MAPÚA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Muralla St. Intramuros, Manila

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
MEASUREMENT OF HEATING SURFACE OF A
FIRETUBE BOILER

NAME: Mahmud, Ali R. DATE OF PERFORMANCE: 15 Aug, 2018

STUDENT NO.: 2015151413 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 22 Aug, 2018

COURSE/SECTION: ME144L/A1

GROUP NO.: 1

SEAT NO.: 12

GRADE

____Engr. Teodulo Valle_____

INSTRUCTOR
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Objectives 1
Model 3
Operating the Boiler 4
Theoretical Considerations 6
Discussion of Problems 9
ISO Standards 11
Operating Hazards and Prevention 12
Apparatus 17
Conclusion 21
References 22
OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the parts of a fire-tube boiler
2. To determine the operational procedures and safety guidelines on operating a boiler

INTRODUCTION
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized
fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications.
The pressure vessel in a boiler is usually made of steel (or alloy steel), or historically of
wrought iron. Stainless steel is virtually prohibited (by the ASME Boiler Code) for use in wetted
parts of modern boilers but is used often in superheater sections that will not be exposed to liquid
boiler water. In live steam models, copper or brass is often used because it is more easily fabricated
in smaller size boilers. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (particularly for steam
locomotives), because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however, in more
recent times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper
substitutes (such as steel) are used instead.
For much of the Victorian “age of steam”, the only material used for boiler making was
the highest grade of wrought iron, with assembly by riveting. This iron was often obtained from
specialist ironworks, such as at Cleator Moor (UK), noted for the high quality of their rolled plate
and its suitability for high-reliability use in critical applications, such as high-pressure boilers. In
the 20th century, design practice instead moved towards the use of steel, which is stronger and
cheaper, with welded construction, which is quicker and requires less labor.
Cast iron may be used for the heating vessel of domestic water heaters. Although such
heaters are usually termed “boilers” in some countries, their purpose is usually to produce hot
water, not steam, and so they run at low pressure and try to avoid actual boiling. The brittleness of
cast iron makes it impractical for high pressure steam-boilers.

Diagram of a water tube boiler Diagram of a fire tube boiler

At the Mapua Fire Tube Boiler room, each set of tubes that hot combustion flue gas
travels through before making a turn within the boiler, is considered a "pass." A 3-pass firetube
boiler design consists of three sets of horizontal tubes, with the stack outlet located on the rear of
the boiler. A downdraft design keeps the cooler water from influencing the hot surfaces within the
boiler.

A boiler with more passes provides more opportunities for hot gasses to transfer heat to the
water in a boiler and operate more efficiently, however, boiler efficiency is highly affected by tube
design, and not simply the number of passes. It is possible for a 3-pass boiler with a tube design
(such as XID boiler tubes) that allows more heat transfer time to deliver the same or higher
efficiency rating than a 4-pass boiler with standard tubes.
MODEL
OPERATING THE BOILER

Starting a boiler:
It is to note that the following steps may not apply to all types of boilers and each boiler
requires some additional steps to be followed as per its system design. However, the basic steps
remain the same:
1. Ensure that the vent valve on the boiler is open and check if there is no pressure in the
boiler.
2. Check if the steam stop valve is closed.
3. Check that all the valves for fuel are open, and let the fuel circulate through the system
until it comes to the temperature required by the manufacturer recommendation.
4. Check and open the feed water valves to the boiler and fill the water inside the boiler drum
to just above the low water level. This is done because it is not possible to start the boiler
below the low water level due to safety feature which prevent boiler from starting. Also,
the level is not filled much because if filled too much, the water inside the boiler might
expand and over pressurize the boiler.
5. Start the boiler in automatic mode. The burner fan will start the purging cycle which will
remove any gases present in the furnace by forcing it out through the funnel.
6. After the pre-set purge time, the pilot burner will ignite. The pilot burner consists of two
electrodes, through which a large current is passed, via the transformer, producing the spark
between the electrodes. The pilot burner is supplied with diesel oil and when the oil passes
over, the former ignites.
7. The main burner which is supplied by heavy oil catches fire with the help of pilot burner.
8. Check the combustion chamber from the sight glass to ensure the burner has lit and the
flame is satisfactory.
9. Keep a close eye on the water level as the pressure increases and open the feed water when
the level of water inside the gauge glass is stable.
10. Close the vent valve after the steam starts coming outside.
11. Open the steam stop valve.
12. Once the working steam pressure is reached, blow down the gauge glass and float chambers
to check for the alarms.
Stopping a boiler:
1. If the boiler is needed to be stopped for longer duration for maintenance or opened up for
survey, change the fuel to distillate fuel.
2. If separate heating arrangement for heavy oil was present, then there was no need to change
over to distillate fuel and the oil is kept on circulation mode.
3. Stop the boiler automatic cycle.
4. Close the steam stop valves.
5. Close the boiler feed water valves.
6. When the boiler pressure is just reduced to over atmospheric pressure, the vent valve is
kept open to prevent vacuum formation inside the boiler.
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The performance of a boiler depends upon the following:

ℎ𝑠 , 𝑚𝑠 (Steam)

Fuel

𝑚𝑠 , ℎ𝑓 (Feedwater)

1. Heat Supplied by Fuel, 𝑄𝑠

The heat supplied by the fuel is the heat generated by the fuel:
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑄ℎ
where: 𝑚𝑓 = mass of fuel
𝑄ℎ = higher heating value of fuel
2. Boiler Heating Surface, HS
The boiler heating surface is the total area in squared meter through which the heated
water and hot gases exchange heat.
Horizontal Return Fire Tube Boiler (HRT)
𝐻𝑆 = 0.5𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 0.67𝐴3 − 𝐴4
where: 𝐴1 = area of shell = 𝜋𝐷𝐿
𝐴2 = inside area of all tubes = 𝜋𝑑1 𝐿𝑛
𝜋
𝐴3 = area of the rear head = 4 𝐷2
𝜋
𝐴4 = cross-sectional area of the tube section = 4 𝑑𝑜 2 𝑛
D = diameter of shell
𝑑𝑖 = inside diameter of tube
𝑑𝑜 = outside diameter of the tube
t = wall thickness of tube
L = length of tube
n = no. of tubes
3. Rated Boiler Horsepower
The Rated Boiler Horsepower is the Manufacturer’s Rating equivalent to the Heating
Surface in squared meter divided by 0.91 for water tube and 1.1 for fire tube.
a. For Water Tube Boiler:
𝐻𝑆 (𝑖𝑛 𝑚2 )
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑜. 𝐻𝑃 =
0.91
b. For Fire Tube Boiler:
𝐻𝑆 (𝑖𝑛 𝑚2 )
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑜. 𝐻𝑃 =
1.1
4. Developed Boiler Horsepower
The Developed Boiler Horsepower is the actual heat absorption divided by 35,322.
𝑚𝑠 (ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑓 )
𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑜. 𝐻𝑃 =
35,322
1 Bo. HP = 35,322 kJ/hr
where: 𝑚𝑠 = mass of steam in kg/hr
ℎ𝑠 = enthalpy of steam in kJ/kg
ℎ𝑓 = enthalpy of feedwater in kJ/kg
5. Percent Rating
Percent Rating is the ratio of the developed boiler horsepower to the rated boiler
horsepower.
𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑝
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑝
6. ASME Evaporation Units
ASME Evaporation Units is the heat output of the boiler or the rate at which heat is
transformed.
𝐴𝑆𝑀𝐸 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 𝑚𝑠 (ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑓 )
7. Factor of Evaporation, FE
The Factor of Evaporation is the actual heat absorption per kg of steam generated divided
by 2257 (ℎ𝑓𝑔 from and at 100 ℃)
ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑓
𝐹𝐸 =
2257
8. Equivalent Evaporation
The Equivalent Evaporation is the product of the rate of evaporation of steam and factor
of evaporation
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑚𝑠 (𝐹𝐸)
9. Actual Specific Evaporation or Boiler Economy
The Actual Specific Evaporation or Boiler Economy is the ratio of the mass of steam to
the mass of the fuel.
𝑚𝑠 𝑘𝑔𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝐵𝑜. 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 = ;
𝑚𝑓 𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
10. Equivalent Specific Evaporation
The Equivalent Specific Evaporation or Boiler Economy is the product of the Actual
Specific Evaporation and the Factor of Evaporation.
𝑚𝑠
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐵𝑜. 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 (𝐹𝐸) = (𝐹𝐸)
𝑚𝑓
11. Boiler Efficiency or Overall Thermal Efficiency
Boiler Efficiency is the measure of ability of a boiler or steam generator to transfer the
heat given it by the furnace to the water and steam.
𝑚𝑠 (ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑓 ) + 𝑚𝑟𝑠 (ℎ𝑟𝑜 − ℎ𝑟𝑖 ) + 𝑚𝑏𝑜 (ℎ𝑏𝑜 − ℎ𝑓 )
𝑒𝑏𝑜. =
𝑚𝑓 𝑄ℎ
If there is no Re-heater and no Boiler Blowdown:
𝑚𝑠 (ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑓 )
𝑒𝑏𝑜 =
𝑚𝑓 𝑄𝐴
where: 𝑚𝑠 = amount of steam
𝑚𝑟𝑠 = amount of reheated steam
𝑚𝑏𝑜 = amount of water blowdown at boiler pressure
ℎ𝑠 = enthalpy of steam
ℎ𝑓 = enthalpy of feedwater
ℎ𝑟𝑜 = enthalpy of steam leaving the re-heater
ℎ𝑟𝑖 = enthalpy of steam entering the re-heater
ℎ𝑏𝑜 = enthalpy of saturated liquid at boiler pressure
12. Net Boiler Efficiency
The Net Boiler Efficiency is the boiler efficiency less the energy consumed by
accessories.
𝑚𝑠 (ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑓 ) − 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑒𝑏𝑜.𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
𝑚𝑓 𝑄ℎ
13. Boiler and Furnace Efficiency
𝑚𝑠 (ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑓 )
𝑒𝑏𝑓 =
𝑚𝑓 𝑄ℎ − 𝑚𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑄𝑎𝑠ℎ
where: 𝑚𝑎𝑠ℎ = amount of ash re-fired
𝑄𝑎𝑠ℎ = heating value of ash
14. Grate Efficiency
1 − 𝑚𝑐 𝑄𝑐
𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑄ℎ
DISCUSSION OF PROBLEMS

1. Waterside Deposition: Boiler deposits result from hardness salts, metallic oxides, silica and
several other feed water contaminants that can enter the system. In industrial boilers, it is
cost prohibitive to eliminate all forms of contaminants in a pretreatment system. A
controlled amount of contamination passes into the boiler with the feed water. Minimizing
the adverse impact of these contaminants is the role of the boiler water treatment program.
Even the best controlled systems occasionally have upset that cause excessive amounts of
contamination to pass into the boiler. Some examples would be carryover from a softener,
excess leakage from an ion exchange system, contamination from leakage into condensate
systems, inadequate steam condensate protection programs resulting in high levels of
corrosion products returning to the boiler.
2. Dissolved Oxygen: In mechanical and chemical deaeration, the removal of dissolved
oxygen was considered essential. When dissolved oxygen enters the steaming boiler,
corrosion manifests itself in the form of severe deep pits, almost exclusively at the water
level in the steam drum. If oxygen attack has occurred, it is readily identifiable during
inspection.
3. PH Variation (Acidic or Caustic Attack): A pH of 10.5 – 11.5 was identified as ideal for
boiler operation, excluding high purity systems that could function on other types of
treatment programs. Variations from the levels that are considered optimum for
maintenance of the magnetite layer can cause general corrosion.
4. Acidic Attack: If boiler water pH has dropped significantly below 8.5, a phenomenon
called waterside thinning can occur. The normal manifestation of acidic attack is etching.
In areas of higher flow, the surfaces are smooth. In addition, any stressed area would be a
principal area for attack.
5. Stress Attack: Metallurgical examinations are required to identify the causes of stress
attack. On occasion, intergranular or transgranular attack can be seen on tube specimens.
The intergranular or transgranular attack can be a function of system condition or boiler
water chemistry. It generally occurs in higher pressure systems.
6. Embrittlement: Embrittlement of boiler metal is normally referred to as caustic
embrittlement or intercrystalline cracking. Failure of a boiler due to caustic embrittlement
is normally undetectable during operation conditions; it generally occurs suddenly, with
 catastrophic results. Three major factors must be present to cause intercrystalline cracking
in boiler metal:
a. Leakage of boiler water must occur to permit the escape of steam and subsequent
concentration of boiler water.
b. Attack of the boiler metal by concentrated caustic soda occurs from the concentrated boiler
water.
c. There is high metal stress in caustic concentration and leakage. In the past, caustic
embrittlement failures
However, the actual phenomenon of caustic embrittlement is through high caustic
concentrations traversing the grain boundaries within the crystalline structure of the metal.
The caustic does not attack the crystals themselves, but rather travels between the crystals.
7. Carryover: Carryover is generally considered to be any contaminant that leaves a boiler
steam drum with the steam. It can be in solid, liquid or vaporous form. It is a result of the
incomplete separation steam from the steam-water mixture in the boiler drum. The effects
are carryover are deposition in regulations, valving, superheaters, control valves, and
turbines
ISO STANDARDS

ISO 16528-1:2007 Boilers and pressure vessels - Part 1: Performance requirements

ISO 16528-1:2007 defines the performance requirements for the construction of boilers
and pressure vessels. It is not the intent of ISO 16528-1:2007 to address operation, maintenance
and in-service inspection of boilers and pressure vessels. In relation to the geometry of the
pressure-containing parts for pressure vessels, ISO 16528-1:2007 includes welding end connection
for the first circumferential joint for welded connections, first threaded joint for screwed
connections, face of the first flange for bolted, flanged connections, first sealing surface for
proprietary connections or fittings and safety accessories, where necessary. In relation to the
geometry of pressure-containing parts for boilers, ISO 16528-1:2007 covers feed water inlet
(including the inlet valve) to steam outlet (including the outlet valve), including all inter-
connecting tubing that can be exposed to a risk of overheating and cannot be isolated from the
main system, associated safety accessories and connections to the boilers involved in services such
as draining, venting, desuperheating, etc. ISO 16528-1:2007 does not apply for nuclear
components, railway and marine boilers, gas cylinders or piping systems or mechanical equipment,
e.g. turbine and machinery casings.
ISO 16528-2:2007 Boilers and pressure vessels - Part 2: Procedures for fulfilling the requirements
of ISO 16528-1
ISO 16528-2:2007 provides a procedure and a standard format for standard-issuing bodies
to demonstrate that their standards fulfil the performance requirements of ISO 16528-1.
ISO/TS 16528:2002 Boilers and pressure vessels - Registration of Codes and Standards to promote
international recognition
ISO/TS 16528:2002 specifies the criteria and process for registration of boiler and pressure
vessel Codes and Standards to promote international recognition, support safety and facilitate
trade. ISO/TS 16528:2002 is not applicable to Codes and Standards for nuclear components,
railway and marine boilers, gas cylinders or piping systems, and mechanical equipment, e.g.
turbines and machinery casings.
OPERATING HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

Boiler Room Hazards involves the existence of the risk of explosion due to high pressure
steam, leak of combustion gases and chemicals, accidents in moving machinery parts, and hot
surfaces. Boiler operation information is communicated to the boiler operator starting the shift to
specify any special procedures required.
There are four major categories of catastrophic failure which exists in the boiler itself.
1. Melt down. This is a result of the heating surface metal reaching its melting point. It is a result
of the boiler operating on very low water conditions. This by itself will not cause an explosion but
will do major damage to the boiler and create a dangerous situation which could lead to an
explosion.
2. Thermal Shock. This is a condition where low water causes the heating surfaces to become
overheated and then cooler water is added. The water then flashes to steam which expands 1600
times its volume as water and causes the explosion because there is not enough room for the steam
to expand.
3. Combustion explosions. These can be a result of gases which build up and an ignition source
ignites the gases. This can happen inside the boiler or outside. There are safety devices in place to
avoid these situation and we will discuss these in the following slides.
4. Steam Pressure. Excessive steam buildup which exceeds the design pressures of the vessel.
There are also safety device to prevent this.
Below are the operating hazards in boiler operation.
1. Oil Firing: the common causes of the hazard are faulty heater element, improper thermostat
setting, improper control valve setting, no insulation on steam line, and abrasive material on oil
which will damage the boiler

• Low fuel temperature (on equipment burning fuel oil, which requires heating prior to
combustion.)
• High fuel temperature
• Low atomizing air or steam pressure
• Wet steam during atomizing
• Worn or damaged atomizer (sprayer plate)
2. Gas Firing: the common causes of the hazard are excessive pressure, damaged piping or valves,
multiple gas sources with different heating values, and defective gas regulator.

• Gas line leaks

• Gas relief valve or atmospheric vent discharge
• Gas line repair
• Wet gas
• Significant change in BTU rating of gas
• High gas pressure
3. Steam Leaks: the common cause of the hazard is damaged or corroded pipes and other pressure
parts

• Steam leaks
4. Hot Fly Ash: the common causes of the hazard are severe burns to legs and other parts of the
body coming into contact with the hot fly ash and overloading support systems causing failure

• Hot fly ash accumulations in boiler flues and plenums. Fly ash accumulating in flues and
plenums. Personnel stepping in fly ash while still hot. Fly ash may retain heat for a number
of weeks. No visible difference between hot and cold fly ash. "Quicksand" action of fly
ash when stepped on. Explosive effect of water on hot fly ash.
5. Steam Explosion: the common causes of the hazard are obstruction between boiler and valve,
valve damaged or corroded (internal), broken gauge, gauge is not in calibration, blockage in line
from boiler to gauge, and obstruction on valve outlet.

• Defective safety valves

• Defective steam pressure gauges
• Low water level
• Scaled or corroded boiler internal surfaces
• Bypassed controls
• Tampering with Controls
• Poor maintenance
• Condensate tank explosion

6. Furnace Explosion: the common causes of the hazard are Low gas pressure, low oil pressure,
plugged orifice, improper light-off damper setting, in-adequate pilot/igniter, low fuel pressure,
insufficient fuel rate, excessive air rate, low oil temperature, lack of or insufficient boiler room air
openings, dirty combustion air blower, combustion air blower running too slow or slipping,
incorrect fuel/air ration setting., blower inlet blockage, outlet damper blockage, plugged boiler gas
passage and foreign matter under valve seat.

• Inadequate pilot/igniter
• Delayed ignition
• Insufficient combustion air
• Tampering with combustion safety control
 • Manual operation of combustion safety controls
• Leaking fuel safety shutoff valves

7. Implosions: the common cause of the hazard is induced draft fan runaway.

• Excessive negative pressure

8. Maintenance: the common causes of the hazard are equipment not locked out, not tagged out,
not placed in zero mechanical state, or not placed in zero energy state, failure to observe safety
procedures applicable to maintenance cleaning, extremely hazardous environment I.e. toxic or
inflammable oxygen deficient atmosphere, hot material, darkness, confined or enclosed spaces,
leakage and inadequate ventilation or exhaust.

• Equipment being serviced or repaired

• Unexpected starting of remotely controlled equipment
• Movement of equipment
• Release of electrical energy
• Release of fluid pressure
• Activities related to cleaning
• Entering a confined or enclosed space (includes but not limited to furnace, drums, shell,
gas passes, ducts, flues, bunkers, hoppers, tanks)
• Oxygen deficiency
• Airborne contaminants i.e. gases, vapors, fumes, dust, and mist

9. Fire: the common causes of the hazard are explosion, electrical or mechanical failure, improper
operation of equipment and poor housekeeping.

• Fire
• Coal supply fire
• Fire at burner deck, fuel stations, or other areas adjacent to the boiler
• Wet steam during atomizing.
• Worn or damaged atomizer. (sprayer plate.)
Prevention:

• The boiler room log lists boiler operation data that can be used to increase boiler safety and
efficiency as well as identifying a potential malfunction.
• The Normal Operating Water Level (NOWL) should be approximately in the middle of the
gauge glass.
• Try cocks are used to determine the boiler water level if the gauge glass is not functional.
• The water column is blown down first and then the gauge glass to remove any sediment.
Water should enter the gauge glass quickly when the gauge glass blowdown valve is closed.
• The spring-loaded pop-off safety valve pops open when steam pressure exceeds the
MAWP.
• Safety valves are routinely tested to ensure proper operation and must be serviced by an
authorized manufacturer representative.
• The safety devices are all wired through a burner controller. This will shut down the fuel
supply to the burner.
• When testing the flame scanner, the flame scanner sensor is covered to simulate a flame
failure.
• Water must be treated for safety. Minerals can cause a buildup of deposits and cause
overheating of boiler parts.
• Carryover occurs when a high boiler water level causes water particles to be carried into
steam lines.
• During a bottom blowdown, the boiler should be under light load and the water level should
be at the NOWL.
• Steam valves are opened slowly and gloves are worn to prevent burns.
• Manhole and hand hole covers are removed to provide access to boiler parts during a boiler
inspection.
• All internal surfaces are exposed and cleaned prior to the boiler inspection.
• Pumps should be checked periodically to ensure proper bearing temperatures and checked
for any unusual vibration. Do not wear loose clothing around moving parts.
• Steam traps are checked for proper operation when determining the cause of a steam bound
feed water pump.
• A face shield along with safety glasses provides eye protection when working with feed
water chemicals
• A fire safety plan includes the locations of fire alarms, fire extinguishers, the main electrical
breaker, fire main, and exits for each area of the facility.
• Containers that contain hazardous materials must be labeled, tagged, or marked.
• Lockouts and tag outs are applied to equipment to prevent injury from energized circuits
and equipment operation during maintenance and repair.
• An accident report details facts about an accident in the facility and is required for
insurance claims.
APPARATUS
1. Chimney
2. Pressure Gage
3. Pressure Control
4. Low-Cut Pressure
5. Feedwater pump
6. Fuel Tank
7. Control Panel
8. Centrifugal Fan
9. Fuel Line
10. Eyesight glass
11. Solenoid
12. Trap
13. Water Tank
14. Handhole
15. Release Valve
16. Gate Valve
CONCLUSION

A boiler is a device used to create steam by applying heat energy to water. The form and
size depend on the application: mobile steam engines such as steam locomotive, portable engines
and steam-powered road vehicles typically use a smaller boiler that forms an integral part of the
vehicle; stationary steam engines, industrial installations and power stations will usually have a
large separate steam generating facility connected to the point-of-use by piping. A notable
exception is the steam-powered fireless locomotive, where separately-generated steam is
transferred to a receiver (tank) on the locomotive.
The researcher was able to determine the parts of the boiler of Mapua University as
demonstrated by the boiler technician. It is necessary to determine the parts of a boiler because it
will guide the researcher in operational procedures, maintenance, and particularly for future trends.
Certain problems would arise if the researcher was not able to fully determine the parts of a boiler
which can lead to wear and tear of certain parts, failure, or even worse, boiler explosion. A boiler
explosion is a catastrophic failure of a boiler
The researcher was also able to determine the operational procedures and safety guidelines
on operating the boiler. Safety is always important especially to the workers who are always
working in the boiler. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be always worn to avoid
accidents. When operating the boiler, always refer to the manual on boiler operation to minimize
the chances of errors
REFERENCES

• Boiler. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/boiler

• Boiler Operation Made Easy: Procedure for Starting and Stopping a Boiler. (2018).
Retrieved from https://www.marineinsight.com/tech/boiler/boiler-operation-made-
easy-procedure-for-starting-and-stopping-a-boiler/
• ISO 16528-1:2007. (2018). Retrieved from
https://www.iso.org/standard/41079.html?browse=tc
• ISO 16528-2:2007. (2018). Retrieved from
https://www.iso.org/standard/41080.html?browse=tc
• ISO/TS 16528:2002. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/36805.html
• Boiler Hazards. (2018). Retrieved from
http://www.banksengineering.com/blrsafety.htm