DVOR Principle 코이카 양식

THEORY OF
DVOR
KSCHO@AIRPORT.CO.KR
KSCHO@AIRPORT.CO.KR
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TRAINING COURSE

Course Objectives
① Theory of Doppler effect, FM modulation
② Name and locate each major assembly of the MARU 220 DVOR
Equipment, explain the function of each, and explain its contribution to
the overall signal flow.
③ Operation and alignment of the DVOR equipment in accordance with

PMI .
④ Perform ground check procedures and provide ground support for

flight checks.
KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

GLOBAL STANDARD
What is a VOR
1.RADIAL
2. O B S
3. C D I
4. TO , FROM
These symbols denote

different types of VORs
on aeronautical charts.

GLOBAL STANDARD
What is a VOR
1.The courseline is selected by turning

an "Omni Bearing Selector" or
"OBS“ knob. It then shows the number
of degrees
2.TO or FROM any of the 360 compass
"radials" that emanate from the navaid.
3.Deflection is 10° at full scale, with
each dot on the CDI representing 2°.
Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) is an avionics instrument

used in aircraft navigation to determine an aircraft's lateral po-
sition in relation to a track. If the location of the aircraft is to
the left of course, the needle deflects to the right, and vice
versa.

GLOBAL STANDARD
Determine our position
TO or FROM

GLOBAL STANDARD
TO or FROM

GLOBAL STANDARD
CONFIGURATION OF THE VOR RECEIVER

GLOBAL STANDARD
Flight by using VOR
OBJECTIVES OF MODEL MARU DVOR IN CONTEXT OF GEN-
ERAL DVOR THEORY
• RF spectrum
• The phase relationship of the AM and FM
components
• Model MARU220 VOR component
• The characteristics of the CSB output from
the transmitter
• The characteristics of each sideband output
from the transmitter

GLOBAL STANDARD
DVOR STATION
Ring of 48 Carrier Antenna in the The Counterpoise

Sideband center of the ring is used for clean
Antennas Reflection of RF
pattern
The Transmitter
is located in the
shelter

GLOBAL STANDARD
PILOT’S POINT OF VIEW
An aircraft approaching a VOR station
from the South TO north.
VOR
Selected the 0 degree radial (North).

If he gets off course to the left, then
the needle moves to the right.
If he gets off course to the right, then the
needle moves to the left
The pilot’s job is to follow the needle and
. keep it centered.
GLOBAL STANDARD
TYPICAL ON-BOARD INDICATOR
The OBS turns the bearing ring to se-
lect the direction the pilot wants to
be traveling .
VOR ONLY
In this case the pilot wants to
fly North toward the VOR from
the South. Radial 180.
Bearing If he is directly ON
ring course, the needle is cen-
tered.
A flag shows that he is fly-
ing north “To” the VOR.
Knob (The “From” flag would not
be visible in this case.)
After he passes over the
VOR, the “To” flag disap-
pears and the “From” flag
appears.

GLOBAL STANDARD
HOW THE AIRBORNE RECEIVER
DETERMINES ITS AZIMUTH
Two 30 Hz compo-
nents.
AM.
VOR
FM.
The aircraft receiver compares the phase

of the two signals to determine its
If the AM component and the FM compo-

nent have the same phase, then the air-
craft is to the Magnetic North, which is
designated as the 0 degree radial. KCAT C BEST PRACTICE
GLOBAL STANDARD
As the aircraft moves around

to different radials, the Phase
of the two components
changes.
AM
FM
VOR
Direction which the air-

craft is headed does not
affect the indication of
the radial.

GLOBAL STANDARD
At the cardinal points:
AM
FM
NORTH SOUTH
0 DEG RADIAL 180 DEG RADIAL
AM AND FM SIGNALS AM LAGS FM
ARE IN PHASE (FM LEADS AM) BY 180 DEG
EAST WEST
90 DEG RADIAL 270 DEG RADIAL
AM LAGS FM AM LAGS FM
(FM LEADS AM) BY 90 DEG (FM LEADS AM) BY 270 DEG

GLOBAL STANDARD
COMPOSITE VOR AUDIO
The VOR signal : composite audio signal riding on an RF car-
rier.
The demodulated composite (audio) is seen below.
The 30 HZ Added to a 9960 Hz audio signal
component known as a “subcarrier”.
10440
9960 9960 9960
9480
The 9960 component varies its frequency

throughout the cycle of the 30 Hz.
GLOBAL STANDARD
SOURCE OF 30 HZ FM SIGNAL
9960 Hz AUDIO WITH

30 Hz FREQUENCY
MODULATION
30 Hz AUDIO FROM
DISCRIMINATED
9960 AUDIO

GLOBAL STANDARD
VOR SIGNAL AS SEEN BY AIRBORNE RECEIVER
(SPECTRUM ANALYZER)
AM FC
9960 Hz amplitude modulation
forms upper and lower 9960Hz
AM sidebands
FC – 9960 Hz FC – 30 Hz FC + 30 Hz FC + 9960 Hz
(FC – 10440 Hz) (FC + 10440 Hz)

(FC – 9480 Hz) (FC + 9480 Hz)
30 Hz amplitude mod-
ulation forms upper
FM and lower 30 Hz AM
sidebands
FM
The frequency deviates
from 9960 by 480 Hz The 9960 Hz sidebands vary in
each direction frequency at a 30 Hz rate.

GLOBAL STANDARD
VOR SIGNAL AS SEEN BY AIRBORNE RECEIVER
(SPECTRUM ANALYZER)
FC
The Upper Side Band (USB)
The Lower Side Band (LSB)
CW RF is transmitted from
CW RF is transmitted from
the opposite side of the ring.
one side of the ring.
FC – 9960 Hz FC – 30 Hz FC + 30 Hz FC + 9960 Hz
The Carrier and 30 Hz sidebands form the CSB sig-

nal, which is transmitted from the center antenna.

GLOBAL STANDARD
One-half of the 9960Hz AM
modulation is formed by the USB If the sideband antenna
sum of the Carrier with the were stationary, then the
USB in space. 9960 Hz signal would not
vary in frequency.
The Doppler Effect causes

As the sideband antenna ro- the 9960 Hz to deviate
tates, it approaches and then above and below its cen-
departs the receiver 30 times ter frequency.
per second (30Hz).

GLOBAL STANDARD
The other half of the 9960 AM
modulation is formed by the USB
sum of the Carrier with the
LSB.
When both sidebands are

summed to the carrier in
space, they assert 30%
amplitude modulation onto
the carrier at 9960 Hz.
LSB
GLOBAL STANDARD
ROTATION OF SIDEBAND ANTENNAS
Antennas are not moving physically.
USB
2 1 48 47
CCW direction. 4
3
46
5 45
6 44
At any given moment,
7 43
two USB, and two are
8 42
radiating the LSB. 9 41
North is Sideband An- 10 40
tenna #1. Numbered 11
39
counterclockwise from
there.
12 CSB 38
13 37
14 36
Radiation from all five an-
15 35
tennas mixes in space,
forming the composite 16 34
seen by the aircraft. 17 33
The two sideband signals
18 32
are sometimes called
19 31
Sideband Only (SBO).
20 30
21 29
22 28
23 24 25 26 27
LSB
GLOBAL STANDARD
SIDEBAND BLENDING To make a smooth transition from one an-
tenna to the next
Power reduces gradually USB
on one antenna as it 3 2 1
rises gradually on the
1 3 next antenna.
2 4
One generator pro-

duces the RF signal for
the odd antennas.
Another produces RF
signal for the even an-
tennas.
At the same time, this process
occurs on the opposite side with 25 26 27
the other Sideband. LSB
GLOBAL STANDARD
BLENDING OF TWO LOWER SIDEBAND SIGNALS
IN ADJACENT ANTENNAS
ODD ANT 1 3 SIDEBANDS 1 and 3
EVEN ANT 48 2 4 SIDEBANDS 2 and 4
SUM IN SPACE
The Sine wave which produces

these lobes is 360 Hz.

GLOBAL STANDARD
FIVE RF OUTPUTS FROM THE TRANSMITTER CABINET
Sideband 1 : Low number, odd number

: Lower Sideband, odd antennas
Sideband 2 : Low number, even number

: Lower Sideband, even antennas
Sideband 3 : High number, odd number
: Upper Sideband, odd antennas
Sideband 4 : High number, even number

: Upper Sideband,even antennas

GLOBAL STANDARD
FIVE RF OUTPUTS FROM THE TRANSMITTER CABINET
1.CSB
– RF at FC, amplitude modulated by 30 Hz + 1020 Hz + VOICE
2.SIDEBAND 1
– RF at FC-9960Hz, amplitude modulated by rectified sine wave
3.SIDEBAND 2
– RF at FC-9960Hz, amplitude modulated by rectified cosine wave
4.SIDEBAND 3
– RF at FC+9960Hz, amplitude modulated by rectified sine wave
5.SIDEBAND 4
– RF at FC+9960Hz, amplitude modulated by rectified cosine wave

GLOBAL STANDARD
ALFORD LOOP ANTENNA
What is a antenna
INTENSITY OF ELECTONIC
INTENSITY
OF MAG- DIRECTION
NETIC
An antenna (or aerial) is a transducer that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves.

In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic radiation into electric current, or vice
versa. Antennas generally deal in the transmission and reception of radio waves, and
are a necessary part of all radio equipment.
Transducer : Device that converts one type of energy to another

S Parameter of Antenna
1.Stepped impedance filter by Mi-

cro strip (LPF)
2. Open circuit
- Resonate in specific frequency
- Convert Electromagnetic wave
1.The point of Frequency that antenna acts

2.S11 becomes low
In this frequency, electric power inputted to antenna is
radiated maximum to outside through antenna without be-
ing
reflected
Resonate Graph
30/15
Low band Wide band

Antenna Resonance
Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate with larger amplitude at some

frequencies than at others. Even small periodic driving forces can produce large ampli-
tude oscillations, because the system stores vibrational energy.
In the case of dipole antenna

Make stick length λ/2
For example, if signal of 1GHz, wave is ( )
㎝.
Dipole antenna Length is ( ) ㎝ .
Occasion of monopole makes λ/4

because Ground has image efficiency.
Size of antenna depends thoroughly on

frequency “ smaller wave length = shorted
resonator
Principle of Antenna communication
Step 1 : what is signal ?

Information has loaded in some periodic wave energy
that we say 'Signal'.
Waveform created by oscillator
oscillator
Love
modulation you
Pure sine wave

Principle of Antenna communication
Step 2 : Reciprocal
RECEIVING ANT TRANSMITTING ANT ( ELECTRIC

(ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNAL ⇒ POWER ⇒ ELECTROMAGNETIC
ELECTRIC POWER) SIGNAL)
All antennae can use commonly by TRANSMITTING and RE-

CEIVING
Step 3 : Antenna beam
Antenna beam has particular direction and shape, the shape
beam pattern (beam pattern) or radiation pattern
Electromagnetic wave service area Sig-

nal is radiated or received by antenna
Step 4 : Basic of communication
Antenna A beam Antenna B beam
pattern pattern
Same frequency
Electromagnetic wave
interchanges in the
duplicated area of
two signals Love you
Love you
Love you Love you
Beam pattern = Radiated pattern
Beam pattern (beam pattern, or radiation

pattern) that is validity electromagnetic
wave.
Concept of direction (directivity) of an-
tenna
(using electromagnetic wave to specifica-
tion
Isotropic antenna direction and position)
Electric field intensity of electromagnetic wave in 360 radia-

tion to omnidirectional
Beam pattern = Radiated pattern
Beam pattern in specification plane Distance itself from at the center in

polar chart is electric field intensity
Read and connect electric field intensity of an-
tenna by each angle in same distance
This is radiation pattern of antenna
antenna
Beam pattern Seen from above

Omni directional
The power radiated is maximum in

horizontal directions, dropping to
zero directly above and below the
antenna
Beam pattern Seen from side
Two directional
Antenna gain & HPBW
DC A
power
A
A A
Amp is Active circuit ANT is Passive circuit

“Gain” “Gain”?
Antenna gain relates the intensity of an antenna in a given direction to the inten-
sity that would be produced by a hypothetical ideal antenna that radiates equally
in all directions (isotropically) and has no losses.
The gain of an antenna is directly related to its directivity, the antenna gain is a
measure that also takes into account the efficiency of the antenna
Antenna gain & HPBW
Two patterns have same

amount of energy
Isotropic beam
pattern
Real Ant beam
Efficiency of
radiation
Isotropic beam Dipole

beam pattern Real beam pat- Most of the time, it is de-
pattern
tern sirable to express directivity
in decibels instead of dimen-
sionless quantities. There-
fore:
DdB = 10log10
0 dBd = 2.15 dBi , dBi = dBd + 2.15

Antenna gain & HPBW
LOW GAIN HIGH GAIN

WIDE BEAM NARROW BEAM WIDTH
WIDTH
Half power beam width

10*log(0.5) = -3Db Diagram showing directivity
Antenna array
Single ant beam

pattern
 Array Ant beam pattern patch antenna array

 Each beam added in space
to get sharp beam pattern
Main lobe
null 3Db point
side lobe
Antenna array type
broad side End fire chevyshev
An antenna array is a group

of isotropic radiators
The currents running
through them are of different
amplitudes and phases.
Beam is formed
by adjusting the phase characteristic of Antenna
POLARIZATION
 The polarization of an antenna is the orientation of the electric field

(E-phase)of the radio wave with respect to the Earth's surface
 Determined by the physical structure of the antenna and by its
orientation
horizontal vertical
direction direction
Same polarization of antennas Different polarization of antennas

GPS L-band antenna elements (helical) are right-handed
Circular Polarization
The electric field vectors The

of a traveling circularly rose chafer's
polarized electromag- external sur-
netic wave face reflects
almost only
left circularly
polarized
light.
GPS L-band an-
tenna elements (he-
lical) are right-
handed
direction
EIRP&ERP
In radio telecommunications, effective radiated power or equivalent radiated power
(ERP) is a standardized theoretical measurement of radio frequency (RF) energy[1] [2]
using the SI unit watts, and is determined by subtracting system losses and adding sys-
tem gains
In case that distance between transmission and reception is fixed

higher antenna gain makes higher field intensity to receiver
TX RX TX RX
EIRP = Pt * Ga (Pt : Transmitter Output, Ga : Antenna GAIN)

EX, TX Output :30dBm Ga: 8dB 라면 EIRP 는 30 + 8 = 38 dBm
ERP = EIRP - 2.15 dB : 2.15(dipole ant Gain)

OBJECTIVES
OF ALFORD LOOP ANTENNA LECTURE
• The physical makeup of the Alford Loop antennas (Carrier and Side-
band)
• The basic propagation theory of the Alford Loop antenna
• Tuning points of the Alford Loop antenna

GLOBAL STANDARD
History
 Andrew Alford
 Born Aug 5 1904 - Died Jan 25 1992
 Birthplace: Samara, Russia
 Andrew Alford invented and developed antennas for radio navigation systems,
including VOR and instrument landing systems featuring the 'Alford Loop.'
(1983)
TOP VIEW OF CARRIER ANTENNA
Hole for DME

antenna mast
GLASS CAPACITOR

GLOBAL STANDARD
TOP VIEW OF SIDEBAND ANTENNA
GLASS CA-
PACITOR

GLOBAL STANDARD
Coax balun
This can induce RF currents into other electronic

equipment near the radiating feedline, causing RF
interference
To prevent this, dipoles fed by coaxial

cables have a balun between the cable
and the antenna, to convert the unbal-
anced signal provided by the coax to a
balanced symmetrical signal for the
antenna.
A coax balun is a cost effective method to
eliminate feeder radiation, but is limited to a
narrow set of operating frequencies.
One easy way to make a balun is a (λ/2)
length of coaxial cable.
Impedance Matching Network
In electronics, impedance matching is the

practice of designing the input impedance
of an electrical load or the
output impedance of its corresponding
signal source in order to
maximize the power transfer and mini-
Disc GND mize reflections from the load
Capacitor
“S1”
L2
“T” N-Connector
& N-Elbow
BALUN Cable
Open Stub Length

“S2” = L1+L2
L1
20~30m
Open Stub
Cable
Antenna
Feed Cable
GLOBAL STANDARD
PHYSICAL MAKEUP OF THE ALFOR LOOP ANTENNA
THE ALFORD LOOP IS

TWO ORTHAGONAL
FOLDED DIPOLES.
ONE DIPOLE IS
HIGHLIGHTED HERE.

GLOBAL STANDARD
PHYSICAL MAKEUP OF THE ALFOR LOOP ANTENNA
THE OTHER
DIPOLE IS
HIGHLIGHTED
HERE.

GLOBAL STANDARD
REMAINING CURRENTS WITH INTERNAL CURRENTS CANCELLED
CONSIDER A MOMENT IN THE INTERNAL CUR-

TIME. CURRENT FLOWS RENTS PRODUCE
IN THE PICTURED DIREC- FIELDS OF OPPOSITE
TIONS. ASSUMES 180 AND EQUAL FIELD
DEGREES OF PHASE DIF- STRENGTH.
FERENCE BETWEEN THE
TWO FOLDED DIPOLES.
THEY CANCEL OUT

EACH OTHER, LEAVING
ONLY THE FIELDS GEN-
ERATED BY THE EX-
TERNAL ANTENNA SUR-
FACES
THE RESULTING RF PATTERN IS OMNIDI-

RECTIONAL
GLOBAL STANDARD
TRANSMITTER CABINET
BLOCK DIAGRAM
KSCHO@AIRPORT.CO.KR

GLOBAL STANDARD
OBJECTIVES
OF TRANSMITTER CABINET BLOCK DIAGRAM LECTURE
• The main physical components of the MARU

220 Transmitter Cabinet
• The primary function of each module
• The flow of RF, Audio, and Control signals

GLOBAL STANDARD
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
ANT
AES
(ANTENNA ELECTRONICS SUBSYSREM)
PDC
(POWER DETECTOR
&CHANGEOVER)
MAS
MODULATION AMPLFIER SUBSYSTEM)
CMS
(CONTROL & MONITOR
SUBSYSTEM)
RMM
PSS

GLOBAL STANDARD
CABINET

GLOBAL STANDARD
PDC Rear Panel
PDC
ASU
Outside installation
GLOBAL STANDARD
GLOBAL STANDARD
ASU SM Path
Selection
Signal from SM CONTROL
SIGNAL 2EA
SM
S1-S12 CONTROL
SIGNAL

GLOBAL STANDARD
ASU Interface
SIDEBAND
+7V ASU
ASU ANTENNA
PSU Side Band ANT
PSU -24V
12
GND 12
12
SM
SM 12
/Sel_Even0~3
/Sel_Odd0~3
CSU
CSU
COS_Toggle
SIN_Toggle
TM
TM
USB COS
LSB COS
PDC
PDC USB SIN
LSB SIN

GLOBAL STANDARD
MAS (Modulation Amplifier Subsystem)
SMA executes : generating, modulating

and amplifying the sideband RF signals.
CMA executes the functions of generating,
modulating and
Left side becomes the SMA for LSB
amplifying the carrier RF signal. Right side becomes the SMA for USB.

GLOBAL STANDARD
MAS configuration & interface

GLOBAL STANDARD
CMS (Control & Monitor sub system)
MON: monitors the transmitted signal

and analyze the major parameters
MSG: Generates the carrier wave, sideband

modulation signals and supplies them to MAS&AES

GLOBAL STANDARD
CMS (Control & Monitor sub system)
LOCAL
CONTROL
UNIT
CONTROL&
STATUS PANEL
CONTROL SELECTION UNIT

GLOBAL STANDARD
Interface between units

GLOBAL STANDARD
PSS(POWER SUPPLY SUBSYSTEM)
Converts the +28V DC in to the respective

DC voltages ( +5V, +7V,+15V,-15V,+28V)
After converting the AC 220V

INTO THE dc+28V, it supplies it to
the DC/DC converter and
PDU: Distribute the respective
Charges the backup batteries
voltage To TX1, TX2, NON1,MONT

GLOBAL STANDARD
Interface between units
PDU

GLOBAL STANDARD
Others
Air baffle is the sucking holes of

Drawing in the external air to radiate the
internal air.
They are located in 3 places

GLOBAL STANDARD

DVOR Principle 코이카 양식

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THEORY OF

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TRAINING COURSE

① Theory of Doppler effect, FM modulation

③ Operation and alignment of the DVOR equipment in accordance with

④ Perform ground check procedures and provide ground support for

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

These symbols denote

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

1.The courseline is selected by turning

Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) is an avionics instrument

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

Ring of 48 Carrier Antenna in the The Counterpoise

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

Selected the 0 degree radial (North).

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

The aircraft receiver compares the phase

If the AM component and the FM compo-

As the aircraft moves around

Direction which the air-

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

At the cardinal points:

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

9960 9960 9960

The 9960 component varies its frequency

9960 Hz AUDIO WITH

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

(FC – 10440 Hz) (FC + 10440 Hz)

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

The Carrier and 30 Hz sidebands form the CSB sig-

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

The Doppler Effect causes

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

When both sidebands are

One generator pro-

ODD ANT 1 3 SIDEBANDS 1 and 3

EVEN ANT 48 2 4 SIDEBANDS 2 and 4

The Sine wave which produces

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

Sideband 1 : Low number, odd number

Sideband 2 : Low number, even number

Sideband 4 : High number, even number

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

KCAT C BEST PRACTICE

An antenna (or aerial) is a transducer that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves.

Transducer : Device that converts one type of energy to another

1.Stepped impedance filter by Mi-

1.The point of Frequency that antenna acts

Low band Wide band

Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate with larger amplitude at some

In the case of dipole antenna

Occasion of monopole makes λ/4

Size of antenna depends thoroughly on

Step 1 : what is signal ?

Pure sine wave

RECEIVING ANT TRANSMITTING ANT ( ELECTRIC

All antennae can use commonly by TRANSMITTING and RE-

Electromagnetic wave service area Sig-

Beam pattern (beam pattern, or radiation

Electric field intensity of electromagnetic wave in 360 radia-

Beam pattern in specification plane Distance itself from at the center in