THEORY OF CULTURE CARE

DIVERSITY AND UNIVERSALITY

BY MADELEINE LEININGER
MADELEINE LEININGER
1940’s – Leininger recognized the importance of caring
to Nursing
1950’s – She experienced what she describes as cultural
shock while she was working in a child guidance home
in midwestern united states
1960’s- She first used the terms transcultural nursing,
ethnonursing, and cross-cultural nursing
MADELEINE LEININGER
1966 – Leininger first offered the first transcultural
nursing course with field experiences
1995- She affirmed her 1978 definition of nursing as:
a substantive area of study and practice focused on
comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and
practices of individuals or groups of similar cultures
with the goal of providing culture-specific and universal
nursing care practices in promoting health or well-being
or to help people to face unfavorable human conditions,
illness, or death in culturally meaningful ways.
LEININGER’S THEORY
LEININGER’S THEORY
1985 – Leininger published her first presentation of
her work
1991 and 1995 – She provided definitions for her
concepts
She presented assumptions that support her
prediction that “different cultures perceive, know, and
practice care in different ways, yet there are some
commonalities about care among all cultures in the
world.”
LEININGER’S THEORY
CULTURE – Is the learned, shared, and transmitted
knowledge of values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a
particular group that guides an individual or group in
their thinking, decisions, and actions in patterned
ways.”
LEININGER’S THEORY
CULTURAL CARE DIVERSITY – indicates “the
variables and or differences in meanings, patterns,
values, lifeways, or symbols of care within or between
collectives that are related to assistive, supportive, or
enabling human care expressions.”
LEININGER’S THEORY
CULTURE CARE UNIVARSALITY – indicates “the
common, similar, or dominant uniform care meanings,
patterns, values, lifeways or symbols that are manifest
among many cultures and reflect assistive, supportive,
or facilitative or enabling ways to help people.”
LEININGER’S THEORY
CULTURE CARE – “the subjectively and objectively
learned and transmitted values, beliefs, and patterned
lifeways that assist, support, facilitate, or enable
another individual or group to maintain well-being
and health, to improve human condition and lifeway,
or to deal with illness, handicaps, or death.”
LEININGER’S THEORY
WORLDVIEW – the way in which people look at the
world, or at the universe, and form a “picture or value
stance” about the world and their lives.
LEININGER’S THEORY
CULTURAL AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE
DIMENSIONS – involve the dynamic patterns and
features or interrelated structural and organizational
factors of a particular culture (subculture or society)
which includes religious, kinship (social), political
(and legal), economic, educational, technologic and
cultural values, and how these factors may be
interrelated and function to influence human behavior
in different environmental context.
LEININGER’S THEORY
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT is the totality of the
event, situation or particular experiences that give
meaning to human expressions, interpretations and
social interactions in particular physical, ecological,
sociopolitical and/or cultural settings.
LEININGER’S THEORY
ETHNOHISTORY – includes those past facts, events,
instances and experiences of individuals, groups, or
cultures and institutions that are primarily people-
centered which describe, explain, and interpret human
lifeways within particular cultural contexts over short
or long periods of time.
LEININGER’S THEORY
GENERAL (FOLK OR LAY) CARE SYSTEMS –
culturally learned and transmitted, indigenous (or
traditional), folk (home-based) knowledge and skills
used to provide assistive, supportive, enabling or
facilitative acts toward or for another individual, group
or institution with evident or anticipated means to
ameliorate or improve a human lifeway, health
condition, or to deal with handicaps and death
situations.
LEININGER’S THEORY
PROFESSIONAL CARE SYSTEMS – Formally taught,
learned and transmitted professional care, health,
illness, wellness and related knowledge and practice
skills that prevail in professional institutions, usually
with multidisciplinary personnel to serve consumers.
LEININGER’S THEORY
HEALTH – A state of well-being that is culturally
defined, valued, and practiced, which reflects the
ability of individuals (or groups) to perform their daily
role activities in culturally expressed, beneficial and
patterned lifeways.
LEININGER’S THEORY
CARE – A noun defined as those “abstract and concrete
phenomena related to assisting, supporting, and enabling
experiences or behaviors toward or for others with evident
or anticipated needs to ameliorate or improve a human
condition or lifeway.
The relationship between cure and care
Humans are caring beings
Universal nature of human beings as caring beings, the
cultural values, beliefs, and practices that are specific to a
given culture provide the basis for patterns, conditions and
actions associated with human care.
LEININGER’S THEORY
Three modes of nursing care divisions:
Culture care preservation
Culture care accommodation
Culture care repatterning / restructuring
LEININGER’S THEORY
CULTURE CARE PRESERVATION
Maintenance
Assistive, supporting, facilitative or enabling
professional actions and decisions that help people of a
particular culture to retain and/or preserve relevant care
values so that they can maintain their well-being