TRANSCULTURAL NURSING:

CONCEPTS, THEORIES, AND

PRACTICES

MADELEINE LEININGER

Group 5
BIOGRAPHY OF MADELEINE LENINGER

JULY 13, 1925 in Sutton, Nebraska

August 10, 2012 in Omaha, Nebraska

EARLY LIFE
Inspired to pursue a Nursing Career by her Aunt,
who had Congenital Heart Disease
Joined the U.S. Army Nursing Corps
Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in Australia
Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing
 BIOGRAPHY OF MADELEINE LENINGER
EDUCATION

(1945): Cadet Nurse Corps with her sister during

World War II
Nursing diploma: St. Anthony’s Hospital School of
Nursing
Pursued Undergraduate Degrees: Mount St.
Scholastica College and Creighton University
 BIOGRAPHY OF MADELEINE LENINGER
EDUCATION

(1951-1954): Earned the equivalent of a BSN through

studies in Biological Sciences, Nursing Administration,
Teaching, and Curriculum
(1954): Received a Master of Science in Nursing from
the Catholic University of America
(1965): Started a Doctoral program in Cultural and
Social Anthropology at the University of Washington
in Seattle
 BIOGRAPHY OF MADELEINE LENINGER
WORKS

Wrote and edited 27 books, including "Transcultural

Nursing: Concepts, Theories, Research and Practice"
Founded the Journal of Transcultural Nursing in 1974
to support the Transcultural Nursing Society’s
research
(1989-1995): Established the Journal of Transcultural
Nursing and served as editor.
 BIOGRAPHY OF MADELEINE LEININGER
AWARDS AND HONOR

1960: Awarded a National League of Nursing Fellowship for

fieldwork in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea
Awards won at Wayne State:
-Prestigious President’s Award for Excellence in Teaching
-Board of Governors Distinguished Faculty Award
-Gershenson Research Fellowship Award
1983: The Leininger Transcultural Nursing Award was established
1998: Honored as a Living Legend by the American Academy of Nursing
Recognized as a Distinguished Fellow, Royal College of Nursing in
Australia
TRANSCULTURAL NURSING THEORY
Also known as CULTURE CARE THEORY

EMPHASIZED
The importance of nursing care having beneficial
meaning and health outcomes for people with
diverse or similar cultural backgrounds.

INTRODUCED

The Sunrise Model to illustrate the

interrelationships of concepts in the theory of
Culture Care Diversity and Universality
TRANSCULTURAL NURSING THEORY
Also known as CULTURE CARE THEORY

DEFINED AS
a substantive area of study and practiced focused on
comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs,
and practices of individuals or groups of similar or
different cultures to provide culture-specific and
universal nursing care practices in promoting
health or well-being or to help people to face
unfavorable human conditions, illness, or death
culturally meaningful ways.
THREE MODES OF NURSING CARE
DECISIONS AND ACTIONS
CULTURE CARE PRESERVATION OR
1 MAINTENANCE

Enabling professional actions and decisions that help

preserve relevant care values of patient to retain their
well-being and recover from illness.
THREE MODES OF NURSING CARE
DECISIONS AND ACTIONS
CULTURE CARE ACCOMMODATION OR
2 NEGOTIATION

Enabling creative professional actions and decisions

that help people of a designated culture to adapt to or
negotiate with others for a beneficial or satisfying
health outcome.
THREE MODES OF NURSING CARE
DECISIONS AND ACTIONS
CULTURE CARE REPATTERNING OR
3 RESTRUCTURING

Enabling professional actions and decisions that help

patient modify their lifeways for different and beneficial
health care pattern while respecting the patients
cultural values and beliefs.
 MAJOR CONCEPTS
TRANSCULTURAL NURSING
ETHONURSING
PROFESSIONAL NURSING CARE (CARING)
CULTURAL CONGRUENT (NURSING) CARE
SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT
WORLDVIEW
TRANSCULTURAL NURSING
DEFINED AS
a learned subfield or branch of nursing that focuses upon the
comparative study and analysis of cultures concerning
nursing and health-illness caring practices, beliefs, and values
to provide meaningful and efficacious nursing care services to
their cultural values and health-illness context.
 ETHONURSING
DEFINED AS
the study of nursing care beliefs, values, and practices as
cognitively perceived and known by a designated culture
through their direct experience, beliefs, and value system
PROFESSIONAL NURSING CARE
(CARING)
defined as formal and cognitively learned professional care
knowledge and practice skills obtained through educational
institutions that are used to provide assistive, supportive,
enabling, or facilitative acts to or for another individual or group
to improve a human health condition (or well-being), disability,
lifeway, or to work with dying clients.
CULTURAL CONGRUENT (NURSING)
CARE
defined as those cognitively based assistive, supportive,
facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that are tailor-made to
fit with the individual, group, or institutional, cultural values,
beliefs, and lifeways to provide or support meaningful,
beneficial, and satisfying health care, or well-being services.
 SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT

Leininger did not define these terms; she speaks instead of

worldview, social structure, and environmental context.
 WORLDWIEW

Worldview is how people look at the world, or the universe, and

form a “picture or value stance” about the world and their lives.
 SUB-CONCEPTS
GENERIC CARE SYSTEM
ARE CULTURALLY LEARNED AND TRANSMITTED, INDIGENOUS (OR TRADITIONAL), FOLK (HOME-
BASED) KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS USED TO PROVIDE ASSISTIVE, SUPPORTIVE, ENABLING, OR
FACILITATIVE ACTS TOWARD OR FOR ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL, GROUP, OR INSTITUTION WITH EVIDENT
OR ANTICIPATED NEEDS TO AMELIORATE OR IMPROVE A HUMAN LIFE WAY, HEALTH CONDITION (OR
WELL-BEING), OR TO DEAL WITH HANDICAPS AND DEATH SITUATIONS.

PROFESSIONAL CARE SYSTEM

DEFINED AS FORMALLY TAUGHT, LEARNED, AND TRANSMITTED
PROFESSIONAL CARE, HEALTH, ILLNESS, WELLNESS, AND RELATED
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE SKILLS THAT PREVAIL IN PROFESSIONAL
INSTITUTIONS, USUALLY WITH MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSONNEL TO
SERVE CONSUMERS.
 SUB-CONCEPTS
EMIC

KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM DIRECT EXPERIENCE OR

DIRECTLY FROM THOSE WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED IT. IT IS
GENERIC OR FOLK KNOWLEDGE.

ETIC

THE KNOWLEDGE THAT DESCRIBES THE PROFESSIONAL

PERSPECTIVE. IT IS PROFESSIONAL CARE KNOWLEDGE.
 SUB-CONCEPTS
ETHNOHISTORY

INCLUDES THOSE PAST FACTS, EVENTS, INSTANCES, EXPERIENCES OF

INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS, CULTURES, AND INSTRUCTIONS THAT ARE
PRIMARILY PEOPLE-CENTERED (ETHNO) AND DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, AND
INTERPRET HUMAN LIFEWAYS WITHIN PARTICULAR CULTURAL
CONTEXTS OVER SHORT OR LONG PERIODS OF TIME.

CARE
CARE AS A NOUN IS DEFINED AS THOSE ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE
PHENOMENA RELATED TO ASSISTING, SUPPORTING, OR ENABLING
EXPERIENCES OR BEHAVIORS TOWARD OR FOR OTHERS WITH EVIDENT
OR ANTICIPATED NEEDS TO AMELIORATE OR IMPROVE A HUMAN
CONDITION OR LIFEWAY
 SUB-CONCEPTS
CULTURE SHOCK

THIS MAY RESULT WHEN AN OUTSIDER ATTEMPTS TO COMPREHEND OR ADAPT

EFFECTIVELY TO A DIFFERENT CULTURAL GROUP. THE OUTSIDER IS LIKELY TO
EXPERIENCE FEELINGS OF DISCOMFORT AND HELPLESSNESS AND SOME DEGREE OF
DISORIENTATION BECAUSE OF THE DIFFERENCES IN CULTURAL VALUES, BELIEFS, AND
PRACTICES. ALSO, MAY LEAD TO ANGER AND CAN BE REDUCED BY SEEKING
KNOWLEDGE OF THE CULTURE BEFORE ENCOUNTERING THAT CULTURE

CULTURAL IMPOSITION

CULTURAL IMPOSITION REFERS TO THE OUTSIDER’S EFFORTS, BOTH

SUBTLE AND NOT SO SUBTLE, TO IMPOSE THEIR OWN CULTURAL
VALUES, BELIEFS, BEHAVIORS UPON AN INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY, OR
GROUP FROM ANOTHER CULTURE.
SUNRISE ENABLER TO DISCOVER
CULTURE CARE SUNRISE MODEL

The cultural care worldview flows into

knowledge about individuals, families,
groups, communities, and institutions in
diverse health care systems.
SUNRISE ENABLER TO DISCOVER
CULTURE CARE SUNRISE MODEL
This knowledge provides culturally
specific meanings and expressions
concerning care and health.
The next focus is on the generic or folk
system, professional care systems, and
nursing care. Information about these
systems includes the characteristics
and the specific care features of each.

This information allows for the

identification of similarities and
differences or cultural care universality
and cultural care diversity.
 NURSING METAPARADIGM
Nursing - care has the greatest meaning which explains nursing
Person- not only refers to the individual but only to families, groups,
and communities
Health- this concept is not distinct to nursing as many discipline use
this term
Environment- this concept has to be viewed from a holistic
perspective that goes beyond the traditional focus of nurses on the
biophysical and emotional environment
ASSUMPTIONS
Different cultures perceive, and practice care differently, yet
there are some commonalities about care among all world
cultures.
While human care is universal across cultures, caring may be
demonstrated through diverse expressions, actions and
patterns.

Nursing, as a transcultural care discipline and

profession, has a central purpose of serving human
beings in all areas of the world; that when culturally
based nursing care is beneficial and healthy, it
contributes to the well-being of the client(s).
STRENGTHS:

Development of the Sunrise Model in a logical order to

demonstrate the interrelationships of the concepts in
her theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality.

The concepts and relationships presented are at a level

of abstraction, which allows them to be applied in
many different situations.

Can be easily understood upon the first contact.

 CONCLUSION
Nurse need to be aware of and sensitive to the
cultural needs of clients. The practice of
nursing today demands that the nurse identify
and meet the cultural needs of diverse groups,
understand the social and cultural reality of
client, family, and community, develop
expertise to implement culturally acceptable
strategies to provide nursing care, and identify
and use resources acceptable to the client
(Andrews and Boyle, 2002).
Thank
you!!