Acetylsalicylic Acid

Chemical Formula: C6H4(OCOCH3)CO2H

Synonyms

2-acetoxybenzoic acid

Description

White odorless crystals

Uses

Acetylsalicylic acid is more commonly known as aspirin. It is used as a pain reliever, to reduce
fever, and as an anti-inflammatory.

Acetylsalicylic acid breaks down into salicylic acid 20 minutes after entering the bloodstream. It
is the salicylic acid that is responsible for the beneficial effects of aspirin. Salicylic acid itself it
too caustic to be taken orally.

Acetylsalicylic acid has anti-clotting effect in the blood.

Salicylic acid reduces inflammation and fever.

Names of Antacids

Aluminum carbonate gel (Basaljel)

Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)

Magaldrate with Simethicone (Pepsil)

Aluminium hydroxide (Amphojel, AlternaGEL)

Magnesium hydroxide (Phillips’ Milk of Magnesia)

Hydrotalcite (Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4(H2O); Talcid)

Sodium bicarbonate (Bicarbonate of soda, Alka-Seltzer)

Calcium carbonate (Alcalak, TUMS, Quick-Eze, Rennie, Titralac, Rolaids)

Aluminum hydroxide with magnesium hydroxide (Maalox, Mylanta, Diovol)

Bleach

We bleach our clothes. We bleach our hair. We bleach our teeth. We bleach our skin. We bleach
our food.

We use bleaches to disinfect and deodorize.

Some bleaches smell awful. Some, like lemon juice and sunshine, are refreshing.

Color and bleach

Colored substances contain molecules with chromophores, areas of the molecule that have
double bonds between carbon atoms or oxygen atoms. A good example is beta carotene, and that
section goes into more detail on how molecules become colored.

Bleaches attack these chromophores in one of two ways.

Oxidizing bleaches like sodium hypochlorite break the molecules at the double bond. This results
in either a shorter molecule that does not absorb visible light, or a molecule whose chromophore
is either shorter or non-existant. A shorter chromophore will absorb light of a shorter wavelength
than visible light (such as ultraviolet light), and so does not appear colored.

Reducing bleaches such as lemon juice (in combination with sunlight) or sulfur dioxide, convert
the double bonds in the chromophore into single bonds, eliminating its ability to absorb visible
light. Sometimes the reaction is reversible, where oxygen in the air reacts with the molecule to
repair the chromophore, and the stain returns.

Bleaching clothing

Laundry bleaches fall into two categories. The first is what are called "chlorine" bleaches. The
second are "oxygen" bleaches.

While pure chlorine gas will bleach colors, in laundry bleaches, sodium hypochlorite or calcium
hypochlorite are actually used, and they work by releasing oxygen, not chlorine. The chlorine
remains in solution, either as sodium chloride (table salt), or calcium chloride.

These bleaches are made by bubbling chlorine gas through a solution of sodium hydroxide (lye)
or calcium hydroxide (quicklime).

Chlorine gas can be released if the bleach is mixed with an acid. To prevent this from happening,
commercial bleaches leave extra alkalies in the solution to keep the pH very high (pH 12). This
small amount of extra lye in the solution, along with the caustic nature of the hypochlorite itself,
is what eats away the cloth if undiluted bleach is spilled on the clothing.

Another chlorine bleach often used is sodium dichloroisocyanurate.

Oxygen bleaches also work by releasing oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is the active ingredient,
either as itself, or as a product of reacting another ingredient with water to release hydrogen
peroxide.

Oxygen bleaches such as sodium carbonate peroxide (also called sodium percarbonate), sodium
peroxide, or sodium perborate are made by reacting molecules with hydrogen peroxide. When
the result is added to water, the hydrogen peroxide is released.

Borax also works by releasing hydrogen peroxide into the water.

Most oxygen bleaches work best in hot water. Additives such as tetra acetyl ethylene diamine
allow the hydrogen peroxide to work in warm water (50° C).

Bleaching hair

Ultraviolet light from the sun is the most common hair-bleaching agent. Lemon juice is
sometimes added to speed up the process of reducing the double bonds in hair pigments to single
bonds.

However, the most famous hair bleach is hydrogen peroxide of peroxide blonde fame. Unlike
sunlight and lemon juice, peroxide is an oxidizing bleach, and its effects are less easily undone.

The calcium hypochlorite or sodium dichloroisocyanurate used to disinfect swimming pools also
bleaches hair, although (contrary to popular belief) it does not turn the hair green. It bleaches the
hair, allowing the green copper sulfate in the water to show in the hair. The copper sulfate comes
from the reaction of the copper pipes in the plumbing to the sulfuric acid used to neutralize the
alkalies in the chlorination chemicals.

Bleaching teeth

Dental bleaches are found in whitening toothpastes and in whitening gels or strips applied to the
teeth.

In toothpastes, sodium carbonate peroxide is generally used.

In gels and strips, carbamide peroxide is used, often with tetra acetyl ethylene diamine as a
bleach activator.

All of these products owe their bleaching action to the hydrogen peroxide that is liberated when
they are applied.

Bleaching skin

Skin lighteners, freckle and age spot removers, and other remedies for hyperpigmentation are not
actually bleaches like the others listed so far.
The active ingredient is hydroquinone, which inhibits melanin formation when applied to the
skin. Since the effect is easily reversed by exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light, a sunscreen is
usually included in the formula.

Bleaching food

Wheat flour normally becomes white by normal oxidation in air when stored for a few weeks. To
speed up the process, benzoyl peroxide is used as a bleaching agent.

Sulfur dioxide is a reducing bleaching agent that is used to preserve dried fruits.

Disinfecting

Oxidizing bleaches kill microbes by reacting with cell membranes and cell proteins. The most
widely used is sodium hypochlorite for household and hospital uses, and calcium hypochlorite
for drinking water and swimming pool disinfecting.