Thermodynamics Lab Manual

Name of the student: _______________________________________________
Semester/Section: ________________________RollNo:____________________
Date: _______________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO.1
STUDY OF DIFFERENT BOILERS
AIM
To Study about the different
boilers.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
What is a boiler ?
Uses of a boiler ?
The requirements of a good boiler.
The classifications of a boiler.
Principle parts of a boiler and their
functions.
Boiler mountings and their
accessories.
Features of a good boiler.
Applications of different boilers.
DEFINITION
1
RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering/ Thermodynamics Laboratory
Date: _______________________________________________________
Steam is one of the most important

engineering works. According to
A.S.M.E. code a steam generating
unit i.e. boiler is defined as
follows:
A combination of apparatus for
producing furnishing or recovering
heat together with the apparatus
for transferring the heat so made
available to water, which could be
heated and vaporized to steam
form.
REQUIREMENT OF A GOOD BOILER

A good boiler should be able to
fulfill the under noted conditions:
It should be capable of
generating the maximum quality of
steam at required pressure and
temperature and quality with
minimum fuel combustion.
It should be light in weight and
should not occupy much space.
2
Date: _______________________________________________________
It should be safe in working and

should conform to the safety
regulations laid down in the boiler
act.
It should be capable of quick
starting.
The initial cost, installation cost
and maintenance cost of the boiler
should be low.
All parts and components should
be easily accessible for inspection
and repair but in such a manner
that it should have minimum
number of joints.
CLASSIFICATION OF BOILER
Boiler is classified on the basis of
following:
1) Tube contents
Fire tube boiler
In the fire tube boiler the hot
gases pass through the tubes and
water surround them. Example:
Cochran boiler, Lancashire boiler,
Cornish boiler, Locomotive boiler.
3
Date: _______________________________________________________
(b) Water tube boiler

Water flows through the tubes and
fires surrounds the tubes.
Example: Babcock & Wilcox boiler,
Stirling boiler.
Method of firing
(a) Internally fired boiler
As their name implies the furnace
region is provided inside the boiler
shell. Example: Lancashire boiler,
Locomotive boiler & Scotch boiler.
(b) Externally fired boiler
The furnace region is provided
outside the boiler shell. Example:
Babcock & Wilcox boiler.
Pressure of steam
Low pressure boiler
Pressure is less then 80 bar.
Example: Lancashire boiler,
Locomotive boiler, Cochran boiler,
Cornish boiler.
High pressure
4
Date: _______________________________________________________
Example: Pressure greater than

80bar are Cochran, Cornish,
Lancashire boilers and locomotive
boilers are low pressure type
whereas Babcock Wilcox, Lamont
and Benson are high pr. Boilers.
Method of circulation
Natural circulation
In this type circulation of water
takes place by natural convection
current produced by the
application of heat.
e.g.: Lancashire, Locomotive &
Babcock Wilcox Boilers.
Forced circulation
In this type of boiler circulation of
water takes place by mechanical
means like pumps. Example:
Lamont boiler, Velox boiler, Power
boiler
Nature of services
Stationary at a place.
Portable, so can be moved easily
and dismantled and transported
from one place to another
5
Date: _______________________________________________________
Mobile so can be fitted on vehicle.

Position and number of drums
Horizontal (b) vertical (c) inclined.
Gas passage
Single pass (b) multi pass.
Nature of draught
Natural draught boiler
As the name implies the draught is
produced by natural air
Force draught boiler
The draught is produced by
mechanical means such as fans.
Heat source
Combustion of solid, liquid and
gaseous fuel
Electrical or nuclear energy and
Hot waste gases, which are by-
products of other chemicals
processes.
Once through boiler
In this type there is no circulation
of water so that the water leaves
the tubes as steam. e.g. Benson
boiler.
Fluid used
6
Date: _______________________________________________________
Steam boiler
In this water is working fluid
Mercury boiler
In this mercury is working fluid.
Boiler shell material
Cast iron boiler
Used for low pressure
Mercury boiler
Suitable for high pressure
Copper and stainless steel
This is suitable for miniature type
of boiler.
QUESTION BANK
Define a Boiler.
What is the use of Boilers?
What is the important working
substance used for power
generation in steam Engines &
steam turbines?
What are the classifications of
boilers?
What are the principle parts of
boilers?
7
Date: _______________________________________________________
What are the functions of the

principle parts?
What are boiler mountings?
What are boiler accessories?
What are the uses of steam in
industries?
What are the features of a good
boiler?
What is the difference between
water tube and fire tube boiler?
Differentiate between externally
fired and internally fired boilers?
Classify boilers on the basis of
pressure of steam?
What is the basic difference
between portable, Stationary &
mobile boilers?
What do you mean by natural and
forced circulation boilers?
What is draught?
What do mean by natural and
forced draught boilers?
Give an example of steam
generator used in daily life?
*****
8
Date: _______________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
BABCOX WILCOX WATER TUBE
BOILER
AIM
To study about the Babcock Wilcox
water tube boiler.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Different parts
Mountings used.
Accessories used.
Applications – Sugar Industries.
INTRODUCTION
The water tube boilers are used
exclusively, when pressure above
10 bars and capacity in excess of
7000kg of steam per hour is
required. Babcock & Wilcox water
tube boiler is an example of water
tube boiler and may be designed
for stationary or marine purpose.
9
Date: _______________________________________________________
Babcock and Wilcox boiler belongs

to the following categories: (I)
Stationary Type, (II) Horizontal
drum type, (III) water tube type,
(IV) Externally fired, (V) Low
Pressure, (VI) Natural circulation,
(VII) Coal fired.
The specifications relating to this

boiler are given below:
Diameter of the drum 1.22 to
1.83 m
Length 6.096 to 9.144 m
Size of water tubes 7.62 to
10.16 cm
Size of superheated tubes 3.84
to 5.71 cm
Working pressure 11.5 to 17.5
bar(max. 40 bar)
Steaming capacity 40,000 kg/hr
(max.)
Efficiency 60 to 80 %.
CONSTRUCTION
10
Date: _______________________________________________________
Babcock Wilcox water tube boiler

consists of a high-pressure drum
mounted at the top. Generally the
drum of the boiler is made of
welded steel or single course
joined. The heads of the drums are
forced by hydraulic pressure and
are dished to a radius equal to the
diameter of the drum. From each
end of the drum, connections are
made with the upper header and
down take header. The water tubes
are inclined 5-15 degrees to
promote water circulation. The
water tubes are solid drawn steel
tubes about 10 cm. in diameter
and are expanded into the bore
holes of the headers to ensure
proper fixing. The headers have a
serpentine (sinusoidal) form. This
serpentine form of headers
arranges the water tube such that
they are staggered and this
exposes the complete heating
surface to flue gases. The heating
11
Date: _______________________________________________________
surface of the unit is outer surface

the tubes and half of the
cylindrical surface of the water
drum, which is exposed to flue
gases.
12
Date: _______________________________________________________
A mud box is attached to the

bottom of the rear header (that is
down take header). Any foreign
material held in suspend is on the
water gets collected in the mud
box due to gravity and it can be
blown off from time to time to
clean the outside of the water
tubes and to remove the soot a
door is provided so that access to
the interior of the boiler can be
made.
The whole of the assembly of
water tube is hung along with the
drum from a steel girder frame by
steel rods called slings in room
made of masonry work lined with
fire bricks. The sling passed
around each of the drum and is
thus entirely independent of the
brickwork of the setting. The boiler
can expand or contract without
starting the brickwork setting.
13
Date: _______________________________________________________
Below the uptake header the

furnace of the boiler is arranged.
The coal is fed to the chain grate
stoker through the fire door. The
changing speed is so adjusted that
by the time the coal reaches the
other end the grate its combustion
has been completed. There is
bridge wall deflector, which deflect
the combustion gases upwards.
Baffles are arranged to provide
three passes of the flue gases
across the water tubes to act as
deflectors for the flue gases and to
provide for the gas passes. A
chimney is provided for the exit of
the gases. A damper is placed at
the inlet of the chimney to
regulate the draught. There are
super heating tubes for producing
super heated steam.
NAMES OF DIFFERENT
ACCESSORIES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
14
Date: _______________________________________________________
Drum 11) Super

heater
Pressure Gauge 12)
Baffles
Water Gauge 13) Water
tubes
Safety Valve 14) Fire
grate
Feed water inlet 15) Ash
Pot
Manhole 16) Clean out
doors
Headers 17) Riser
Down come 18) Blow off
pipe
Non return valve 19)
Chimney
Anti priming pipe 20)
Damper
Super heater 21) Fire
Door
WORKING PRINCIPLE
15
Date: _______________________________________________________
The hot combustion gases caused

by burning of fuel on the grate rise
and are deflected upwards by the
bridge wall deflector and pass over
to the front portion of the water
tubes and drums. By this way they
complete first pass. With the
provision of baffles they deflect
downward and complete the
second pass. Again with the
provision of the baffles they rise
upwards and complete the third
pass and finally come out through
the chimney. During their travel
they7 give heat to the water and
steam is formed.
16
Date: _______________________________________________________
The circulation of water in boiler is

natural circulation set up by the
convective currents. A feed water
inlet pipe supplies feed water. The
hottest water and steam rise from
the tubes to the uptake header
and then through the riser enters
the boiler drum. The steam vapor
escapes through the water to the
upper half of the drum. The cold
water flows from the drum to the
rear header and thus the cycle is
completed.
17
Date: _______________________________________________________
To get superheated steam: the

steam accumulated in the steam
space is allowed to enter the
superheated tubes which are
placed above the water tubes, the
flue gases passing over the flue
tubes produces superheated
steam. The steam is thus
superheated and is finally supplied
to the user through a steam and
stop valve. It is to be noted that
when the steam has to be raised
from the drum water level, the
super heater remains flooded until
the steam reaches the working
pressure. The super heater is then
drained and the steam is allowed
to enter in it for superheating
purposes.
QUESTION BANK
Is this a water tube / fire tube type

of boiler? Why?
18
Date: _______________________________________________________
Why are water tubes inclined and

at what angle?
Where does combustion of fuel
takes place? How?
What is the function of the mud-
box?
What is the working principle of
this boiler? Explain with the help of
a neat sketch.
What are the merits and demerits
of Water tube boilers over fire tube
boilers?
Where is Babcock & Wilcox boilers
generally used or give the
application of Babcock & Wilcox
boiler?
What is the range of evaporative
capacity of Babcock & Wilcox
boiler?
How much is the operating
pressure range of Babcock &
Wilcox boiler?
To what angle is the water tubes
generally inclined to in Babcock &
Wilcox boiler?
19
Date: _______________________________________________________
What is the shape of the headers?

Why is this shape provided?
Why are the baffles provided in
Babcock & Wilcox boiler?
What is a fire bridge wall
deflector?
Explain the path of the flue gases
in Babcock & Wilcox boiler?
*******
20
Date: _______________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
STUDY ABOUT LANCASHIRE BOILER
AIM
To study about Lancashire boiler.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
To know the different parts of the
boiler
The Mountings & Accessories of
the boiler.
Working Principle
Application
INTRODUCTION
A Lancashire boiler is a stationary
or land type boiler with fire,
horizontal, straight tube, internally
fired having natural circulation.
The boiler is popular because of
simplicity of design and ease of
operation. It is commonly lead in
sugar mills & Textile industries.
21
Date: _______________________________________________________
The specifications of Lancashire

Diameter of the shell 2 to 3 cm
Length of the shell 7 to 9 cm
Maximum working pressure 16 bar
Steam capacity 9000 kg/hr
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
The figure shows a schematic
diagram of a Lancashire boiler
along with brickwork setting. Some
of the important parts are
numbered for the ease of
description. The parts are as flows:
Feed check valve
Feed water is supplied the boiler
under pressure, the valve checks
it’s escaping back.
Pressure gauge
Is for measuring the pressure of
the steam.
Water level gauges
Indicates the level of water.
Dead weight valve
22
Date: _______________________________________________________
Is for safety against pressure in

excess off rated pressure.
Steam stop valve
Opens and closes the supply of
steam for use.
Manhole
Is for cleaning and inspecting the
drum.
Low water high stem safety valve
23
Date: _______________________________________________________
Is for blowing out steam if he

steam pressure is higher than the
working pressure and blowing out
steam when the water level in the
boiler is low.
Fire grate
The grate in which fuel is burnt.
Fire bridge
This is used for deflecting the
gases of combustion upwards.
Fire tubes
Are for the first pass of flow of flue
gases. To accommodate a grate of
sufficient area and minimum
length the flue tubes are tapered
being larger in diameter at the
front and smaller at the back.
Boiler shell
24
Date: _______________________________________________________
Is for containing water and steam.

it also contains tubes inside if the
boiler is internally fired. The boiler
shell is made from several welded
or riveted rings of seimen’s martin
open-hearth steel plates.
Bottom flue
Side flue
Dampers
Are for controlling the flow of flue
gases. Generally these are iron
doors, which slide up and down in
iron groves (in the side flue) by
means of chain ropes or pulleys.
Main flue
Doors
Are provided in the front brick and
in the top brickwork for cleaning
the flues.
Ash pit
Is for depositing ash.
Blow off cock
25
Date: _______________________________________________________
Is provided at the bottom of the

shell by a bent pipe to blow off
sludge at intervals since the water
shell is not perfectly horizontal.
A few degrees fitting towards the
front enables all the sediments in
front near the blow off cock.
Blow of pits for disposing off the
blow off water.
Gusset strays
Is for securing and stiffening the
four corners of the shell.
Perforated feed pipes
Is used for feeding water
uniformly.
Antipriming device
Is used for separating out
suspended moisture and allowing
as far as possible the dry steam
through the stop valve.
Fusible plug
Is for safety against the flue tube
too excessive heat when water
level falls too low.
26
Date: _______________________________________________________
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The fuel is burnt on the grate and
as a result hot combustion gases
are produced. The flue gases move
along the furnace tube or the main
flue and deflected up by fire on the
main flue, they deflect downwards
and travel through the bottom flue
as shown. The bottom flue is
situated below the water shell and
heats the lower position of the
shell. After traveling from back to
front this flue gases bifurcate into
separate paths the side flue. Now
they travel from front to back in
the side flue and thus heat the
side of the water shell. After these
two streams or flue gases meet
again, the main flue passing
through damper from which they
are discharged to atmosphere
through the chimney.
QUESTION BANK
27
Date: _______________________________________________________
Is Lancashire boiler a fire tube or

water tube type?
On what basis are fire tube boilers
classified?
What are the classifications of a
fire tube boiler?
What are the specifications of a
Lancashire boiler?
Where is it used?
What is its working pressure of
this boiler?
What is its steam generating
capacity?
What are flue gases?
Explain the working principle of a
Lancashire boiler with a neat
sketch?
principle parts of this boiler?
What is a smoke tube or fire tube?
What do you mean by grate?
What is Fire Bridge?
What is the use of damper?
What is the function of chimney?
28
Date: _______________________________________________________
Which type of steam is generated

inside a boiler?
What do you mean by main flue,
bottom flue & side flue in a
Lancashire boiler?
What is the use of an anti priming
device?
Which type of fuel is used in
Lancashire boiler?
What is a man hole and what is its
shape?
Why is man hole elliptical in
shape?
********
29
Date: _______________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
STUDY THE COCHRAN BOILER
AIM
To study the Cochran boiler.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
To know the different parts of the
boiler
The Mountings & Accessories of
the boiler.
Working Principle
Application
INTRODUCTION
The Cochran boiler is one of the
most popular and best types of
boilers.
30
Date: _______________________________________________________
Cochran boiler belongs to the

following categories: (I) Stationary
Type, (II) Vertical type, (III) Fire
tube type, (IV) internally fired, (V)
Low Pressure, (VI) Natural
circulation, (VII) Coal fired.
SPECIFICATIONS
The specifications of Lancashire
Diameter of the shell 2.75 m
Height of the shell 5.79 m
Maximum working pressure
6.5bar(max. pressure=15bar)
Steam capacity 3500 kg/hr
Heating surface 120 m2
(Depending on the fuel used)
CONTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
31
Date: _______________________________________________________
It consist of a vertical shell having

a hemispherical shape and a
furnace which also have the same
shape i.e. hemispherical, both are
made by a single
Hydraulically pressed plate without
a single steam or joint to have the
strongest structure under
compression. The fire grate and
ash pot is arranged in such a
manner as shown in figure. In the
firebox fire door and damper are
also provided adjacent to the
firebox. The box has a combustion
chamber, which is dry backed and
lined with firebricks. Close to the
combustion chamber a number of
horizontal smoke tubes are
provided. These tubes are of equal
length and arranged in a group
with wide space in between them
and shell so as to help convection
currents. At the end of these
smoke tubs are fitted in the smoke
box tube plate and combustion
32
Date: _______________________________________________________
Chamber tube plates. Generally

the tubes are made of mild steel
plate and smoke bore made of
steel plate. Smoke box is fitted
with hinged door that gives an
easy access to smoke tubes for
cleaning and inspection’s stock is
provided at the top of the smoke
box for discharge of the gases. The
smoke tubes and the furnace are
also surrounded by water on all
sides except at the opening for fire
door and combustion chamber.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
33
Date: _______________________________________________________
The hot gases produced from the

burning of fuel on the grate rises
up through he flue pipe and
reaches the combustion chamber’s
flue gases from the combustion
chamber pass through the fire
tubes and smoke box finally are
discharged through the chimney.
The fuel gases during their travel
from the fire box to the chimney
gives heat to the surrounding
water to generate steam.
Arrows shows the circulation of
water in the shell the watercourses
down by the cooler wall of the shell
and rises up past the fire tubes by
natural circulation due to
convective current.
QUESTION BANK
Is Cochran boiler a water tube or

Fire tube type?
What are its specifications?
What are the classifications?
34
Date: _______________________________________________________
Explain the working its working

principle with a neat sketch?
What are its principle parts?
parts?
What are the various mountings
used?
What are the accessories used?
Are accessories used?
What are the applications of
Cochran boiler?
What is the material used in
construction of the shell of
Cochran boiler?
What is shape of fire box in
Cochran boiler?
What is the mode of heat transfer
taking place in a boiler?
What is the mode of circulation of
water in a Cochran boiler?
What is an ash pit?
What is the use of a man hole?
***********
35
Date: _______________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
STUDY OF LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
AIM
To study the locomotive boiler.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Different parts
Mountings used.
Accessories used – No accessories
are used.
Applications -- Wherever less
space is required
(E.g.)- In Power-Plant, since
portable. .
DEFINITION
36
Date: _______________________________________________________
The locomotive boiler is a

horizontal, multitubular, natural
circulation, artificial Draught,
internally fired, portable fire tube
boiler it is capable of meeting the
sudden and fluctuating demands of
steam which may be imposed on it
because of variation of power and
speed of a locomotive engine it is
generally used in places where
semi portability is necessary.
Max. Press. Range is 21 bars.

Steam rate is as high as 55 to 70
kg. /sq. meter of heating
surface/hour.
CONSTRUCTION
37
Date: _______________________________________________________
It consist of cylindrical steel shell

or barrel there is rectangular fire
box at the back end of shell which
formed a combined grate and
combustion chambers the fire box
is water cooled on the three sides
except the bottom the best heating
surface of boiler is that which
surrounds fire box.
VARIOUS PARTS AND THEIR USES

1) FIRE BOX : In which the
combustion takes place.
2) GRATE : On which fuel
burns.
3) FIRE HOLE : To
introduce solid fuel.
4) FIRE BRIDGE ARCH : To give
wanted dir. to the hot flue gases.
5) ASH PIT : To control ash of
coal.
6) DAMPER : To control the
quantity of air entering firebox.
7) FIRE TUBE : For
transmission of hot flue gases.
38
Date: _______________________________________________________
8) BARREL OR SHELL : To hold

steam & all accessories.
9) SMOKE BOX : For
collection of flue gases after
heating water.
10) CHIMNEY : For delivery of
hot flue gases to atmosphere.
11) EXHAUT STEAM PIPE : To
create artificial draught.
12) STEAM DOME : To collect
steam at high pressure.
39
Date: _______________________________________________________
13) REGULATOR: To direct

steam to super heater header.
14) LEVER: Mechanism for
super heating steam.
15) SUPER HEATER TUBES: Short
diameter Tubes, which are inserted
in fire tubes.
16) SUPER HATER HEADER: To
give extra heat to steam.
17) SMOKE BOX DOOR: Large
door, used for examining
&cleaning
purpose of boiler.
18) FEED CHECK VALVE: For
safety purpose of boiler.
19) SAFETY VALVE: For extra
safety purpose of boiler.
20) WHISTLE: Giving
whistles.
21) WATER GAUGE: To check
water level.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
40
Date: _______________________________________________________
The coal introduced in firebox

through fire hole is burnt on grate.
The hot flue gases rising from
grate are deflected upwards by fire
brick arch so that they come into
intimate contact with walls & roofs
of firebox.
There are number of horizontal
smoke tubes through which hot
gases pass from furnace to smoke
box. They are fixed being
suspended both the end plates of
the barrel & immersed in water.
The hot gases from smoke box are
discharged to atmosphere through
short chimney for traveling
easiness of locomotive.
During the travel of hot flue gases
from grate to chimney they give
heat to water & generate steam
which is collected in steam dome.
41
Date: _______________________________________________________
The driver in the cabin operates

regulator by turning the lever,
which leads dry sat. Steam to the
engine for expanding & doing
work. To get super heated steam,
steam is directed to super heater
header with the help of regulator &
lever arrangement. The hot gases
passing through the fire tube
supply heat to the super heater
tubes that has steam inside the
super heater tubes which is super
heated .The super heated steam
thus formed is supplied to the
engine by an outlet pipe attached
to super heater header.
QUESTION BANK
What are the classifications of
locomotive boilers?
What are its specifications?
Explain the working its working
principle?
What are its principle parts?
42
Date: _______________________________________________________

parts?
What are the mountings used?
What are the accessories used?
What are the applications of
locomotive boilers?
******
43
Date: _______________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO –6
BOILER MOUNTINGS &
ACCESSORIES
AIM
To study the different boiler
mountings & accessories.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Different fittings and devices.
Different mountings used in
boilers.
Different accessories used.
Functions of the various mountings
and accessories used.
Difference between mountings and
accessories.
INTRODUCTION
MOUNTINGS
44
Date: _______________________________________________________
Mountings are different fittings

and devices are necessary for the
operation and safety of a boiler.
Usually these devices are mounted
over boiler shell.
In accordance with the Indian
boiler regulation the following
mounting should be fitted to the
boilers.
Two safety valves.
Two water level indicators.
A pressure gauge.
A feed check valve.
A blow off cock.
A steam stop valve.
A man hole
Mud hole
A fusible plug
WATER LEVEL INDICATOR
45
Date: _______________________________________________________
In indicate level of water inside the

boiler. This fitting may be seen in
the front of the boiler. And are
generally two in number. The
water level indicator consists of
two cocks. C1 and C2 put the glass
tube in connection with the steam
space. Water cock C2 puts the glass
tube in connection with the water
in the boiler.
In the working of a steam boiler
and for proper functioning of water
level indicator, the steam water
cocks are opened. In this case, the
handles are placed in a vertical
position in the figure. The
rectangular passage at the end of
the glass tube contains two balls.
In case the glass tube is broken,
the two balls are carried along its
passages to the ends of the glass
tube, so the steam and water will
not escape out. The glass tube can
be easily replaced by closing the
steam and water cocks.
46
Date: _______________________________________________________
PRESSURE GAUGE
Pressure gauge in used to measure
the pressure of the steam inside
the steam boiler. It is fixed in front
of the boiler. Pressure gauge used
on a boiler in generally of the
Bourden type.
The detail of pressure gauge in
which the Bourden tube in
connected by levers and gears to
the pointer. The fluid pressure,
when transferred to Bourden tube,
tries to make its cross section,
originally elliptical, unit circular
cross section. In this process the
tube moves out as indicated by the
arrow. This motion results in the
pointer moving over a circular
scale indicating the pressure.
SAFETY VALVE
47
Date: _______________________________________________________
The dead weight in calculated

based on the working pressure (p)
and the area of cross section of
valve (a) acted upon by the
pressure, such that
(w + W) = p.a.
When the pressure of steam

exceeds the normal pressure, the
valve as well as the carrier is lifted
up from its seat. This enables the
steam to escape.
DEAD WEIGHT SAFETY VALVE
The figure shows diagrammatically
the arrangement of a dead weight
safety valve the dead weight is
calculated based on the working
pressure, p and area of cross
section of valve (a) acted upon by
pressure such that
W+w =p*a
48
Date: _______________________________________________________
When the pressure of steam

exceeds the normal pressure the
valves as well as the carrier are
lifted up from its seat enabling the
steam to escape
LEVER SAFETY VALVE

Lever safety valve consists of a
lever and weight W. one end of the
lever is hinged with the other end
is suspended a weight W.
When the steam pressure becomes
greater than the normal working
pressure, the valve is lifted with
the lever at the weight.
Consequently the steam escapes
through the passage between the
valve seat and the steam pressure
decreases.
P = Steam pressure
d = diameter
W= weight suspended on the lever
W1 = Weight of lever acting at the
C.G
49
Date: _______________________________________________________
Wv = Weight of the valve

A= π / 4d2, cross section area of
the valve
Taking moment apart the fulcrum

F,
W x AF + W1xGF + Wv x VF = p x a
x VF
From the above equation, we can

find the weight W or length of
lever for a given pressure of steam
(p)
SPRING LOADED SAFETY VALVE

For, locomotive and marine
engines both the lever and dead
weight types are unsuitable. The
spring loaded safety valve is
suitable, since it in unaffected by
vibration or deviation from
vertical.
50
Date: _______________________________________________________
Rams bottom spring-loaded safety

valve. It consists of two separate
valves and settings have one lever
and loaded by a spring, the spring
being placed between the valves.
The tension of the spring cam be
adjusted according to the steam
pressure. By pulling or raising the
lever the can relieve the pressure
from either valve separately.
BLOW OFF COCK:

A blow off cock performs the two
functions: -
It may discharge a portion of water
when the boiler is in operation to
blow out muds, scale or sediments
periodically.
It empties the boiler when
necessary for cleaning and repair.
It is fitted at the lowest part of the
water space on the boiler.
51
Date: _______________________________________________________
A commonly used type of the blow

off cock is shown in fig. It consists
of a conical plug fitted accurately
into a similar casing .The plug has
a rectangular opening which may
be brought with the line of
passage of the casing by rotating
the plug. This causes the water to
be discharged from the boiler.
Rotating the plug again may stop
the discharging of water.
BOILER ACCESSORIES
Boiler accessories are required for
steam boilers for their proper
operation and for the increase of
their efficiency. Commonly used
boiler accessories are:
1. ECONOMIZER
An economizer is a device in which
the waste heat of the flue gases is
utilized for heating the feed water.
As the name indicates, the
economizer improves the economy
of the steam boiler.
52
Date: _______________________________________________________
e.g. Suppose in a boiler the steam

formed has enthalpy h KJ/kg at pr.
p and water is supplied at 25oC say
the enthalpy of water is (hfl)
So, total heat supplied for
generating the steam at pressure p
= (h-hfl) KJ/kg. If economizer is
installed in the path of flue gases
and feed water is supplied through
economizer and say the water in
heated upto 50oC and again the
steam is generated at pressure p
with enthalpy h KJ/kg.
Now, total heat supplied for
generating steam at pressure .p=
(h-hf2) KJ/kg.
Say hf2 in enthalpy at water at
temperature 50oC since hf2>hf1 .So,
(h-hf2) < (h-hf1). So, by installing
the economizer heat supplied to
generator the steam is reduced.
The use of an economizer has the
following advantages:-
53
Date: _______________________________________________________
The temperature range between

various parts of boiler is reduced
which results in reduction of stress
due the unequal expansion.
Evaporation capacity of boiler is
increased.
Overall efficiency of plant is
increased.
AIR PREHEATER:
The function of air pre heater is to
increase the temp. of air before it
enters the furnace . It is generally
placed after the economizer so the
flue gases pass through the
economizer and then to the air pre
heater.
The preheated air accelerates the
combustion and facilitates the
burning of coal.
54
Date: _______________________________________________________
Figure shows the tubular type of

air pre heater . The flue gas after
leaving the boiler or economizer
travel through the inside of the
tubes of air pre heater in a
direction opposite to that of air
travel and transfer some of their
heat to the air to be supplied to
the furnace. Thus the air gets
initially heated before being
supplied to the furnace. The gases
reverse their direction near the
bottom of the air heater, and a
soot hopper is fitted to the bottom
of air heater casing to collect soot.
Super heater:
The function of a super heater is to
increase the temperature of the
steam above its saturation
temperature.
Super heaters are located in the
path of the furnace gases so that
heat is recovered by the super
heater from the hot gases.
55
Date: _______________________________________________________
There are two types of super

heaters
Convective super heater
Radiant super heater
Convective super heater is placed
in the path of the flue gases.
A radiant super heater is placed in
the furnace and the wall tubes
receive heat from the burning fuel
through radiant process.
QUESTION BANK
What are mountings?
Why are mountings necessary?
Name the mountings of a boiler?
various mountings of a boiler?
What is the material of dead
weight safety valve?
What are the advantages and
disadvantages of a dead weight
safety valve?
In which boiler is spring loaded
safety valve used?
56
Date: _______________________________________________________
In which boiler is High steam low

water safety valve used?
What are the parts of a High steam
low water safety valve?
What are the parts of a lever
safety valve?
What are the parts of the parts in a
water level indicator?
Why is a fusible plug used?
What is the material of fusible
plug?
Why are pressure gauges used?
What is the principle function of a
steam stop valve?
What is the material of steam stop
valve?
What is the function of feed check
valve?
What is the function of Blow-off-
cock?
Why are accessories used?
Can a boiler work safely without an
accessory?
Where are accessories mounted in
a boiler?
57
Date: _______________________________________________________
Name the different accessories?

What is the purpose of installing
superheater?
Where is super heater mounted?
What is the purpose of
Economizer?
Name an Economizer?
What are the specifications of an
Economizer?
What are the different parts of an
Economizer?
What is its material?
What are its different parts?
What are the advantages of using
it?
Why is an Air-Heater used?
What is the use of Steam Injector?
What is the use of feed pump?
What is the use of Steam Trap?
**************************************
**************************************
**************************************
*********************
58
Date: _______________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO: 7
STEAM ENGINE
AIM
To study the different types of
steam engine.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Classification of steam engines.
Requirements of a good boiler.
Selection of boilers.
Boiler Terms.
INTRODUCTION
The steam Engine is a

reciprocating type of basic prime
mover, which utilizes steam as the
working medium to convert the
heat energy into mechanical work.
59
Date: _______________________________________________________
The first steam engine was

developed by James Watt in 1763
but steam engine has very low
efficiency so a now days they are
loosing their values and replaced
by efficient engine like diesel and
electric engine.
CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM ENGINE
Steam engine may be classified as

described below:
Axis of Cylinder
On the basis of position of the axis
of the cylinder the steam engine
are classified as
Vertical
Horizontal
Inclined
Action of steam
According to this fact there are
two types.
Single acting.
Double acting.
60
Date: _______________________________________________________
In single acting steam engine

steam acts on one side of piston
only while in the double acting
steam engine steam is
alternatively admitted on both
sides of the cylinder.
Number of cylinder:-
On the basis of on of cylinder may
be classified as
Simple.
Compound.
In a simple steam engine total
expansion of steam takes place in
one cylinder while in the compound
engine the total expansion of
steam takes in more than one
cylinder.
Exhaust system
On the bases of exhaust system
there are again two-type
Condensing.
Non- condensing.
61
Date: _______________________________________________________
In a condensing engine the

exhaust is condensing in a closed
vessel where the backpressure
steam is reduced (condenser) and
in non-condensing the exhaust is
led to the atmosphere as in
locomotive.
Valve gears
On the busies of valve gear it may
by classified as
D type and.
Corlis or poppet type.
Speed –on basis of speed there are
three types.
Low.
Medium and.
High.
Use
On the basis of use it may by
classified as.
Stationary.
Locomotive.
Marine etc.
62
Date: _______________________________________________________
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A SIMPLE

STEAM ENGINE
As shown in figure the principal

parts of a steam engine are: -
Frame
It is generally made of cast iron
and support the moving and
stationary parts if the engine.
Cylinder
This is a chamber in which the
piston moves to and fro due to the
action of steam one end of cylinder
is closed by mean of separate
cover called end cover, the other is
known as crank end through which
the piston rod passes it is made of
cast iron and bolted with the
frame.
Steam chest
63
Date: _______________________________________________________
This is generally cast integral with

the cylinder. It is closed by a cover
termed as steam chest cover,
which may be circular, or
rectangular depending upon the
shape of the valve operating in it.
There are two ports called inlet
port and exhaust port made in the
casting for connecting the steam
chest to the cylinder. The inlet port
serves as a passage for the
admission of steam from the steam
chest to the cylinder where as the
exhaust port serve as a passage
for the exhaust steam from the
cylinder to exhaust pipe.
Piston
64
Date: _______________________________________________________
The piston is a cylindrical piece

generally made of cast iron. Due to
the action of steam by moving to
and fro in the cylinder it transmit
forces to the crosshead through
the piston rod. Since the
movement of piston allows the
expansion of steam in the cylinder
and so the work is obtained.
Piston ring
The function of piston rings is to
prevent the leakage of steam past
the piston and to prevent the any
were and tear taking place in the
piston. Whatever the wears and
tear take place on the piston rings,
which can be easily, replace. These
are generally made of cast iron and
are located in the circumferential
grooves cut in the piston.
Piston Rod
65
Date: _______________________________________________________
The piston rod connects the piston

and crosshead it is generally made
of mild steel.
Stuffing Box
This is placed at the point where
the piston rod passes through the
cylinder cover. In this way it
prevents the leakage of steam
from the cylinder to the steam
atmosphere.
Cross Head
It connects the piston rod and
connecting rod and moves both the
guides. The function of cross head
is to prevent the piston rod from
getting bent.
Connecting Rod
66
Date: _______________________________________________________
One end of the connecting rod is

connecting rod to the cross head
by gudgeon pin and the other end
is connect end to the crank. The
function of connecting rod is to
make convert the reciprocating
motion of the piston into rotary
motion of the crank made of forged
steel.
Crank shaft
The crankshaft is one of the most
important parts of the engine and
sever the propose of converting
the force applied by the connecting
rod into a rotational force. It is free
to rotate
in main bearing. Alloy steel carbon
steel or cast iron steel is usually
employed in forging the
crankshaft.
Valve
67
Date: _______________________________________________________
It reciprocates over the valve seat

in the steam chest by the eccentric
so located on crankshaft relative to
crank so as to admit or exhaust
steam to and from cylinder at the
proper time through the parts. It
may be slide or any other type.
Eccentric
It actuates the valve rod at the
appropriate time. It is made of cast
iron and is located on the
crankshaft.
Valve rod & Eccentric Rod
68
Date: _______________________________________________________
The valve rod connects the valve

and the eccentric rod through a
valve rod guide, which prevent the
bending of the rod and the
eccentric rod connects the valve
rod and the eccentric. The
eccentric rod the converts the
rotary motion of eccentric into
reciprocating motion, which is
transmitted to valve rod. Both the
rods are made of mild steel or alloy
carbon steel.
Fly Wheel
This is a heavy mass which absorbs
energy when the supply is greater
than the demand and release it
when the supply is less than the
demand. Thus minimizes the rapid
fluctuation of speed in a
revolution.
Governor
69
Date: _______________________________________________________
The function of a governor is to

maintain the speed of engine fairly
constant irrespective of the load. It
is placed generally at the inlet of
the steam pipe and is driven by a
belt through the crankshaft.
Main Bearing
Generally two main bearing are
attached provided at each of the
crankshaft to support it the
bearings are attached the frame.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
70
Date: _______________________________________________________
In order to understand the working

of a steam engine, consider a
simple double acting, non-
condensing D-slide valve type
engine. Now let the superheated
steam at a high pressure about 20
atm from the boiler is fed into the
steam chest after this the steam
makes it way into the cylinder
through the any of the ports ‘a’ or
‘b’ depending on the position of ‘D’
slide valve.
71
Date: _______________________________________________________
When port ‘a’ is opened the steam

rushes into left side of the piston
and forces it to right. At this stage
the slide valve covers the exhaust
port and the port ’b’ as shown.
Since the pressure of the steam is
greater on the left side than that
on the right side the piston moves
to the right. When the piston
moves to the extreme right it
crosses the port ‘a’ and exhaust
port. The steam port ‘b’ now open
and steam rushes to the right side
of the piston. This movement of
the steam forces the piston to the
left and at the same time of
exhaust steam goes out through
the exhaust pipe, and thus
completes the cycle of operation.
The same process is repeated in
another cycle of operation and as
such the engine works.
QUESTION BANK
What is prime mover?
72
Date: _______________________________________________________
What is reciprocating Steam

engine?
What is the classification of
reciprocating Engine?
What are the important parts of a
steam engine?
various important parts?
What are the Steam Engine
Terminologies used and define?
What are the uses and applications
of a steam engine?
73
Date: _______________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO.8
STUDY OF COMPOUND STEAM
ENGINE
AIM
To study about the method of
reducing cylinder condensation i.e.
“Compound steam engine”.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Definition of Compound Steam
Engine.
Description
Working Principle
Methods of Compound Steam
Engine.
DEFNITION, DESCRIPTION &

WORKING
74
Date: _______________________________________________________
Theoretically as we know that by

definition by expanding the steam
in a series of cylinder instead of
one, the temperature range per
cylinder is reduced which reduces
the condensation. So using this
concept such type of engine “
engine which are built with two or
more cylinder for the successive
expansion of steam are known as
Compound steam engine”. The
cylinder in which expansion takes
place is known as high pressure
(HP) cylinder. The exhaust from
the high-pressure cylinder is
passed on to do work in the second
cylinder, which is known as low
pressure (LP) in the case of double
expansion engine. After this the
steam exhaust to the condenser. A
three cylinder compound steam
engine is called a triple expansion
engine in which the middle
cylinder is called the intermediate
pressure (IP) cylinder. It is
75
Date: _______________________________________________________
uncommon to find triple expansion

engine. A four cylinder compound
steam engine is called a quadruple
expansion engine. These types of
engines are generally not used.
Compound steam engines are
found in capacity from 50 to
4000k. They are used for marine
services and for driving machines
in mills.
METHODS OF COMPOUNDING
STEAM ENGINE
Depending upon the arrangement
of the cylinder and crank,
compound steam engine are
divided into two categories as
follows:
1. Tandem compounding
2. Cross compounding
Wolfe type compounding
Receiver type compounding.
1. Tandem compounding
76
Date: _______________________________________________________
In tandem compound steam

engines, the piston of H.P. cylinder
has common piston rod, crosshead,
connecting rod and crank. In
addition to this both the cylinders
are in the same straights line.
Since there is common piston rod
and crank, the operation in the
both the cylinders are in phase and
the Max. and Min. turning moment
occur approximately in turning
moment and consequently. It
needs a large flywheel, thus
balancing and vibration problems
are not minimized in this
arrangement.
2) Cross compounding
Wolfe type
77
Date: _______________________________________________________
As shown in figure the in Wolfe

type compound steam engine the
crank of two cylinders are 180° out
of phase. This means that the time
of exhaust of the H.P. cylinders
coincides with the time of
admission of the L.P cylinder would
pass directly to the L.P. cylinder
and hence both the cylinders are
arranged side by side.
Receiver type
78
Date: _______________________________________________________
In the receiver type compound

steam engines, the cranks of the
cylinders are placed 90° out to
each other. The stroke of the two
cylinders is thus out of phase and
high pressure steam from H.P.
cylinder cannot be exhaust the L.P
cylinder. Instead the H.P cylinder
exhaust into a vessel called a
receiver. This receiver is placed
both the H.P and L.P. cylinder and
holds the steam until the L.P
cylinder is ready to receive it. In
order to minimize the fluctuation
in the pressure the receivers must
be large enough at least 1.5 times
the H.P. cylinder valve. For the
receiver type the turning moment
variation is more which the main
advantages of the receiver type
arrangement are. Since the
variation in turning moment is
small it needs a smaller flywheel.
QUESTION BANK
79
Date: _______________________________________________________
How many cylinders does a

compound steam engine have?
Describe the working of a
compound steam engine with a
neat sketch.
80
Date: _______________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO: 9
TWO STROKE PETROL AND DIESEL
ENGINE
AIM
To study the working principle of
two stroke Petrol and Diesel
Engines.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
What is TDC & BDC?
Working of two-stroke Petrol
Engine?
Working of two-stroke Diesel
Engine?
INTRODUCTION
81
Date: _______________________________________________________
In these engines the working cycle

is completed in two strokes of the
piston or one revolution of the
crankshaft. In case of two-stroke
engine the valves replace the
ports. Two rows of the ports at
different level cut are cut in the
cylinder valve. These are known as
exhaust port and transfer port due
to a specific shape is given to
piston crown which helps to
prevent the loss of incoming fresh
charge being short circuited
through the transfer ports and
helps the exhausting only the
burnt gases.
WORKING OF TWO STROKE PETROL

ENGINE
82
Date: _______________________________________________________
The position of the piston at the

ends of compression the spark is
produced by the spark plug at the
piston reached the Top Dead
Center. The pressure and
temperature of gases increases
and the gases push the piston
downwards producing the power
stroke.
When the piston uncovers the

exhaust port during the downward
stroke the expands burnt gases
leave the cylinder through port.
83
Date: _______________________________________________________
A little later the pistons uncover

the transfer port and in this
position the crankcase in directly
connected top the cylinder through
port. During the downward stroke
of piston the charge in crank is
compressed by the underside of
the piston to a pressure of 1.4Kg
/cm2Atmosphere. In this piston the
compressed charge is transferred
through the transfer port to the
upper part of the cylinder. The
exhaust gases are swept out with
the help of fresh charge this piston
crown shape helps in sweeping
action as well as it prevents the
loss of fresh charge carried with
the exhaust gases. This is
continued until the piston reaches
the BDC position. The action of
sweeping out the exhaust gases
with the help of fresh charge is
known as scavenging.
84
Date: _______________________________________________________
The scavenging helps in revoking

the burnt gases from the cylinder
as
The downward movement of the
piston caused the high pressure
gases develops power
The exhaust gases are removed
completely from the cylinder by
scavenging
The charge is compressed in the
crankcase with the help of piston.
As the piston moves upward it
cover the transferors stopping the
flow of fresh charge into the
cylinder a little later the piston
covers the exhaust ports and
actual compression of the charge
begins. This position is shown
upward motion of the piston during
this stroke lower the pressure in
the crank case is below
atmosphere pressure there fore a
fresh charge is induced in the
crank case through the inlet port
the piston uncovers them .
85
Date: _______________________________________________________
WORKING OF TWO-STROKE DIESEL

ENGINE
Except that the fuel is admitted
near the TDC the working remains
similar to the two-stroke petrol
engine the other difference is the
scavenging period of two-stroke
diesel engine (90degrees) is
greater than of petrol engine
(70degrees). This is because there
is no danger of loss of fuel during
scavenging of diesel engine as only
air is charged.
USES:-
The two stroke petrol engines are
generally employed in very light
vehicles such as scooters, motor
cycles, three wheelers and
sprayers.
P-V DIAGRAMS FOR 2-STROKE

CYCLES:-
FIRST STROKE: -
86
Date: _______________________________________________________
Suppose the piston is at TDC and

the volume above the piston
(clearance volume) is full of
compressed charge (mixture of air–
fuel for Otto and only air for diesel
cycle). In an Otto cycle the fuel is
ignited by means of an electric
spark at constant volume, the
process2-3. The pressure of hot
gases produced due to ignition,
moves the piston down –wards and
the work by done by the hot gases
(process of expansion.) This
process continues till the exhaust5
port is open by the piston. During
this process the inlet port is closed
and the charge already gone to the
crankcase is now compressed by
the downward motion of the
piston. Hence, the inside volume of
the case decreases with increase
of pressure of the charge. When
the exhaust gases in the cylinder is
nearly to the atmospheric value,
the inlet port opens and the fresh
87
Date: _______________________________________________________
compressed charge from the

crankcase enters the cylinder. The
first stroke is completed when the
piston reaches BDC.
SECOND STROKE: -
When the piston moves upwards
and the charge is compressed, the
inlet port and the exhaust port
remain closed. The volume inside
the crankcase increases with
decrease of pressure and the
charge enters in to the crankcase
through the inlet port. The second
stroke is completed when the
piston reaches TDC and the 2-
stroke cycle is completed. The p-v
diagrams of Otto and Diesel 2-
stroke cycles.
ADVANTAGES OF 2-STROKE CYCLE

ENGINES: -
The advantages of 2-stroke cycle
engines over the 4-stroke cycle
engines are:
88
Date: _______________________________________________________
A net positive work is obtained

from a 2-stroke cycle engine
because it works above the
atmospheric pressure.
They are simple in design,
manufacture and operation. Hence,
they are used in small power
engines such as scooters, auto-
rickshaws and motor-cycle.
The turning moment of a 2-stroke
cycle engines more uniform and a
smaller size flywheel is need
because of one working stroke for
each revolution of the crankshaft.
Theoretically, a 2-stroke cycle
engine produces twice the power
of the 4-stroke cycle engine for the
same size and the same speed of
the engine because one working
stroke in each revolution of the
crankshaft is obtained in 2-stroke
cycle engine wheels in 4-stroke
cycle engines it is obtained in two
revolutions of the crankshaft.
89
Date: _______________________________________________________
There is less friction less friction

loss due to absence of value
rockers, cams and camshafts etc in
a 2-stroke cycle engine it is
obtained in two revolutions of the
crankshaft.
There is better scavenging in 2-
stroke cycle engine at low speed
since the clearance space is not
filled by the burnt gases.
2-stroke cycle engine is much
lighter and more compact for the
same as compared to 4-stroke
cycle engine.
DISADVANTAGES OF 2-STROKE
CYCLE ENGINES: -
The following are the
disadvantages of 2-stroke cycle
engines over the 4-stroke cycle
engines:
The effective compression ratio is
lower in a 2-stroke cycle engine for
the same stroke and clearance
volume.
90
Date: _______________________________________________________
An effective cooling arrangement

is need since there is one working
stroke in each revolution and less
dissipation of heat than the 4-
stroke engine.
A 2-stroke cycle engine is noisier
because of sudden release of burnt
gases in the exhaust port.
Mass of lubricating oil needed is
more in 2-stroke engines.
Scavenging pump absorbs power.
Loss of fuel at the time of
admission of change in the 2-
stroke cycle S.I. engine is
observed.
Thermal efficiency of 2-stroke
engines is generally less due to the
fact that some amount of charge
escapes without burning and poor
scavenging due to short period
opening of the exhaust port.
QUESTION BANK
91
Date: _______________________________________________________
Describe the working of 2 stroke

petrol engine.
diesel engine.
EXPERIMENT NO:10
92
Date: _______________________________________________________
FOUR STROKE PETROL AND DIESEL

ENGINE
AIM
To study the four stroke Petrol and
Diesel engine.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Working of four-stroke petrol
engine.
Working of four stroke Diesel
engine.
INTRODUCTION
In these engines the working cycle
is completed in four strokes of the
piston or two revolution of the
crankshaft.
WORKING OF FOUR STROKE

PETROL ENGINE
Suction stroke
93
Date: _______________________________________________________
The piston is at TDC and is ready

to move down drawing its mixture
of fuel and air at this time the inlet
valve is open and exhaust valve is
close as the piston moves
downward a fresh charge of fuel
air mixture enters the cylinder
through the inlet valve due to the
suction created. This reaches until
piston reaches BDC at this position
the inlet valve close and the
downward movement of the piston
if known as suction stroke and
crank rotates by 180 degrees
during the period.
2) Compression stroke
During this stroke both valves are
closed and piston moves upward
and compressed the charge
enclosed in the cylinder and the
pressure as well as temperature
increases as the piston reaches
TDC, the mixture is ignited by and
electric spark.
94
Date: _______________________________________________________
3) Power or expansion stroke:

The increased pressure of mixture
exerts a large force and pushes the
pistons during the expansion
stroke. Both valves remain closed
the high pressure and temperature
gases pushes the piston
downwards and the gas pressure
gradually decreases from TDC to
BDC.
4) Exhaust stroke:
95
Date: _______________________________________________________
During the upward motion of

piston the exhaust valve is open
and inlet valve is closed. The
piston moves up in the cylinder
pushing out the burnt gases
through the exhaust valves as the
piston reaches the TDC again the
inlet valve is open and fresh
charge is taken during next
downward movement and cycle is
repeated. The engine is known as
four-stroke petrol engine and in
this engine the working cycle is
completed in four strokes of the
crankshaft.
COMPARISION OF SI & CI ENGINES
Description SI Engine (Petrol

engine) CI engine (Diesel
engine)
1) Basic type Otto cycle
Diesel cycle
2) Fuel used Gasoline
Diesel oil
96
Date: _______________________________________________________
3) Introduction of fuel Carburetor

is used Fuel & injector’s is
used
4) Ignition Spark ignition
Self ignition due to
high compression
5) Compression ratio 6 to 10
16 to 20
6) Speed High speed
engines Low speed engines
7) Thermal efficiency Lower
Higher
8) Weight Lighter
Heavier
WORKING OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL

ENGINE
The working cycle of the engine is

completed in four strokes and
diesel oil is used as fuel.
Suction stroke
97
Date: _______________________________________________________
The suction is similar to petrol

engine except that instead of fuel
air mixture only air is taken n the
cylinder
Compression stroke:
The temperature of air is
comparatively higher due greater
compression ratio. And is about 60
Kg /cm2 and 600 degrees
respectively
Expansion stroke:
The inlet and outlet valves are
closed fuel in injected by nozzle
just at the beginning of the stroke
as soon as the fuel is injected due
to high pressure and high
temperature fuel takes fire and
due to this combustion air expands
and the piston moves downwards
and work is done.
4) Exhaust stroke:
98
Date: _______________________________________________________
During the upward motion of

piston the exhaust valve is open
and inlet valve is closed. The
piston moves up in the cylinder
pushing out the burnt gases
through the exhaust valves as the
piston reaches the TDC again the
inlet valve is open and fresh
charge is taken during next
downward movement and cycle is
repeated. The engine is known as
four-stroke petrol engine and in
this engine the working cycle is
completed in four strokes of the
crankshaft.
QUESTION BANK

petrol engine?
diesel engine?
99
Date: _______________________________________________________
Compare 4 – stroke & 2-stroke

cycle Engines?
Define bore, stroke, displacement,
volume, clearance volume and
compression ration?
What do you mean by TDC &BDC?
Explain the P-V Diagram for SI &CI
engines?
100

Thermodynamics Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermodynamics Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Name of the student: _______________________________________________

Steam is one of the most important

REQUIREMENT OF A GOOD BOILER

It should be safe in working and

(b) Water tube boiler

Example: Pressure greater than

Mobile so can be fitted on vehicle.

What are the functions of the

Babcock and Wilcox boiler belongs

The specifications relating to this

Babcock Wilcox water tube boiler

surface of the unit is outer surface

A mud box is attached to the

Below the uptake header the

Drum 11) Super

The hot combustion gases caused

The circulation of water in boiler is

To get superheated steam: the

Is this a water tube / fire tube type

Why are water tubes inclined and

What is the shape of the headers?

The specifications of Lancashire

Is for safety against pressure in

Is for blowing out steam if he

Is for containing water and steam.

Is provided at the bottom of the

Is Lancashire boiler a fire tube or

Which type of steam is generated

Cochran boiler belongs to the

It consist of a vertical shell having

Chamber tube plates. Generally

The hot gases produced from the

Is Cochran boiler a water tube or

Explain the working its working

The locomotive boiler is a

Max. Press. Range is 21 bars.

It consist of cylindrical steel shell

VARIOUS PARTS AND THEIR USES

8) BARREL OR SHELL : To hold

13) REGULATOR: To direct

The coal introduced in firebox

The driver in the cabin operates

What are the functions of the

Mountings are different fittings

WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

In indicate level of water inside the

The dead weight in calculated

When the pressure of steam

When the pressure of steam

LEVER SAFETY VALVE

Wv = Weight of the valve

Taking moment apart the fulcrum

From the above equation, we can

SPRING LOADED SAFETY VALVE

Rams bottom spring-loaded safety

BLOW OFF COCK:

A commonly used type of the blow

e.g. Suppose in a boiler the steam

The temperature range between

Figure shows the tubular type of

There are two types of super

In which boiler is High steam low

Name the different accessories?