheel is
mounted, telescopes into the fixed upper tube. They are sometimes called inverted
telescopic forks on earlier motorcycles
up-stroke:
The ascending stroke of a piston, from BDC to TDC
upthrust:
The upward force produced when an object is immersed in a liquid or gas.
upward change:
A British term for shifting to a higher gear. In North America it is called "upshift"
urban driving:
Driving in cities and towns where the common speed limit is 50 kph (30 mph) with
traffic lights, etc. Also called metro driving
urban test cycle:

A driving cycle that simulates driving in a town
USAC:
Acronym for "United States Auto-Sound Challenge."
USB:
Acronym for "Universal Serial Bus."
USCAR:
Acronym for "United States Council for Automotive Research"
U section:
A sheet metal section often used on underbody structural members; it differs from a
box section in that the fourth wall of the box is missing, i.e., its cross section more
or less resembles the letter "U"
used car dealer:

A proprietor who sells used cars. In some instances it is part of a new car dealership
used vehicle:
vehicle that has been previously owned or driven. Also called preowned.
ute:
An Australian term for a truck
utility truck:
A pick-up truck
utility vehicle:
See sport utility vehicle
UV absorber:
Any substance that absorbs ultraviolet radiation, then dissipates the energy in a
harmless form; used in plastics and rubbers to decrease light sensitivity
UV stabilizer:
Any substance that absorbs ultraviolet radiation, then dissipates the energy in a
harmless form; used in plastics and rubbers to decrease light sensitivity

[N][O][P][Q][R][S][T][U][V][W][X][Y][Z]
[Va][Ve][Vi][Vo][Vu]
V:
to 210 kph (130 mph), as in P220VR15. The next higher rating is W and the one
lower rating is H.
[2] A letter indicating a valve configuration as in 16v meaning a 16 valve engine.
[3] A letter indicating the configuration of the cylinders in an engine as in V-8
V-4:
See V-four
V-6:
See V-six
V-8:
See V-eight
V-10:
See V-ten
V-12:
See V-twelve
V-16:
See V-sixteen
VA:
Value analysis.
vac:
See
master vac
vac servo:
See master vac servo unit
vac servo unit:

See master vac servo unit
vacuum:
An enclosed area in which the air pressure is below that of the surrounding
atmospheric pressure.
See
constant vacuum
manifold vacuum
pulse vacuum hublock
venturi vacuum
vacuum advance:
A mechanism on the side of the distributor that automatically varies the instant at
which the spark occurs as a function of intake manifold vacuum. Vacuum advance
provides the additional advance that is needed when the engine is operating at part
throttle. At part throttle less air-fuel mixture gets into the cylinders and the mixture
takes longer to burn after it is ignited. Because the mixture burns more slowly, the
piston will be past top dead center and moving down before the mixture has a
chance to burn and produce high power. As a result much of the power in the fuel
will be lost. The vacuum advance mechanism consists of a flexible spring-loaded
diaphragm connected by a linkage to the breaker plate on which the points are
mounted. The sealed side of the diaphragm is connected by a tube to the carburetor.
The throttle valve is below the vacuum passage in the carburetor air horn so there is
no vacuum advance when the engine is idling because the throttle is closed.
However, when the throttle is partly open, intake manifold vacuum pulls the
diaphragm in and this causes the breaker plate to rotate a few degrees and advance
the timing. With wide-open throttle there is very little vacuum in the intake
manifold so there will be no vacuum advance. In most instances the vacuum
advance is disconnected before checking the timing and point gap.
See
speed control vacuum advance
vacuum advance mechanism:
See vacuum advance
vacuum advance unit:

See vacuum advance
vacuum assisted brake:

See brake booster.
vacuum assisted brakes:

See brake booster.
vacuum booster:
A small diaphragm vacuum pump, generally in combination with the fuel pump,
that is used to bolster engine vacuum during acceleration so that the vacuum
operated devices will continue to operate.
vacuum brake booster:

A device directly connected to the master cylinder and mounted on the engine side
of the bulkhead, which uses engine manifold vacuum to produce additional braking
force
vacuum capsule:
A pneumatic actuator that converts air pressure differences into a regulating short-
stroke movement; the circular, flat capsule has a spring-loaded diaphragm with a
lever attached
vacuum chamber:
A pneumatic actuator that converts air pressure differences into a regulating short-
stroke movement; the circular, flat capsule has a spring-loaded diaphragm with a
lever attached
vacuum check valve:

(VCK-V) a one-way valve used to retain a vacuum signal in a line after the vacuum
source is gone
vacuum control:
A load-dependant mechanical ignition timing, controlled by the inlet manifold
vacuum
vacuum control switch:

A switch that monitors the vacuum signal enabling the ECU to recognize open or
closed throttle (idle) operation
vacuum control unit:

An assembly for load-dependent ignition timing controlled by the intake manifold
vacuum, consisting of a vacuum capsule with a spring-loaded diaphragm linked to
the breaker plate
vacuum control valve:

(VCV) a ported vacuum switch, controls vacuum to other emission devices during
engine warm up
vacuum delay valve:

(VDV) a valve used by GM to bleed ported vacuum to the vacuum advance unit
through a small orifice and control vacuum advance rate. Used to retard or delay the
application of a vacuum signal. Also called delay valve
vacuum differential valve:

(VDV) a device used in a Thermactor system with a catalyst that sense intake
manifold vacuum and triggers the bypass valve to dump injection air to the
atmosphere during deceleration
vacuum filter:
A filter which removes electrical noise from the vacuum signal sent from the
vacuum sensor to the ECU
vacuum gage:
See vacuum gauge.
vacuum gauge:
A gauge used to determine the amount of vacuum existing in a chamber.
vacuum hose:
A pipe which connects the intake manifold to the vacuum brake booster
vacuum hublock:
See pulse vacuum hublock
vacuum ignition-timing control:

See vacuum control
vacuum modulated EGR:

An exhaust gas recirculation in which the amount of exhaust gas admitted to the
intake manifold depends on a vacuum signal controlled by throttle position. When
the throttle is closed, at idle or during deceleration, there is no vacuum signal to the
EGR valve; as the throttle is opened, a vacuum signal is supplied causing the EGR
valve to open
vacuum modulator:
A small unit attached to the automatic transmission. If the vehicle tends to stay in
low gear, shifts with difficulty or produces whitish smoke, has an automatic
transmission, and is constantly low in transmission fluid, try replacing the vacuum
modulator before undertaking major repairs. Most vacuum modulators simply screw
into place. See modulator.
vacuum operated exhaust heat control valve:

(VHC) a vacuum operated heat riser valve used by Ford to cause the exhaust to flow
through the intake crossover passage for preheating of the air-fuel mixture
vacuum power motor:

A device for use in opening doors in heating and air conditioning systems
vacuum power unit:

A device for use in opening doors in heating and air conditioning systems
vacuum pump:
A diaphragm type of pump used to produce a vacuum.
vacuum reducer valve:

(VRV) A valve used by GM to limit the amount of vacuum governing the ignition
advance mechanism of the distributor; on some ignition systems, a VRV is used to
reduce intake manifold vacuum when the coolant temperature is above 104°C
(220°F), in order to prevent or reduce detonation
vacuum regulator valve three and four-port:

(VRV) this type of vacuum regulator valve is used to control the vacuum advance to
the distributor
vacuum regulator valve two-port:

(VRV) this vacuum regulator provides a constant output signal when the input level
is greater than a preset level. At a lower input vacuum, the output equals the input
vacuum reservoir:
(VRESER) stores excess vacuum to prevent rapid fluctuations and sudden drops in
a vacuum signal, such as during acceleration
vacuum restrictor:
(VREST) controls the flow rate and/or timing in actions to the different emission
control components
vacuum retard:
A vacuum control unit for retarding the spark
vacuum retard delay valve:

(VRDV) delays a decrease in vacuum at the distributor vacuum advance unit when
the source vacuum decreases. Used to delay release of vacuum from a diaphragm --
a momentary vacuum trap
vacuum retard unit:

A vacuum control unit for retarding the spark
vacuum runout point:

This refers to the point reached when a vacuum brake power piston has built up all
the braking force it is capable of with the vacuum available.
vacuum sealing apparatus:

A component in continuous zinc vapor deposition lines through which steel strips
enter the deposition chamber and which prevents a build-up of pressure within the
chamber
vacuum sensor:
A sensor which detects changes in manifold pressure in comparison to barometric
pressure; such changes indicate the need for an adjustment in air/fuel mixture and
electronic spark timing to maintain efficient engine operation. Also called manifold
pressure sensor, pressure differential sensor, or manifold vacuum sensor
vacuum servo:
vacuum solenoid:
On some engines, a vacuum solenoid controlled by an electrical sensor switch is
used to control the EGR valve
vacuum suction cup:

A hand tool for pulling out shallow body dents and for lifting flat, heavy objects
such as windshields or sheet metal
vacuum suspended power booster:

A type of power booster that contains vacuum in both chambers of the booster when
the brake pedal is at rest. When the pedal is applied, the rear chamber is vented to
the atmosphere, causing the diaphragm of the booster to move toward the master
cylinder which assist the driver in the application of the brakes
vacuum switch:
See thermal vacuum switch
vacuum switching valve:

(VSV) an electrically controlled vacuum switching valve used to control emission
control devices
vacuum tank:
A tank in which a vacuum exists. It is generally used to provide vacuum to a power
brake installation in the event engine vacuum cannot be obtained. The tank will
supply several brake applications before the vacuum is exhausted.
vacuum timing control:

See vacuum control
vacuum transmitting valve:

(VTV) a valve used to limit the rate of vacuum advance
vacuum unit:
See vacuum control unit
vacuum valve:
See thermal vacuum valve
vacuum vent valve:

(VVV) controls the induction of fresh air into a vacuum system to prevent chemical
decay of the vacuum diaphragm that can occur on contact with fuel
VAF:
Acronym for vane air-flow meter
valance:
A panel used to conceal structural detail or to provide extra protection.
See
rear corner valance
rear quarter valance
rear valance
valet parking:
The parking of your car by a parking attendant
valet switch:
On some alarm systems, a switch to override the alarm system for valet parking, car
washes, etc.
value:
See
actual cash value
cd value
duty paid value
expected residual value
net sales value
ph value
residual value
stated residual value
value added:
See census value added
value of shipment:
summation of value of shipments produced by establishment, receipts of custom
and repair revenue.
valve:
A device used to either open or close an opening to allow or prevent the flow of a
liquid or gas from one place to another. There are many different types.
See
abs relay valve
accumultor valve
air control valve
air gulp valve
air select valve
air switching valve
anti-backfire valve
anti-percolation valve
antibackfire valve
antipercolation valve
aspirator valve
back pressure valve
ball valve
bleeder valve
bleed valve
blow-off valve
blowoff valve
boost control valve
boost valve
burned valves
butterfly valve
bypass valve
cam follower
change valve
check valve
choke valve
combination valve
compensator valve
control valve
delay valve
delivery valve
discharge valve
disc valve
diverter valve
dropped valve
dump valve
eac Valve
eas Valve
economizer valve
egr valve
exhaust valve opens
exhaust valve
expansion valve
four valve
frequency valve
fuel injector valve
governor valve
gulp valve
heat control valve
heat control valve
idle stop valve
inlet valve
intake valve closes
intake valve opens
intake valve
kickdown valve
kneuter valve
lightened valve
manual valve
metering valve
modulator valve
mushroom valve
needle valve
oil drain valve
oil filter bypass valve
one-way valve
outlet valve
overhead valves
oversize valve guide
parallel valves
PCV valve
petcock
poa suction throttling valve
pop-off valve
poppet valve
power valve
pressure limiting valve
pressure regulating valve
pressure regulator valve
Presta valve
primary valve
proportioning valve
quick take-up valve
RAVE valve
reed valve
relay valve
relief valve
residual check valve
reverse inhibitor valve
rotary disc valve
rotary valve
safety valve
scavenging valve
Schrader valve
shift valve
shuttle valve
sleeve valve
slide valve
sodium-cooled exhaust valve
sodium-cooled valve
solenoid valve
sponge rubber valve
spool balance valve
spool valve
suction throttling valve
temperature valve
thermal time valve
thermal vacuum valve
throttle valve
tire valve
unloader valve
vacuum reducer valve
valve clearance
valve cover
valve duration
valve face
valve float
valve grinding
valve guide
valve keeper
valve key
valve lash
valve lift
valve lifter
valve margin
valve oil seal
valve overlap
valve port
valve rotator
valve seat
valve seat grinding
valve seat insert
valve spring
valve stem
valve tappet
valve timing
valvetrain
valve umbrella
variable valve actuation
x-valve
valve actuation:
See variable valve actuation
valve adjusting screw:

A screw at the end of a rocker which bears on a pushrod; used to tilt the rocker and
thus adjust the valve clearance
valve and transducer assembly:

This type of EGR valve consist of a modified ported EGR valve and a remote
transducer. Works the same way as an integral backpressure transducer EGR valve
valve angle:
A segment of the full circle of a rotary disc valve cut out to admit the fresh charge
into the cylinder
valve aperture:
See valve hole
valve assembly:
A device through which a tire is inflated. It includes a valve stem, valve core, and
valve cap. Also see control valve assembly
valve block:
See control valve assembly
valve body:
Part of the valve assembly containing plungers, pistons, springs, etc.
valve body housing:

A housing which incorporates the bores in which the valve spools slide and the
canals which channel the oil flow
valve body separator plate:

A plate sandwiched between two gaskets which separates the upper and lower parts
of the valve body
valve bounce:
The bouncing of a valve on its seat due to the valve spring resonating at very high
engine speeds. See bounce. Also called "flutter."
valve bushing:
See valve guide
valve cap:
A screw-on cap to prevent the entry of dirt and dust into the tire valve. It does not
keep the air in -- the valve core does that.
valve carburetor:
See air valve carburetor
valve clearance:
The distance between the small end of the valve stem and the rocker arm or valve
lifter. This gap is necessary to compensate for expansion due to heat. Also called
valve lash.
valve clearance depression:

A recess in the piston crown
valve closes:
See
exhaust valve closes
and intake valve closes
valve core:
A check valve within a tire air valve which permits air pressure chucks without
undue loss of air pressure. The core should not be considered a valve seal.
valve cover:
A long metal lid located on the top of the cylinder head on vehicles with overhead
camshafts. The valve cover is removed when the valves need adjusting. The British
term is "rocker box" or "rocker cover."
valve cover gasket:
A gasket between the cylinder head and the valve cover; usually either a flat paper
or cork gasket or an O-ring. The British term is "rocker cover gasket."
valve crown:
See valve head
valve cut-out:
On some four-valve engines at low speed the main rocker arms open only two
valves per combustion chamber in order to keep the energy of the gases at a high
level; with increasing rpm, the energy of the gases becomes sufficiently strong for
the remaining two valves to be opened via hydraulic locking bolts
valve diameter:
Intake valves can be distinguished from exhaust valves by their larger diameter
valve duration:
The length of time, measured in degrees of engine crankshaft rotation, that a valve
remains open.
valve engine:
See sixteen valve engine
valve extension:
Extra length added to a tire valve stem for greater accessibility particularly on inside
duals.
valve face:
The outer lower edge of the valve head. The face contacts the valve seat when the
valve is closed.
valve float:
A condition where the valves in the engine are forced back open before they have
had a chance to seat. Brought about (usually) by extremely high rpm. The valve
lifters lose contact with the cam lobes because the valve springs are not strong
enough to overcome the momentum of the various valvetrain components. The
onset of valve float prevents higher-rpm operation. Extended periods of valve float
will damage the valvetrain. Also called valve bounce
valve follower:
See valve lifter.
valve gear:
A mechanism that operates the intake and exhaust valves; includes the cams,
pushrods, rocker arms, etc. but not the valves themselves
valve grinder:
A special automotive tool consisting of a wooden shaft and rubber suction cup(s)
for hand grinding valves. Also see suction valve grinder
valve grinding:
Renewing the valve face area by grinding on a special grinding machine.
valve grinding compound:

An abrasive compound used for refacing valve seats. The suction cup is placed on
the valve head and the valve is pressed into the seat; turning the handle between
one's hands will grind the valve into its seat; always use with grinding paste. Not to
be confused with "valve seat cutter" which is used to cut worn valve seats to a
specific angle
valve grinding tool:

A special automotive tool consisting of a wooden shaft and rubber suction cup(s)
for hand grinding valves
valve guide:
The cylindrical hole which is located in the cylinder head or block through which
the stem of the poppet valve passes. It is designed to keep the valve in proper
alignment. It also serves as a bearing surface. Some guides are pressed into place
and others are merely drilled in the block or in the head metal. Also see oversize
valve guide
valve guide driver:

A tool for installing valve guides
valve guide reamer:

A tool used to enlarge worn valve guides to accommodate oversized valve stems
valve guide remover:

A drift punch for driving out valve guides
valve guide seal:

See valve stem seal
valve head:
The surface of the large end of a valve.
valve hole:
The hole in the rim of a wheel for mounting tubeless tires. Tubeless car tires
commonly have a snap-in valve consisting of a rubber molding bonded to the metal
stem casing. The rubber molding has a groove formed at the base; when the valve is
pulled through the valve hole, the pliable rubber base snaps into position.
Commercial vehicle valves for tubeless tires are all metal; they are attached to the
rim and the valve hole by an extended thread formed at the base and secured by a
nut. Airtight sealing is achieved by either an O-ring or a fiat and flanged rubber
washer. Commercial vehicle valve stems may have a single, double, or triple bend
to accommodate different rim profiles and single and twin wheel combinations
valve induction:
valve induction timing:

valve in head engine:

See valve-in-head engine.
valve-in-head engine:
An engine in which both intake and exhaust valves are mounted in the cylinder head
and are driven by pushrods or by an overhead camshaft. Also called "I-head engine"
or "Overhead-valve engine."
valve job:
Replacing or regrinding old valves
valve keeper:
A small unit that snaps into a groove in the end of the valve stem. It is designed to
secure the valve spring, valve spring retaining washer and valve stem together.
Some are of a split design, some of a horseshoe shape, etc. Also called "valve key"
or "valve retainer."
valve key:
Key, keeper, washer, or other device which holds valve spring cup or washer in
place on valve stem See valve keeper.
valve lapper:
a special automotive tool for grinding (lapping) valves into valve seats; some types
are power-operated, thus allowing faster grinding compared with standard suction-
type valve grinding tools
valve lapping compound:

See valve grinding compound
valve lash:
Valve tappet clearance or total clearance in the valve operating train with cam
follower on camshaft base circle. Also see valve clearance
valve lift:
Distance a valve moves from the full closed to the full open position. It is usually
about a quarter of the diameter of the port.
valve lifter:
[1] The cylindrically shaped component that presses against the lobe of a camshaft
and moves up and down as the cam lobe rotates. Most valve lifters have an oil-
lubricated hardened face that slides on the cam lobe. So-called "roller lifters,"
however, have a small roller in contact with the cam lobe -- thereby reducing the
friction between the cam lobe and the lifter. Also called "valve follower" or cam
follower.
[2] A tool that compresses valve springs for removal and replacement. Also see
valve lock:
Key, keeper, washer, or other device which holds valve spring cup or washer in
place on valve stem
valve margin:
The width of the edge of the valve head between the top of the valve and the edge of
the face. Too narrow a margin results in preignition and valve damage through over-
heating.
valve oil seal:

A neoprene rubber ring that is placed in a groove in the valve stem to prevent excess
oil entering the area between the stem and the guide. There are other types of these
seals.
valve opens:
See
exhaust valve opens
intake valve opens
valve overlap:
A certain period in which both the intake and exhaust valve are partially open. The
intake is starting to open while the exhaust is not yet closed. It is usually expressed
in degrees of crankshaft rotation and determined by the valve timing, valve overlap
is necessary for the efficient flow of gases in and out of the combustion chamber
valve plate:
valve port:
The opening, through the head or block, from the intake or exhaust manifold to the
valve seat.
valve principle:
The original method of ABS control using an electrically operated valve to control
the air pressure
valve retainer:
See valve keeper.
valve rotator:
A unit that is placed on the end of the valve stem so that when the valve is opened
and closed, the valve will rotate a small amount with each opening and closing. This
gives longer valve life. Also called roto cap
valve seat:
The area onto which the face of the poppet seats when closed. The two common
angles for this seat are forty-five and thirty degrees.
valve seat cutter:

A special automotive tool with carting blades for use with power tools; used to cut
worn valve seats with 30° or 45° angles
valve seat face:

An annular part of a valve head located at the valve seat of the cylinder head
valve seat grinding:

Renewing the valve seat area by grinding with a stone mounted upon a special
mandrel.
valve seat insert:

A hardened steel valve seat that may be removed and replaced. The use of valve
seat inserts dispenses with the need for lead in the fuel to act as a lubricant between
the valve head and seat Also see insert.
valve seat ring:

A ring-shaped insert of a harder metal than that of the cylinder head; the use of
valve seat inserts dispenses with the need for lead in the fuel to act as a lubricant
between the valve head and seat
valve shim:
A calibrated shim used to adjust valve clearance on OHV engines with bucket
tappet assembly; for adjustment, a calibrated valve shim is placed or removed from
between tappet and cam
valve shim pliers:

A special automotive tool for the removal and installation of valve shims
valves-in-receiver unit:
(VIR) a component used on GM system, in which the thermostatic expansion valve,
POA suction throttling valve, the receiver-drier, and, if equipped, the sight glass are
all combined into one assembly
valve slot:
Tube-type tires require a valve slot instead of a valve hole to allow the tire valve to
be removed from the rim; a thread adaptor is molded to a circular rubber patch
vulcanized to the inner tube; the valve stem casing is then screwed onto the tube
adaptor
valve spool:
In an automatic transmission, a sliding cylindrical internal part of a valve with one
or more sections of reduced diameter
valve spring:
A small coil spring that closes the valve after it has been opened by the cam, and
prevents the valve from bouncing on its seat. The action of the spring keeps the
lifter in contact with the cam. If the spring is weak, noise will be generated and the
valve, spring, lifter and cam will be subjected to hammer-like blows that cause
metal fatigue.
See
valve spring cap:

The retaining cap (of intake or exhaust valves) which secures the valve keeper on
the valve stem
valve spring collar:

The retaining cap (of intake or exhaust valves) which secures the valve keeper on
the valve stem
valve spring compressor:

A special automotive tool used to compress valve springs for removal and
replacement; the most common type is a c-shaped clamp
valve spring depressor:

A lever-type tool used to depress valve springs, e.g., for removal and installation of
valve stem seals
valve spring lifter:

A pliers-type tool with two expanding jaws, used to lift and compress valve springs
for removal and replacement
valve spring retainer:

See valve spring cap
valve spring seat:

A seat retaining the bottom of the valve spring
valve stem:
The long cylindrical portion of the valve that moves up and down in the valve
guide.
valve stem seal:

The oil seal between the valve and the cylinder head which prevents excessive oil
leakage from the top of the cylinder head into the combustion chamber
valve stem seal installer:

A sleeve-type tool used to push down valve stem seals for installation
valve stem seal pliers:

A special plier for removing valve stem seals on overhead camshaft engines
valve switch:
See throttle valve switch
valve system:
See vtec Valve system
valve tappet:
An adjusting screw to obtain the specified clearance at the end of the valve stem
(tappet clearance). The screw may be in the top of the lifter, in the rocker arm, or in
the case of the ball joint rocker arm, the nut on the mounting stud acts in place of a
tappet screw.
valve timing:
Adjusting the position of the camshaft to the crankshaft so that the valves will open
and close at the proper time. Also see variable valve timing
valve tip:
The upper end of the valve that contacts the rocker arm
valve train:
See valvetrain.
valvetrain:
The various parts making up the valve and its operating mechanism which causes
the valves to open and close.
valve umbrella:
A washer-like unit that is placed over the end of the valve stem to prevent the entry
of excess oil between the stem and the guide. Used in valve-in-head installations.
van:
[1] A covered road vehicle for carrying goods.
[2] A recreational vehicle based on the body of a commercial van, usually with
comfortable, plush interior trim, often with a bed.
See
box van
cube van
light van
van camper:
See type B motorhome
vane:
A thin plate that is affixed to a rotatable unit to either throw off air or liquid, or to
receive the thrust imparted by moving air or liquid striking the vane. In the first case
it would be acting as a pump and in the second case as a turbine.
See
external vane pump
hall vane switch
internal vane pump
rotary vane pump
vane air-flow meter:

(VAF) a sensor with a moveable vane connected to a potentiometer calibrated to
cause the amount of air flowing to the engine
vane air temperature sensor:

(VAT) located inside the vane airflow meter housing; sense the temperature of the
air flowing into the engine
vane-in-rotor pump:
A sliding-vane pump
vane-in-stator pump:
See external vane pump
vane pump:
A type of rotary pump with either a slotted rotor and sliding vanes or a rotor with
hinged vanes; typically used for air pumps in secondary air injection systems, as a
compressor in air conditioning systems, and in some transmission systems.
See
external vane pump
internal vane pump
rotary vane pump
vane switch:
See hall vane switch
vane wheel impeller:

An impeller with straight radial vanes
vanity mirror:
A mirror on the inside of a sun visor
vanity plate:
A personalized licence plate
vapor:
The gaseous form of a liquid which is usually created by heating the liquid.
See
fuel vapor
vapor canister:
See activated carbon canister
vapor degreasing:
A type of cleansing procedure to remove grease, oil, and loosely attached solids
from metals; a solvent such as trichlorethylene is boiled, and its vapors are
condensed on the metal surfaces
vapor deposition:
A production of a surface film of metal on a heated surface, usually in a vacuum,
either by decomposition of the vapor of a compound at the work surface, or by
direct reaction between the work surface and the vapor. Also see zinc vapor
deposition
vapor injection:
See water injection.
vaporization:
Breaking the gasoline into fine particles and mixing it with the incoming air.
vaporize:
The action of converting a liquid into a mist or vapor by breaking it into small
particles and mixing it with air. The design of the carburetor and fuel injectors
vaporizes gasoline to produce a combustible fuel-air mixture. If it is not vaporized,
the liquid gasoline may not burn properly and may even hydraulic.
vapor lock:
This is an unwanted condition where bubbles of air form in the fuel line caused by
boiling or vaporizing of the fuel in the lines from excess heat. The boiling will
interfere with the movement of the fuel and the air bubbles which form will in some
cases, completely stop the flow. Sometimes it will cause the float chamber to
overflow which floods the carburetor and result in an over-rich mixture that can
cause stalling of the engine when the accelerator is depressed. Fuels containing
alcohol have lower boiling points and many old-car owners have installed more-
powerful electric fuel pumps which overcome vapor lock tendencies of these fuels
by pushing them through the air bubble. A wet rag will cool the line and get rid of
the problem. To prevent the problem in hot weather, some mechanics wrap tinfoil
around the fuel lines to reflect the heat away.
vapor recirculation:
vapor recirculation system:

vapor recovery:
An emission control system used by gasoline stations. A special filler nozzle seals
the gap between the pump filler nozzle and the car's filler opening, preventing
benzene vapors from escaping into the atmosphere; instead, they are recycled into
the gas station's own fuel tank; the same system is also used when the gas station
receives a new delivery of fuel from a gas tanker
vapor recovery system:

A system that prevents the escape of gasoline vapors from the fuel system into the
atmosphere. The basic system consists of a canister filled with activated charcoal
and pipes connecting the canister to the fuel tank and carburetor. Any vapor-filled
air that leaves the fuel tank because of expansion passes through special emission
control pipes to the canister where the vapors are "grabbed" and stored by the
charcoal. Then when the engine is started, intake manifold vacuum draws fresh
outside air up through an opening in the canister. This moving air pulls the fuel
vapor out of the charcoal and carries it to the carburetor and into the engine. In the
meantime any gasoline that evaporates from the carburetor collects in the carburetor
and air cleaner. As soon as the engine starts this vapor is drawn down through the
carburetor and into the engine along with the entering fuel-air mixture. Also called
evaporative emission control. See exhaust emission controls.
vapor recycling:
An emission control system used by gasoline stations. A special filler nozzle seals
the gap between the pump filler nozzle and the car's filler opening, preventing
benzene vapors from escaping into the atmosphere; instead, they are recycled into
the gas station's own fuel tank; the same system is also used when the gas station
receives a new delivery of fuel from a gas tanker
vapor separator:
A device used on cars equipped with air conditioning to prevent vapor lock by
feeding vapors back to the fuel tank via a separate line.
vapor withdrawal:
A system of piping and connection to operate an engine directly on vapor taken
from the top of an LPG tank
VARI:
Acronym for "Vacuum Assisted Resin Injection" -- a process for forming composite
panels and bodywork with consistent, controllable results.
variable:
See
infinitely variable transmission
input variable
variable assist power steering:

A power steering system that enables the stiffness or tension of the steering to
increase at higher speeds for more control or to soften at low speeds when
performing slower activities, such as parallel parking. See variable ratio steering
variable assist steering:

See variable assist power steering
variable belt transmission:

A continuously variable transmission using rubber V-belts on expanding-
contracting pulleys, depending on engine speed and load; originally developed by
van Doorne for DAF and then used on the Volvo 340
variable-choke carburetor:
See variable-venturi carburetor
variable dwell:
See dwell-angle control
variable exhaust port:
See adjustable variable exhaust port.
variable hole cutter:

A drill bit with a stepped cutting head used to drill holes into sheet metal and to
enlarge the radii gradually by advancing from one step diameter to the next on the
same drill bit
variable intake manifold:

A setup in which the path through which air travels into the engine can be altered.
Altering the path at a set point allows an engine to develop more power over its rev
range.
variable limited-slip axle/center differential:

A limited-slip axle/center differential with an electronically operated multiple-disc
clutch as a slip-inhibiting device
variable pitch stator:

A stator that has vanes that may be adjusted to various angles depending on load
conditions. The vane adjustment will increase or decrease the efficiency of the
stator.
variable rate springs:

springs which become stiffer under compression; variable rate gas springs are a
feature of air suspension systems
variable ratio steering:

steering ratio characteristics in power steering systems providing different ratios for
small and large steering angles
variable reluctance sensor:

(VR or VRS) a non-contact transducer that converts mechanical motion into
electrical control signals
variable spring:
Spring providing variable effective length through cam action to suit load.
variable transmission:
See
continuously variable transmission
infinitely variable transmission.
variable valve actuation:

In older engines, the intake and exhaust valves operated in a fixed program of timed
openings and closings. With variable valve actuation, these actions are varied for a
better balance of low-speed, medium-speed, and high-speed operation.
variable valve timing:

Through the use of computers, the precise time when the valves open and close can
be altered. It may be better to change the timing slightly when the engine is at a
higher RPM than when it is slower.
variable-venturi:
variable-venturi carburetor:
The characteristic feature of this carburetor is the vacuum-operated piston which
adjusts the cross-sectional area of the venturi and moves a jet needle in and out of a
needle jet; typical designs are the SU and Stromberg carburetors
variable volume induction system intake configuration:

A restrictor plate that opens and closes controlling the amount of oxygen that can go
into the engine.
Variomatic transmission:
A transmission which used rubber belts and expanding pulleys to provide an
infinitely variable belt drive. Also see variable belt transmission
varnish:
[1] A deposit on the interior of the engine caused by the engine oil breaking down
under prolonged heat and use. Certain portions of the oil deposit themselves in hard
coatings of varnish.
[2] Residue formed when gasoline gets old and stale.
VAT:
Acronym for vane air temperature sensor
Vauxhall:
A vehicle brand of which only the 25/70 and 30/98 models of Click for books on
1925-1948 are classic cars. Vauxhall
V-band clamp:
A clamp which connects the turbine housing and bearing housing
a id="V-belt" name="V-belt"> V-belt:

A drive belt with a V-shaped cross section, for transmission of low to moderate
forces; typically used to drive generators, water pumps, air pumps, air conditioner
compressor units and power steering pumps. Also see poly-V-belt
V-belt drive:
A type of friction drive in which forces are transmitted from belt to pulley or vice
versa by friction
VBRA:
Acronym for Vehicle Builders And Repairers Association
VC:
Acronym for viscous coupling
VCK-V:
Acronym for vacuum check valve
VCV:
Acronym for vacuum control valve
VDA:
Acronym for "Verband der Automobilindustrie" (i.e., German Automakers
Association)
VDOT:
Acronym for "variable displacement orifice tube" air conditioning system
VDV:
[1] Acronym for vacuum delay valve.
[2] Acronym for vacuum differential valve
VE:
Value engineering.
VECI:
Acronym for Vehicle Emission Control Information which is on a decal placed on
the windshield of a car.
vector:
A physical quantity which has direction such as force and momentum.
Vee-belt:
See V-belt
veeder root:
The brand name of a common type of odometer.
vee engine:
A type of engine with two banks of cylinders, each set at an angle to each other (in
an end view) to form a "V".
Vega:
See facel Vega
vehicle:
[1] A conveyance on wheels or runners used to carry people or goods over land
(e.g., bicycle, motorcycle, car, truck, sleigh, snowmobile).
[2] A binder.
See
commercial vehicle
concept vehicle
controlled vehicle
cross-country vehicle
detoxed vehicle
driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
driver and Vehicle Licensing Center
electric vehicle
experimental Safety Vehicle
gray Market Vehicles
heavy goods vehicle
light vehicles
low Emission Vehicle Standards, motor Vehicle Safety Act
motor vehicle
off-highway vehicle
off-road vehicle
passenger vehicle
pre-converter vehicle
pre-owned vehicle
production vehicle
recreational vehicle
replacement vehicle
sport utility vehicle
used vehicle
zero-emission vehicle
Vehicle Builders and Repairers Association:

(VBRA) A British trade association
vehicle dynamics:
The behaviour of a vehicle in motion.
Vehicle Emission Control Information:

(VECI) a label in the engine compartment, e.g., pasted to the radiator fan cover,
providing information about the engine and emission controls
vehicle Identification Number:

(VIN) Number assigned to a vehicle by the manufacturer primarily for registration
and identification purposes (consisting of numerals and letters).
Vehicle Licensing:
See driver and Vehicle Licensing Center
Vehicle Licensing Agency:

See driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Vehicle Licensing Center:

See driver and Vehicle Licensing Center
vehicle registration document:

A document which specifies the registered keeper(s) of a vehicle
Vehicle Safety:
See Motor Vehicle Safety Act
Vehicle Safety Act:

See Motor Vehicle Safety Act
vehicle speed sensor:

(VSS) sensor in speedometer cluster which sends the vehicle speed information
(i.e., how fast the car is travelling) to the electronic control module
Vehicle Standards:
See Low Emission Vehicle Standards
vehicle system:
See automated guided vehicle system
vehicle tax:
See road tax
vehicle weight:
See
Vehicle Weight Rating:

See gross Vehicle Weight Rating
V-eight:
(V-8) An engine with eight cylinders in two rows of four cylinders with a common
crankshaft and shaped in the letter V
V-eight engine:
(V-8) An engine with eight cylinders in two rows of four cylinders with a common
velocipede:
An early form of bicycle or tricycle propelled by thrusts of the feet against pedals.
velocity:
The rate of motion in a particular direction.
velocity joint:
See constant velocity joint.
velocity stack:
A device mounted on the carburetor, typically made of polished or gold anodized
aluminum, with or without a wire mesh filter; it looks good, provides greater air
intake and increases engine performance but reduces engine life due to the intake of
unfiltered or badly cleaned air
velocity universal joint:

See constant velocity universal joint
vena contracta:
The point of lowest-pressure and highest velocity that's located 0.030 inch below
the venturi's throat (minimum diameter). The center of the discharge nozzle or the
trailing edge of the booster venturi is placed at the vena contracta
V engine:
See V-type engine.
V-engine:
See V-type engine.
vent:
A small aperture designed to provide an outlet from a confined space or a inlet into
it. Air vents (which are also used for heating and are sometimes called "louvres")
are usually situated at the top of the dashboard pointing upward toward the
windshield), in the center of the dashboard (directing the airflow out into the middle
of the passenger compartment), on each side of the dashboard (sending the air back
along the sides to the rear of the vehicle), and in the center underneath the
dashboard (directing air into the front footwells).
[2] A small triangular window for letting air into the passenger compartment.
[3] To expel through a vent; e.g., when bleeding air (through a vent valve or bleed
screw) out of a diesel fuel system alter running out of fuel.
ventilate:
To provide with (fresh) air
ventilated brakes:
A brake setup which allows air to enter to cool the rotor and caliper.
ventilated discs:
Two discs in a disc brake system separated by ribs and channels to allow cooling air
to disperse the heat between the discs
ventilation:
A provision of a free or controlled circulation of air.
See
closed crankcase ventilation
crankcase ventilation
flow-through ventilation
ventilation slot:
A series of gaps in the wheel disc which allow the passage of air to assist brake
cooling
ventilation system:
See positive crankcase ventilation system
venting:
The act of perforating a textile bias ply tubeless tire above the beads during
retreading. Thus air bleeding through the calendering can escape without forming
air pockets between plies.
ventiport:
See porthole
vent port:
See compensating port
vent slot:
A series of gaps in the wheel disc which allow the passage of air to assist brake
cooling
venture:
See joint venture
venturi:
That part of a tube, channel, pipe, etc., so tapered as to form a smaller or constricted
area. A liquid, or a gas, moving through this constricted area will speed up and as it
passes the narrowest point, a partial vacuum will be formed. The taper facing the
flow of air is much steeper than the taper facing away from the flow of air. The
venturi principle is used in the air horn throat of the carburetor.
See
carburetor venturi
variable venturi.
venturi tube:
A short tube with a constricted passage that increases the velocity and lowers the
pressure of a fluid conveyed through it. The venturi, or "choke tube," in a carburetor
is used to suck the fuel from the float chamber through a discharge nozzle (fixed jet
carburetor) or main jet (variable choke carburetor) into the barrel
venturi vacuum:
A vacuum in the venturi of a carburetor which increases with the speed of the
airflow passing through it; an exception are VV carburetors
venturi vacuum amplifier:

(VVA) used with some EGR system so that carburetor venturi vacuum can control
EGR valve operation; venturi vacuum is desirable because it is proportional to the
airflow through the carburetor
vent wing:
A small triangular-shaped side window which is located in front of the main front
side windows. Vent wings can be swung out into the air stream to improve
ventilation inside the car. Also called wind wings.
VER:
Acronym for "Voluntary Export Restraint."
vernier caliper:
A short graduated scale that slides along a longer graduated instrument and is used
to indicate fractional parts of divisions, as in a micrometer
vernier gauge:
A short graduated scale that slides along a longer graduated instrument and is used
to indicate fractional parts of divisions, as in a micrometer
version:
See
booted version
entry-level version
federal version
manual version
street version
VERTAC-process:
A process in which car bodies are transported horizontally through the surface
treatment plant
vertical keel:
See center vertical keel
vertical keiretsu:
A keiretsu system with a production-oriented close partnership between a major
company (such as Toyota) and many small suppliers which work exclusively and/or
constantly for their giant customer within the just-in-time concept
vertical position:
Type of weld where the welding is done on a vertical seam and on a vertical
surface.
vertical tire clearance:

The distance between the top of the tread and some part of the vehicle closest above
it, after subtracting the axle stop clearance and any increase in tread depth from me
existing tire.
vessel:
See breakbulk vessel
veteran car:
A car constructed before 1919, especially one made before 1905 Only the latter are
permitted to take part in the London-Brighton Commemoration Run
V-four:
(V-4) An engine with four cylinders in two rows of two cylinders with a common
V-four engine:
(V-4) An engine with four cylinders in two rows of two cylinders with a common
vgc:
A term used in advertisements, short for "very good condition"
VHV:
Acronym for vacuum operated exhaust heat control valve
VI:
Acronym for viscosity index
vibration:
See
angular vibration
anti-vibration mounting
torsional vibration
vibration damper:
A round weighted device attached to the front of the crankshaft to minimize the
torsional vibration.
See
harmonic balancer
torsional vibration damper
vibration mounting:
See anti-vibration mounting
Vicat softening temperature:

The temperature at which a flat-ended needle of 1 mm2 circular cross section will
penetrate a thermoplastic specimen to a depth of 1 mm under a specified load, using
a selected uniform rate of temperature rise
Vicat test method:

A determination of the softening temperature of plastics
VICC:
Acronym for "Vehicle Information Centre of Canada."
vice:
A British spelling for a clamping device with adjustable jaws (usually mounted on a
workbench) used to grip an object to be worked on. The American spelling is
"vise." Also see bench vice
vice grips:
See locking grips
Victoria:
Ford Victoria
view:
See exploded view
VIN:
Acronym for "Vehicle Identification Number."
vintage car:
A car constructed in the period 1919-1930
VIR:
Acronym for valves-in-receiver unit which is found in some air conditioning
systems
virgin resin:
A new resin material which has not been recycled before; needed for high-quality
parts
vis-a-vis:
A four-seater in which the two passengers faced the driver. Used around the turn of
the century.
visco-control unit:
See viscous coupling
visco-differential:
See viscous coupling differential
viscoelastic materials:
The most characteristic features of viscoelastic materials are that they exhibit a
time-dependent strain response to a constant stress (creep) and a time-dependant
stress response to a constant strain (relaxation). In addition, when the applied stress
is removed the materials have the ability to recover slowly over a period of time
viscometer:
See saybolt viscometer.
viscosimeter:
A device used to determine the viscosity of a given sample of oil. The oil is heated
to a specific temperature and then allowed to flow through a set orifice. The length
of time required for a certain amount to flow determine the oil's viscosity.
viscosity:
A measure of an oil's ability to pour or be thick. Every container of oil is marked
with the viscosity of the oil. Straight weight (also called "single viscosity" or "single
weight") oil has a single number like 30 weight. A lower number means the oil is
thinner and is particularly good for lower temperatures. A higher number is better
for hotter temperatures. Multigrade (also called "multiviscosity" or "multiweight")
oil has two numbers like 10W40. When the temperature is low, a multigrade oil like
10W40 will act like a 10 weight oil; but when the temperature increases, it will act
like a 40 weight. In this way, a multigrade oil is excellent for all-around driving.
Also see spraying viscosity
viscosity index:
A measure of an oil's ability to resist changes in viscosity when heated.
viscosity cup:
A special cup of conical shape with a calibrated bore at the bottom. When filled
with paint, the paint will flow out at the bottom of the cup in a determined time. To
adjust the viscosity, thinners are added to the paint until the cup contents flow out in
the number of seconds indicated in the paint manufacturer's instructions
viscosity index:
(VI) A measure of how the viscosity of a liquid (especially oil) changes with
temperature: the higher the VI, the smaller the change of viscosity with temperature
viscosity index improver:

An oil additive which reduces thinning at high temperature, thus improving the VI
viscous:
Thick and sticky
viscous coupling:
A particular kind of fluid coupling in which the input and output shafts mate with
thin, alternately spaced discs in a cylindrical chamber. The chamber is filled with a
viscous fluid that tends to cling to the discs, thereby resisting speed differences
between the two shafts. Viscous couplings are used to limit the speed difference
between the two outputs of a differential, or between the two axles of a car.
viscous coupling differential:
A limited-slip differential using viscous couplings as slip-inhibiting devices
viscous mode:
An operating condition in a viscous coupling with inner and outer parts rotating at
different speeds, in which a torque is transmitted through the coupling, which
corresponds to the value of the resultant shearing velocity
viscous transmission:
(VT) A four-wheel drive with a viscous center differential
vise:
An American spelling for a clamping device with adjustable jaws (usually mounted
on a workbench) used to grip an object to be worked on. The British spelling is
"vice." Also see bench vise
vise grips:
See locking grips
visibility:
Good visibility means that there are no blind spots for the driver in being able to see
the traffic around him and that he is able to see the road in dark or adverse
conditions.
visor:
[1] A movable, perforated part of a helmet, covering the face but permitting sight
and speech through the perforations.
[2] The peak of a cap to shade the eyes from direct sunlight. Visors were also used
above the windshield for the same purpose.
See
headlight visor
main sun visor
secondary visor sun visor
viton-tipped needle:
Special inlet valve carburetor needle with a hardened-rubber tip. Viton-tipped
needles are resistant to dirt and conform to the seat even at low sealing pressures
vitreous enamel:
A British term for porcelain enamel. A glassy material obtained by melting a
mixture of inorganic materials; this can then be applied in one or more layers on a
metal surface to which it is firmly bonded after firing; typical automotive
applications are for badges and trim.
vitreous enamelling:
An application of a glass coating to a metal by covering the surface with powdered
glass frit and heating it until fusion occurs
VLCC:
Acronym for "Very Large Crude Carriers." Tankers between 200,000 and 300,000
dwt.
VOC:
Acronym for volatile organic compounds
voice alert system:

A system in a car which audibly announces warning messages to the driver, e.g.,
"Warning! Oil pressure too low"
voice recognition:
The ability of a computer to recognize a command spoken by the user; enables a
driver to use a car phone without using his hands
Voisin:
voiture Legere:
A light car, especially a racing car falling between the heavy cars and the voiturette.
Term seldom used to describe production cars. Not used after 1914.
voiturette:
Early two-seater touring car. Name first used by Leon Bollee and then applied to
any small car.
volatile:
Easily evaporated.
volatile organic compounds:

(VOC) unburned hydrocarbon (HC) portions of gasoline
volatility:
The property of gasoline, alcohol, etc., to evaporate quickly and at relatively low
temperatures. For instance, gasoline is more volatile (has higher volatility) than
kerosene because it evaporates at a lower temperature.
Volkswagen:
(VW) A German car manufacturer Click for books on Volkswagen
volt:
A unit of electrical pressure or force that will move a current of one ampere through
a resistance of one ohm.
voltage:
A difference in electrical potential between one end of a circuit and the other. Also
called "electromotive force (EMF)." Voltage causes current to flow. Measured in
volts.
See
arc voltage
back-voltage
hall voltage
ignition voltage
induce a voltage
low voltage circuit
nominal voltage
rated voltage
regulator, voltage
spark discharge voltage
spark voltage
terminal voltage
voltage circuit:
See low voltage circuit
voltage drop:
The lowering of voltage due to excess length of wire, undersize wire, etc.
voltage regulator:
A device which maintains the correct voltage level in a vehicle's electrical system
by preventing the circuit voltage from exceeding a predetermined safe value. When
the battery needs charging the regulator cuts resistance out of the generator field
circuit, thus increasing the flow of current in that circuit, with the further result that
output is increased. When the battery becomes fully charged, the resistance is cut
back into the field circuit so that the charging rate is decreased. As the engine speed
increases, the alternator increases and generates more voltage. Unchecked, the
alternator might put out so much voltage that bulbs and other electrical components
might burn out. To a certain extent, the battery acts as a voltage regulator, but it too
can be damaged by an electrical system which does not have an operating voltage
regulator.
voltage reserve:
See high-voltage reserve
voltage tester:
A screwdriver for testing electrical current, with an insulated blade and handle; a
bulb inside the handle lights up if the blade touches a live terminal
voltage transformer:
An assembly for increasing the voltage supplied to the air bag system to 12 volts in
case of a drop in battery voltage
voltammeter:
A dual-purpose instrument for measuring either voltage or amperage
voltmeter:
An instrument used to measure the voltage in a given circuit, in volts.
volume:
The measurement, in cubic inches, cubic feet, liters, etc., of the amount of space
within a certain object or area.
See
air volume
clearance volume
combustion chamber volume
displacement</A
displacement volume
mixture volume
swept volume
trapped volume
volume car:
A mass-produced car
volume control:
See automatic volume control
volume control screw:

An adjusting screw which controls the amount of air/fuel mixture supplied by the
idling circuit of a fixed-jet carburetor
volume induction system intake configuration:

volume sampling:
See constant volume sampling
volumetric efficiency:
A comparison between the actual volume of fuel mixture drawn in on the intake
stroke and what would be drawn in if the cylinder were to be completely filled. In
practice, a normally aspirated car engine does not take in an amount of an equal to
the displacement, it passes only about 80% of the theoretical charge: i.e., volumetric
efficiency is 80%; this can be increased by supercharging. Also see breathing
capacity.
voluntary Export Restraint:

(VER) In relation to Japanese manufacturers exporting to Canada (no longer in
effect).
voluntary Restraint Agreement:

In relation to Japanese manufacturers exporting to the United States (no longer in
effect).
volute:
A spiral-shaped case in which an impeller forces liquid in the direction it should go.
Often used in pumps. Also see impeller.
volute casing:
A progressively expanding pump casing proportioned to reduce the liquid velocity
gradually so that some of the velocity energy of the liquid is converted into static
pressure
Volvo:
A model of automobile manufactured in Sweeden Click for books on Volvo
vortex flow:
The whirling motion of the oil in a torque converter as it moves around and around
from the pump, through the turbine, through the stator and back into the pump and
so on.
Volvo:
A vehicle brand of which the 1961-67 P.1800S, 2-door Coupe models are milestone
cars.
V-pulley:
A pulley with a pair of adjustable cup-shaped discs, used on belt transmissions, to
permit adjustment of the effective pulley diameter and transmission ratio. Also see
primary V-pulley
VR:
Acronym for variable reluctance sensor
VRA:
Acronym for "Voluntary restraint agreement."
VRDV:
Acronym for vacuum retard delay valve
VR engine:
A new engine design: a combination of in-line and V-engine, the V-angle being
reduced (VR) to about 15°. This results in a block which is shorter than a four-
cylinder unit of similar capacity. Unlike conventional V-8 engines, the VR engine is
topped by a single cylinder head
VRESER:
Acronym for vacuum reservoir
VREST:
Acronym for vacuum restrictor
VRS:
Acronym for variable reluctance sensor
VRV:
Acronym for vacuum reducer valve
V-six:
(V-6) An engine with six cylinders in two rows of three cylinders with a common
V-six engine:
(V-6) An engine with six cylinders in two rows of three cylinders with a common
V-sixteen:
(V-16) An engine with sixteen cylinders in two rows of eight cylinders with a
common crankshaft and shaped in the letter V
V-sixteen engine:
(v-16) An engine with sixteen cylinders in two rows of eight cylinders with a
VSS:
Acronym for vehicle speed sensor
VSV:
Acronym for vacuum switching valve
VT:
Acronym for viscous transmission
VTEC Valve system:

Variable Valve Timing and Electronic Lift Control. Changes intake and exhaust
valve timing and lift so that it more closely matches the engine's changing air-fuel
needs. The result is maximum torque at all engine speeds and under all driving
conditions.
V-ten:
(V-10) An engine with ten cylinders in two rows of five cylinders with a common
V-ten engine:
(V-10) An engine with ten cylinders in two rows of five cylinders with a common
V-thread:
A triangular screw thread
VTV:
Acronym for vacuum transmitting valve
V-twelve:
(V-12) An engine with twelve cylinders in two rows of six cylinders with a
V-twelve engine:
(V-12) An engine with twelve cylinders in two rows of six cylinders with a
V-twin:
Two-cylinder engine layout in which the cylinders form a "V"
V-type compressor:
A compressor with its pistons arranged in a V-shaped configuration
V type engine:
See V-type engine.
V-type engine:
An engine in which the cylinders occur in two rows set at an angle to each other
with the crankshaft running through the point of the V. The single crankshaft is
turned by both banks of cylinders. The angle of displacement is generally between
60 and 90 degrees. Although the most common engines are V-8 and V-6,
manufacturers have used V-4, V-12, and even V-16
vulcanization:
A chemical reaction which changes the physical properties of elastomers. Also see
self-vulcanization
vulcanize:
Process rubber by chemical means, usually in combination with heat, to improve its
strength, hardness, elasticity, and to effect bonding to other rubber compounds.
Used in the manufacture, repair, and retreading of tires.
vulcanizing:
vulcanizing sealer:
VVA:
Acronym for venturi vacuum amplifier
VV carburetor:
See variable-venturi carburetor
VVV:
Acronym for vacuum vent valve
VW:
See Volkswagen
V-x engine:
A V-type engine with a specific number of cylinders represented by the letter x

[N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]
[Wa] [We] [Wh] [Wi] [Wo] [Wr]
W:
270 kph (167 mph), as in P220WR15.The next higher rating is Y and the one lower
rating is V
w/:
Abbreviation for "with," as in black w/white top.
waddle:
A side to side rocking movement of a vehicle in motion, caused by suspension or
tire damage or excessive lateral runout
wad punch:
A tool with a round cutting edge for cutting out holes in gaskets or other soft
materials
wagon:
See
four-door station wagon
sag wagon
space wagon
station wagon
two-door station wagon
waistline:
A British term for belt line. An imaginary or molded horizontal line below the
bottom of the side window that separates the roof area from the bottom of the body
waiver:
See duty waiver
Walcker:
See chenard-walcker
wall:
See cylinder wall
walnut:
See burr walnut
wander:
A steering action where the vehicle moves or rambles from a fixed course without
positive control.
Wanderer:
The first Wanderer car with a 5/12 hp four-cylinder engine was test driven in 1912.
It went into series production in 1913. This small Wanderer car had not been on the
market very long when it became a stage star in the operetta "Puppchen" (which can
be translated loosely as "darling") by Jean Gilbert. The title song was rather catchy:
"Darling, you are the apple of my eye, darling, I think the world of you." From then
on the little Wanderer was known simply by the name "Puppchen."
wandering:
A condition in which the front wheels of an automobile tend to steer slowly one
way and then another, and interferes with directional control of stability
wankel engine:
A rotary internal combustion engine invented by Felix Wankel (1902-1988). It
consists of an equilateral triangular member with curved sides orbiting about an
eccentric on a shaft inside a stationary housing whose inner working surface is in
the shape of an epitrochoid. The rotor is in sliding contact with the eccentric and
imparts power to the eccentric shaft as a connecting rod does to a crankshaft. With
one-third of a rotor revolution per shaft revolution and a power impulse for each of
the three rotor sides, the Wankel generates one power impulse per revolution per
rotor--twice that of what the four-cycle piston engine produces. Thus it has become
accepted practice to multiply the geometry displacement of the Wankel by a factor
of two for comparison with otto-cycle piston engines. The Wankel's advantages
include compact size, light weight and smooth operation because there are no
reciprocating parts. Its drawbacks include relatively high exhaust emission, possible
sealing problems and low fuel economy. Mazda, however, has made significant
improvements in all three areas.
warding file:
See key file
warm up:
[1] To run an engine until it reaches normal operating temperature.
[2] The laps taken on the track prior to the race used to warm up the tires,
transmission, engine fluids and other components of the race car before the start of
the event.
warm-up:
The action of starting an engine and allowing it to idle until it reaches operating
temperature before driving away.
warm-up control unit:

A unit that produces the richer mixture needed for cold running and modulates fuel
system pressure according to engine temperature; the unit includes an electrically
heated thermostatic spring, which reduces the force on a spring-loaded control
diaphragm
warm-up enrichment:
A reduced enrichment of the air/fuel mixture following cranking and after-start
enrichment. In the past, warming up an engine was thought to be good practice but
now manufacturers recommend that motorists should drive off immediately, as this
is the quickest way of heating up the engine and preventing oil being washed off the
cylinder walls by partially burnt rich mixture (which causes engine wear)
warm-up regulator:
On Bosch CIS, the original name for the control-pressure regulator
warning:
See
deflation warning system
hazard warning switch
reversing warning signal
warning indicator:
See fluid level warning indicator
warning lamp:
A small lamp on the instrument panel that lights up if there is a problem
warning light:
A small lamp on the instrument panel that lights up if there is a problem.
See
brake warning light
check engine warning light
seat belt warning light
signal light warning light
SRS warning light
warning signal:
See reversing warning signal
warning switch:
See hazard warning switch
warning system:
See
deflation warning system
and talking warning system
warning tracks:
The little ridges in the road that warn you of an upcoming tollbooth or another lane.
Sometimes called "wake-up bumps" or "Bot's Dots" -- Mr. Bot got very rich off
these.
warning triangle:
A triangular red safety reflector that should be carried on all vehicles and be placed
at the side of the road to warn of an obstruction ahead, such as a broken-down
vehicle
warp:
[1] A bending or twisting out of shape.
[2] Threads in cloth that run along the length of the material.
[3] To bend or twist out of shape
warranty:
The promise made by both the vehicle manufacturer and the vehicle dealer to fix or
replace parts on a new vehicle if there is a malfunction before a specific time or
distance has elapsed. In some instances some manufacturers or dealers grant
warranty even after the expiry of the designated time or distance. This is called
"good will warranty."
See
anti-corrosion warranty
corrosion warranty
good will warranty
warning tracks:
A part of the race track which is off the main part of the section for driving.
wash:
See
automatic car wash
and car wash
washboard:
A road surface which has a series of lateral grooves -- usually found on gravel roads
and caused by water runoff.
washcoat:
An oxide layer on the catalyst substrate which increases with the active surface area
washer:
A flat disc with a hole in the center. It may be made of metal, rubber, plastic, or
leather. It is often placed under a nut to even out pressure and prevent damage to the
part on which it rests.
See
bridge washer
crush washer
cup washer
dish washer
flat washer
protector washer
split washer
spring lock washer
spring washer
tab washer
thrust washer
windshield washer fluid
windshield washer
washer fluid:
A fluid added to the water in the windshield washer and rear window washer
reservoirs/bottles to improve the cleaning action and lower the freezing point. Also
see windshield washer fluid
washer pump:
See windshield washer pump
wash/wipe:
See
headlight wash/wipe
rear wash/wipe system
wash/wipe switch:
A switch on the instrument panel that operates the rear wash/wipe system
wash/wipe system:
See
windshield wash/wipe system
wastegate:
See waste gate
waste gate:
A valve used to limit the boost developed in a turbocharger. A waste gate operates
by allowing some of the engine's exhaust flow to bypass the turbocharger's turbine
section under certain conditions.
waste spark method:

In distributorless ignition systems, dual-spark coils fire two spark plugs at the same
time; one of these sparks is in a cylinder during its exhaust stroke, where the spark
has no effect (waste spark); the other spark occurs in the cylinder near the end of the
compression stroke
water:
See
de-ionized water
distilled water
oil and water extractor
water column:
A reference term used in connection with a manometer
water-cooled:
An engine which is cooled by antifreeze in contrast with an air-cooled engine.
water cooling system:

The normal cooling system used on most cars and trucks to keep the temperature of
the engine down to a desirable level; engine heat is removed via water acting as a
coolant which surrounds the cylinders in a water jacket; the system typically
includes water passages, coolant pump, thermostat, hoses, and radiator
water extractor:
See oil and water extractor
water injection:
In an attempt to improve performance and allow the use of lower octane gasoline,
water injection was developed. The cooling of the water vapor charge suppresses
detonation. A small amount of water or alcohol-water fluid is injected into the fuel-
air mixture as it enters into the carburetor. Theoretically, as the water evaporates it
should cool the incoming charge which then becomes denser, leading to higher
volumetric efficiency. This in turn should lead to improvements in performance and
economy and allow the use of lower octane fuel because cooling of the charge
suppresses detonation.
water jacket:
The area around the cylinder block and head or intake manifold that is left hollow
so that water may be admitted for cooling. Also called "cooling jacket." Also see
cooling system.
water jet cutter:

A stream of water under great pressure (50,000 psi) which is controlled by a
computer and is used to acurately cut plastic and fiberglass, etc.
waterline:
The line of the water's edge when the ship is afloat. Also see load waterline
water marking:
Stains on the paintwork caused when a drop of water evaporates, leaving behind an
outline of the drop
water passage:
A passage within the water jacket designed to prevent the formation of pockets of
steam
water pump:
A device that circulates the liquid through the cooling system by pumping it from
the engine water jackets to the radiator. The pump is usually mounted at the front of
the engine and is driven by a belt from a pulley on the front end of the crankshaft.
Also called a "coolant pump."
water separator:
A device found on diesel cars which removes any water that may have
contaminated the diesel fuel.
water splash:
See salt water splash
water spotting:
Stains on the paintwork that occur when a drop of water evaporates from the painted
surface and leaves a white spot behind. See water-spotting.
water-spotting:
Drops of water that mar the finish before it is thoroughly cured.
water temperature gauge:

A gauge on the instrument panel which indicates coolant temperature
waterways:
See international waterways
watt:
The international unit of measurement of power. One watt equals one joule per
second.
watt linkage:
A suspension linkage which has three-bars to locate the De Dion or live axle. There
are two usual methods for arranging a Watt linkage: frame to pivot on axle housing
to frame or axle to pivot on frame to axle. In either arrangement, this link structure
restrains all movement of the axle to a vertical plane.
Watts link:
A device used to control side to side motion in a ladder bar, torque-tube, or 4-link
rear suspension. A watts link has a pivot point in the center of the axle and a rod
that runs to each side of the car. This design eliminate the side to side motion of a
panhard rod.
wave:
See
full wave rectifier
half wave rectifier
pressure wave
waveband:
A series of wavelengths forming a group
wave rectifier:
See full wave rectifier
half wave rectifier
wave supercharger:
See pressure wave supercharger
wax:
[1] A substance resembling beeswax in appearance and character, and in general
distinguished by its composition of esters and higher alcohols, and by its freedom
from fatty acids; used for underbody sealing, cavity sealing, and paintwork care.
[2] To treat with wax.
See
car wax
hot wax
release wax
waxing:
[1] The formation of wax crystals in diesel fuel in freezing conditions, thus clogging
the fuel filter and stopping the engine; avoided by the use of a fuel heater or fuel
additives.
[2] The application of a wax finish on the paint surface of a vehicle to preserve the
paint and maintain its beauty
wax injection:
The injection of corrosion-inhibiting wax into car body cavities
wax lancing:
The injection of corrosion-inhibiting wax into car body cavities
wax-type thermostat:
A thermostat in which the expansion of melting paraffin wax (in a rigid cylinder)
deforms a molded rubber membrane and displaces a piston/pin from the cylinder;
this has the advantage of being insensitive to sudden temperature fluctuations or to
the pressure in the system
way:
See
oil way
one way clutch
way catalytic converter:

See three way catalytic converter
way clutch:
See one way clutch
ways:
The machined abutments on which a sliding brake caliper rides
WD-40:
A proprietary water-repellent spray
weak:
See lean
wear:
The progressive loss of substance from the operating surface of a body occurring as
a result of relative motion at the surface; rubbing away.
See
heel and toe wear
tire wear
wear adjuster:
See automatic wear adjuster
wear and tear:

The condition of a vehicle where some parts are damaged from normal use
wear bars:
See tread wear indicators
wear-in:
As the piston slides up and down the cylinder of a new engine, the rings rub against
the rough cylinder walls. The roughness smooths out in time so that a near perfect
fit is achieved. Also called "broken-in."
wear indicator:
See
brake pad wear indicator
tread wear indicator
wear pattern:
A pattern of wear visible at the point where two parts touch
wear resistance:
The ability to withstand conditions which cause a progressive loss of substance
wear ring:
A ring on a pump used to prevent costly wear of the casing and impeller at the
running joint. It is secured to both the casing and the impeller
weather cracking:
A visual sidewall condition which appears as cracking of the rubber. Also see ozone
checking.
weather deck:
Uppermost continuous deck and having no overhead protection having watertight
openings
weathering:
The change in appearance of paint caused by exposure to the elements. The physical
disintegration and chemical decomposition of materials on exposure to atmospheric
agents. Also see natural weathering
weather resistant:
The ability to withstand natural climatic conditions which cause surface
deterioration
weatherstrip:
A rubber seal fitted to the body, e.g., along a door aperture or trunklid, to prevent
water, air, and moisture from getting into the interior of the body. Also see window
weatherstrip
web:
[1] An internal reinforcement between panels.
[2] A crank web.
[3] A supporting structure across a cavity.
See
crank web
suspension turret web
webbing:
A woven nylon strap used for seat belts. Also see belt webbing
webbing grabber:
A device in an inertia reel seat belt that grips the belt webbing tightly in the event of
sudden braking or impact
weber carburetor:
A well-known Italian brand, used on many high-performance Italian, German, and
other vehicles during its heyday. Weber carburetors were famous for their
adjustability
wedge:
[1] Engine using wedge-shaped combustion chamber. The combustion chambers are
flatter on one end than the other.
[2] A simple machine consisting of a triangular shaped block, that can be forced
into a gap, giving a greatly increased force. Also see hydraulic wedge
wedge block:
Combustion chamber design in which the top of the piston and the surface of the
block form an angle
wedge combustion chamber:

A combustion chamber using a wedge shape. It is quite efficient and lends itself to
mass production and as a result is widely used. The valve is in the longer sloping
surface and the spark plug in the shorter; the tapered part of the wedge forms a
squish zone
wedge end:
The flat peen of a peen and finish hammer, shaped like a wedge
wedge expander:
A part of a mechanical drum brake system which forces the shoes apart into contact
with the drum
weekly earnings:
See average weekly earnings
weep:
Fluid leakage which stains the outside of the container, but does not actually drip.
Generally oil weeping is not a serious problem.
weighbridge:
A device for measuring the weight of vehicles (especially trucks), consisting of a
metal plate set into the road surface
weigh scale:
A roadside scale which determines the weight of transport trucks and their load.
weight:
The force of gravity acting upon a body. It is measured in Newtons. Click on
the camera to see how to determine the weight of your vehicle.
See
advance weight, axle weight
balance weight
balancing weight
centrifugal weight
clip-on weight
counterweight
curb weight
distributor weight
dry weight
flyweight
governor weight
gross combination weight
gross train weight
horsepower weight factor
horsepower-weight factor
laden weight
lead weight
light weight
mass
maximum trailer weight
molecular weight
multiweight
power-to-weight ratio
power to weight ratio
sliding weight
sprung weight
straight weight
tape weight
tare weight
tongue weight
troy weight
unladen weight
unsprung weight
weightlessness
wheel weight
weight engine oil:

See straight weight engine oil
weight factor:
See horsepower weight factor
weightlessness:
A condition when an object is in free fall. It does not mean that the object is
completely out of the Earth's gravitational field.
weight per unit area:

An indication of the thickness of metallic paint coatings in grams per square meter
of surface area
weight rating:
See
axle weight rating
combined weight rating
weight ratio:
See power to weight ratio
weight tool:
See wheel weight tool
weight transfer:
The transfer of load from one end or side of the vehicle to the other when
accelerating, braking, or cornering
weight transfer effect:

Because the center of gravity of a vehicle is located above the centers of wheel
rotation, a sudden stoppage of the vehicle tends to cause the center of gravity to
move forward, thus throwing more weight onto the front wheels and less on the rear
wheels
Weissach axle:
A special double wishbone rear suspension developed by Porsche for the 928S to
minimize the problems of oversteering
welch plug:
[1] A concave disk generally about 10 mm (3/8 inch) diameter used to plug a hole in
a carburetor.
[2] A core plug
weld:
To join two pieces of metal together by raising the area to be joined to a point hot
enough for the two sections to melt and flow together. Additional metal is usually
added by melting small drops from the end of a metal rod while the welding is in
progress.
See
arc welding
axis of a weld
butt joint
continuous weld
convex weld
face of weld
fillet weld
groove weld
inside corner weld
intermittent weld
leg of fillet weld
outside corner weld
plug weld
reinforcement of weld
rosette weld
spot weld
tack weld
throat of a fillet weld
toe of weld
weld face:
The exposed surface of the weld. Also see concave weld face
welding:
Art of fastening metals (or plastic) together by means of interfusing them. They are
heated to a suitable temperature. In some cases pressure is used to bond them
together. In other cases a filler material (solder) is used to join them. Among the
approximately 40 different welding methods, the resistance welding processes, and
especially spot welding, are most relevant for automobile production, whereas arc
welding methods are most relevant for servicing and repair.
See
arc welding
atomic arc welding
automatic welding
back-step welding
backhand welding
backward welding
braze welding
bronze welding
downhand welding
flat position welding
forward welding
friction welding
gas metal-arc welding
gas tungsten-arc welding
gas welding
hammer welding
heated tool welding
hot gas welding
inert arc welding
inert gas-arc welding
leftward welding
mig welding
oxyacetylene welding
oxygen-acetylene welding
percussion welding
plastics welding
plug welding
projection welding
puddle welding
pulse arc welding
resistance welding
sigma welding
spot welding
tack welding
tig welding
ultrasonic welding
welding clamp:
A locking clamp with U-shaped jaws (which allow more visibility and working
space), used to hold panels, bars, tubes, etc. for welding
welding jig:
A special type of frame gauge used to establish the correct position of structural
parts on the body prior to welding them in
welding rod:
Wire which is melted into the weld metal.
welding sequence:
Order in which the component parts of a structure are welded.
welding wire:
A welding electrode fed into the handset from a reel
weldment:
Assembly of component parts joined together by welding.
weld metal:
Fused portion of base metal or fused portion of the base metal and the filler metal.
weld-through primer:
A special paint used along spot welds or seams; it does not burn off during welding
and thus offers good protection on the back of welded panels that would normally
be inaccessible once welding is completed
well:
See
door well
rim well
rim well base
seat well
spare wheel well
wheel well
well base:
See rim well base
well-base rim:
A wheel rim with a central channel or recess into which one side of the tire bead can
drop; the other side can then be forced over the rim for fitting or removal. Wheels
with well-base rims are commonly used on passenger cars because they enable easy
installation and removal of the tire; the seats of the rim on which the tire sits (rim
flanges) have a 5° taper so that, as the tire is inflated, the beads are forced up the
taper to give a wedge fit and a good seal for tubeless tires; safety bead seats must
also be incorporated, however
well-base wheel:
See one-piece wheel
well depth:
Vertical distance from bead seat to bottom of drop center rim.
welting:
Piping -- a rubber or plastic strip inserted between two removable panels, i.e.,
between a bolt-on fender and the body, to cover up the joint and to prevent water
getting in; with the piping inserted, only the round bead along the upper edge of the
piping is visible
W-engine:
A rare engine design, basically similar to a V-engine, but using three instead of two
cylinder rows. The W-engine is less perfectly balanced than a V-engine, but this is
compensated by balancer shafts; the main advantage of the W-engine is its short
crankshaft which results in a very short block; the compact construction permits a
12-cylinder W-engine to be installed transversely in a mid-engine sports car
wet:
See grip in the wet
wet boiling point:

The boiling point of brake fluid when it has absorbed some water.
See
boiling point
DOT 3
wet clutch:
A friction clutch that uses an oil bath to dissipate heat
wet friction:
wet friction exists when the rubbing parts have some other substance between them
such as oil or grease. Opposite to dry friction.
wet galvanizing:
A galvanizing method in which the flux is deposited in molten form on the zinc
bath, and the metal to be galvanized is introduced into the bath by passing it through
this layer of flux
wet grip:
A roadholding ability of a tire on a wet surface
wet liner:
A cylinder sleeve application in which the water in the cooling system contacts a
major portion of the sleeve itself. Also see liner.
wet manifold:
An intake manifold that caries coolant through integral passages
wet motor:
A pump whose motor compartment is filled with liquid; submersible pumps are
generally classified as wet motor types
wet-on-wet application:
A paint application by which a second coat of paint is applied over a first coat
before it is dried or stoved; in the case of metallic paint systems, the clear coat is
applied over the wet base coat
wet sanding:
Sanding with wet-and-dry sandpaper that has been wetted with water to prevent the
paper from clogging; commonly used for final sanding
wet setting:
The addition of the float with the carburetor mounted on engine and the float bowl
full of fuel
wet sleeve:
A cylinder sleeve application in which the water in the cooling system contacts a
major portion of the sleeve itself. The sleeve is supported by the block only at the
top and bottom of the sleeve. The sleeve must be thicker than a dry sleeve. See wet
liner.
wet sump lubrication:

The usual engine lubrication system in which the oil is carried in a pan below the
crankshaft. Such a system relies on gravity draining the circulated oil and needs no
return pump
whale tail:
A colloquial term for a large, rear spoiler
wheel:
A circular device, thin in relation to its face area, usually able to rotate about a
central axle or pivot, with a durable but elastic rim or with regular teeth cut on the
rim and for lightness often supported by spokes joined to the hub instead of being
left solid. The invention of the wheel enabled loads to be transported with relative
ease, because rolling friction is always much less than sliding friction. The use of
cogged wheels also enabled power to be transmitted from one component to
another.
See
alloy wheel
aluminum wheel
bogie wheel
buffing wheel
burred wheel
california wheel
car wheel
cast-alloy wheel
chain wheel
chopped wheel
cross-spoke wheel
crown wheel
custom wheel
degree wheel
disc wheel
disc wheel type
drag wheel
driven wheel
driving wheel
fifth wheel
fixed wheel
flared wheel arch
four-way wheel wrench
four wheel alignment
four wheel steering
free rolling wheel
front wheel drive
grinding wheel
jjd wheel
jockey wheel
knock-off wheel
light-alloy wheel
lockable wheel
magnesium wheel
mag wheel
minilite alloy wheel
mini spare wheel
motor wheel type
negative wheel dish
negative wheel dishing
negative wheel offset
one-piece wheel
passenger car wheel
plain disc wheel
planet wheel
rear wheel skirt
rear wheel spat
safe stop wheel
safety wheel
sheet wheel
single-piece wheel
solid disc wheel
space-saving spare wheel
space saver wheel
spare wheel
spoke wheel
sprocket wheel
standard wheel
star wheel
steel wheel
steering wheel
sun wheel
td wheel
telescoping steering wheel
tempa spare wheel
temporary spare wheel
three-piece alloy wheel
tilt steering wheel
tr-denioc wheel
trigger wheel
turbine wheel
twin wheel
two-piece alloy wheel
two-piece forged alloy wheel
well-base wheel
wire spoke wheel
wire wheel
worm wheel
wheel adapter:
A spacer ring that adapts hubs to wheels with a different number of lugs, e.g., 4-lug
hubs to 5-lug wheels
wheel aligner:
A device used to check camber, caster, toe-in, etc.
wheel alignment:
See
alignment
four wheel alignment
wheel alignment gauge:

A gauge used to measure the distance between the rims of the front wheels
wheel and brake lock:

See steering wheel and brake lock
wheel and pinion:

See crown wheel and pinion
wheel arch:
The edge of the fender around the wheel cutout; sometimes also used with reference
to the entire wheel housing. Also see flared wheel arch
wheel arch extension:

A roughly square extension of the wheel arch; the areas in front of and behind the
wheel cutout, as well as a strip above the cutout, are angled sharply outward to
increase the width of the wheel arches to allow wider tires to be installed
wheel arch protector:

See undershield
wheel assembly:
A unit on a turbocharger consisting of the compressor, shaft, and turbine wheel
wheel balancer:
A machine used to check the wheel and tire assembly for static and dynamic
balance. Also see steering wheel balance
wheel balancing:
A procedure that ensures that the weight of the wheel is distributed evenly to
improve performance and cut tire wear. Static balancing distributes the weight of
the wheel evenly around the axle or spindle and is done with the wheels off the
vehicle. Dynamic balancing distributes the weight evenly as the wheel and tire hang
vertically down, also balances the brake drum, and can be done with the wheels on
the vehicle. Smaller wheels need more frequent balancing than larger wheels
because the speed of rotation is greater in smaller wheels.
wheel balancing machine:

See wheel balancer
wheelbase:
The distance between the front and the rear axles on a vehicle, motorcycle, or
bicycle. In a few cars (e.g., Renault 5), the wheelbase is longer on one side of the
vehicle.
wheel bearings:
The bearings in wheel hubs: ball bearings for drive shafts and taper roller bearings
for driven hubs
wheel bolt:
Bolts which are screwed into threaded holes in the wheel hub or at the axle flange;
common on passenger car wheels and one-piece commercial vehicle wheels
wheel bolt hole:

The holes through which bolts are inserted to secure the wheel to the hub. To secure
the correct wheel, it is necessary to measure the diameter of the bolt hole
wheel bolt hole circle:

The diameter of a circle scribed through the bolt hole centers of a wheel.
wheelbrace:
A cranked socket wrench for wheel nuts
wheel camber:
See camber
wheel center bore:

The diameter of the opening in a disc which allows for protrusion of the axle hub.
wheel centering:
See steering wheel centering
wheelchair lift:
A platform which is deployed from a vehicle, allowing people who use wheelchairs
or have trouble stepping up easy access. These platforms or lifts are run by
electricity or hydraulics but can always be manually operated in the event that one
of the previously-mentioned power sources fail.
wheel changing:
Changing a defective wheel involving: stop the car on firm, level ground and put on
the handbrake; turn on the four-way warning light; put a chock against the wheel in
the opposite corner to prevent vehicle movement; place a warning triangle or flare a
short distance behind the vehicle; loosen the wheel bolts or nuts while the wheel is
still on the ground; jack up the car so that the wheel is no longer on the ground;
remove the nuts or bolts; pull the wheel off; put on the spare or the repaired wheel
(you may have to raise the car a little more since the flat tire sat lower on the
ground); tighten the bolts or nuts evenly, giving them a final tightening once the
jack has been removed
wheel chock:
A wedge-shaped block put under a wheel to prevent a vehicle from rolling
wheel clamp:
A Denver boot -- a device attached to the wheel of a parked car to prevent its being
driven away; used as an anti-theft device if attached privately, and a means of
ensuring payment of a fine (to the authority to have the device removed) if parked
illegally
wheel cover:
A hubcap which covers the entire wheel (but not the tire, of course).
wheel cutout:
The open area described by the wheel arch, which determines to what extent the
wheels are visible
wheel cylinder:
[1] A small cylinder located at each wheel brake that uses brake fluid to exert
hydraulic pressure, which forces the brake shoes against the brake drums and
stops the vehicle.
[2] That part of the hydraulic brake system that receives pressure from the
master cylinder and in turn applies the brake shoes to the drums. Also see
brake backing plate.
wheel damper:
See steering wheel damper
wheel disc:
A part of the wheel that connects the rim to the hub; its design is governed by
specific rim type, axle connection, brake contour, brake cooling, hub cap fixing,
load capacity, and attractive styling. Also see four wheel disc brakes
wheel disc brakes:

See four wheel disc brakes
wheel dish:
See negative wheel dish
wheel dishing:
See
wheel dolly:
A trolly that supports the front wheels when a disabled vehicle is being towed. Also
called just a dolly
wheel drive:
See
all wheel drive
front wheel drive
wheeler:
See three-wheeler
wheel flutter:
See wheel wobble
wheel hop:
A hopping action of the rear wheels during heavy acceleration. Traction is lost and
regained in rapid cycles after power is applied to the rear wheels. It indicates a need
for different tires, better shock absorbers, better springs, better axle control,
different driving technique, or all of the above. The British term is "wheel patter"
wheel house:
The inner area behind the fender described by the inner and outer fender panels; the
term is occasionally used for the inner fender panel
wheel housing:
The inner area behind the fender described by the inner and outer fender panels; the
term is occasionally used for the inner fender panel
wheel house panel:

A steel panel inside the wheel housing that is shaped similar to the wheel cutout and
protects the upper inside areas of the fender from splashes and gravel
wheel hub:
See hub
wheelie:
An acceleration phenomenon of rear drive vehicles (especially motorcycles) in
which the front wheel(s) lift off the ground. Most automobiles are too heavy and
lack the proper balance to accomplish this feat; but bicycles, motorcycles, and even
wheelchairs can perform it.
wheelie bar:
A bar incorporating little wheels, mounted behind the rear axle of a dragster to
reduce the effect of a wheelie. On wheelchairs it is called antitippers
wheelie bars:
Short arms attached to the rear of a drag racer to prevent the front end from rising
too far off the ground during heavy acceleration. Arms are usually of spring
material and have small wheels attached to the ends that contact the ground.
wheel imbalance:
See imbalance
wheel impeller:
See vane wheel impeller
wheeling machine:
A special shop tool used to shape steel and aluminum panels. No electric,
pneumatic, or hydraulic power is used; the base takes the form of a large C and the
parts used to do the shaping are fastened at the open end of the frame. A flat-faced
steel wheel is bolted to the top of the C; the lower wheels, called anvils are smaller
in diameter and have a curved surface. To shape the metal, the steel sheet is moved
back and forth between the two wheels
wheel judder:
See shimmy
wheel load:
That part of the vehicle weight resting on a single wheel
wheel lock:
[1] A condition in which the wheels stop turning as a result of excessive braking;
leads to a skid.
[2] Any anti-theft device for expensive (alloy) wheels.
[3] The brakes on a wheelchair so named because of a bar or rod that presses against
the tread of a tire
wheel lug bolt:

The bolts used to fasten the wheel to the hub. Also called "lug bolt."
wheel marking:
All disc wheels are marked (generally on the front side of the disc in the stud hole
area) with the manufacturer's trademark, the wheel number, rim size, and date of
production
wheel mounting:
The attachment of a wheel on a hub
wheel nut:
A British term for lug nut -- one of several nuts which hold the wheel and tire
assembly on the car and are screwed on the studs
wheel nut wrench:

A cross-shaped wrench with four socket heads
wheel offset:
A measurement in inches from the center of the rim (between the flanges) to the
outside face of the disc. Also see negative wheel offset
wheel panel:
The panel area around the wheel cutout in the fender; this term often also refers to a
repair section for this area, as this is a common rust spot on many cars
wheel patter:
A British term for wheel hop. A vertical oscillation of a wheel making it hop up and
down rapidly, either because of imbalance or because the tire is faulty or badly
secured
wheel puller:
See steering wheel puller
wheel rim:
The outer part of the wheel on which the tire is mounted
wheel rotation:
Swapping wheels around to compensate for unequal tire wear and increase tread
life; moving them from front to rear is generally recommended and is the only safe
method on vehicles with directional tread tires
wheel shimmy:
See shimmy
wheel shudder:
See shimmy
wheel skirt:
See rear wheel skirt
wheelslip:
See wheelspin
wheel spacer:
An obsolete circular metal plate having a bolt hole circle and center bore and fitting
between the faces of disc wheels to provide additional dual clearance. Also see
between wheel spacer
wheel spat:
See rear wheel spat
wheel speed sensor:

An electronic device for picking up the rotational speed of a wheel in order to
inform the processing unit of an ASR or ABS system
wheel spider:
A part of a cast/forged wheel which connects the rim and the wheel hub and
incorporates a spoke design
wheel spin:
The effect of too much throttle making the driven wheels turn too fast to grip the
road surface; easily done on a wet or icy surface and leaves a telltale trace of rubber
on a dry one
wheel spin sensors:

Sensors used in the anti-lock brake systems to determine the rate of wheel rotation
wheel steering:
See four wheel steering
wheel stud:
One of several threaded bolts projecting from the wheel disc to which the wheel is
secured by a lug nut
wheel tire:
See front wheel tire clearance
wheel tire clearance:

See front wheel tire clearance
wheel tramp:
See radial run-out
wheel tree:
A special stand for wheels, e.g., for a complete set of summer or winter tires,
designed to prevent condensation and tire deformation over extended storage
periods
wheel trim:
See wheel cover
wheel trim emblem:

A plastic emblem with logo; self-adhesive backing adheres to hub cap or wheel
cover center cap
wheel trim rim:

An aluminum or stainless steel recessed ring, chrome-flashed or polished for added
lustre; improves the looks of old steel wheels
wheel tub:
A part of the wheel housing visible on the inside of the car body to either side of the
rear seats
wheel type:
The styling of the wheel disc: e.g., disc wheel with holes, plain disc wheel, styled
disc wheel with ribs, disc wheel with flange openings, spoke wheel, rim type.
See
disc wheel type
motor wheel type
wheel weight:
Small weights (usually made of lead) attached to the wheel to balance the wheel and
tire assembly. Most have a lip which attaches to the flange of the rim; others are
pasted on the smooth side of a rim -- particularly on mag wheels; and others are
wrapped around the spokes of a wheel (such as a motorcycle wheel). They are
marked in fractions of an ounce or in grams.
wheel weight tool:

A special automotive tool for use when balancing wheels; installs, trims and
removes all types of clip-on wheel weights with a hammerhead and pliers for
installation and removal and a cutter for trimming
wheel well:
See
rim well
spare wheel well
wheel wobble:
The oscillation of the front wheels caused by unbalanced wheels, defective steering
gear, etc.
wheel wrench:
See four-way wheel wrench
whip:
See chain whip
whip aerial:
A long, thin, flexible aerial
whip antenna:
A long, thin, flexible aerial
whiplash:
An injury to the head and neck of an occupant of a vehicle. The action is somewhat
prevented by head restraints.
whiplash injury:
Neck injury resulting from a violent forward and backward jerking of the head, as in
a vehicle collision
whipping:
The tendency of a long rotating shaft (like a drive shaft) to bend at high speed, like a
bow or whip
whirling:
The tendency of a long rotating shaft (like a drive shaft) to bend at high speed, like a
bow or whip
whiskering:
See
plug whiskering
spark plug whiskering
white:
See body-in-white
white checkered flag:

See black and white checkered flag
white flag:
The white flag is the flag shown to the race leader and the pursuing drivers telling
them that there is one lap to go before the end of the race and the finish line. This
final lap is almost always one of the most exciting as lead drivers vie for the best
possible position -- making that last ditch, all-out effort to win.
white lithium grease:

A type of grease that will not freeze, melt, or wash off; used for speedometer and
brake cables, door and hood hinges, door stop latches, boot springs, seat slide
tracks, distributor cams, windshield wiper mechanism, etc.
white metal:
Any of various (tin-based) alloys (e.g., tin, lead, and antimony), such as Babbitt
metal, still occasionally used for bearings because it had a low melting point and a
low coefficient of friction
white rust:
A loose, porous oxidation products formed on zinc when a lack of carbon dioxide
occurs and water condenses on the surface of the work
whitewall:
Tires that have a concentric white line. Some are up to four inches wide and called
"wide whitewall."
whitewall rings:
Narrow or wide rubber rings that snap on between tire and rim to give the effect of a
whitewall tire
whitewall tire:
A tire with white sidewalls
whitewall toppers:
Narrow or wide rubber rings that snap on between tire and rim to give the effect of a
whitewall tire
Whitney:
Whitney key:
Whitworth:
See British Standard Whitworth
wholesaler:
An intermediary which sells to other intermediaries, such as a firm that buys from a
manufacturer and sells to a retailer.
wick:
The action of flicking or blipping the throttle rapidly.
wicking:
A capillary act of air escapement from the tire casing during retreading.
wide-nose peen hammer:

A peen and finish hammer with an extra-wide wedge end well suited to shaping of
sharp corners and beads in panels
wide open throttle:

(WOT) A term describing full throttle
wide ovals:
See wide treads.
wide range gearing:

See wide-range gearing.
wide-range gearing:
A gearing system in which the step between the two chainrings is considerably
greater than that found in most other systems.
wide step gearing:

See wide-step gearing.
wide-step gearing:
A gearing system in which the step between the two chainrings is considerably
greater than that found in most other systems.
wide treads:
Wide tires. Tire height, bead to tread surface is about 70 percent of tire width across
outside of carcass.
widget:
Any small gadget, device or mechanism that is unknown or temporarily forgotten; a
car is full of them
width:
See
bandwidth
crown width
nominal rim width
rim width
section width
tire width
will:
See good will warranty
Wills Sainte Claire:

will warranty:
See good will warranty
Willys-Knight:
A vehicle brand of which the Series 66 for 1925-1948 with required application are
classic cars.
Willys:
A vehicle brand of which the 1948-51 Overland Jeepster Click for books on
models are milestone cars. Willys
Wilson gearbox:
An early preselector epicyclic gearbox still used in buses. Named after British
inventor Walter Gordon Wilson, 1874-1957
winch:
Manual or power device employing a drum with cable or rope for pulling objects
where great power is required. Power generated by vehicle engine and transmitted
through power take-off on transmission.
wind:
See crosswind
windage tray:
On some high-performance engines, another pan within the oil pan, up near the
crankshaft, that insulates the crankshaft from the windage phenomenon, which
causes oil, in the form of tiny droplets, to become airborne within the crankcase of
an engine running at high rpm. At high rpm, it is possible for as much as two quarts
of oil to be airborne within the crankcase. This oil, if it comes in contact with the
crankshaft, will cause additional friction and rob horsepower
windchill:
The perceived temperature in winter when wind is blowing or when riding an open
vehicle (motorcycle, snowmobile, etc.). It is calculated with the following formula:
Windchill Temperature = 0.045*(5.2735*SQROOT(W) + 10.45 - 0.2778*W)*(T -
33.0)+33
WCF = 1.1626*(5.2735*SQROOT(W) + 10.45 - 0.2778*W)*(33.0 - T)
where:
ET = equivalent temperature (degrees Celsius)
WCF = wind chill factor (Watts per square metre)
SQROOT = square root function
W = wind speed (Km/hr)
T = air temperature (degrees Celsius)
wind deflector:
See air shield
wind drag:
The amount of force a ride feels from the wind. If the rider sits upright and is broad,
the wind drag is going to greater than it would be for a narrow rider, and even
greater than it would be for a rider who "crouches" or tries to fit behind the
handlebars. A windshield helps reduce significantly the drag that a rider feels.
winder:
See window winder
winding:
The wrapping of wire around a core.
See
excitation winding
exciter winding
field winding
high-tension winding
hold-in winding
holding winding
inductive winding
primary winding
pull-in winding
secondary winding
shunt winding
winding the engine:

Running the engine at top rpm.
windlace:
A type of piping covered with fabric; often used along the outlines of convertible
tops, etc.
window:
See
electric windows
frameless window
heated rear window
hinged quarter window
lambda window
manual-crank window
manually operated window
power window
quarter window
rear side window
rear window heater system
rear window heating
rear window louvres
rear window
sliding side window
timing window
wind-up window
window channel:
A British term for glass channel -- a U-shaped draft excluder, often fitted with a
steel core, along wind-up door window edges inside the door frame
window etching:
A security measure whereby the glass panes of a car's windows are permanently
marked by etching a number (such as the registration number) into the glass surface
window filler:
See quarter window filler panel
window filler panel:

See quarter window filler panel
window heater:
window heater system:

window heating:
See rear window heating
window lift:
British term for the switch or mechanism used to raise or lower a side window.
window line:
See waistline
window lock-out:
window lock-out switch:

window louvres:
See rear window louvres
window regulator:
The mechanism used to raise and lower window glass. The regulator can be either
manual or electric
window weatherstrip:
A rubber or moquette sealing strip fitted in the gap on either side of a sliding door
window to seal the door gutter and prevent water getting into the interior of the door
frame
window winder:
A handle on the inside of a door panel with which the window is manually wound
up and down
windscreen:
British term for windshield.
windshield:
The primary piece of glass in front of the driver and front passenger. In some older
vehicles, there were two pieces of glass. Both are considered the windshield, left
and right side. In Britain, it is called the windscreen.
See
emergency windshield
heated windshield
laminated windshield
panoramic windshield
toughened windshield
windshield header
wrapround windshield
windshield aperture:
The open area into which the windshield fits, determined by the windshield panel
windshield corner panel:

A separate panel that extends the scuttle to the left-hand and right-hand top rear
corners of the fenders and closes off the area towards the bottom windshield
corners; on many cars, it is part of the one-piece scuttle extending from the left-
hand to the right-hand fender
windshield glass:
See laminated windshield glass
windshield header:
The bar or metal that goes between the two A-pillars that form the windshield
framing.
windshield header panel:

A box-section or double panel at the front end of the roof panel above the
windshield aperture that helps to reinforce the roof frame
windshield mounting flange:

The spot-welded flanges of the panels which together form the windshield aperture
windshield panel:
The panel around the windshield that links the roof panel above the windshield to
the scuttle below the screen
windshield pillars:
The front posts of the body shell which together with the scuttle and header panel
form the windshield aperture
windshield shadeband:
See
sunvisor
sunshield
windshield support panel:

See scuttle
windshield surround:
A molded rubber insulating strip round the windshield
windshield washer:
[1] An apparatus for spraying windshield washer fluid on the outside surface of the
windshield and removing the solution with the windshield wipers and thereby
removing contaminants from the windshield.
[2] A person who washes windshields
windshield washer fluid:

A soapy solution used to remove dirt and bugs from the windshield. In colder
climates this solution must not freeze.
windshield washer pump:

A pump which forces the windshield washer fluid to the windshield washer nozzles
so that the fluid is sprayed on the windshield.
windshield wash/wipe system:

A system operated by the same lever on the control stalk that operates the wipers,
which directs a jet of water onto the windshield and activates the wipers for a short
period
windshield wiper:
A squeegee attached to an arm in front of the windshield. When activated, it sweeps
across the windshield to remove any moisture such as rain or windshield washer
fluid.
Windsor experiment:
Chrysler Canada, in partnership with government and educational institutions, has
launched a number of initiatives collectively referred to as the Windsor Experiment.
The Windsor Experiment conducts studies to benchmark "best practice" training
and education in Europe, and applied the results in various skills development
programs.
wind trainer:
A training device consisting of a frame in which a bicycle is fastened for stationary
riding and a fan that creates wind resistance to simulate actual road riding.
wind tunnel:
A tunnel-like chamber in which a current of air can be maintained at a constant
velocity and in which motor vehicles (and aircraft, etc.) are tested to determine their
aerodynamic properties and the effects of wind pressure
windup:
See
axle windup"
spring windup
wind-up window:
A window that is manually operated with a winder
wind wing:
See vent wing.
wing:
[1] An aerodynamic device attached to a vehicle to cause a downward force on the
front or rear of the vehicle. It is often found in the shape of an inverted airplane
wing.
[2] A window wind deflector.
[3] A Honda Goldwing motorcycle.
[4] British term for airfoil. bolt-on wing, fender, front wing, vent wing, wind wing,
and wiper wing
wing arch:
British term for fender arch
wing beading:
A British term for fender beading
wing bumping hammer:

British term for fender bumping hammer
wing extension:
British term for fender extension
wing landing section:

British term for fender landing section
wing mirror:
British term for fender mirror
wing mounting:
British term for fender mounting
wing nut:
A nut with two flat projections (i.e., wings) to be turned by thumb and finger. Also
called a butterfly nut.
wing punch:
A British term for a fender punch
wing shield:
A small curved panel in front of the front side window which deflects wind and
reduces draft with the window open; typically made of transparent acrylic, clear or
smoked
wing splash apron:

British term for fender splash apron
wing stock:
Tread rubber that is tapered to a feathered edge on each side of a retread tire in
order that it may be applied to the shoulder of the tire. Used only on a full retread.
wing strengthening buttress:

British term for fender strengthening buttress
wing support bracket:

British term for fender support bracket
winker:
Japanese (especially Honda) term for a signal light.
winter tire:
A tire with a deep tread suitable for winter conditions
wipe:
See headlight wash/wipe
wipe system:
See
windshield wash/wipe system
wiper:
A metal or plastic device with a rubber blade that scrapes across the windshield to
clean the windshield from rain or other moisture. Also called delay wiper, hidden
wiper, hideaway wiper, intermittent wiper control, linear wiper system, rear wiper,
self-parking wiper, and windshield wiper
wiper control:
See intermittent wiper control
wiper system:
See
linear wiper system
speed-sensitive wiper system
wiper wing:
A molded attachment to the back of the windshield wiper arm, intended to increase
the pressure of the wind on the blade to provide effective cleaning at high speeds
wire:
See
bead wires
coil wire
control wire
earth wire
ground wire
hot wire
lead wire
live wire
primary wire
secondary wire
shredded wire
spark plug wire
welding wire
wire brush:
A brush with wire bristles for removing loose paint, dirt, carbon, or rust from metal
surfaces. Wire brushes come in a variety of shapes, e.g., with an extremely thin
head for cleaning parts in very tight places (such as brake rotors or calipers), or they
can be attached to power tools to remove carbon and deposits from cylinder heads,
transmissions, etc. e.g., as knotted or crimped rotary wire brushes, wire cup brushes,
or wire end brushes. Also see cup-shaped wire brush
wire cover strip:

See spark plug wire cover strip
wired on tire:
See wired-on tire.
wired-on tire:
A tire with a wire bead edge that fits inside a trough-shaped rim; the type of tire
often inaccurately referred to as a "clincher."
wire feeder:
The handle and gas nozzle through which the steel wire electrode is fed by an
electric motor in a MIG welding system
wire glow plug:

A double-pole glow plug with an unsheathed wire loop; now superseded by
sheathed-type glow plugs
wire loom:
See
spark plug cable loom
spark plug wire loom
wire marker:
See spark plug wire marker
wire mesh:
In catalytic converters with a ceramic monolith, a stainless-steel fabric used as a
shock-absorbing support for the honeycomb
wires:
Wire-spoked wheels or wire-spoke hubcaps.
wire separator:
See spark plug wire separator
wire spoke:
A part which connects the hub of a wire spoke wheel to the rim. All loads are
transmitted from the rim to the hub by steel spokes; individually, they have little
resistance to bending stresses and therefore have to be laced in a complex criss-
cross pattern. Due to their complicated design (each spoke is hooked at one end into
the hub, and the other end is pushed through a hole in the rim, where a tapered nut is
screwed down to pull the spoke tight) and their reduced stiffness and poor stress
resistance (if the spokes are too loose or too tight, the relatively flimsy rim will
distort), wheels with wire spokes are expensive and rarely used on automobiles; but
they are common on bicycles and some motorcycles
wire spoke wheel:

A wheel designed in such a way that its rim is joined to the center member by a
series of wire spokes
wire stripper/crimper tool:

A multi-purpose electricians' pliers for cutting and stripping wire and crimping
insulated or non-insulated solderless terminals when servicing the electrical system.
Also see automatic wire stripper
wire strippers:
Pliers used for removing insulating material from the ends of electrical wire
wire wheel:
A wheel designed in such a way that its rim is joined to the center member by a
series of wire spokes
wiring an edge:
Rolling the edge of a panel, e.g., a wheel opening of a fender, around a wire to
provide additional stiffness of the panel edge
wiring diagram:
A drawing showing the various electrical units and the wiring arrangement
necessary for them to function properly.
wiring harness:
The collection of color-coded wires which connects all the vehicle's electrical
components. Sometimes refers to the main bulk of wires, not the secondary wires
which are plugged into the main collection.
wiring loom:
See wiring harness
wiring pigtail:
A short length of wire, usually with connector, permanently attached to an electric
component, such as an oxygen sensor
wiring trough:
A longitudinal molding that guides and conceals wiring
wishbone:
The radius rod setup used in many of the older ford cars to keep the axle square
with the frame.
See
A-arm
control arm
double wishbone
unequal wishbones
wishbone suspension:
See
double wishbone suspension
unequal-length wishbone suspension
withdrawal:
See liquid withdrawal.
withdrawal fork:
See clutch fork
witness mark:
A punch mark or scratch used to position or locate some part in its proper spot. The
mark is made on each half of the assembly so that upon reassembly the marks can
be lined up.
witness marks:
See witness mark.
w/o:
Abbreviation for "without," as in excellent condition, w/o body damage.
wobble:
Side to side movement -- usually unwanted. Also called "lateral runout."
See
caster wobble
wheel wobble
wobble extension bar:

A special extension with a unique male end that enables the user to drive the socket
up to 15° from vertical
wobble plate:
See swash plate
wood alcohol:
See methanol.
woodie:
[1] A shooting brake.
[2] A wood-bodied vehicle, especially station wagons of the '30s and 40s.
Woodill:
A vehicle brand of which the 1952-58 Wildfire models are milestone cars.
wood mallet:
A hammer with a wooden head
Woodruff key:
a half-moon shaped piece of metal used to secure something to a shaft which has a
notch cut in the shaft to accommodate the key.
woody:
A station wagon with wood sides. It was made popular by the surf-board crowd
work:
Production of an effect by exertion of a force. Energy is needed to do work and
work is measured in joules. Also see chrome work
work capacity:
The maximum ability to perform. See energy.
work ceiling:
See joiner work ceiling
working cycle:
A recurring sequence of events in the combustion process, e.g., a four-stroke cycle
working cylinder:
The inner cylinder of a double-tube shock absorber
work week:
See standard work week
world Trade Organization:

(WTO) Created by the Uruguay Round and successor to the GATT, this new
organization began operations on January 1, 1995.
worm:
A short, rotating shaft on which a helical groove has been cut, as in a gear
arrangement in which such a shaft meshes with a toothed wheel.
See
ball worm
worm-and-lever steering:
worm and nut:

See
ball worm and nut
worm-and-nut steering:
A steering system in which rotation of the worm causes a nut, which encloses it, to
move up or down, thus turning the rocker shaft
worm-and-peg steering:
worm and roller:

A type of steering gear using a worm gear on the steering shaft. A roller on one end
of the cross shaft engages the worm.
worm-and-roller steering:
See cam-and-roller steering
worm and sector:

A type of steering gear using a worm gear engaging a sector (a portion of a gear) on
the cross shaft.
worm-and-sector steering:
A type of steering system in which rotation of the worm moves a V-shaped section
of a toothed wheel at the top of the rocker shaft
worm and taper pin:

A type of steering gear using a worm gear on the steering shaft. The end of the cross
shaft engages the worm via a taper pin.
worm gear:
A coarse, spiral shaped gear cut on a shaft. It is used to engage with and drive
another gear or portion of a gear. As used in the steering gearbox, it often engages
the cross shaft via a roller or by a tapered pin.
worm wheel:
A gearwheel driven by a worm
worry:
To bend something like a wire or a bar back and forth with the intention of breaking
it apart.
worthiness:
See sea worthiness
WOT:
Acronym for wide open throttle
wound:
See progressively wound valve spring
wound valve:
wound valve spring:

wow:
See bow wow
wrap:
See outer wrap
wrapped pin:
See spiral wrapped pin
wrapround:
Curving around in one continuous piece
wrapround bumper:
A modern bumper style that extends around the front and rear of the body right up
to the wheel cutouts to offer maximum protection of the body panels
wrapround dash design:

An instrument panel design introduced on volume cars by BMW which, in contrast
to the classic flat panels, is curved to provide optimum driver access to all controls
wrapround windshield:
See panoramic windshield
wrecker:
See auto wrecker
wrench:
[1] A device for removing nuts, bolts, and other fasteners.
[2] A colloquial term for a mechanic or someone who is handy repairing engines.
[3] To use a wrench tool.
See
adjustable wrench
Allen wrench
box wrench
brake adjusting wrench
brake wrench
chain filter wrench
chain pipe wrench
chain wrench
click-type torque wrench
combination wrench
crescent wrench
cross-shaft lug wrench
dial torque wrench
distributor wrench
double-ended wrench
drain plug wrench
filter wrench
flare nut wrench
four-way wheel wrench
grip wrench
heavy-duty ring wrench
heavy-duty wrench
hex wrench
ignition wrench
impact wrench
left-handed monkey wrench
lug wrench
miniature offset open-end wrench
mole wrench
monkey wrench
obstruction wrench
offset wrench
oil filter wrench
open-ended wrench
pin wrench
pipe wrench
plug wrench
socket wrench
spanner
spark plug socket
spark plug wrench
spoke wrench
stillson wrench
strap wrench
tappet wrench
tap wrench
torque wrench
wheel nut wrench
wringing-fit:
A fit with less clearance than for a running or sliding fit. The shaft enters the hole
by means of twisting and pushing by hand
wrinkling:
The top coat tends to wrinkle to a smaller or greater degree if the outer paint coat
dries too rapidly, preventing the underlying coats from drying properly; this also
occurs if the paint film is too heavy
wrist pin:
See piston pin.
wrist pin circlip:
A circlip which is used on either end of the wrist pin to hold the pin in place.
wrist pin end:

The small end of the connecting rod through which the wrist pin is inserted
write off:
[1] To damage a car beyond repair or, for insurance purposes, so as to be not worth
repairing.
[2] To consider a vehicle to be a total loss
write-off:
A car damaged beyond repair or so badly damaged as to be not worth repairing for
insurance purposes
written off:
When a vehicle has sustained a severe accident so that it would cost more to repair
it than what it is worth, it is said to be written off.
writer:
See service writer
WTO:
Acronym for "World Trade Organization."
WW:
Acronym for "whitewall," as in ww tires.
WWW:
Acronym for "wide whitewall," as in www tires.
x:
[1] Originally this letter indicated "experimental" vehicles, but later came to
indicate an "exotic" or unusual vehicle.
[2] Also see Michelin "X"
x engine:
See X-type engine.
x-engine:
See X-type engine.
xenon :
A colourless, odourless gas used in electric luminescent tubes to provide a bright
light; a xenon stroboscope for ignition timing is strong enough to use in daylight
X-flow cylinder head:

See crossflow cylinder head
x. Liter Engine:
The total displacement of an engine expressed in liters. This is the total volume
within an engine devoted to the combustion which produces power.
x tire:
Michelin "X" Radial tires.
x-type engine:
An engine in which the cylinders occur in four rows set at an angle from each other
with the crankshaft running through the intersection of the X. The single crankshaft
is turned by all banks of cylinders.
X-type frame:
A frame design shaped like an elongated letter X that narrows to a strong junction at
the center section; it usually has three or more crossmembers to provide torsional
stability but there are no crossmembers in the center section of the vehicle
x-valve:
There are two kinds of valves in a car, intake and exhaust. The intake valves allow
oxygen and fuel into the cylinder head and the exhaust valves allow the used-up
gases to exit.
Y:
300 kph (186 mph), as in P220YR15.The next higher rating is Z and the one lower
rating is W
yard :
See
breaker's yard
scrap yard
yaw:
The rotation about a vertical axis that passes through the car's center of gravity.
yaw acceleration:
A steady increase in the yaw angle
yaw angle:
The angle of deviation between a vehicle's longitudinal axis and its true direction of
motion, i.e., the difference between the direction a vehicle is pointing when
cornering and the direction in which it is actually moving
Y-belt :
A Y-shaped belt design used to restrain babies in a baby seat
Y-configuration :
A Y-shaped connection of the three stator windings of an alternator
y-connector:
Any connector in the shape of the letter "Y" -- often referring to a hollow unit. For
example, the line coming from the windshield washer pump is connected to the
bottom part of a "Y" and the two tubes going to the windshield nozzles are
connected to the upper part of the "Y". It differs from a T-connector in that the V-
shape is straight across.
year :
See model year
yellow boot:
Colloquial term for a Denver boot
yellow flag:
A solid yellow flag is used to slow down the racers in the case of a crash, debris on
the course (like car parts), slick fluids on the track or the weather has become a
factor with rain. During a yellow flag the pace car, with the top lights flashing, joins
up with the race leader and sets a slower speed on the track. This is done to preserve
the driving order on the track as cars cannot pass one another under a yellow after
crossing the start/finish line. Drivers generally use this time to hit the pits for
refueling, new tires and adjustments. It is an advantageous time to make the race car
faster on the track.
yellow shoe:
Colloquial term for a Denver boot
yield strength:
Stress in psi at which a specimen assumes a specified limited permanent set.
yoke:
[1] A triangular metal piece used to connect the main brake cable with the
stirrup cable in a centerpull brake system. Also known as a "saddle" or "pick-
up."
[2] A bracket or coupling.
[3] A forked parts of a U-joint connected by the spider.
Y-pipe :
A Y-shaped down pipe connecting a two-branch exhaust manifold to a single
exhaust pipe
Yugo:
A model of automobile manufactured in Yugoslavia Click for books on Yugo
Z:
A letter rating for tires to indicate that they are theoretically rated for speeds over
300 kph (186 mph), as in P245/50ZR16. There is no higher rating, but the one lower
rating is Y
Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen:
See ZF
ZAP :
See aia-zap
Z-axle:
A rear axle introduced with the BMW Z1 in 1988, consisting of a trailing arm, one
upper lateral link, one lower diagonal link, and a coil spring at each side; also
included is an anti-roll bar
zebrano:
A striped hardwood used for interior trim as a cheaper alternative to burr walnut
zebrawood:
A striped hardwood used for interior trim as a cheaper alternative to burr walnut
Z'ed:
When a frame is cut, usually in front of the rear wheels, and a section is welded in
to raise the axle so large tires can be used at stock body heights, racers say their car
has been z'ed [pronounced ZEED, not ZED], referring to the new appearance of the
frame.
Zener diode:
A semiconductor used on British motorcycles for many years as a voltage regulator.
When the voltage across the Zener diode reached a certain point, the element would
begin to conduct current, routing it to ground, thus preventing the battery from
overcharging.
zerk fitting:
A small valve that allows grease to be added to a ball joint with a grease gun and
prevents the grease from leaking out when pressure is placed on the area.
Incorrectly pronounced "zert." Also called grease fitting
zero absolute pressure:
A total vacuum. Zero on the absolute pressure scale
zero-emission vehicle:
(ZEV) A vehicle which itself produces no emissions, such as electric powered
vehicles. The concept does not take into account the fact that electric cars use the
electric power of batteries that are normally charged by power supplied by electric
power plants (which generally do produce certain emissions); Californian laws
require that from 1998, 2% of new cars must be ZEVs
zero offset:
See center point steering
zero-offset steering:
A steering system whose geometry has a scrub radius of zero. This configuration
minimizes the steering effects produced during acceleration (with front drive) or
braking on varying traction surfaces.
ZEV:
Acronym for zero-emission vehicle
ZF:
An acronym for "Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen," which is a German company that
manufactures transmissions and transaxles used in many exotic, high performance,
and racing cars.
zinc:
A metallic element used in galvanizing metals, die casting, as a constituent in
various alloys, as a battery electrode, etc. Also see layer of pure zinc, low zinc
technology, and normal zinc technology
zinc alloy:
An alloy whose main component is zinc
zinc bath:
See galvanizing bath
zinc electroplating:
See electrogalvanizing
zinc immersion treatment:

A pretreatment before electroplating a thin zinc deposit forms by immersion of
aluminum in a zinc solution which prevents further oxidation of the aluminum and
provides a key for the galvanic coating
zinc-iron alloy layer:

An alloy layer formed on iron and steel during hot-dip galvanizing as a result of the
diffusion of atoms from the molten zinc into the work and vice versa
zinc phosphate coating:

A zinc-rich conversion coating produced by phosphating
zinc plating:
The application of a zinc coating by galvanizing or electrogalvanizing
zinc-rich paint:
Paint containing an extremely high proportion of metallic zinc dust in the dry film
(about 95% by weight), applied to iron and steel as an anti-corrosive primer; the
application of zinc-based primer may be regarded as a less durable form of cold
galvanizing
zinc-rich primer:
Paint containing an extremely high proportion of metallic zinc dust in the dry film
(about 95% by weight), applied to iron and steel as an anti-corrosive primer; the
application of zinc-based primer may be regarded as a less durable form of cold
galvanizing
zincrometal:
The trademark of a special type of coil-coated steel sheet with plastic and zinc dust
coating, which is proving increasingly useful in automobile manufacture
zinc spraying:
A process for applying zinc coatings to iron and steel. Particles of molten zinc are
sprayed on the surface to be coated; the coating metal, usually in the form of wire, is
fed into a spray gun, in which it is melted by the combustion of a fuel gas, e.g., a
mixture of oxygen and acetylene. The molten metal is atomized by compressed air
and precipitated on the surface to be coated at high velocity
zinc technology :
See low zinc technology and normal zinc technology
zinc vapor deposition:

(ZYD) A process in which zinc vapor is deposited in a vacuum on the pieces being
worked on
zirconia:
zirconium oxide, used in enamels and ceramic coatings
zirconium:
A metallic element. Symbol: Zr; atomic number: 40
zone:
See crumple zone, deformation zone, heat-affected zone, preheating zone, splash
zone, squish zone, tire contact zone, tow away zone, and quench zones
ZVD:
Acronym for zinc vapor deposition

Dictionary of Automotive Terms

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Dictionary of Automotive Terms

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DICTIONARY OF AUTOMOTIVE TERMS

[N][O] [P][Q] [R][S] [T][U] [V][W] [X][Y] [Z]

AA: Abbreviation for "Automobile Association" a term used in Great Britain

AAA: Acronym for "American Automobile Association" or "Alberta Automobile

AABM: Acronym for "Association of American Battery Manufacturers, Inc."

AAE: Acronym for "Association of Automotive Employers" (Poland).

AAIA: Acronym for "Automotive Aftermarket Industry Association"

AALA: Acronym for "American Automobile Labelling Act."

Aalenian: The oldest stage of the Middle-Jurassic

AAM: Acronym for "Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers"

AAP: Acronym for "auxiliary acceleration pump"

A-arm suspension: See twin A-arm suspension

AAS: Acronym for "air aspirator system"

abamurus: A supporting wall or buttress, built to add strength to another wall.

abandonment: A voluntary surrender of legal rights or title to a mining claim.

abatjour: An opening to admit light and generally to deflect it downwards; a skylight

ABC: [1] Acronym for "aerial bunched conductors."

Abel flashpoint apparatus: A petroleum-testing apparatus for determining the flash-point

Abelian group: A group in which the group operation is commutative. It is important in

abelite: An explosive, composed mainly of ammonium nitrate and trinitrotoluene.

ABL: Acronym for "atmospheric boundary layer" panel

ablative polymer: A material which degrades controlably in an aggressive

aboard: See lighter aboard ship

aboard ship: See lighter aboard ship

A-bomb: See atomic bomb

A bone: Model "A" Ford.

abort: To terminate a vehicle's flight either by failure or deliberate action to prevent

ABPV: Acronym for "air bypass valve"

abrade: To scratch or tear away two surfaces in contact by relative motion.

abrasion: [1] Wearing or rubbing away some surface because of friction.

abrasion hardness: Resistance to abrasive wear, under specified conditions, of metal or

ABS: [1] Acronym for "anti-lock brakes.

absolute address: A computer code designation of a specific memory location as

absolute pressure sensor:

absolute reaction rate:

absolute temperature scale:

absorbing steering column:

ABS override button:

ABS relay valve:

[2] A chemical which is added to something to make a process happen more

acceptable quality level:

action locking pliers:

activated charcoal trap:

active braking time:

active noise control system:

actual cash value:

adjustable off-idle air bleed:

adjustable part throttle:

adjustable rocker arm:

adjustable shock absorbers:

adjustable steering column:

adjustable variable exhaust port:

advanced rim taper:

after bottom dead center:

after top dead center:

Agreement of the Americas:

Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:

air and fuel:

air aspirator system:

airbag restraint system:

air bleed screw:

air bypass valve:

air charge temperature:

air charge temperature sensor: