ESSAY

TRANCULTURAL NURSING

By :

Joko Tri Wahyudi

15/388297/PKU/15519

MASTER PROGAM
SCHOOL OF NURSING
FACULTY OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
YOGYAKARTA
2016
A. HISTORY OF CULTURE CARE THEORY
Dr. Madeline Leininger, a nurse anthropologist, has a big hand in promoting research
in Transcultural care. He is transcultural nursing pioneer and a leader in developing the
theory of transcultural nursing and nursing care that focuses on humans. Leininger also is
a nurse who won the first professional doctorate education in social and cultural
anthropology.
1950s to the 1960s, Leininger identify some common areas of knowledge and research
between treatment and anthropology: the formulation of the concept of transcultural
nursing, practice and principles of the theory. His book entitled Nursing and anthropology:
Two Words to Blend; which is the first book in transcultural nursing, became the basis for
the development of transcultural nursing, and the underlying culture of health care. The
next book, "Transcultural Nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (1978)",
identifies the major concepts, theoretical ideas, practice in transcultural nursing, evidence
of this is the first definitive publication in transcultural care practice. In his writings, he
demonstrated that transcultural nursing and anthropology are complementary to one
another, though different. Theory and framework of his concept of Cultural care diversity
and universality are described in the book.
As the first professional nurses who continue their education to pursue a doctorate in
anthropology and to initiate several master and doctoral education programs, Leininger
has many areas of expertise and attention. It has been my study of 14 major culture in
greater depth and have had experiences with different cultures. Besides treatment
transcultural with nursing care as the main focus, another area of concern is the
administration and comparative education, theories of nursing, political, ethical dilemma
of nursing and health care, methods of qualitative research, the future of nursing and
nursing health, and leadership in nursing. Theory of Culture Care is now widely used and
growing relevant and important to obtain basic cultural data from different cultures.

B. DEFINITIONS
Transcultural Nursing is an area / region of science culture in the process of learning
and practice of nursing that focus sees the difference and similarities between cultures with
respect upbringing, healthy and sick based on the value of human cultures, beliefs and
actions, and this knowledge is used to provide nursing care in particular cultural or the
integrity of the human culture (Leininger, 2002).
C. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
The fundamental assumption of the theory is the behavior of Caring. Caring is the
essence of nursing, differentiate, dominate and unify nursing actions. Caring action be
regarded as acts committed in providing support to individuals in their entirety. Caring
behavior should be given to humans from birth, in the development and growth, a period
when his defense until the man died.
Human caring is generally regarded as everything related to the support and guidance
on a whole human being. Human caring is a universal phenomenon in which the
expression, structure and patterns vary among cultures one place to another place.

D. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS IN LEININGER THEORY

1. Culture (Culture) is the norm or rule the actions of members of the group being
studied, and shared as well as provide guidance in thinking, acting and making
decisions.
2. The value of culture is the desire of individuals or action that is more desirable or any
act which is maintained at a certain time and the underlying actions and decisions.
3. Culture care diversity (cultural differences in nursing care) is the optimal form of
nursing care, referring to the possible variations of the approach required to provide
nursing care culture that values individual cultural values, beliefs and actions,
including sensitivity to the environment from individuals who have come and
individuals who may be back again (Leininger, 1985).
4. Cultural care universality (Unity of cultural care) refers to a general sense of which
have a common understanding of the most dominant games, patterns, values, lifestyle
or symbols that are manifested among many cultures and reflects the provision of
assistance, support, facility or obtain a possible way to help others (Terminology
universality) is not used in an absolute way, or a statistically significant finding.
5. Ethnocentric perception is owned by individuals who consider that culture is the best
among cultures that are owned by others.
6. Ethnic relates to humans from a particular racial or cultural group that is classified
according to the characteristics and habits are prevalent.
7. Race are the differences in humans are based on discredited human origins.
8. Ethnography is the study of culture. Approach on ethnographic research methodology
allows the nurse to develop a heightened awareness on cultural differences of each
 individual, explains the basic observation to study the environment and people, and
mutual reciprocity between the two.
9. Care is a phenomenon associated with guidance, help, support behavior in individuals,
families, groups with their events to meet the needs of both actual and potential to
improve the condition and quality of human life.
10. Caring is direct action aimed at guiding, supporting and directing an individual, family
or group on the real state or anticipation of the need to improve the human condition.
11. Cultural Care with respect to the cognitive ability to know the values, beliefs and
expression patterns that are used to guide, support or allow individuals, families or
groups to maintain health, healthy, thrive and survive, to live within the limitations
and achieve a peaceful death.
12. Cultural imposition with regard to the tendency of health workers to impose beliefs,
cultural practices and values above others because they believe that the idea held by
nurses is higher than the other groups.

E. PRINCIPLES OF TRANSCULTURAL NURSING

The role of nurses in transcultural nursing care system that is a bridge between the
general public conducted with care through the nursing care system. Given nursing actions
must consider three principles of nursing care, namely:
1. Method I: Maintaining culture
Maintaining culture is done when the patient is not contrary to the culture of health.
Planning and implementation of nursing provided in accordance with the relevant
values which have been owned by the client so that the client can improve or maintain
their health status, as cultural exercise every morning.
2. Method II: Negotiation culture
Intervention and implementation of nursing at this stage to help clients adapt to certain
cultures more favorable to health. The nurse helps clients to choose and determine
other cultures that favor health improvement, for example, the client is pregnant had
to abstain from eating smelled fishy, the fish can be replaced by other sources of
animal protein.
3. Method III: Restructuring culture
Restructuring client culture is done when the culture of adverse health status. The
nurse seeks to restructure lifestyle clients who usually smoke to not smoke. The
 pattern of life plan selected is usually more profitable and in accordance with the
beliefs held.
The conceptual model developed by Leininger in explaining nursing care in the
context of the culture depicted in the sunrise (Sunrise Model). Geisser (1991) states that
the nursing process is used by nurses as the basis of reasoning and provide solutions to the
problems of the client (Andrew and Boyle, 1995). Nursing care management implemented
from the beginning stages of assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation and
evaluation.

F. CONCLUSION
Culture care theory is widely accessible as it is the major and most significant
contributor to transcultural nursing. Cultural care theory played and will continue to play
a significant role in nursing practice, research and education. Nurses are the key in moving
forward with eliminating disparities different populations based upon numerous factors.
Today's environment is multicultural and the emphasis on providing culturally competent
care has increased. The Culture Care theory is well established and "it has been the most
significant breakthrough in nursing and the health fields in the 20th century and will be in
greater demand in the 21st century." (Leininger, 2002) Nurses are the leaders in providing
culturally competent care and the Culture Care theory is the foundation. By the year 2050
it is estimated that minorities will comprise 46 percent of the population. Leininger has
established a strong foundation and because of her work, nurses will be at the forefront of
culturally based care. Nurses are armed and ready, with Leiningers tools and guidance,
ready to meet the future demands for culturally competent nursing care.

REFERENCE

Alligood, Martha, R. 2014. Nursing Theorist and Their Works, Eighth Edition. St. Louis,
Missouri: Mosby Elsivier.

Andrew . M & Boyle. J.S, (1995), Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care, 2nd Ed,
Philadelphia,JB Lippincot Company

Giger. J.J & Davidhizar. R.E, (1995), Transcultural Nursing : Assessment and Intervention,
2ndEd, Missouri , Mosby Year Book Inc
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