Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Maragondon Branch
Maragondon, Cavite

College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements to MEEN 30152
Final Project

“Energy Fundamental System Analysis Demand in National Capital Region”

Presented by:
Aragon, Amielle Kenneth D.
Bullecer, James Roger J.
De Castro, Dexter E.
Marquez, Maher Grace L.
Penis, Ren Christian G.
Reyes, Christian C.

Presented to:
ENGR. JHAY-AHR FLORES
Instructor

1st Semester SY 2021-2022

 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of NCR Region
The National Capital Region, often known as Metro Manila, is the most
populous of the Philippines' twelve declared metropolitan regions and the world's
11th most populated. It has a population of 11,855,975 as of the 2010 census,
accounting for 13% of the national population. The Philippines' political, economic,
social, cultural, and educational centers are all located in this area. Metro Manila
as a whole is the Philippines' seat of government, but the City of Manila is the
capital, according to Presidential Decree No. 940. The NCR is divided into four
districts. There are 16 cities and one municipality in the region. [1]

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This research study aims to analyze all the acquired data with regards to
the energy supply in the National Capital Region (NCR) and correlate the gathered
information to the energy demand of the region. It also seeks to determine the best
renewable potential energy in the region through quantitative study and to
determine whether nonrenewable sources may be reduced rather than increased
and replaced by renewable sources.
In addition, the energy supply capacity from 2010 to 2040 will be evaluated in order
to determine which energy source has the most feasibility in meeting the demand
of the region in a span of 30 years.

1.3 Scope and Delimitations

This research study will evaluate the energy demand in the National Capital
Region (NCR) with the use of the LEAP application. However, the researchers
were unable to conduct a real consultation with several energy authorities, thus
the data was restricted. The researchers just maximized the use of internet and
made sure that all of the references were obtained from credible sources in order
to get more accurate and realistic findings. The application of rules and laws,
likewise, was not investigated.

1.4 Significance of the study

The following groups are the beneficiaries for this study
Humanity. One of the primary characteristics of our country's energy and
environmental policy is tackling about global warming. Renewable energy
development and usage will not only give a long-term answer but also tackle the
issue about energy crisis in our country.
Student researchers. This study also helpful for the training and development of
students' capacity to learn, investigate, acquire data, conduct analyses, and
ultimately solve an issue through research or scientific research.
1.5 Definition of Terms
Energy Transformations – An energy transformation is the process of converting
biomass, solar, and hydropower energy into electrical energy.
Electricity generation – Electricity generation is the production of electrical energy
by transforming biomass, solar, and hydropower energy into electricity.
Electric power distribution system - the process of delivering electric power to the
consumers of National Capital Region (NCR) after converting the biomass, solar,
and hydropower energy into electrical energy.
Kilowatt hour (kWh)– the amount of electrical energy that is used every hour by
the consumers of National Capital Region (NCR).
 Chapter 2
DEMAND AND TRANSFORMATION IN NCR
2.1 Demand
Demand simply refers to a customer's willingness to purchase products and
services without hesitation and pay the full price. Simply put, demand is the
quantity of things that buyers are willing to buy at various prices during a particular
period of time. Demand is defined by preferences and choices, which may be
expressed in terms of cost, advantages, profit, and other factors. [2]

2.1.1 Resources
2.1.1.1 Household
A household is made up of one or more individuals who live in the same
house and share meals and living quarters. It might be a single family or a group
of people. If either meals or living space are not shared, a single dwelling will be
regarded to accommodate numerous households. In many social, microeconomic,
and government models, the household is the basic unit of study, and it's crucial
in subjects like economics and inheritance. [3]
As of 2020 the population in NCR is 13,484,462 based on the 2020 Census
of Population and Housing (2020 CPH). This accounts for about 12.37 percent of
the Philippine population in 2020. The 2020 population of the region is higher by
607,209 from the population of 12.88 million in 2015 that also has number of
households of 3.10 million. The NCR is classified as entirely urban means 100%
of these households are in urban areas. [4]

Urban
Urban household is typically connected to the electric grid to power different
necessities that needed in a house like for different appliances, lighting, cooking,
bathing, and for other devices like smartphones.

The average consumption of electricity of a household, the largest usage

was water pumping registering an average consumption of 104 kWh monthly,
followed by water heating is 81 kWh monthly, refrigeration is 65 kWh monthly, air
conditioning 46 kWh monthly, recreation is 22 kWh monthly, and cooking or food
preparation is 18 kWh monthly. For lighting, on average, each household
consumed 10 kWh per month. For laundry and ironing, on the average, each
household consumed both 6 kWh per month. For computer and other appliances
on the average, each household consumed 14 kWh and 0.3 kWh per month. This
is based on PSA 2011 Household Energy Consumption Survey (HECS). Since the
HECS only updates for every 10 years. As of now the only data available is the
2011 HECS. [5]
 Table 1: Average Consumption of Electricity Per Household per Month
Average Consumption per
End - Use
Household (kWh)
Lighting 10
Cooking/Food Preparation 18
Water Heating 81
Recreation 22
Refrigeration 65
Air conditioning 46
Ironing 6
Laundry 6
Water Pumping 104
Computer activities 14
Other appliances 0.3
Total 372.3

Source: Philippines Statistic Authority and Department of Energy 2011 Household

Energy Consumption Survey

Table 2: Annual Energy Consumption of Total Household in NCR

Average Total Energy
Total Household
Consumption per Times (m/y) Consumptions
(2020)
Household (kWh) (GWh)
13849.56
3,100,000 372.3 12

Shown in the table above is the annual energy consumption of total

household in National Capital Region (NCR) for the year 2020. In computing the
annual energy consumption, the number of total household is simply multiplied to
the average consumption per household and to 12 months. Therefore, the demand
and the annual energy consumption of total household in NCR in the year 2020 is
13849.56 GWh. [5]
2.1.1.2 Industry
Assuming that the power consumption of National Capital Region (NCR) is
the same as the consumption of the whole country. Electricity consumption in the
Philippines fell by 4.04% in the year 2020, according to data from the Department
of Energy (DoE). The Department of Energy (DoE) claimed in its 2020 Power
Statistics report that power usage in 2020 was 101,756 gigawatt hours (GWh), up
from 106,041 GWh the previous year.
 Graph 1: Total electrical energy consumption in the
Philippines from 2011 to 2020

Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1065506/philippines-electric-energy-consumption/

The graph shows the total electrical energy consumption in the Philippines
from 2011 to 2020 (in 1,000 gigawatt hours).
Since 2009, total energy consumption has climbed by 5.5 percent every
year, reaching 62 MTOE in 2019.
Oil accounts for 33% of the country's energy needs, with coal and lignite
following in fast succession (31 percent in 2019, up from 19% in 2010) and
renewable power accounting for the remainder (16 percent). Biomass accounts for
13% of overall energy requirements, whereas natural gas accounts for 6%. [6]
The residential sector accounted for the lion’s share, accounting for 34,292
GWh, up from 30,552 GWh last 2019. However, industrial sector energy usage fell
to 25,566 GWh from 28,194 GWh, and commercial sector consumption fell to
20,727 GWh from 25,476 GWh. [6]
2.1.1.3 Transportation
In 2020 based on annual report 2020 (as of December 2020) by LTO the
total no. of registered vehicles in NCR is 2,926,338. Which 447162 (15.28%) is
cars; 606352 (20.72%) is UV; 290118 (9.91%) is SUV; 99178 (3.39%) is Trucks;
13451(0.005%) is Buses; 1443860 (49.34%) is Motorcycles (Without and With
Sidecar and Non-Conventional); 26217 (0.009%) is Trailers.
Table 3: Total no. of Registered Vehicles in NCR

Average
Vehicles No. of Units Percentage Travelled
Distance (mi/yr.)
Cars 447162 15.28% 11,370

UV 606352 20.72% 11,507

SUV 290118 9.91% 12,000

Trucks 99178 3.39% 25,000

Buses 13451 0.46% 34,012

Motorcycles
(Without and With
1443860 49.34% 2,356
Sidecar and Non-
Conventional)
Trailers 26217 0.90% 22,679

Total 2,926,338 100%

According to Wonders (2020), the average annual vehicle miles traveled for
2018 by major vehicle categories based on are Cars (11,370), UV (11,507), SUV
(12,000), Trucks (25,000), Buses (34,012), Motorcycles (Without and With Sidecar
and Non-Conventional) (2,356) and Trailers (22,679). We assume that this
average travelled distance of major vehicle categories is the same as the average
of distance travelled vehicles in NCR. [7]

The selected vehicles might be uses gasoline and diesel which has the
following properties; Based on Appropedia the gasoline has 32 MJ/L while the
diesel has 38.6 MJ/L. For fuel efficiency both gasoline and diesel. According to
John S. (2019) the average fuel efficiency in the United States is 25 miles per
gallon or 10.63 km/L. We assume that this also the average fuel efficiency of the
vehicles in the Philippines. [8] [9]
 Table 4: Annual Energy Consumption of Transportation in NCR

Total
Fuel Energy Average Energy Energy
No. of Energy
Vehicles Efficiency Content Distance Consumed Consumed
Vehicles Consumed
(km/L) (MJ/L) (km/yr.) (MJ/Unit) (kWh/Unit)
(GWh)

10.63 38.6
Cars 447162 11,370 41287.11 11468.64 5128.34
km/L MJ/L

10.63 38.6
UV 606352 11,507 41784.59 11606.83 7037.82
km/L MJ/L

10.63 38.6
SUV 290118 12,000 43574.79 12104.11 3511.62
km/L MJ/L

10.63 38.6
Trucks 99178 25,000 90780.81 25216.89 2500.96
km/L MJ/L

10.63 38.6
Buses 13451 34,012 123505.48 34307.08 461.46
km/L MJ/L

Motorcycles
(Without and
10.63
With Sidecar 1443860 32 MJ/L 2,356 7092.38 1970.11 2844.56
km/L
and Non-
Conventional)

10.63 38.6
Trailers 26217 22,679 82352.72 22875.76 599.73
km/L MJ/L

Total 2,926,338 22,084.49

Shown in the table above is the total annual energy consumption of NCR in
transportation for the year 2020. In computing the total annual energy
consumption. First all vehicle mention in the table except for the motorcycles are
all using diesel as fuel. Next is to divide the average distance to fuel efficiency then
multiply to energy content to get the energy consumed per unit. Lastly, to get the
total energy consumed simply multiply the energy consumed per unit to the no. of
vehicles. Therefore, the demand and the annual energy consumption of
transportation in NCR for the year 2020 is 22,084.49 GWh. [7] [8]
 2.1.1.4 Commercial
Total Population of the Philippines is 109,600,000 as of 2020
Total Population of NCR is 13,484,462 as of 2020
109600000
= 8.1279% (𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐶𝑅)
13484462
Table 5: PHILIPPINE POWER STATISTICS 2019-2020

POWER CONSUMPTION (GWH)

Electricity
Consumption Growth
Philippines National Capital Region
by Sector in Rate
Gigawatt
hour(GWh)
2019 2020 % 2019 2020

Commercial 25,476 20,727 0.8136 2070.66 1684.67

Source: https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/2020_power_statistic
_01_summary.pdf? withshield=1
Base on the Department of Energy (DOE) the total electricity demand
produced of the Philippines from the year 2019 is 25,476 GWh and year 2020 is
20,727 GWh. To get the total demand of NCR, total population of the Philippines
over the total population of NCR is equal to the total demand of NCR which is
8.1279%. With a growth rate of 0.8136 on the year 2019-2020. The total
commercial electricity demand in the NCR in the year or 2020 is 1684.67 GWh
12.30% of the whole power demand of the Philippines.

2.1.2 Gathered Data Analysis

For the year 2020, the demand for Energy Consumption in National Capital
Region (NCR) is 63,184.72 GWh. The Industry branch recorded the highest energy
consumption with 25,566 GWh. It is followed by the Transportation branch with
22,084.49 GWh. Third on the list Household with 13,849.56 GWh. While,
Commercial tallied that lowest consumption with 1684.67 GWh.
Table 6: Total Demand of NCR for the year 2020

Branches Total Demand for the year 2020

Household 13849.56 GWh

Industry 25,566 GWh

Transportation 22,084.49 GWh

Commercial 1684.67 GWh

Total 63,184.72 GWh

 2.2 Transformation
An energy transformation is the process of the changing energy from one
form to another. For example, the process of converting biomass, solar, and
hydropower energy to electrical energy

2.2.1 Resources
Table 7: Existing Power Plants in National Capital Region

POWER PLANT CAPACITY, MW

NUMBER
OF LOCATION
FACILITY UNITS
SUBTYPE INSTALLED DEPENDABLE
NAME

Bunker/Diesel
Internal Navotas,
TMO Combustion 231.0 165.0 4 Metro
Engine Power Manila
Barge

Open Cycle Navotas,

MILLENNIUM
Gas Turbine 100.0 78.0 1 Metro
GTPP
(OCGT) Manila

Landfill Gas Payatas,

PANGEA Recovery 1.5 1.2 5 Quezon
System City

Rooftop Quezon
SPCRPI SM
Installed Solar 1.5 1.2 City, Metro
NORTH EDSA
PVs Manila
Binan,
CENTRAL
Laguna and
MALL BIÑAN Rooftop
Carmona,
SOLAR Installed Solar 0.7 0.7
Cavite
POWER PVs
(Central
PROJECT
Mall)
Ground Brgy. Isla,
VALENZUELA
Mounted Solar 8.5 6.8 Valenzuela
SOLAR
PVs City

Source: https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/electric_power_plants
_luzon_december_2020.pdf

The table above shows the list of existing power plants in National Capital
Region. The region has a total installed capacity of 343.2 MW and a total
 dependable capacity of 252.9 MW. While the graph below show that the largest
electricity generation came from Oil-Based Diesel with (67.31%), and others came
from Gas (29.14%), Biomass (0.44%), and Solar (3.11%).

Graph 2: Existing Power Plants in National Capital Region

Electricity Generation
Solar
Biomass 3%
1%

Gas
29%

Oil
67%

Oil Gas Biomass Solar

2.2.1.1 Electricity Generation

The Table below shows the total electricity delivered for the year 2020 in
NCR this is based on the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP). The
total electricity delivered in the National Capital Region is 42,443,576.01 MWh.

Table 8: Total Electricity Delivered in

National Capital Region for the year 2020

Region Electricity Delivered (GWh)

NCR 42,443.58

Source: https://www.ngcp.ph/Content/uploads/document/operations/Energy%20Delivery%20per
%20Region.xlsx
 Chapter 3
ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN NCR
National Capital Region generated a total of 42,443,576.01 GWh of
electricity through power plants in 2020.
Table 9: Demand and Supply of the National Capital Region

Energy in GWh Demand Supply

National Capital Region 63,184.72 GWh 42,443.58

The result of demand and supply distribution of National Capital Region is

shown in Table 9. The tabulated result is negative, showing that energy supply in
NCR is less available for consumption in the region. The region need more than
21 000 GWh to cover the demand of electricity in the region, the fact that there is
63 184.72 GWh of demand and 42 443.58 GWh. The region is not rich in energy
supply resources and must be doubled up to cover the demand in the region.
In order to cover the demand in the region, it is suggested to add more
energy resources and other alternatives. Solar energy and biomass is present in
the region, it can be a key factor to solve the lack of energy resources. With the
amount of human waste produced and the location and climate in the region, it
increases the energy supply resources.
 Chapter 4
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Population growth rate has always been one of the major issues in the world
which causes a great demand in energy. In the Philippines, specifically the
National Capital Region (NCR), the growth rate is at 0.97%. With such large
population, renewable energy comes as the leading option for meeting the future
demand of the region.
The branches of demands that are needed to be satisfied in National Capital
Region (NCR) includes household, industry, transportation, and commercial
demand. For the year 2020, the demand for energy consumption in National
Capital Region (NCR) is 63,184.72 GWh. The industry branch recorded the highest
energy consumption with 25,566 GWh. It is followed by the transportation branch
with 22,084.49 GWh. Third on the list is the household with 13,849.56 GWh.
Meanwhile, the commercial branch tallied the lowest consumption with 1684.67
GWh. Based from the gathered data with regards to the feasible renewable energy
supply in NCR, it was identified that the region can produce a total of 15.94 TWh
of energy potential from biomass, 0.00019 TWh energy potential from
hydroelectricity, and 55775.41 TWh of energy potential from solar panels which all
in all equates to a total of 55791350.53 TWh. From this data, it is evident that
there's a great disparity between the potential energy supply and demand.
Therefore, it could be concluded that the potential renewable energy supply of
NCR is not enough to meet the energy demand of the region. It only proves that
the highly urbanized characteristic of NCR hinders its capacity to provide a
sufficient amount of renewable energy.
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