AP Chemistry Name

3 ▪ Chemical Equilibrium Period Date

3.1 PROBLEMS – EQUILIBRIUM

1. Consider the following reversible reaction: 4. Suppose that 0.50 moles of hydrogen gas, 0.50
2 N2O (g) + 3 O2 (g)  4 NO2 (g) Keq = 120 moles of iodine gas, and 0.75 moles of hydrogen
iodide gas are introduced into a 2.0 liter vessel and
Write the equilibrium constant expressions for the
the system is allowed to reach equilibrium.
following reactions and find its value.
H2 (g) + I2 (g)  2 HI (g)
(a) Original equation Calculate the concentrations of all three substances
Keq = = 120 at equilibrium. At the temperature of the
experiment, Kc equals 2.0 × 10−2.
(b) N2O (g) + 3/2 O2 (g)  2 NO2 (g)
Q = = = 2.25 > Keq
K′eq = = (Keq)1/2 = 11
M H2 (g) + I2 (g)  2 HI (g)
(c) 4 NO2 (g)  2 N2O (g) + 3 O2 (g)
Initial 0.25 0.25 0.375
K″eq = = (Keq)−1 = 0.0083
Change +x +x −2x
2. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for
the following system, given the data shown: Equil. 0.25+x 0.25+x 0.375−2x
H2 (g) + CO2 (g)  H2O (g) + CO (g) Keq = = = 2.0 × 10−2
Concentrations at equilibrium:
x = 0.16
[H2]eq = 1.5 M, [CO2]eq = 2.5 M
[H2O]eq = 0.5 M, [CO]eq = 3.0 M [H2]eq = [I2]eq = 0.41 M; [HI]eq = 0.06 M

Keq = = = 0.40 5. If the mechanism of a chemical equilibrium

consists of two reversible elementary steps, each
with its own equilibrium constant Kc1 and Kc2,
3. Chlorine molecules will dissociate at high what expression relates the equilibrium constant
temperatures into chlorine atoms. At 3000C, for Kc for the overall equilibrium to the two constants
example, Kc for the equilibrium shown is 0.55. If Kc1 and Kc2?
the partial pressure of chlorine molecules is 1.5 Step 1: A  B Kc1 =
atm, calculate the partial pressure of the chlorine Step 2: C  D Kc2 =
atoms: Cl2 (g)  2 Cl (g) Overall: A + C  B + D
Kp = Kc(R·T)∆n = (0.55)((0.08206)(3273 K))2−1 Kc = = Kc1 · Kc2
= 148 6. The following reaction is exothermic:
Kp = 148 = Ti (s) + 2 Cl2 (g)  TiCl4 (g)
List all the ways the yield of the product TiCl4
PCl = 15 atm
could be increased.
 Add Cl2 (g)
 Remove TiCl4 (g)
 Increase pressure
 Lower the temperature
7. When 2.0 mol of carbon disulfide and 4.0 mol of 9. Sulfuryl chloride decomposes at high temperatures
chlorine are placed in a 1.0 liter flask, the to produce sulfur dioxide and chlorine gases:
following equilibrium system results. At SO2Cl2 (g)  SO2 (g) + Cl2 (g)
equilibrium, the flask is found to contain 0.30 mol At 375C, the equilibrium constant Kc is 0.045. If
of carbon tetrachloride. What quantities of the there are 2.0 grams of sulfuryl chloride, 0.17 gram
other components are present in this equilibrium of sulfur dioxide, and 0.19 gram of chlorine
mixture? present in a 1.0 L flask,
CS2 (g) + 3 Cl2 (g)  S2Cl2 (g) + CCl4 (g)
a. What is the value of the reaction quotient?
M CS2 (g) + 3 Cl2 (g)  S2Cl2 (g) + CCl4 (g) [SO2Cl2] = = 0.015 M
Initial 2.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 [SO2] = = 0.0027 M
[Cl2] = = 0.0027 M
Change −0.30 −0.90 +0.30 +0.30
Q==
Equil. 1.7 3.1 0.30 0.30
= 4.8 × 10−4
[CS2]eq = 1.7 M, [Cl2]eq = 3.1 M, b. Is the system at equilibrium? In which
[S2Cl2]eq = 0.30 M direction will the system move to reach
8. 3.0 moles each of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, equilibrium?
and carbon are placed in a 2.0 L vessel and No. Q < Kc, so reaction will shift to the
allowed to come to equilibrium according to the right.
equation: CO (g) + H2 (g)  C (s) + H2O (g)
If the equilibrium constant at the temperature 10. Ammonium chloride is placed inside a closed
of the experiment is 4.0, what is the vessel where it comes into equilibrium at 400C
equilibrium concentration of water vapor? according to the equation shown. Only these three
substances are present inside the vessel. If Kp for
M CO (g) + H2 (g)  C (s) + H2O (g) the system at 400C is 0.640, what is the pressure
Initial 1.5 1.5 0.0 inside the vessel?
NH4Cl (s)  NH3 (g) + HCl (g)
Change −x −x +x
atm NH4Cl (s)  NH3 (g) + HCl (g)
Equil. 1.5−x 1.5−x x
Initial 0 0
Kc = = = 4.0
Change +x +x
x = 9 – 12x + 4x2
Equil. x x
x = 1, or 2.25
Kp = (PNH3)eq(PHCl)eq = (x)(x) = 0.640
[H2O]eq = 1.0 M
x = 0.80
PNH3 = PHCl = 0.80 atm
Ptotal = PNH3 + PHCl = 0.80 atm + 0.80 atm
= 1.60 atm
11. Bromine and chlorine react to produce bromine 12. When ammonia is dissolved in water, the
monochloride according to the equation. Kc = following equilibrium is established. If the
36.0 under the conditions of the experiment. equilibrium constant is 1.8 × 10−5, calculate the
Br2 (g) + Cl2 (g)  2 BrCl (g) hydroxide ion concentration in the solution if
If 0.180 moles of bromine gas and 0.180 moles of 0.100 mol of ammonia is dissolved in sufficient
chlorine gas are introduced into a 3.0 Liter flask water to make 500 mL of solution.
and allowed to come to equilibrium, what is the NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)  NH4+ (aq) + OH− (aq)
equilibrium concentration of the bromine
M NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)  NH4+ (aq) + OH− (aq)
monochloride? How many moles of BrCl is
produced? Initial 0.200 0 0
M Br2 (g) + Cl2 (g)  2 BrCl (g) Change −x +x +x
Initial 0.060 0.060 0 Equil. 0.200−x x x
Change −x −x +2x Kc = = = 1.8 × 10−5
Equil. 0.060−x 0.060−x 2x x = 0.0019 M
Kc = = = 36.0 [OH−]eq = 0.0019 M
= 6.0
x = 0.045 M
[BrCl]eq = 0.090 M, nBrCl = 0.27 mol
AP Chemistry 2004B #1
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)
For the reaction represented above, the value of the equilibrium constant, K p, is 3.1 × 10−4 at 700. K.
(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the reaction.
Kp =
(b) Assume the initial partial pressures of the gases are as follows:
PN 2 =0.411 atm, PH 2 =0.903 atm, and PNH 3 = 0.224 atm.

(i) Calculate the value of the reaction quotient, Q, at these initial conditions.
Qp = = = 0.166
(ii) Predict the direction in which the reaction will proceed at 700. K if the initial partial pressures are those
given above. Justify your answer.
The reaction will proceed in the reverse direction (to the left) because Q p > Kp.
(c) Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, given that the value of Kp for the reaction at 700. K is
3.1 × 10−4.
Kc = = = 1.02
(d) The value of Kp for the reaction represented below is 8.3 × 10−3 at 700. K.
NH3 (g) + H2S (g)  NH4HS (g)
Calculate the value of Kp at 700. K for each of the reactions represented below.
(i) NH4HS (g)  NH3 (g) + H2S (g)
K′p = = (Kp)−1 = 120
(ii) 2 H2S (g) + N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH4HS (g)
K″p = = · = (K′p)2·(Kp)
= (8.3 × 10−3)2(3.1 × 10−4) = 2.1 × 10−8
AP Chemistry 1995 #1

H2 (g) + CO2 (g)  H2O (g) + CO (g)

When H2(g) is mixed with CO2(g) at 2,000 K, equilibrium is achieved according to the equation above. In one
experiment, the following equilibrium concentrations were measured.
[H2] = 0.20 mol/L [CO2] = 0.30 mol/L [H2O] = [CO] = 0.55 mol/L
(a) What is the mole fraction of CO(g) in the equilibrium mixture?
Assume 1 L XCO = = = 0.34
(b) Using the equilibrium concentrations given above, calculate the value of K c, the equilibrium constant for the
reaction.
Kc = = = 5.0
(c) Determine Kp, in terms of Kc for this system.
Kp = Kc(R·T)∆n = (5.0)((0.08206)(2000 K))2−2 = 5.0
(d) When the system is cooled from 2,000 K to a lower temperature, 30.0 percent of the CO(g) is converted back
to CO2(g). Calculate the value of Kc at this lower temperature.

M H2 (g) + CO2 (g)  H2O (g) + CO (g)

Initial 0.20 0.30 0.55 0.55
Change +0.165 +0.165 −0.165 −0.165
Equil. 0.365 0.465 0.385 0.385
Kc = = = 0.87
(e) In a different experiment, 0.50 mole of H2(g) is mixed with 0.50 mole of CO2(g) in a 3.0-liter reaction
vessel at 2,000 K. Calculate the equilibrium concentration, in moles per liter, of CO(g) at this
temperature.
M H2 (g) + CO2 (g)  H2O (g) + CO (g)
Initial 0.17 0.17 0 0
Change −x −x +x +x
Equil. 0.17−x 0.17−x x x
Kc = = = 5.0
x = 0.115
[CO] = 0.115 M