0-D Defects

Point imperfections in an elemental crystal: (a) vacancy; (b)

substitutional impurity; (c) interstitial impurity; and (d) field ion
micrograph of platinum showing a vacancy. [(d) Courtesy: E.W.
Mueller.] [ Raghavan]
 Contd...

Point imperfections in an ionic crystal: (a) Frenkel

defect; and (b) Schottky defect. [ Raghavan ]
 Contd...

Example Find the equilibrium concentration of vacancies in

aluminium and nickel at 0 K, 300 K and 900 K.
Contd....
 1-D Defects

The Burgers circuit for an edge dislocation: (A)

Perfect crystal and (B) crystal with dislocation
[R.E. Reed-Hill and Abbaschian]
 Contd.....

This three-dimensional view of a crystal containing an edge

dislocation shows that the dislocation forms the boundary on
the slip plane between a region that has been sheared and a
region that has not been sheared [ R.E. Reed-Hill and
Abbaschian]
 Contd...

Three stages in the movement of an edge dislocation

through a crystal [ R.E. Reed-Hill and Abbaschian]
 Contd...

Two representations of a screw dislocation. Notice that

the planes in this dislocation spiral around the
dislocation like a left-hand screw [R.E. Reed-Hill and
Abbaschian]
 Contd....

The ways that the four basic orientations of a dislocation move

under the same applied stress: (A) Positive edge, (B) Negative
edge, (C) Left-hand screw, and (D) Right-hand screw [R.E. Reed-
Hill and Abbaschian]
 Contd.....
• It is possible to show that energetically a dislocation breaks
into partials.
• The elastic strain energy E per unit length of a
dislocation of Burgers vector b is approximately given by
𝑏2
𝐸=𝜇
2
where µ is the shear modulus of the crystal.
Dislocation reaction: 2b b+b
Energy Reaction: 2 2 2
(2𝑏) 𝑏 𝑏
𝜇 ⟶𝜇 +𝜇
2 2 2
• A dislocation line cannot end abruptly within the crystal. It
either ends at a node or at the surface.
Contd....
Example : Compute the line energy of dislocations
in BCC iron. The Burgers vector in iron is of the
1/2 <111> type. The shear modulus of iron is
80.2 GN m–2.
Contd...
 Contd...

An electron micrograph of a foil removed from an aluminium

specimen. Note the dislocations lying along a slip plane.
(Photograph courtesy of E.J. Jenkins and J. Hren.) [R.E. Reed-Hill
and Abbaschian]
 2-D Defects

The atomic arrangements at grain boundaries are

distorted and unrelated. [ Raghavan ]
 Contd....

A tilt boundary consists of equally spaced edge

dislocations of the same sign one above the other.
[ Raghavan]
 Contd....
ENERGIES of GRAIN BOUNDARIES

• Grain boundary between BCC crystals 0.89 J m–2

• Grain boundary between FCC crystals 0.85 J m–2

• Interface between BCC and FCC crystals 0.63 J m–

2
 Contd.....

..ABCABCBACBACBACBABC......
The atomic arrangement on one side of a twin
boundary is a mirror reflection of that on the
other side. [ Raghavan]
 Contd...

Annealing twins and grain boundaries in brass (J. Nutting and R.G.
Baker, The Microstructure of Metals, with permission from The
Institute of Metals, London.) [ Raghavan]