6W

M First introduced by Motorola in 1980

M Won the first MBNQA in 1988

M Spread entirely thereafter

M W { variance / process variation
M Six Sigma is a company-wide initiative to
generate breakthrough results in business
performance.
M Sigma is a measure of process variation or
spread
M The process is improved by making that
spread smaller
M The term Ơsix sigmaơ also represents a
measure of product, process, and transaction
quality with nearly 100% conformance

M Consistent output & fewer defects

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99.99966 3.4 6

99.98 233 5
99.4 6,210 4
93.3 66,807 3
69.1 308,538 2
30.9 691,462 1
Instances
M Obtaining money manually
M Money through ATM
M Mumbai uabbawalas
M Gaps in flooring / cracks in concreting
Quality Audits
 Audits
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 Internal Audit

M To monitor effectiveness of the quality plans

M Carried out by internal staff appointed to do
so
M Management comes to know its QA systemƞs
strength and weaknesses
M To be carried out at regular intervals as per
the managements decision at the site level.
 Second party Audit

M Carried out by the client on their potential

and long term suppliers and sub-contractors
M The purpose ƛ For clients satisfaction,that the
supplier has an effective QA system

Also known as the customer Audit

 Third Party Audit

M Provided by independent organization with no

direct involvement of the audited firm
M Achieved by the independent accreditation of
the certification body.
M Third party audits are also referred to as third
party certification and third party registration
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Scope of work of SPQA
1] Polices and procedures regarding
a. Operations
b. QC
c. Administration
2] Operating effectiveness involving
a. Records,reports,corrective action
b. Inter-department co-ordination
c. Assessment of acceptance standards
3] System effectiveness covering
a. Storage and handling practices
b. uesign changes
4] Engineering and specifications
5] Labs and field Q.C. units
6] procedures and instructions for
a. Q.C and Q.A
b. Training and development
c. Manuals/ checklist/ guidelines