BUS BAR

PROTECTION
A Brief Overview

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 Introduction
 Bus bar is subdivided into sections,
each of which is separately
protected.
 A fault in one section does not
involve the tripping of the complete
station.
 Important load can be supplied from
the healthy sections, and will not
suffer any interruption of supply if
one section is tripped.

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 Need for bus bar
protection
 In its absence fault clearance
takes place in zone-II of
distance relay by remote end
tripping.
 This means slow and unselective
tripping and wide spread back
out.

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Trip logic ( 3 output)
 Initiates main breaker trip coil-1
 Initiates main breaker trip coil-2
 Initiates BFR for main breaker
 Block A/R of main breaker
 Send direct trip signal to remote
end in channel 1&2
 Initiates disturbance recorder and
event logger.
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 Effect of delayed
clearance

 Greater damage at fault point.

 Indirect shock to connected
equipments like shafts of
generator and windings of
transformer.

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 Topics of Discussion

 Basic criteria for bus bar

protection.
 High impedance versus low
impedance protection.
 Effect of CT saturation on
protection.
 Stability for external faults.

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 Criteria for operation
 The saturation voltage of the involved CT’s
must be at least twice the selected operate
value of the relay and all CT’s must have
identical turns ratios.
 Non-linear resistors are used at the CT
summation point in each phase for limitation
of high peak voltages during internal
faults.
 The secondary saturation E.M.F of current
transformers should be at least twice the
operate voltage of the relay in order to
ensure fast operation for internal faults.
 It is to be ensured that the CT’s and
current circuits of the bus bar protection
are correctly connected.

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High impedance Type
 In high impedance type, relatively
high impedance is connected in
series in the differential circuit
and it has been designed with filter
circuits, which will attenuate the
DC component.
 This type setup is found to be
inoperative even for the most
extreme CT saturation.
 High impedance unbiased differential
protection is used for the
protection of bus bar.
 E.g. RADHA (ABB)

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Low impedance type

 In conventional low impedance

differential protections,
considerable spill currents can
occur during thro’ faults, due to
saturation of the current
transformers. The saturation is
primarily caused by the DC
transients of the fault current.

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Percentage biased
Differential type

 Free of any need for matched Ct

characteristic or ratios, low leakage
reactance or resistance.
 Insensitive to CT saturation.
 Stable for even infinite fault level.

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Effect of CT saturation

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Stability for external faults
 The maximum permitted primary current must be
larger than the largest fault current, which can
arise at external faults. The maximum fault current
is determined from the short-circuiting power of
the network in this point.
  During normal conditions, the E.M.F’s induced in
current transformers are opposed and equal. Thus
the voltage across the relay will be zero. In the
event of saturation of current transformers during
an external fault a voltage will form across the
relay. This differential voltage will reach its
maximum when one of the current transformer is
completely saturated and the other current
transformer is entirely unaffected by saturation.

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Stability …Contd.
 The magnetizing impedance of the saturated
current transformer becomes zero. As the
impedance of the relay circuit is much larger than
the combined resistance of the secondary circuit,
the current will be forced thro’ the secondary
winding of the saturated current transformer. It
follows that the maximum voltage which occur
across the relay circuit during an external fault will
be equal to product of current thro’ the saturated
CT and the combined resistance of saturated CT.
However it never happens that one current
transformer is completely saturated while the other
not. As the weaker current transformer begins to
saturate the voltage developed across the relay
circuit will transfer the burden from the weaker to
the stronger CT.

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What This Means
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Next Steps
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